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ް֪ûһקɫ԰׵ڶ룬˳ʯ£ոŸ裬ΧʯϵŮţϣŮϸʲôأҪҪһȥһ
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ڶҲ⣬ͺţʦȾȰɣ


4 ޣ
0.4
ްûôֵ飬ǰһ뻹ڶĺһͺ񱻹ҵĵ绰Ȼֹûͣ½ŲŮ˿޺׷ȥ
խ֮УʪˮɢζǽϹ˺ɫ̦ɢŵĶζ
ްסӣΪߣ˳ĵطС߹ȥ
Ҫʲô
ŮԽΣԽԽǽϣɫ̦ɫҲ
Щ̦ѪֳŨĺɫɢŵѪζ
ްζУǵǸŮֻסӼǰ
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ްȫ񶼾ۼŮĺϣ˳ķ˹ȥһ뿪ӣͿϤʯݣʯݵм䣬˺Ů˵·ţ
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Ů˵ޣ֮䣬·һץ첲ţ
Դָ̧Ůһ⡣
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еĵе˵ţպϰɣ
ǰԭյӣͻȻһ̦ܲš
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ڶҹǼʶһʱҲɵɵضһԣŴʧţգգ۾
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ڶһ̴ֻҵĳվappгظ˵һʮٸҶϲʲôӵģھ͸㶨һ


5 ޣ
0.5
Ũֽ졣
ѪˮȾʯϣ׵Ůһ解żֽɡڿͬɷˡ
֣𡢳ȣһͷ㷢̲һβ룬ɢʵģԭ޵СЩۡ
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10 ޣ
1.0
꼾ͣ˷ıƢһСλӣʼء·ϣһ⳵űɹµǣǰͬĿĵء
Щ⳵ϣмϤӰȴԼͬʻͬһص㡪Ҷתվ
ͻȻЩĳվȴһȺĿˡ·ϣһɫĳ⳵е죬ڵ˾ŵ̨㲥ŵġѽʷ
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ްһֻҵ棬ϵܣĻ˼档ֱӾܾڶ˵棺磬ҲῪӰû㣬ôȥӰЭȺ쵰һӡҶǸ쵰˵ˣҲȥ
ڶ뻹ȰްǸ飬ģ㲻Ҫȥ˵ǩ˾ҵˡ·ԶԼȥܿ죬ԶĺҶ壬ͻأᵢ顣ҷģ̰ҳ棬ô
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11 ޣ
1.1
ҶԭҶ壬Ϊһˮ磬ȴΪƫƧĵλãһֱ˿ã޷Ϊء峤Ҹ˸ѡɡΪ͡ԢгſʼЩ
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ȴû뵽鷳ʱѾ쵽Ҷ壬࿪˯ʵ۾о˵һƿˮ
ûӾѾ򿪡һڣǸ˯ѵŴèƵģʴްǵˣ
ްųӣֻоһеɰʮȤǣûػԵѾصţ쵽ˣŻʮӣ
µ̬ʮֺƣɴްе㲻ģ⻰أе㲻飬֮ܿԺ
һСʱǰڶ»λӡԴӷֺ󣬵һθ¼档˵Щʲôڳǰǳó֪µݡ
ķչ෴
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ͣ£뿴λƯЩͷĳ棬¶ʲôı顣
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е˴ްĸ첲ôżƲʲô
ްһۺӾĳ棺ûƲ壬͡˵ȽϺã
µһʹۿͨ죺ʲô˵ȽϺãҪ˭˵
ްЩҲⲻȥһʱ֪ûظʲô
һĬ¾;ԼίһǸЦ˳֪ԭް֮ǰ;ܾɵһ˵ĳ
ʱҿذԼˣһ뵽ްԱᣬ;ò
ö³ڶ뻻λӣްһģ˳㿴ŵġ桱ʲôˡ
û뵽һϳްʹָ㣬˯š
µʱˤŶȥɱһ֣ŴްŵǳǸˣ
ްȴźӾˣţȷ
ڸʻȴоԼǶġеᣬް£еޡ
ްԳĺãǶʮ
տھͺˣƽʱǴްеԼôްףôȺŮĴް
ԼһҪ׷شް
źŵġ桱֪桱ʲô£Ĵް
һСʱǸڴ˯𪼡ĵҪ޵һ¶Щʧоһ˿¡
ܾǰˣҪκֶΣôްȥ
ڳõЦݣкްĲ䣬ֺ۾ŵĳ棬ӣ˵Щеûʲôҿ㣬ˣһԲӬ
ް仰ѿɫһЦ
ȻŹҳЦˣһߵްĿϣţ
ްǵ㵣Ǵ˿̱ӵһԼʵ̫߹ԼôûǰŮѡ
һҲǸǸǸҲЦ㡣ЦԼ
Ÿʻһ㵵µһ䣺Ǹ
ŷӦǸƯˣж඾ʹްǲӬ
ŵǴްȤ
ԼһǷˡ
ȳͣȣ˶³»
ڶ뿴ģ֪϶Ǽһŵòᡣ
ͬһ£͸һĿ˴ްʹһ濪ţ³
˳ó˲ްĵط
ڶҲòϣÿһγ棬Ҫ̾һ˵Ĳ
Ưĳǰ࣬˲˵Ŀ⡣
ް֪˿͵ǰ˵ţʲô
ҲӾѹһȣŶҸո˵ҪݻҪһ磬ѾˡǼƻͻ֮ǰͶޣһ
ް̵û£ڵһ䷿
Ȼ⣬ȥҶСկ´ްˡ
ްóǵһγţû֤ҲûϴԼ֤濪һ䷿
ߵڶȴǣ˵ţ̴ʦ׼ȥ齣ȥ
һڶĻҲͬǰͿˣľƵ
ôʣԼûжƵꡣ
Ȼ뵽ԼҪ죬ǶƵꡣ
ڣǮ
ɳžٵĳ治֪ϻһطԴ
ʮҾƵޣѾ޷
ĳ浱ĲѪʡǸһ׼΢չ˵֪ΪʲôôˣҪ䡣
վںҶҵ·ڣãȻţΪʲôҪҵķ䣿
һԵڶҲʣΪʲôûһշʧ
ⷬģʵһԵĴްЦѡ
ް£ãȻĳ棬Ц˵зҪ𣿡
۾ΪްĻʼ۽ͷЦĻĴް붼û룺Ҫ
ʮӺ󣬳ڴްڶķռڶĴŸһǸš
ԲԺ󲻻ˣ
ͣ
Ĺ£աȨ䡷ĵڶ⣬֮ȳʹչ˳
治֪֤֪ԤȶƵ꣬ǰҲϲ˶࣬ٳţһֱչˡȴ100ĳ˵ٳš
ϣҲҪǸ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶˣлݮɱĴͣлл


12 ޣ
1.2
ﻨ㡣
ϵˮʧȻ·;ңԶҵɺҶķšˮ컨һҫźҶĴ컡
ӰŮŵڶȥۣСڴӵ羰ѰŴյϢ
ڶҲȥߣʵȴòͷֻܸŴްһ۵ǵķ䡣
ްȰ˵Ҫ˯˯ҵĴ
ڶҡҡͷɲǸһĳͬһ䡣ôްٰһ۵˯ߡ
ŶķţҪǳʲô£ʹĺҵʱȥ㣡
ްڶ벻ŵĻһ֣۵ѹڶ롣
ʵ໹ҵһ뵽Ҫͳͬһ䣬Щ˷ܵĲ֪ԡ
ڶ뿴Ŵް΢Щ˷ܵ̾һεصҲˣܽеǸˣʱ򾯲ȥҿɲ㡣
ްڶһѣ˵ʲôô£
ڶްߣ϶
ްʲô
ڶָŲľӣĵ
ްڶһָҲתͷһۣԼ΢΢Ʋסϲȷʵе㲻ס
ԼҪط䣬϶ᱻ治ϲ
ǣڶ룺᲻һ㣡
һŴްı飬һߵ¡÷ǣǣȥȥ䣬˳ͽ
ڶȻ⣬Ͷǰ󱳣͵һ͡
֮ǰͲˣ˵ߵտܵص
ͣ¼治ڣʵ̲ס˵Ҫȥ𣿡
ްڶһ˿һ۶ķ䡣
¾̫С֣̲סȥˣڸڰɣ
ްæס£ŵ˵ţȥԵһ
ڶҲһ˵ţԣȥͺáУҲô죬ǽг̴߳ʦȽϺã
¾̫ڽţǸ治ϲ˽֡һ뵽͸̲ס˵治ϲ˽𣿡
رƺҪö
ްĳ治ϲҲܵµİΣֻÿЦҲǣֻͻС
÷һ˶Ի˽ǸѵˣһѾεץס˴ްġ
ƴްΪԼķС˳ȥ
һ۸ģֶ½УǸԶ㡣
ĹްȻްõ˫߲ްġ
÷һ׼ôްǺᣬһ㶼Ǳ׼ѣͺһӲǣôȥãҲóһ϶浽Ǻǰס
Ը⣬һӶǺѡϹµսᣬҲԼǣĺڰס
ްǺã
һԶ޷߽ģҪҲá
ǣ۴Ҷ֪ʵ˭Ҳܾˡ
ƽĶۣҲܾ˴ްᡣ
ֻĬĬذ£˵ҪɣʱҲˣͲˡϲ׼ɶ
ѾȥϳԵʳҲȥտͲųϢˣΣ
λ˵ñƯ̵̫࣬õڶӦ
ڶͺܲһ𣬾óǻһ׼û¡
ްҲŵ棬Ȼ֪ʲôɫȥ档
˵˾䣺һطø
һ䣬Ϳű򿪡
ѵúĳӷ߳Ŵް͵һ䣺߰ɣ
Ŷãްǵһô˵ҲĿĵأ׼뿪
ڶްĻظŵס춼ˣȥﰡ
ܾóһҪް
º÷Ҳǰǰȥﰡոǲ˵ȥտ˳תת𣿡
ҲƯͷĳЩ֣סް˵ʲôҪ𣿡
ҡҡͷаһЦû£Ҳȥתת
קסް죬ǹڶǽϾްקߣռ˵ţң⣡
ڶԼĲҪԴްˡ
ų棺ƾʲôƾʲôҪ㣬ֲˣ
ֽץŴް죬ȫ˴ްЩܵĵͷקŴްǽ˵ƾǷǮ
ǷǮ
ްһ㶣ȻҲ̫鵹Ǻܺá
ȻǷǮ֣Ҳ֣ѵ̧ͷţǷ˶٣
ûԼʲôʱǷǮֻԼָһ
ծϵɱûϵҪ̫ࡣ
ʲôʱǷǮⲢҪ
һԵڶȴ֪ǰ֮ǰȴްֻһǮͳֻһ壬֪ǺˣֲңҾûתȥϴɨ븶û취תˡ
ɳȴڶȴްĻ᣺ҲǮǮҪҸ㣬ʲôʱ򵽡
濴ڶıӲ԰ױ࣬ԽȤ
ٱɵĴްҪȤˡ
治ϲ˶࣬ϲ֡ȥìܣһҲ߼
ϲֲǳˮüһãǸûµĹĶǡթ
ڳ˯޷ֻǲ뿴
ޱͨݸĽЧޣڼϳ⣬˶淿ްǵĶԻ
Ҫǳʲô£ʹĺҵʱȥ㣡
һҪɱˣްĻ᣿
һѷָԣĻڶȥȡ
֪ڶɵȻڶҲĿȥĿıĽеĵϲá
Ŀ⣬ҲóϲĿ⡣
ϲڶ벻ͣȰ˵ްԶԼȴʧܵģ
ֻڻظһ䣺ҲԣҺͺðɡһ
ЩãҲ˵ؼңԺҲԼȥ֤ȥݡ
ת䣬ó涼ںްڶ˵Ļʻ
ָ˼䣬𶯶ֻǿÿ࿴ۣҲ˱˺ÿ
һͺãеᷳĆ¡
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ĵص㿪߶ţҸһԣ˴ҪϴǸ޼СӣǼĪɱĻҪҪڲϴһӡ
ӦÿǻԹŸгദʵ۲ΪҲǺõġ
ˣǸ޼Сӣ⡣Ƿһ壬ʴ޼Сߵڶ룬ǽ֣˵ҪңҲûŶϴ·㡭
ʵлֻһ䣺ã֪ˣ
ްһ·Ϊ£ǲĺޡ
ŮͻȻĶУһŮһŮ
ΧƵĻǸް
Ļһ͸뷨ת˼Ȧ
Ҳ⼸죬ҲǲôްĹڶ롢Ů;
קŴް죬ŴްôԸ⣿
ްҡҡͷȻˣȻծȻʲôǿԵģ
ްȫĵĹףڶһᡣ
ڶ˵ţʺŸңϾʹǮ
ôôõϷȻûи˺ţôްקš
һūڶ棬ĥŴް
һº÷˿԰ڣ԰ڴްĿвɶҡĵλ
ΪʾȨ£ģ
ȥȴ÷סӣͨ⣬ߺ޵ų档
Ҳȷʵǰ㣬ڶӾ裬ʱ׼Ҫް
ŮҲӲó̲޳ܡ
ֻдް˻һãڣԳ涯ֶš
ֺʹһĥ뿴ڶ롢¡÷ϽšʡԹ޵ı飬ַŴްĿ
ֻµһߣްȴ󵨵קס֣ͨ
ԼӦԶްֲÿڶЩ˵ĺϷ
Ĳãȫɾ˴ް
ްûôʵУͿڶ˵ĺϷ
ڼͷֳĶȤζһֱã֮ľ롣
û뵽ôʹϡ
Դ󷽵ס֣ͨ˵İߡ֪Ϊ˿Ϸһɿ֡
տǰסļ򣬽ϵûѬĵط
ųһȤȻһʹෳյģ;øȤ
شտǶ°ػصޣ¥µϰк
ϰﳤúƯ˵᣺ζǰֵտɣϹҲرϲԣ
֤סڶ۵λǳϰ
˸лϰһ¥˺ţտ
һȺ˳տ˵ҪĻðա
ްЩĳ棬û뵽澹Ȼԡ
ڶҲμӣĹĵ˵ţĻðûУҸ㣬ĺûеߡ㵽ʱɱƽϣ
ݻȥ׼ðյֽƣûĽɫ˵ţ˼ƽʲô
л˵
ʵҸͦģÿһ4000֡7000ءдһЩҲҪŶ


13 
1.3
ŢС·ۣ̥ĺۼ·Ѷȡ컹ûڣͨҶС·ϣһж
ˣһһСС޴ųס̿㣬¶ŰСرﳵŮˡ
Ů˶̷ɫĴҲްɫͷѻޣҪˣ
һֱӽͷŮӿĻУӦû⣬һץס
˶׼Ů˼ӴֱӳҶ塣
ٶȺܿ죬Ҷʱպڡ
ͷŮóֻ绰ֻ洫
Բĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
Ů˻ɶԷԼĺ룬ŰӵޱԹҵĵ绰
̾һֻ²żɴԲĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
Щ죬ųԲ룺ޣӦû㡣ҵ齵ޣѻϴ·ڴӳ顣
һźܵ޸ӾԴ棬еӣһ簮һ֡
ϴиϵҪΪ˸ͻϴ·
ôһĸ׵ģ챻жˡ
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Ҳֳܹ棬ҲصֻΪ·ȥ˹ưɣȴȥ¥գֻһҶ
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û뵽ϴξȴްżȻ¼Ȼ뻨Ůʧٰйء
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Ƶǰ̨ΪǿˣòصǸǸѾˡ
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֪ǳֻ࣬Ҫ˿̡
ҲͷģƵסûʧٻֵԱ
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˿ϲڶܳͷ̸Χ壬ڶðա
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¥ݼ䷢ƵĵݿʼúЩŴЦԷС㣬𡭡𳳵ˡ
˵ڵĸоܾްЩ¡ǵûƻǻڵŮ˴ͷʲôûС
Էֵ˵̫ˣ
ԷϺȵþЩ࣬ĵ̫СũôˣǶ˯ˡǲǺܺ߿㣬Ҫȣ
̫ϲŵ֣úģеġ
䱻˦֣ú󱳸ӱ䡣Էս˲ϹҵķȰţȻǲȥˣòãе㺦£
Է䣬˵ţ㺦¾ԸŰɣһû湻أ
ת䣬Լ󿪡
䱻ŵĽһŵһԵԷ
ԷвˣͶ濪
ҡͷ˫ڵϣԷţԣԣǷǶ¥һ䡣ԭǽԷǡǿӣӣ
ԷڵȴԷֵԷԷ˭
һ㶣̧ͷһûٵǰ
ԷԭոԷ
䱻ŵ÷һУȴŮͷŮͷͷϽС
źһɫãõϷŻҰɫ·߰˸֫ȱ˿䣬¶ЦݣһѡĻ&ðաϷеĳͷƣţ졢һţ
ţȫǵĦɵ˿ڣĻͷסԼͣͣҡͷﺰţԷȾң
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ߵļˣǿ𣿡
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ԷҲԣ𵥷ȥֳ鵽ͷƵڶ롣
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ްڶ˵棬ž⣬Ҳڶ룺㻹أϳˮڣ˭Ҳ۸ǡҵġˣ
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ްءˣɳ治ᣬվƿסĴް˵ţҲˣһĻɡҾ͵ǵ
ЩĴްʲôⶼУ
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ǽ֣ó濴˲ٺϷЩáǶԴް˼
ްȫţԼȻôܽ⿪е⡣վ֪Լһ⡣
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ǿްô΢չų棬ų棬Ϊ˳潫ڶϳ䡣Щ飬㹻ԲĻ档
мŮСһϴްͳ빥ܵ⣬ڸס˺Ĵ𸴡
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ʲôҪֹֻס˺ѸС
һץסްɫ԰׵ߣҲȥʹߡҵסѪɫ¹⣡
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶдӦòôưɣûС飬Ըҡ޸


14 
1.4
ΪʲôѪɫأ
죬㡣
ȹ׹ű飬תһһŵصڽɫĵשϣĺ輿˫㣬Žɫĵשڳ˵̬
üĿ飬۽ǵ̬ˮеľȻҪ顣
ϧȴ޷ϯϵ¿ˡ
˳̸ˣ߱ĵҪ޵꣺֪ܰΪʲôѪɫ𣿡
ĵ̧ͷͷΪҪˣ
һ㶣ڰ֣ĵ輿¡ɲȻ輿̨ϡ
ߵľϲ꣬ĵϵɷŵֻƯˮ棬͵͵۲찶ĵ㽿޵ꡣ
̸ˣĵȰ˵ɱ̫أǰҲͰˣڲͬգҪΪԼ·
ǵĵ꣬ʢؿ۵Ҫװµģּ㰡øﻻԱĸҲͷˡȥѧҲ֪ǶǴ֮ܶѪɫһҪϽ뿪
ΪǴԤףȱ©ǵ˵ೲĻ
ԸϽӰɡ
ӣ
ȥ
̧ͷǰ¯̣紵ɢǰ
ޱߵĴջǰĸûʣѪɫߣɫĵשѪˮȾɺɫ
ȥץ˵֣غ磡
һԽʱռ䣬Ĵް˸š
֧ӣ߽ĳ棬ЩȤζƽ˵λ˵Щˡ
ʶĺЩۡ
Ŀֺһ硣
ްһԳҪ
ҲڴްһҪ
ްһֱ壬Ѫɫ¹⡣ʵ̫кĴڸ¹⣬Ϊγ滹Ҫš
ѵǹ
ڴް˵ǽ
͸ͬһŴϡһֱţ۾ϸϸ۲ȶʵеĳ˯еĳǷЩͬ
úϸ֪Լʲôʱ˯˹ȥ
Ψһ֪ǣȻûΡ
ްָܽ΢̲סϳ½ǡ
㡭ʲôˣ
ָ·ϵ·еޱȵĿ顣
ߣǸ˯һһˣͬ˯ˣ˯ߡ
ްĺ֪Ϊʲôֳʵ
Щһ֣ްӾ;úۡҲ˲پơ
̫Ѩ૵㾿Ҫʲô
Ŀռ䲻󣬽ˮĳһ˿ȣڷ﷢͡
һ䡰ŵôްֱӴӴˤϣ۵ôްƺһ
̧ͷѾĳ棬ϵ˯δʣŴ۾ŭ˭ϵĴ
ôްЩ˵ްʵҲûɴϣɿ˯Щĳ棬ߥϴһС
µĴްΪξܿû뵽ԼȻһ
ްпԣĴߣ벻һýڡ
汾ҲûΪѴްֻ뾯ްΪ˯Աߣܸ׽治˯Աߣ˵߶һˣСŮҪ
ֻҪ˰סѪɫ¹ͺá
ڽдް¹⣬ްҲȷʵĺܺã˯һԣҲ޷ˡ
ȷʵ͹˴ްɵֻްվһظҡһ㸺ģ

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ʱãްھ͸
ؿֿʼʹһѪ
Ҫ⼱ٵıްˡ
ްɫףΪĲַˣ׼£ȴݺݵ֡
סĿڣţˣңȥţ
ްҲĳ档ţͿŵº÷קţ㿴𣿡
ǣް⡣
¾ؿ˿ܣˣǡǶˣ
ްЩµ˼׷˴¡º˽⣬֪һ׻ŵˡ
ס𼱣Ƚ˵
£÷ݣϣóƿȪˮ˵ţȺȵˮ𼱣׷ʲô飿
һž͹עŴֻһ㣬մӴĳ棬ΪؿڵʹЩʹ߽ϴҡ
һ̣ԭҡҡ׹˲ֱ̣ӱסް
޵úίôްЩ޴롣
ްεرסı÷ô£
÷ûڻãһһ߲ᣬһţ岻ˣҲˣӰĴҶˡ
嶨6㼯ϣһȥݻۡıȽ磬׼ױһ
˸䡢ԷϢûõظΪǻû𴲣׼𴲡
û뵽º÷ȥţַûءûˡǴ˺üͨ绰ʾԲĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
÷Щ֣Ͻȥ塣ķҲûˣȥɶԵķ䣬֡
÷˵̲סһһһŴް˵ţˣûǸ䡣
ɵˣһһȥңҵްʱǶˡ
ڴްķģڴްΪǴš
ɿ֣Ŵްô죿Ҫô죿
ްҲһǵڶ룬ǣȥǰ̨ʹ𣿡
ҡҡͷ˵ţǹˣûüȥǰ̨
һ÷ᣬֻ˵ţȥǰ̨ǱɣƵ⣬˵Ƶ˷Żǡ
óֻ110ȴԲĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
÷ɵֱֻۣҵϣ
һԵºʹްҲ졣˸Ͻóֻ˵绰Ҳõͬʾ
¾ˣϣŵִһɵõͬʾ
ϯŮ˳
޶޲
Ϣڲѹͷš
ŮͷɵɵؿֻͻȻްһ䣺Թڳûʧٵ˴绰𣿡
Ů̧ͷްɲŵ绰Եؽţһʧˣǡʧˣ
º÷⣬ްµĵ绰
ͨµͷһְȥͲﴫϤģԲĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
ްǰһķ羰ȴʵ硣
ճ˵ܾجΡ
ϾµֻߣǴͨĵ绰
ڴϣոأ㿪ڣһϢһϢһ
º÷һۣͬ˵Ϣ
ްǣϢڶǿܲûΣգΪʲôʧˡҽҪ˵ĻϢ
º÷ЩţЦ𣿡
÷֣˵ţǣôˣ
ްƬ̣ЦŵҪıһ뷨ΪǿڹҼǵרҵʽجΣ
ôһͣº÷ֱȫɽ
öްÿһ֣Ͳ̫˽ӵ˼
ްʵҲֻ֣պ«ư˵ݣٸº÷˵һ顣
ıɣº÷һЦĴ
±ѧϵĻͦȤĥ´ްĻ㲻ڿЦĻôǺΣգ
ްҲûȫţϾҲֻǲ²⣺ţǵڶֵĻȷʵΣա
ôһתۣº÷ܴϣ
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ʱͻȻڶƽʱ棬̴ʦԭΪֻǴºţû뵽׽ʦ
Ŀǰպϴ꣬Ӳһ͸оº÷ȵ
ǻ𣬹ܽ濾ɡ
Ǵްɵĺ£һӵڴްϣţָʲô£
ް޹ҡҡͷ˵ţûУôҡ
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һ;鷳׼ߣ÷ֱӹǰţʦȾǰɣ
Ӻ˽ĳ鷳ļһﶼۼһ
ްĲ²⣬ﱾеͣްݱ¶ȥ顣
ԶԶģ˵ţǲجΣʱ¶ۡӣȥ濴ˣ
棿
º÷ΪްĻ֮ͬ񣬸ȥκεطֻϽ뿪ϣ÷µʣ᲻С
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ްǵĺ£ǣǾŰɣҺʹʦȥתת
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÷Ҳվ̫ϣް뿪Ҳǰ˵ǶˣҪҲʧˣô죿
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ĺϲĴް򵥵û££ҡ
ڲͬգҪһֻĳ棬˵ȻܰȫҲҪȥҲһɣ
÷һȻԸǸһ˴ڷȻҲҪһͬǰ
治̫ηģʲô£ǰ˶Ѫ֮ج֮Уܿͻ塣
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Ůڻ̫ŴްĻǺºͿ־壬ǿˡ
Ů챼ˣڴްĹ£ֻ˶־
룺ȻۣȺ֣ɵӡ
˼Ϣʯ󺣣һʱ֮䣬治ȷǲجΡ
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ĸ˸˼سţֱǰǰ̨ǰ̨ܺã౳ڰס
ǼһһĴΧ˵ţλʲôҪæ𣿡
Ǵ崩ŵúͨ¶ӭ͵Цݡ
ްŴϵĵϰף㿪ڵѵҵϰ壿
ͷСʶң
ްҡҡͷЩԱ߽ŵ÷ֱ˵ҵʲôȫˣŪȥˣ
⻰һǰ̨ȫŵһסĿˣ˻ֱӰ֤˻ȥ
ڽӴķԱȷӦ÷Ůĺ˵˵ʲôأǵǴõģһֱ⣬ʲô˼ǰɣ
÷ŵö㵽ɪɪ
ްҲ÷һϯĽͷöȥ䣬ϰָŷԱ죬˵Ǹ
ǷԱϰָʾ£òͷ˵ţԲˣ
ϰҲܱǸԲǼԱáСո˵顭
ް˻̽ϣסѲڷ䡣绰Ҳͨԣʡ
ϰ⻰رʾȷʵͦżҽӰʱв˷Ҫǰ̨ǲ飬ǲ˷ˡ
˷ǾͲ֪ȥˡ
˵ĺһʱôްҲһ
ϰʣסļ䷿
¸Ͻһ룬ķ䡣ϰ˻ڼΰº룬üͷʵûɣⷿ˾ûڻǿյģ
ްǴ󾪣÷ްסԼϰֱһ룬ͬõˣⷿҲûǿյģ
ްǰס
ϰǰе֣ץץͷε˵ţԵȣֵˡ
ϰ绰ްֵ񣬽͵Ŷո˵ˡõеĵ绰ɣ壬еĵ绰ʱûźţҲ򲻳ȥ
Ҫ뱨̶̨绰ɳ˺ܿͻ
ܿͨ˵绰̰ǱߴһŮ
ϰʣǸİɣм˰סǲûϵͳ
Ůôܣ˺ٰŮסˣ
ϰ˻ٴȷϣȷֻŮ
Ů԰ǽӰʱһСﻹ˷ˣ㲻ǵˣ
ϰץץͷ˷˱Ƚ϶࣬˵һ
ŮǸÿ˫βǸ㻹˵˼ҳѧ
ϰ屻ôһѣЩ˵ţѽ졣
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ް˸ոյĻȫڷº÷ǶʼԼļǲǳ˴ҡ
Ψдްϰ壺ܲܲ鵽˷Ĺʲô֣
ϰϣ̴򿪵ԣһС˵䣬ǲǵѣ
µͷǣǵѡ
ϰ̽Աأĸ˿ϵʲôҲûдޱߵǰ̨ϰ˷
귿߳˴ţ֪ȥ
º÷ᣬ޵ϡﻩһԵϰ忴ȥ飺ҪҪȥ۰ݰݣ˵ǹȥˡóأ˵ǹȥȥˣ
ңۺģһﱣӣ˵ǵѾͻˣ
İοó绰˵ţȷʵҪȱǻмѲˣ
ްҲЩңЩ޴룬绰Ҳ֪ҪҪһֻĳ棬ʵ棬ҡǱ
˴ްһۣһŲڴްɾЬϣţ֣
ްȣյţô죿
ϢȫڳĶߣóĲӸеһ˿ڳץһ¡
治ϲʧصĸоһƿް绰ϣݺݵϰ壺ٸҲˣ
ĸгƯˣҲƢˡ
ǰ̨ķԱǱͶԴްĸ˲Ҫϰĺã׼֣Ѵް˴ȥ
治ӲһȺΧϰߣţ٣ǻűǰɣԼ˷ˣǵꡣǵǸǿӵ
ϰҲеվ˵ţˡǲ͸¶ϢģոΪļԲذ죡
⻰ҪǶԴްܻЩãڳǲӬ˽С
ޣָ⣬һֱָ˴šϵĲȫ䵽ϣǸǰ̨ˣҪǳ档
ǰ̨˿һĻֱӱɵˣЩӻûȸΪ
ϰҲһͷʲôҲµġ
ԱŵøϽɳȴסϰĲӣв鲻飬ɱǡ
ϵɱģ¡÷Щ£ڴް
ϰȴһӲͷӲǲ飺Уǰذ£
ķԱѾͨ˱绰ްִ󣬳ܵ˺³棬˵ţǸϰ壬ЩżԲŻǮ⣬˫⡣
汾ްɱްһؿֿʼۣɿ֡
ްڳǰ˵ţϰԲ鷳ٰǲ鼸ѣĺܵǣ
ʹһ÷Ϳǿ޵˺ѷΣϰЩ̡ްϰȽŮӣǸΪġ
ϰ⻰˵ţðɣǻҪ˭
ްһĳ棬С˵ţ˭
治ģû˵ʫˮ壬ʫʫ
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һأ
ްһ㶣ԭһţͻȻǣ
ϰʣļ֣
ްֱӻأ£ҵңζϣ
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ĸ˻ص䣬ʣôһ£ΪʲôûסѵΣ
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ްʱ֪ǳ˵Ĵ˷Ҳ˵֮ǰ˷˶Ѿˡ
ͷţ˷ڶ˵ʱûΣգ
ûп϶һֱԼָ⣬ͻȻ¶һЦݣ˵ţǿɲһ˵Ǻܿͻ˷
ްų²ؼģһţ˫ȭţڶ롭
ʱڶҲĬްްҰ
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ϧûʤߣҲʤߡ
ΨѪɫ߸ߵعߵĴϣؿһͷɱ
ѪǱģѪ¹ġ
ڿڶһ͹Ѫ¹űصһһڶ롭
Ѫɫұģʵڵġҿȥϣͦÿġ
л˵
㷢Ҿһ±𿪿ĺܲҰº͵һ𣬹8000֡ûиˣҺɣ


15 
1.5
ڶԼܵù
ΪһĺˣڶһֱԸ߱׼ҪԼԼңʱһڼҺ˵ģ
ʵںۡ
ѴްͬѧǰûҪԼƵôѧĺܶݣαź
ڶԼҵ鷿ҹźһշ񣬷ڼҺ˵ļӣػഺ
ڼҺڶ벻һУѧڶ붼ԷȾơͷҹ綯ϲģģûģһ顣
ǣ̲
ڶڸ˵ĻںʮƿơƺЩס
ںҶĵһҹսһͿء
֡Ļ&ðաΧǳЦţðգðգðգ
˶޵ߵĶȫڼҺĸ֡
ʼˣΪʲôҪ
ڶоĿɬ
ôأ
˭һⷣƶûг鵽
ڶֻͷʹðգơӣɳϣżɫѵĴްǿȴҪװĳ뿪
һ̣ƾҪĻ˵ڣָֻɳ˯˹ȥ
ͷ˯߸ѡ
ڶȫûпһϷǰְһֵġĻ&ðաϷ
ϷķվϷǰϵһƶϡ˫βɰӰĸԱ
¶õЦ˵ţ̼ġĻ&ðաô
˵Ǹߺţأðð
ȫΧǰŪֽƵŮָһˡˡ˸ˡ
촽Ϳƽʱټɫ˵ţ
߾Է۾ͻȻϳ㣺ޣԷˣҲɣ
Էƴǣɽ䣬Ȼѡ
ҲߵߣţոȥˣҴ绰㶼ӣ
ıܹ֣Էòðһ䣺ڵȥңҵܾúܾãûȵˡ
Է˻̲סЦҸոϷʱȥ㣬˵⻰˵ģڱִʫƵģˣ
ҲЦЦ˵˵Ķԣֵˣ
ûйԷĴ㵵ı飬۾ضϵĺֽƣû˿˵ưɣ
Է֣ȡһơ
ΧγƣҲһơ˶ƣڿʼưɣԷ㿪ʼ
Էое֣ƽʱǽԷԷԼơĻ
˿ؽţĻĻĻ
ԷЦһ浹ùаɣаɣƣ
ĻһšԸܳͷ𣿡
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Էľȫˣֽϵ֣ţԸ⣬Ը⣡
ĸ첲úۣ䣬֣
ȴûз֣ЦǺýС¶Ը⣡
䶪Է˿ˣƣ
˳鵽ƶǡĻⶼǡԸܳͷ𣿡
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ק֣ȴ䡣
Էͷһȴֿ΢ЦŶ˵Ϸȥ
Էе㺦£ɿţǣ˭
Ǹı飬ָԷ
ԷعͷƽʱĲͬѧǣһɫ࣬һ㺰ţðգðգðգ
ײԷ䣬ơƿϵشĲӡһˣԷ˵еϲ䡣
Ǹֻ֣קסĲӣ˵İ£Է棬Ĳӡ
ˡ
ѪˢϷ棬ĿһеԷһС
Ǵ̶ڴ̼˷Աǣǻָʶûͷ­䣬ֱ̱ڵء
ˣ
Դֱ˹ȥԴ˵ϡ
˶񱻰ͣžֻԴڵϣĦ
һ룬žƣ̶ļصܲסš
һԼͷ­վſڣ¶ЦݣϷûн˭Ŷ
ͷ߽䣬һʼǰ㣬𣺡̼ġĻ&ðաô
ڶڹǺƽ۾֪һ۾ؿԴϷϣ˵ţư
ձѣе㱣һԴҲûʲôӦ˵ţҲ̫
վоԼȵʲôĶͷһһֻϵֱۡ
ֻϱԻиոűЯʽͲҥͷԷİӣԼ֪˵Ĳ֫
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ڶϷڱŵȶˡ
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ڶһץȾܡ
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ŵòᣬȫԼΪʲôһͱ˿ֲƬǡ֪ްȥΪʲôһˡ
ڶźţްҰ
Ѫɫ¹յĵطһѪ¹ǹﳤֻۣȫǼ⣬Ѫڡž޴ͬҰް
Ϸϵڶ룺ưɣ
ڶҡҡͷرͣ
ԼһھͿ˳
һ֣ͿӱܳƵֶΡ
¶΢Цſͣͷһֽƣ˵ţûϵҰ飡
ֽƶڶǰдšͷơࡿ
俴˴ЦӮˣӮˣ
ڶ뷴ԣⲻƽⲻƽƣơ
Ŀڶķûκá
ߵĴɫʺ졣
ʱһ䡰ס֣ڶĶߡ
ڶۣϤӰô㣿
*
һߵڶǵĴްɳϣʳ棺ҪβԸǣ
ȥʳԼôܾˣҲʳΪҪʫֱ˵ʳԸ
ް֪治ǵӰӢۣûо˵ΪʫȷʫӦû뿪
ǳһߣްľȲڶǡ
ϾްɲǵӾЩ˵ŲҪʵʱ̾ͻ˴˶
û˵飬һԥ뿪
ԣᣬһҪӦ
ôްЩûף򴰱ߵĳ棬ֲһ䣺֪㲻ϲˡ
Ļû˵꣬ߴϡ
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ڵҲʶ㡣
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֮£סؿڵʹ˵ţҡҸôܾҡ

ް̸ϻسߣǵóЩ졣ԴǼº󣬾û
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ĴްеԴްеİе޴롣ȻǸеǰһԼؿۡ
һֻסް۾һֻȥްϵˡЩ˶Ѫȴ٣ȥЩĿȫǡ
Щۣһ˿ڣް̲ס㡣濴˴ްľȣӷЩ˺ϡ
˿ϵɴްȴԽԽ졣۾סֱִ˽ľ룬ôްЩš
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ް°ͣһ˿Ѫ˵ţҰÿֻҪһɱˣͻʹѣѪ
㿴Ҷ㶯ɱģ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעɶģ


16 ޣ
1.6
ҶСկ޷䲼úģеins񣬵Ӱ綩ʱΪ䲼þҵķ͡ԴҪãŻԤޡ
һνʱϲϷę̈ơƽʱסĶ۾Ƶ꣬ǵһοôķ䡣
ˣͬ˴ް飬һ䡣
ڣǺڡ
˵ԼѪ࣬úŴް
ڳ濴û˲ŴްµģԼŹ
涼ˣҪǴް޳Ҫú׽ŪްһҪް
ɴްأ
ɱġ֣ʸ治ֺʺϴӳ˵
ȻԼѪĴû뵽ѪȻࡣ
һ֮ˣϲ޾ڣӦܲһ
ް⻰ӿĵһоۡ
۳ѣڣԲ𡣡
ްᣬϧ
գգ۾ΪԼˡ
ްûпɻı飬ڶԳϧСʳ棺ܡκ𣿡
ɵۣһػشܣ䣡
ް䡱֣Ѿ鲻Խס˳֣ʹܻ
治ϰߵس֣ͷܣ£ƹ㡭һ£һ
ްȻҡҡͷ£Ѿ˼ƻŵȳȥԳ壬һƻܹƹ
ֻ˶һϹģͬѼãڳһ䣺㡭ҰɣУڽġ
ްڳ棬Ϊ⻰һȡһæӦô᣿Ҳϲˣ
Щɣȣǰݵˡ
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͸ӲްͷشϴްĻʣôǨңõʲô
ްһеȫгɲ֪ΪΣܾԼ˿ڣͻȥ
ܿ˵죬Ҳ֪ԼոյĻشó⡣
٣ûѪûٶŭ
ްڼԴѾⶨ˼ƻǺͳΪѣȻͨ˽ࡣԳְݡǨͣȻΪˢĺøС
֪ԼôῪġ⡢ɾ衣
ڴްûвܳΪѵˣֻ롣
ųƯ˵ҡ㽻ѣ
棬ϻ˸ҸԼѣ
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ûлشжŴްл١
ްԼûбϣ˵һЩҽجֳ־ңҾ͸ˡ̫ˣҾøѣ˵ܽ⿪ڴѵ⣡
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ްεһЦŴĳ棺Ǿ͵˳òãΪʫȻѾ˷Ҳһˣ˵ڶһ𡣼ȻҲҪȥңܲ˳ȾڶǡԸ5ҵһ5Σڶ˵ı3һˣԸ5򡣡
۸һ50򡣲ò˵ް׼˳ģƶĳ޷ܾ
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װģ˾䣺һΣ5һˣһֶ٣
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ްԴһתûϵǿԻvţǮǸ˻ϡʱٴǸȡҲһġ
Цеضų棬ŵõvš
ôް˵óֻôް
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ԷĿͣɹִŴȥ
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л˵
е٣ǸǸһһңллҵ֧֣ллҵ


17 ޣ
1.7
£
ڴްϿɲΪ꣬ÿ궼ѧУʦǴӲĶԴްĳޡǻܴϼӰ죬໹ΪްƷѧšͣ﷽棬ܶôʶȵĻ£˶
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ڳ֮ǰţᣬѾ͵˽¹ͨˣҲǮˡ
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˵ǿܲţ1.5-1.8ֻҴ1.5ҾԼչ̫ˡҲӦüӿٶȣһЩ飬һЩ


18 ޣ
1.8
ҹĺҶСկǵ㣬İ׳ϴ·Ƭ̣Ͼɵϴ»һԼʹ
һ˸
׳ڻнʹڰȫסϴ·ԭڽеĴްһ
ͷ棬ֻСӫУͦı˫
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ӫĵջءڰһްԼȸոջҪţֲҶЩ飬·ҪӺ
ǰһƬڰʲôɳıϢζܲ͸Χӳԡ
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ް뵽ͻȻоһ𣬾óеںˡ
ϧ֪˵һ
꾭飬ŮѵĹƢеһƴʱʳ˵ʲôһ
ްɾˣɫųе˼һ߰סԼ궯ġ
Լ֣꣬һ޴ͼꡣ
ްԼǹﹻڣԼҪҸȥźá
ûôչסȭڣҡ
ްʱ䣬һģɵĻشԼڳһ
ް˿ڣֻ˵һҡͱס͡
⴫˿ֲĸ߸ЬգЬĦŹ⻬ĵ棬һһ졣
Ķר־߸Ь˵ж
Ǹ߸Ь˲̫ϲϴ·ڷһȦ뿪
߸Ьһʧްͳ涼һ˶Ͻ뿪ӵĹӡ
֣ٻεƣɽһֱûзɶľ衣
´ް¶ǵĲֽ֮ץסް
ۣһŵָ׻ʮ壬ۣ
һ䣬һжҰ֮Сϴ·תͷ⣬ȻƼſڵĸ߸Ьˡ
ŮʿѧŹϥĳȹһûٵŤӣϴ·ſڡ
һȴѪɫҪ죬Լŷڵļ
ָоͺͽجεĴһ
ջ۾֪Ůû٣ߴްϴ·һûٵŮֻд
ް³ðƤ񣺡ǵ뿪ȥڶ룿
еε𣬿ͨĴްôô죿
ްʵΣ˵ţ̫̫̫ˡ
³滳ɣͷϵĺָ濴
ؽͷϵ׶ްϣţˣɾ
ްеңԼɻȥ̲ɾԼϵĺ
ްԼҪްˣӣ㵱ѵ㿼Ǻû
ް˸ոճ¡ĿԼڵѣˡСܡ
£ްǾԲͬ⡣
ӵķ䣬ϲǰﲻԸȴֲòĳ档
ްȥʳִҪѵԭֻҪڳߴùãȻ
һ⣺ѣܽ𣿡
淢һ
ǰĳСӼֱǵ졣
֣ްһ⣬ѡ
ɶ飬ôóԼأ
ԼЦˣָŴް֪ߵغСӣԼ̫𣿡
ް֪û뵽ְԼĸƵģŴ۾
ò˵ĳ棬˾ÿɰ
ްЦͷ̻ģ˵ţ֮以СǺ𣿡
ԣǺ
ǣûѴް浱ͬĺѣްһ˺üĺ
ȻҲ֮Ҳû֮İɣ
ôްΪڼǳϸ޼żһʡ
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Լ棬һҪµˡ
ѾûѪУ
ް˼ס˳֣˵ţ̫ˣ棬ҲԽҵСС
֣ôްǵ˱˻ԣŲʲôްھ͸óСʱİ׻һһֻûֻɻµ
ǵó˵ѵıҲһԵ
ƤΪ˾ӦúúýճˡΪҲӦСС㡣
ƴް˷ܣŴްԴ˵ţˣˣô˷ܣ㣬ԣ
ôްķʲȷʵеһްȻİֿ
óѵһȷʵģĶֻһϰ壬鷳Ұϴ·ӵıó
û⣡
ϰеЩ죬ϰ忪ţѾ˳ȥ
һްͽһǰһӹܳŵϰ巢һ
ҵѽ
桢ްŵһֱڵϣƨۡ
ϰ忴ǳʹްֿıסףú
ָˣţʲôϴ·Ƿ䣬Ҫطȥ
Ļôް£ɫһ졣
ްһԵĳ治ɫϰǸǸǸʵ
ϰƨۣĻýȥްĽͣ䳰ȷشϣˣҿǿ޵ģʲôûҲǣҲǱң
ȥʹްı׶ϴ»С
ްţոջجôһӾ뿪جΡ
ߵĳ棺⡭ô£
ϴ·ſڵĴɫ⣬˵ţ֪Ȼطɣ
ܸоԼجУεȴһֱš
߻ط䣬ްȥţţ££ǻˡ
ŵıһ죬ű򿪣Ůֱӳ嵽ްߣ˵ţˣ
л˵
ˣСɰ ໨gi4v9ej5emoĴ̲ͣסǷ˳ллСɰͣҲллСʹǣллˣ


19 ޣ
1.8
峿ģõһ졣
ɴްȴЩ꣬ͳոմϴ·ط䣬ûԼôͻȻج뿪ͱº÷Χס
Ůɫɷף۵׵ĺȦ¶˵ƣ
ް׼ס£ɲ֪ΪΣŤͷһ۳棬ȥڰ·ء
ջ֣ȴûм٣ҹĿ־ȫֱײؿһۡ
ްԭΪôһ£û뵽÷Ҳײ˹קŴް˵ţ̫ˣ̫ˣ
ްпԣţǡôˣ
º÷һϵ۾ͨͨˡ

ްһִۣطϸϸѯʡ
µĵӱ÷Ŵް˵ţߺ˾ڷţǻûãǾ˸߸Ь
÷ͷµԱߡӹµĻ˵µǣͻȻͱһϽĹӺӰŸˡǡ
˵÷ʵںµĲ˵ȥµͷƴؽôֲĻԺа뿪
°οر÷ļ򣺡ǸоһֱڶˣҺ÷ܺ£һֱƴصšǸ߸Ьһֱſתơ
˵ôֲߴްͳȴéٿ㣬Ϊδ򲻿š
جУôʵеأ
ӣͣº÷Ŀ޿䡣Ůʲôʱĸ߸Ьű󣬻Žǰ
룬ػظţǰ
üͷһ壬ٴȷϣȷ
Ȼϲ棬ɾѡ֪ΪʲôίؿŴްҡʲôѵġ
ް֪ȷ飬ûв˼ֻȷϣ׼ȷ
¾ôްƫ̻棬Ĺĵ˵ţҿȷԼ϶ǽǰǵȷʲôʲô𣿡
ްôʣͻȻе飬һʱ֪οڣֻ˵ǱŮ׷ϴ·
÷Щ̲䣺ԣԣҾ˵Ǹ߸ЬԽԽԶоϴ·Ǳȥˡ
º÷ĻȷԼĲ롣ûа˵ڣ˵ȥϰȷһ¡
ްסϰƲ㡣ϾǰǴŪôࡣȷʲô£ȥʰɣ
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ްʲôһԼʵ´ϡ
¼м䣬˵ţȻǶϰ壬ȥɣ
ʵڿôްͳҵģʳ֪ʲô
÷뿪䣬ȻҲϡ
Ůһ뿪ʹް͵ڴϢֱҹٴν٣˲ŴӴ
º÷Ҳǰص䣬㱨Žķ֡
ַ˼˷ˣǣ˻⡣
÷ϰһЩûõʲôõϢ
˻㱨꣬Ϳųʹް뿪
һΣǳǰǶԺ˰ţ涨õûš
뿪ʱ滹óŻɫķֽԸŷֽš
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һڣްһԼˡ
ɴްǸоڶǲһ¥
ƴްԼƵ޻˵õɶԷް󣬶෿ĲҽҲʮֲ̡
浹ǺϲֲҾ徵ĽʹȡɶԷһɶζ
ްóӳ汳ססıӡ
ɶԷﵽѪģʬ壬һϤӣôްһϵĲ֫һ䣺
ıȻţŵζϲζûлˣֻʣһԴϷϣţǸ˭
ްϷϵԴ۵˵ţ䡣ô
䲱ӵ˺ۣ˵ţͷǱ˻ġ
ްʵڹڲ̡߽ɶԷŷĲૣô
סԼıӣߵϷǰҵϷƣⷭһţдš¶˵ĸ첲֪Щ˶ɱĽ
ԡŴްƣùĻ&ðϷԲŻ
ްסƣϤġĻ&ðաҪʹļס
ŵϵʬ壬Դˡ
ްϣ֮һڶ롣
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ѹϣϱ˻ƼѪˮһֱ
վһȺȴһơ
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ΨһܾСӵİ취Ӯⷿˡ
ްһ߽վⲻ˵͡
ް߽ţйֵĿ⡣
ϵ忴ްغţް㻹ţ̫ˡ÷÷û°ɣ
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ްȴ֣ŻĹ˵ƣ𣿡
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ް֣ӱѪˮŵֽгһơ
ҲǳĽӺ
һǡⷣơ֡
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ﻹûôˣܹ¶ЦݣǰĴްȤ
ӻ֣ڴϱͷţް壬˵ţߣ˽Ӧ
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һ˺ް鵽ƣ˵ţãٳ飡
ް֣ٴγơ
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ﶢŽӣڣֻֻ֣ӵ֣
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ްƣʣô
뿴Ƶ棬û˼ظްĻţ췭췭
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￴ֽƵ棬һ˵Ϸ˴ްеơ
һдšԼͷȫµЦ
ԵֽƣظްĻӣˡϷǻ򵥡ɱ㣬Ϸͽ
㰡㣬֪֪Ǹˣ͸ңҲôʱ䡣ˣܰ˺ҵˡ
һŲϷ¶ЦݣŴްƯϧҪˣ
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һʼްϲĵĻϲţƯƯҵԺҵˡ
ްƴɶǵ̫ǿ󣬸һҲá
˫ֿ۾̲סϡ
ްһۣһ䣺׻һ񡣡
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Ļڿ˹ؿڣǿԼ˻
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İõţ۾ͣŴްߴްȵ˶Ӧм㡣
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򣿡
ްһô
ͬɻڶ룬ֱʳ⡣
С㣬㡭ô
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ǵԼɶԷ￴ʱ˶ɵˡ
򿴵ҲһϴθһأѾ˰ɣ
ڶ仰ŸǰǹưϢŮˡ
ɵֱۣϷĲҪȥ¥棬ѹ
ڶ벻Ǹ㲻״ˣʱơ
һ
ڶǰŮйŹ֣˵ס
ԽԽԼϴҲǵ˴ù
ڶ벻ɫľ롣
أ
ŰȹϺɫĸ߸Ьһʬϣ˵ţ߰ɡʱ䲻ˣ
ڶ벻̫뿪ʣҪȥ
㲻뿪Ҵ뿪
ڶһ뿪֮ǰľȫΪС
򣺡С㣬㡭ô
ûشڶĻ˶¥߹һһϷķ䣬ͣһŷ⡣
ڶ룺ǺưЪҵˡû취ֻûඡ
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ڶûĻɫĴţţ㲻˵뿪𣿡
ЦЦ͵סڶ룬
ڶڷͷһá
õ·˸ѧ̧ͷڶ룬ţưɣϷҪʼˣ
л˵
л໨gi4v9ej5emoĴͣˣ520ǾףСɰǣԶ֣ԶҸ


20 ޣ
2.0
էƣӰϨ
һӲҶСկʱʹްڴصǵķ䡣
һ򿪣÷ͳ˳˵ڣס塣
ƣɼ÷һ˲䣬ڸоİ÷ﰲοû£ˡѾˡ
һԵҲǸжŴް˵ţ̫ˣ˻ˡ
Ůһ޿䣬һԵĳðۡƹǣڷһӣһĵŲĽ
һ˲뷿ްкȽš
һ䣬ĸ˾λ¡ٴζԴްǱʾ˸л
ްʣôڶ¥
Ƕμ䣬ڶԼҡ
ϣǰ볡ȥ豸Ͼǵ豸ܶ඼ѧУĶ
豸׼ɶʱȶòһÿֵķϡ
زȥɶԷվĲҽ
ˣóֻ򱨾绰ɵ绰ﴫĵ绰ʱ޷ͨԺٲ
úܺ£ʱ߸ЬͻȻֱԼԲܱ߸Ьץ
Ȼ֮£ֻ˶¥
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屾һطϧǸȫĹ﷢֣ȻȲμϷ
˵ͣ£סԼ۾˵ţҵĴѡҪûǲǾͲЩ
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ްϰ˳̬ȣ̰οº÷˵ţʱ䲻ˣȷʵȥÿ˭˷
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Ҳôްų棺ƾʲôǴСУֺġΪʲôҪķԸǱ
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ΪأΪء
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ƵްȿڴްӸµŴް𶯣
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ȴΪһҲ붯
ڴϣųԼĶͷסĶͷ
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ȴʵظԼжĶ
۾ȥްֻоԼĶͷڷȡ
֪ʱĳѻԼꡣ
ۣųĴ
ʱ֣ްۣǰƯĳĸһƣ
ʳ棬ô
лڳƣüУһ̾Ϣ
濴ްûҵ֤ݣĵûнԼΪֻ˵ǻˡ
ްһ⻰ϽñסԼ
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÷ӹµĻڰ·ʧˡ
ﶼЩɵۣ߶˺üʧˣʧˣʧˣ
˼Ƭ̣ʵʧˣ·ʲôӦ
º÷˷ʧԺŵû겻壬ֻøϽǡ
ް״뵽ǿ϶ûע⣬˾䣺𣿡
º÷ҡҡͷûС
ްǣǾˣԷ˷ʱǻԷӴǰ̨Ҳ˷˽˵Ӧʵڵġ
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Ļ÷˶˳ĬһƳĬ壬²⣺᲻ֻ˲ŻͻȻʧûκ˵ע⡣
ͷǾΣˡ
飡
ҵ洫ڵĴްӦһ˭
ͣûӦ죬Ҫǻؾһˡ
л˵
˺üСʱǸ


21 ޣ
2.1
///ĳִ˷˵ļƻ⣬Աٴη棺̿ţǽȡҪֶΡ
Щš
¿һ۴ްô죿ҪȻһʱ䣿
ްҲңֹƵܸоԼŪڹ֮С
һ۳棬Ӧ£鷳ˣ
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÷ϣðһ䣺ҪȻؼңȻǣô
֪Լôؼʱܹ֡
Ŀܲˡ
ӳԺÿϣǿֲĸ߸ЬʱƣԽԽ죬ͺһ
ѾˡԼûٴ
ۿͨ죬˵ţ߿ȥһ·ֻźţǾܴ绰Ұ֣ǡ
ȥġ
¥µľ÷Ļ÷öԷ鲻Щȡõظñſ뿪ģ
֣Ϊѹյһݡ
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屧ס˼е÷οģһ뿪ġԲ
ްڳ֮ǰԾԱ˵ûȨ
ԱĶӳǰóģ˵ţԲλϡ
ްϣأûгֵɣǾԲǴ
ӳôްЩѲͣλӶʧٰ޿ɷ档
ްöԷںץˡ˵һЩֻץˣָɵָꡣ
νǰ⣬ܵߣָŶӳ˵մޣ޼ˡ֤ȥ飬ĸסĸסүүǹ壬ι鳤޽
ӳԺյļ治ɫΣλɲմޡ
ްĽЩΣû 뵽ӳһˡ
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ٻһѷĺɫ̵ݸްǾȥڶ롣
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˵⴫Ǽ٣
ָΣŷķӳûдʵϵĻѪֽһ֡
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Ц˷óӲˬ
Щһһ棬ô̶ĻĲﵽ˼㡣
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Լֱ࣬ԣɱ㡣
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ҲѧӳЦа˵žƷϰ壬ѵ澯𣿡
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֪ԼجС
ڶȷϾڸովϮɴûжԾ˵Լг档ֻجε˿֪˵֡
ЩǰѾϰˣİվľҹجΡЩںҹ뿪ˣͻᱻץجУǿϷ
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üͷһ壺⻰ʲô˼
ϰ̾һųǳϿҵ˵ϧˣΪҲجУͶأ
л˵
жĺǣ͸ǴްɣҪ׶༪ˣ


22 ޣ
22
ɫɫĻ硣
ްֻûڵûЩꡣ
ʮ̲һƯ޵Уз
ް֪Ϊλôͳһʱ٣ͺͱڵһֻ·
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˾䣺ƹ𣿡
ްҡҡͷ̫ˣЩֲ̫ܼǰҲһƶ򡣡
Щţ汻ߣֱӽǵķսΪ͡ǿͨˣ׼ĴͽҲ
ȴҪӶǵͬ飿
ΣǰΡ
ǲʹްһжɳߺûãȫ
ֻѪɫ߸ߵعߣǼһ
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ްͿ˿ڣ˵ˣҸȥڶˡҲ׼׼ǰ뿪ޡ
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ްûʱ䣬˵ţȥЩﶼ¥ǳû뿪⻰ţô죿
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¾ôްǿԼֱԣһôȣҡҺһɣ
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ֻûڣȴӻγһϷڶ־ܡ
ոѾãεΪźţ˷ֹжһڶ룬һסж
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л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶǵһ£Ӧþᣡ


23 
23
ŷʲôˡ
Ϸ׻ϣһҡڶ룬ҶšȸԾţЩ˶ңڿԽϷ
ɢӣײĹ̨ĺ
յֽĵذ壬̽Ӷ
ڶ󺰣˰㿴Լʲô
ڶϺΣܵްߣǸԲ𣬶Բҡҡѽ㣬㲻֪Ůܲ
ڶˣްϰĴްѣѡ
ڶһԻˣȴ뿪˵
ڶİ±˴ްķӴܣҲһʵ·
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˵ϷԣϷ֣ϣǻѽ
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ӴܵǴһ㣬Ϸϡ
ƣǰ׻ˣˣٵʱ䣬Ϸ
ڶ붼ɷŴްţѣ
ްȴ˸ξ֮С
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ŮһȺ˽ޡ˰ռõķ䣬ҫҪҪźҶСկƾɡ
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ͷԱЦ˵ţ˵˵ȻϷҲһ
ϰܿģһֱԼŮЩ򣬺Ůį
˺ܶǮŮ͵ж飬ΪŮõõĽ
Ůø֪ԼУڷ
ͷóĻ&amp;ðաϷ˵ţǲ飡
Ůã鵽üųͷơ˺ܶƣѬգŮ͵ˣ¶ز
üŮظͷ⼸ֱ˾䣺ûʶĶǴôˣ
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Ů仰ŵˣҡҡͷվܡ
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Ů̧ͷһȦȺŮŮûһԸ֣Ⱦ
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˶þƾԼֱ޵ϰƿţտͽʱǲŴӿоѡ
ްŮ˲䣬ŮƮϰˤڵأȥסԼŮţҵôˣ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶ


24 ޣ
2.4
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ߣӵ˾䣺ߵɳô˵
޽ڴȥոյ绰ɳ񾯵Ļ㱨˵ȷʵһҺҶСկǰһѾûˡ
𣿡
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޽㱨ݣص˵ǸϰǸˣǰɳɹȢһϱһޡϱѲˣһŮֵֵ衣
˸ܶԸ⣬ֻ˵ҪҪõĽûǮȢϱ
˴ǮϵŰŮͽѧУһﶼĽ
ҶΪۺһʱ䣬޵ҲԽԽá
Ҳӳбҵһжõķչ
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޴ӻóһԾҧԼھϻϹɫѪɽɫ
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Щ٣ʧˡΪʧٵأܳɹ꣬û뵽ǲС
ԣʹҲĻֻֿ꣬ܣһǻɢֻأǱج֮СӦج֮С
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˳żܣϷϵȴͷغţƣƣ
ɲƣڶ
ڶվһƣȴ˵㣬ոѾˣλѳˣ
屻Ļŵɫ԰ףҡͷҲ棡
ڶҲ˵飬һ˳ţ
ҡҡͷŶһһƣ˭顣˲˵ģ
û˵֣ڶ嶼֪˵Ů
ȻŮϷǰϸצӣֱӴڶ塣
ĺܺڶ룬ţڶ룬µһŹ㣡
ڶһֱʹްǰۼżָ״Լ࣬ǧһ֮ʣСٲҪ군ˣ
ָױڶƮĳ¡ڶǰһֽɡŮˣףųǹֱŮļָס
ɫһ䣬û뵽ﾹȻһֻ
ɫҲһ䣬һ˴ڶ˳ȵ˵ڶ룬ʲô
ڶŸոմӿ־ͷųĻ˺ü
ǰӢˬĳ㣬ǰ㱻Դɱ
ǵ죬ʱһ䡰ס֣
ٺȴһ׵ĳ㣬̲סʳô㣿
ɲǹͷ塣
ֻʣһԴ仹Ƕ񶾵ţҪǶɱȫɱ
ڶ뱻ţŲ䣬ţ̡С㣬죬Ⱦң
εڶĻóǹͽԴʣ벻ؼң
䱻ϴԣؼ֣ѪᡣﻹǺŶ񶾵䣬ɱ˵ıڶܶݡ
΢΢ѵñضãҾȥĻӦҲ߲˶ԶȥĵطһˣһؼңȻ㣡
䣬ձһŷģԴϡ
ųеԴһʧɶԷֻʣڶͳ㡣
ڶ䣬ʣ˰ɣҲԡ
ҡҡͷ㲻ԡ
Ϊʲôڶ벻ʣѵֻŮãֻܹã
ҡҡͷǣҸֻһţ
ڶ뻳Լˣһ飺˵ʲô
㲻ظ˵㻹ô
ڶԸֱڶ˵ţҪݲһ
һǶã
ڶʣɳѾٿλϣ˵ţģֻ壡
壿
ڶʣϰ°
֮ܶڶ뱻ɶԷһϴŰ򣬽̷䡣
ڳı£ǸСĴָҲҲֻǳ֡
Ӧȥ
ûʱ䡣
ڶȰȰֱް
ǲߣʵλá
ٺƣ֮£ڶֻٻ㡣
һٻڽΣ忸ްűȥ
Ůȥ׷ȴĳǹ¡ͳ㶷һ𣬺ܿ·硣
ϷҡתװɫرɻҰɫ޴סްǵȥ·
õĺ棬ͻȻһšһһĶһ¥¥ķ߳ЩõĹǣ
ſˮŴްˣ͵һ£ڶǷʳ
ŮһϷǰڶ뿪ڣһŰɣ
˲Ƶڶ롢ߣϷƷǰ
ڶ롢Ǹ޷㣬ǵĶǰǵǳƵ
㱻Ůסǡ
ڶظоǵҲܿơɿ˷Ŵް֣תŵϷС
ʮססһף
ͻȻһӵ´
㸸һֱ㣡
*Ļڡ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸע͵㺣ǰɣ


25 
2.5
ްѵġ
оԼ˺ݺݵ˦ϣһܵĽӴⳡĽӴڳɹްлѡ
ʹ̧ͷڶڳݳϷƣĸһֱ㡣
ްĻһ˶ڶĿơͷˤĴްں˵˵ʲô
ްѣĻȣڶվǰŮ򣬸ǸصŮȣֻ۾ûб䡣
Թ̫ٹﺦɱ˷Բ㣬ֽг۸جУĥǣ˺ǵȫɱ˷ϣجм尾
ϲ۸ĺͷҲջֲ̿бץجһһšĻ&ðա
ްصŮŨױԸе·ھưУȴһһˣϷǽجС
ǵεǺҶСկϰΪͱʹһѴ˺ҶСկ֮С
ްվǰ˵ţ֪ܲĸףҶСկϰΪʵеҵꡣ
һֱج㡣
ıľȴǶҡ֪ʵеĸ׾¡
ÿجζһجΣһҶСկͻɾûȥֻ֪Ҳϰͻơ
һֱΪЩǻļ
̧ͷŴްƭңҸײģֻĽڡҲ֪Ǵ֪ҵϢƭң˵㣡
ָ߸̧𣬴ްĶ̴
ްܸоĶҡ˵û˵ѣȥ֪
Ⱥҹȥ֮ʱĸ׾ͻڴ
ûΪްĻɣֱ˦£˵ţҲţ
糱ˮӿްǣڶڴް󣬿Ŵްһһ
ڶţģ
ްûʱػһԻش𣺡Ǹ̴ʦģ
ް
ڶº꣬ǸһͺСĳ棬Ȼ͵ް
Լ˺ܶ£ûʱϸѯʡ
һߵĳ㿴׻Ҳһ߷Ů˵ްߣЩȫնڳǹ֮¡
ްͳֻʣŮ
ްŰ׻ͳһ𣬽
ϵĺĬվڷࡣ
û뵽ԼĶôãƯ¶ŤĶ࣬Թţ˿
һһѹڴްϣϼӴ
ڶܲˣ˵ϡؿڱѹô
ްڶ뿸סһ
ɶްĵȴӭ
һǰһļлУްĵĲ䣺뿪
û뵽ްûдȥţƾʲôƾЮңɱҰɣΪʲô֣
ްͨξܹԺͷǵıȴͬΪŹǣҲǷŹԼĥǣҲĥԼ
򱻴ް˵˼˾䣺죬ŹȺҵˣܣҾҪԶĥǣԶǼסҵĴۣûзŹңƾʲôҪŹǣ֪֪ʲô
ްƽ򣺡֪ҿԺͷǵıΪʲôҪ֣
ԴްЦȻΪҺǣǣҾͲ
ӰأЩ޹˵οأֵʲôްʣǾ͸𣿡
ۿ죬ɫѪҺ۽¡ͻȻЦǣҲ˵ʲô֮جΣ
Ѫ׻ϣðɫ
û߿ްŮߡ
Ů򣬽Լϣپ͸Ůϡ
Ů٣ȴ쳣ĿֲĿ飬Ĵ
壬ȴͶŴް˵ҪǶɱˣ
Ÿ߸ЬֱӻеްǰһŴҧް
ްڶһѣŶŮѪڡ
ǹŮ飬ȴŮƤϡ
Ƥȱȳǽ񣬸޷̽
Ůͣҧסĳǹֱҧ˳ǹĸˡ
ǹˣҲֻ˺
Ů֪ȻĿⶢڶ塣
һӴްͷ˵ڶǰ
ڶ壬붼û룬һߵŮ°ͣȴ°͵Ӳȣ۵顣
۵ţŮץסһֻȡһֻȥŮȴ㱻Ŵ̵
ްҲѸٸϵڶߣһŮ֣һŮ֡
Ů۵ôУţҪȫ࣡
ʧȥԼĳǹֻȭͷŮ
һȭϣŮ򱬡
Ů۵ִУԼںҲûа취ܳ㡢ް
뵽ܣһͷײãӭȴһ䡰׻һ 񣡡
һֻķֱӴŮ壬һһ
һԽܿ챻ս
Ůûһޣһվԭء
ް̧ͷ޺ɫĴţ棡
üͷһ壬ص˴ްһۣ׻֣˶Ȳˡ
ؿްԼó㣺ȥǸʲôӾ𣿡
ЩĹģ棬һ᲻øܵ߱ţҽȥ֪ͨˣ
ѵ㣬ɵϵ壬
ߵߣʴްأ
ްָŻΪʯŮ˵
濴ٻڣָŴްõٸ£صϡлҪ
ްŵ̽Ůϵȡ¡۾ӰԼģã˵˵ĶԣûзŹ㣬ҲԲŹǣҾӦ÷ŹԼ
ϱ٣ȫںϵϣǸص
̧ŴްҸ𣿡
ްͷȻһֱߡ
ۿˮ˵ţĶ
ް˵ȵ죬ɳȴͷشϣȻɻ꣬һҪҪ
óʹһ񣬳ץסɳôʳָüġ
Ǵŵʳָ£ɵȴûһ˺ᡣ
򣺡㸸𣿡
Щɣ֪Լģʲô
ʱ䣬ꡣ
룬˵Ҫǰְ֪ұһʧ
治ްᰲοˣֱԣ˴ڤֻأնңңڡȷٿ㸸һ棿
ûгɣţʧġǲ棬Ǻõġ
治ȰֻǴ˸ָϰ彻Լţ
ϰ֮սڳϰĻֱӴ˶Է
ϰĹһ㣬ץҲ£ȾŮ
ڴżҲټԼŮһ棬ǸûõĸףûбҲԸڼҡ
ֻܿҵĵǸţϣǸŮδ
ϰĻʧǰӹϰеšϰΪŮج̫ãͱʳˡ
洦ϰ壬ѷ¡÷ҶСկ;һɱ䣬ɹŮΡ
һѶѪˮҵǣٽ͵޴󣬲Ÿްߡ
һץͼܵŮɽ󣬰ż
ţڶһ䣺ᰮŮ򣬰ְֺ㡣ʱͺˡ
ųͷҡҼְְɣ㣬Ҽɣ
ͷ򣺡ˡĸج̫ãͱجʳǿһڣÿһ£ķʽ¼ԼС
ÿһ޹ˣͻ˷ķʽ㸸׵ͷϡ
ҡͷԼԼ
֪治ްߣҰɣҷ뿪ԸԹޣ㣬ҰɣЩҵĴҰְûйϵ
ް̣Ǹʳ棺ɣòã
ҡͷ˵ã
óȴ˵ã
治óľãðһ䣺ȥڤ׷㸸ףԼڤȥɣ
ӻóһŷĶͷϡ
ŷֽʧҲʧξ֮СǰŴްؾһ˵˾䣺лл
뿪ج顣
һ׹ۣԼվںҶСկĴ⡣
º÷ҲڣǿްԼڶ룬س˹ȥ
˱һţԼӹһ١
һԵĳ㿴ǻȸԾҲܿġһֱĬĸ棺ĳˣ
̧ͷѪɫɸ߸ߵعϡ


26 
2.6
ɫ߸ߵعںҶСկ֮ϡɫգȺҫѪԡ
̧ͷֲ֡
ΨǼͨһԴСС
ҵѽôô졣ڶ볳£ָ۰
ȫҲûһֻ̨ڵش󺰣ˣˣ
ߵĴްЩ㲻ôôôǣ
ڶؿŴް̫ϣ԰Բ˵ۡ
ͬڶ˵˵ȷʵҪˣӰ˵ܳˡ
ڶ룬˵Լϻһ豸˸Ͻȥȡ豸༸
º÷ֻɫ죬վްߣţɫҲ̫˰ɣ
ްգҲɫ¹Ҫ졣Բգ¹أһжɫ¹Ⱦһɫ
ĳ棬ʶԷûˡȻް֪ԼĹĶ࣬ɿĳ棬̲סԼĹġ
ϧ̼öϲްĹģһôްεջֻʣ棬׼س𣿡
ûӦº÷˵ţȻˣؼңؼˡټȥҶˡ
ȥڶ壬ֹǵ㣬ؼңȴɫɷ׵ڶӳ˳
˱ܱߺţˣˣ
º÷һˡŵȫشް
ܵÿ죬һվȾ˵ǵĳˣ
ڶִܵڴްļϣȫֽͷϻͿѪȫǻɫķֽ
ްҲڶŵסĪš
Ǽ棬ȴԷ䳰һʲôؼҵľؼңؼҵģ͸Ͻط˯
óſóٴ߽ҶСկ
ްȻϣڶסްǣĽȥǡӰˣ
º÷ҲȥǶ޵Ӱڶ١Ȼûʲôϸ߸Ьһֱǻǵ⡣
֧ڶ룬˵ţ԰ٽȥǳ
ǸˣͨˣϿɲһ
ްóǵĺ£˼ڳϡǵóҪ¹飬˵Ҫȣһ˽ȥˣ
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۵úܣֻһŴúõ˯һ
忪˿ڣڶҲЩĶ˻߽˺ҶСկһģһĳܸои߸Ь֡
÷壬±Ŵްֻڶһ˹㣬
ǻǴȫ˯ڴްķһ򿪷ţͿһųȵĳ棬Լͷ
˿ͷϵˮ̱ϣﶼǰޡ
ŵ廹˿ˮ
ްףסĴȣƳֽԡҡ
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۾һۣ͸оڸҪȵˮֻұų棬˵ǸҾ㱨һЩ£
ްֱͦĶׯóֱð
濿žӣĴڴްǰʲôʱ˵ҪĻ㱨
ްıǼŵϵζһְľ㣬Щζ˸о¡
治ӦζĵŨ޵ķҷɴްȴܴӳŵµζ
ްЩţֱǰ̧ͷ컨ǣ㲻˵Ժѣ֮㱨Ǻ𣿡
˵ĻóЩԡ
ɳȴԼӲ˵ǲѣ
ް컨塢ʣһѣ
汻ƴްӽźͲЩ
סް°ͣһѣ𣿡
ްܽްܿ۽ǵǳɫ롣
ƽʱע⵽ֻпʱܿ
ͺһֻп֪һˡ
ްھԼһΪΪ棬Ҫ
е㲻ܿƣ۽ǰΪ
ţڶ룬ֱ˳ȥ
ֻ´ްͷеϧ
ڶ뺰ţԲסʵ̫ϲˣ
ߵ䣬Դް˵ߵʱ򣬰ҹţ
ްû˵뿪ԡʱţѵҲرˡ
ûһʹڶĹǺ
ް߳ԡң¡÷šŮҲ˵ͻŶԷ
һѾһɳܿ컹÷һѡ
ްǶܺгȥҿĳ档
վߣסѪɫ¹⣬ڳߡ
üʣʲô
ްȴ˵㵲¹Ⱑ
ɺްô
εĴԣߴΪ˵ס¹⣬һĻȥЩΨĳЩ˵
Сʱ¹ʧɫס
˶û˯ã򵥵ʰԼڳȥ
˺٣ֻһϰڿšúƯǵһӴǵŮˡ
ϰǳ֣ţ˯ú𣿡
ҡҡͷ˵˯ò̫ã
ϰһǵģȥǶû˯ãҪҪȥ۰һݡڣİַ˵˯ߺܺã
ϰĽ飬ްǿɲӡǾ֮񣬾Ҷʲô죬ܾ
ɳȴʱڣ˵ĶԣǸȥ￴ϰ֪ôܼ𣿡
ϰǣȻĳ飬ֻҪ㹻ϣһǰ
ߵ¡÷Ůߣǵļ˵ϲչŮӣкһϲˣҪþõشһһҪһһ
ĴŻ۹͸һһƱǳš
һţͳ˷硣ڶŮȥۣúʹްȥۡ
ΪӰ磬Ҳȥ㡣
ƱƱڶֻεظڳһ𵽴˴˴ӰĿĵػۡ
ǵʱѾ˺ܳĶ顣һСʱ߽˻ۡ
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Ҳ֪Լʧԣ˵һԡ
ǴްϢе̧ͷһŽεһ˵˲θЩ
֮ǰ˯к磬Щ꣬ڿһԳɣ룺ѵϲŮװУ
ްԽԽòܣ֮Ĺϵ
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ټһѻ𣬿ڶֱӸ׳нţ¡÷ߵǸˣǹ
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ڹŻļˣͻȻˣϽܳ㵽
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Ů˳һƯ޵ϰ
ϰᣬ¶Цݵ˵ţҳǲǻҵĹ𣿰׻ʹˣ
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ϰЦԲѣ˵ţСӣ㲻ҪΪɱ˼ǰšɲǶԷ︸ŮôˣǸ
ʳ棺㲻ԼϾϵĻͦǲǣ
סǰĳ㣬ЦŵûеȻŤ㲱ӵӽ
ϲսжôϺȵࡣ
濼ǵĿϰʲôôӳģ
ϰôܸ߳滰Ҳ̽ų棬֪Էж
磬׻ʹĵλȺһܿס塢ˣȺСĴ˵
СЩûз־͸ǣԲҪǰ׻ʹ
Ϊ׻ʹû䣬塣
һ죬һ˸׻ʹԸԻͣ
Ǹˣ֣ǸΪ
Ϊ仨ۣ
ڣȫǰȺˡ
ĻЦһΪԭΡһˣֳ֩ǰ
º÷ֱιȥڶһֽסһһֱ֩壺ˣȰŮѷѽ
յָʾӹ÷ûսļץһסǡҲץ˴ްɴްȴ˵Ҫֱ˳ȥ
㲻ϲմ޵ˣްˣҲܡ
ްܵߣϰ׻
ƮƮؿһۣ˵ţһȥá
ţ׻һ 񣡡
ֻ߰ϰϰǰȴǣ³üҺ档
ɶָĵ磬ϰֱӻϰ
ϰţ
ȭѪɫ𽥱ճϵĻΪ¹ԽԽҲ³һѪ
ٶȲ졣ϵָ磬һһֱӽϰǰ֫ϡ
ϰ﷢һʼ˿˿ܿɼ룬ֱӽԼγһܡ
ָƼ룬Ҳ粻ϰ
ް֪˳ѵݸ˵ţõ
üͷһⲻӹ׻Ű׻׻ ѣ
˵ĺ죬˿ڵϰҲˡϰͻȻ˵Ļ̼ų˭ˣŰ׻ʹһر۰ıܣ֣޶˼䷸´ŵ
ǸܰɣǸʮǵĳ̼ҵӳ棡
л˵
д꣬ԽдԽֱ࣬7ǧֻ֡÷ֳᡣһӦ


һ ᡣ 


27 
2.7
Ѫ֮£һΧĻУһһߵʬ建شӻЩʬ屻ս֪ʹްЩȥ
Ҫؼҡ
壬塭
Ի־ǣѹǴãѣʵʹࡣ
ÿһǰˣһ£ؼң
Ǵһ˵Ϣֻǵ壬Żؼҡ
ްܽҲϰĻתߵ֩˿ϣһʬ壬ʳ棺֩˿ն𣿡
滹ǶްôһʣЩ㱣ʲô
ްָŴһʬ壬˵ն֩˿𣿡
濴ʬüһǹ
ްûʣҲûʱʡ淢קڶǵķܡܵúܿ죬ڶǻʱѾΧ֩롣
㿴鲻ԣڵ֩뾫ո˵ʲôˣ
ûشĻֻ˵ͷȻҪ
ͨûƣţʲôʦþȾǰ
ȣЦƾʲôǸոջ˵Ƿӣ˶ˣֻҪΪ˻ȥʲô
ָȫϰĻЩǴ򿪳Ѿõļ䣬иƵĹн̵ķˣһ˵̨ס
һˣŰ׻˵İۣڵϡ
ⶾɹƤ
󻹹壬Ƕںţʹҵְܳƻ󣬲˴˳̼ҵӳһΪ
֪أԸһ֤ס
ڵϣƺѪɽոպðˣԵǼ峤
ϣյգϴѪζڹĽ£̧ͷĹסôߣŵȳζ
̧ͷͻȻЦһʬ塣
Щ±¹һȫȫ塣
Ҳƫƫˡ
ʮɣĵҪ޵Цʻ
ʣӣǵ˶ˣʲôЦģ
濪ڣúð
̧ͷƼһغţݼʹˣ
ʹȭһȭͷȴ¡˾վʹ󣬽һڸɡ֮£ʹˣȻôҲ˽ȸʹ˵ˣСɥڼ䣬ð׻ʹȾѪֱʥּɣ
Ǹ˱ʹߣͨȨʣ˲۷
ʹҲ˵Ǵ޴˿ȫ޴Ҳ˵ȱ£ҵбʹ
޴˵ͷϹĳһۣ¶˸еı顣
̾һʹˣʥּɣ
˻ʵۣگԻʹְ޼ɡʮΪǡٳǣʦ֮Υ
еİ׻ʮꡭ
ۣл¡
ʹūϥĳ棬ӿЩų˵ûκ壬ֻ£Ϊ˻ʲô˷˳̼һӢ
ʹ仰óӻߵĴްͻȻһ䡣
ʲô
ڶҲôã԰οҡǻǮأҪˡղβˣ
βأ̻ͷڶ룺ҪǸҲŹ㡣
ڶ룬־˴ްҲǣ
Ƿ˳Ǯˣڿɲ
ڶ˳Ļ֪ΪαжˣóˣҲô顣۽Ǹжˮʣ⵽ʲô
ֽɡأصġ
ڶʣʲô񾭲
ʣô죿Ǻ
潫׻ްռǵ壬ǹִҲǹǿԭ򡣡
Ŵްȥ֩ˣ
ްգգۣ̻أã
ƴްôõضõһһ˾ˣ
˻קްֽɡͷ졣ǷɹӣԴްȻҶȥԼ֩ŮǱ߿ǲˤˣͲҵ£
ްóԼܴЦػأУ鷳˳̽
һ룬˵˾䣺Ҳǽֻǡ
ްûĻֱ׹ȥָļĸоƣûκΰȫʩıļͺ¥ûʲô
ӭŷ磬Ŭۣ֩ķ򣬾Լ֩ϡ
㶪˴ްɡɱЩĻȣûﵽĳ̶ȣ򵥵Ĺǡ
ǹ˾ȫ޷̶ֻȵıǡ
ǰɱްð׻롣
ֻгУһֽ
ڶԼһڣڿ4DݡߵѾʼӰһͷŬڼĴްϣһͷӢˬĳϡ
һæú޲ڶ೤ֻ֣ڶͺУֻܲʱͷڻ˯¡÷
ҵ̲סʳ棺ʲôҪҰ𣿡
һͣŤͷС
ڶ̾˵ţʲô
һЦˣԶ㣡
ڶ˲ȵףίضڵϣֹţҪСܵͺˡ
䣬ͻȻڡ
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֮Уһ޵ţ棬ҵˣ
ûлӦֻŵ΢ĵƹ⡣
ϵľŹ֩ųҲ뵽ްǵսС
˾ܿͱˡ
ҲһĴˣڶ壬кӴʣĸˣ
ڶɵۣҽܣҽޡǺãǺãڵôܸ˵˵
䣬ϽΡһֱ޷򿪣ǻãֱһյεƳߣǲŽΡ
һΣͻΪѰųϢ˺Ѫ¡
ûнǵǰˣǿеĵĽ˵ţյεưɣҾ˵ôôСԭۡ
޵Ļת־ͽû򶪵С
εһõĻ֮ǰްϵĻȡѪ£جΡ
ûѪ¼ӳֵḺ́ͳ˻һ֮Уܼ尾
ްð׻Ҳ֩򿪣֩Ůŵ˿ǡİֻڵĦܡ
ٶȱ죬ܿ׷צӺݺݵزס֩Ůţ棬죬ץסˣ
ް۵ڵϣǰͻȻֵľԼǲڿƬ
ӦŪˣл
󻹸ޣ˧Ĵް˵ţС˧磬ոճӣ˧
ްЦЦͿ޵ŰԾüġ
βʱ
Ծůâסްһ
ް֪ҪΣɫţ棬ţ̡
δȫѾ
ڿƮ˼ȦԾУֱ뿪جΡ
ް汨ʹˣǣͻʵˡģרҵʿǲµģͳȥķá
ޣǲѣҲǮ
һ︹Ŀš
ŲЩǲǳѣ֮˾㵽ͷϡ
޲ڷϻΪԷͷץҪˣ
˻ʣЩĹô죿
ϰšƨ¡ı飬̧׻  Σ
ξѣе￪ʼĹǷʹ˵ŶԼҵ˼
Щ˼˳㡣
ӻһ죬УŹ뿪ξ
еɵţԼزˣˣ
˵껰һ
زĻǣоĹԣƮŮЩ¶ĵˮųһ֮·
ξ֮⣬Ҷ嵽ǾһȺԱڰ𻧵ѲţͻȻһ˺ҵˣҵˣ֪ͨҽԱ
ӺһȻͻȻڷسĴްһߡ
濴ް뿪֩Ůޣֱˣ˽ʲ֮ˡҲܿͻǰܲҵʧٵŮӡ
޵ͷ˽֩ŮӡһУ˵Ŷˣµķһʮʲôʱ򽻣
ʮ򣿡󾪣ʲôʱôˣ
޿û˵˴ްˣֻ˵۹˰οҳ̴ʦǮ𣡻а
˵ûһ̣
޿á̡֣óʼ۸
Զĳ̧оӵĳƮһյƣƺө棬ֱʧߡ
ͬô羰ڶ룬šѴްһôķ羰
ϧڶ뺰˼ҲûкѴް
֪˯еĴްˡ
һΣڵʶ壬Ǳһʵʵˡ˴·鰸ǰдžġ
ްǵһαеر档ֽţ澵ӿڵԼ
ﶼЩķıʲôյĶûС
ް룬㻻ңͻȻи˺֣֣ҵĴ޴ˣϷϳˣʫдû
ƪ*꣩
ͣ
1С׻ʹźԨԴաȨ䡷
л˵


һ С᣺֪д̫ã̫ûⱾдҲûͻ400ղأͻȻеޡ޹ޣӻǻдΪɣһ»췢һĩҪ޸塣ҪдһĴ١ ܼɣ 


28 
2.8
ҹһ꣬ǽʢһĿȫǡһصĻ꣬ʪܵǿϧ
ǿһĻЩ˴ɺףһ֦Ѿ䣬ͺͽƷеһڲϧ紺Ҳ껪ȥ
ް仰ʱùŴ˹仨ҵĽڿšϣСع۲ܵľۣҽԼӵһ汩¶ԼεαҪʵ
šˮȹŮЩС¥ʱķ顣
ް룬ʱΣΪԼԽˡ
ôʵĳڶЩ
ǰĻСȴĺܣҪͯǣʣӣ֣ٳ˵ҲڽƷޡСҪظ𣿡
֣ٳ
ް̧ͷǰĹӸ磬˦ޣǣС˵ЦС˳һŮǣ˵ϲ̨Ļ绰ǵ֣ٳЦ
ްǰ֣ٳۣӵܡ
̾һҲָ֪֣ٳĹϵΣǺѻĪ֮
ްûŪԼݣֱӱ֣ٳӼ˳·ûüԺڵһСˣһȥƷ
±˲𴩣һ·ϽУ֣ٳ󣬾طȡһЩ
һ·ϣҲֻһµСˣ˵¶ûʲô·
ްЩգֻ˵ͺʹǰһżɡ
С̹ػظǣӡһ£˵ȹ֣ٳɢȥС㡣
ˣС㣿
ްжδ֪ˣֻ˵²
СȴڵǣӡҲ˵ˣ̣СϾ빫һĸͬǳݹӣϣӿȥС㡣
¶ɫ˵ϾС㼰ǺҪ빬
ްСе飬Сһۣŵ̹˵ţС֪ˣСҪҶ˵䣬빫ĺܣҼϾƽն߶С㣬š
Сһ򣬴ްͣ£ǰ֣ٳͷʣ֣ôˣ
ްֻͷۣС˿е㶫ͣѡ
֪ƽôˣֻװƵģ˵ͰƽȻȥˣԼ췣ɣ
Сɫһףﻹ˵ʲôɴްѾȥ
˦Сˣްžɡ֣ٳߣڻ˾䣺С¡
֣ٳ۴ްСˣƶԷС˳˵ҪǲԣҰ̡̽
ްֻǾС鷳ûСƽӡĶôӦᡣ
֣ٳްӦЦϣףף˲Ҹʲôϵġ
˴ްļֿʼߵС˵Ц
һˮĻͣ¡ſؤ֣ٳһһӡ
ؤͷѪ֣ٳȴЦ˵ҧƵġ
ްЩȥһ·ʹӽʹǴཱུ֮꣬Сţ޸ ֹӵ
ôһԭĳＷ绨ĹһĻ֦չ֦ͷ޵һһ
ްŵ˵ԭôŮӭ
վԭأܿͱЩȻŮǰΧ
ֹӣūҶϾдġո
ֹӣСŮҲʫرϲġ
ֹӣҡ
ߴߴŨҵζѬôްιȥߵСԭǰͱŮƵȺ⡣
ްεЦݣһӦһ䡣ȫǺҪô
һ죬еŮͣ˶صվһԡ
ް˳ȥƼһ۲ưվڻ£˲ʩ죬Թɫ㡣
еŮصͷţ÷㡣
ްЩ죬ͻȻһ棬ڼɽŮ˵ţϧֹӽòˣ÷ȴȥǰ
һۣҲ׿ڣֻǹɫˣߵŮͯҡ˵ţ˵ˣҪλطĪҪ˹ǡ
ŮǲһӴް߹ţūҰ飬ŹӴ
ūɶŹӴ

Ůһ뿪λɫ÷˱ްϯ
ް÷˵һû뵽ֻһˣŮǵϲ
ŮԵõĸܣްɲٶһΡ
ߵСҲô룬Ŵްүոʵֲ̫ˣҪ÷Ҿ㣬ɾ͡
ײ
ްС˵ĻһЦЦúɻǱǰ·÷
÷һ۲ﻹǰưֻǶ˼ְԹ˵ţôŮΪߵӾúЦ𣿡
ްһѧӾϹ˸лʱģϹոնл÷ȡ
û뵽÷⻰һʹŮͯ뿪
ްɵۣԼﲻöԷô
濴ؤ֣ٳѾ÷뿪Ц˵ֹӣɹ÷ˡҾ˵ľǴ֣ƫƫţ
סްСֹţǲϾˣ÷ҵֶˡҪ÷Ҫʹ顣
֣ٳ˵껰ŴްĻ
˵ʱ÷ѾλϣۿЩ졣ްһţͱӸ纰ţ֣޴ˣ
ӸΧŴް⿴ЦƵ÷ң˵ţ޹ӿǸͲǳˡ
ްƵ÷ߣεز֪ǺãֻӲͷƤ˵ԲҴˡ
ôڣΧĹӸǶ塣
ԭ£ԭ£

һһ
÷ȺӸֵ糺죬ȫûƽʱı˪ˡ
ֻдް֪ǺãŸλӸ˵ҰɣԷ
Ʊ£÷ľƱﵹơ
һΧ˶֪÷ˣ׼ſ硣
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ŹӸ˵ĻƺĿǰϵľơ
Ƕ֮꣬ϥӣоƽš
ǰȺٻ֮ңԶܸоүϾ˵˭Ҿͳһ̻ӡ
˵̣谮ľСС׻ʹҿɱˣǰ׻ʹҲСү
ޣʲôү׻ʹԣֲԼҲܡộҲѡһĶʵۣοڴ׻ʹС
һÿ˱ӣ˵̼꣬ҡ
û˵꣬ͱ֣ٳıͷ֣ٳ껹̼ôˣǳ֣Ҫ˲֪ǼĪΪǰ׻ʹСһȵ飬ȫ¶֪ˣʲô
Ĺɫѿи˵˾䣺ٳϢŭǲˣǡ
֣ٳһʣʲô
Ǹ̾һ˵ǸոտְҲˡ
֣ٳļƢְϢģ̡ʲôˣʲôʱģˡأ
ϯϵ˵ڸ¥
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ԶԶԣ˵ƽˣǼֱǣµһɪɪǿǡ˿ۡһˣǳƽĴ˵޹ӿ𣿡
ް⵽ԼϣŻعոЩ̸۵飬ǴѵʲôȴȻ֣ĪЩϲ
˭֪Լϡ
ȷʵ֪Ͼ磬Ҳ֪ƽǵʱ̻֮ءҪģһҲ
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ôһ˵ǿϧ˵лᶨҪȥϾȥһ÷ɡ
Ͼǿ˵ݾ͸ˡһϾĴ׻ȸʹϽ춯Ͼڼǰȥƽҡ
֪Ϊƻشްϣʣ֣ڰλ£
ް룬α˵ĳƺĹٵһʩңҲȷǷʩ¡׼ڣ֣ٳͿڣȻǰʹ£⻹Ҹأ
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֣ٳϲֻľƣȫ£һ١
ްΪ֣ٳĻΧһ
÷ɼôްķͷ֣ٳȡֱԣʹ٣޹ӿĹ٣ô£
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ްò׺ŪϵĶȴ÷һѪش
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һȸ֣ٳӣ֪ڲʹ¡
һãһƯսۡ
˼ް磬̾پ֣ٳ¾
÷ȥ˵Щʲôްֹ
ްߵ˾䣺лл
÷ߺ˵ţҲΪ㣬ֻǿ㣬Щȥ
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÷װˮȶ࣬˵㣬еˣȥɢɢɢɢ
ްϯ˵ƿžȥ뿪ֻûҵõĽڡ
Ʒ˶۵֣ٳϡ
ްϽȥңܵúܿ죬ֱϤļɽͣ½Ų
ɽڼɽһٲˮܴмŮϲ˵Ļ
ްһɽٲԼӦߡ·ʵ̫Ϥ۾֪
Ϥ·Ϥķ
ްбضȥķ䡣֪ź
ɴްһȴˡ
ƿţֲƵУìܡ
ްվſڣֱƽƿϤš
źǰ㣬ɫϸɴһһ㣬Ϊſ綯
ϸɴ¶齡ϰµ꣬ں˯
ļ𪣬ϴŽɫӡźɫĴϸɴҪޡ
޵ĵ
ްһ̣鷴ƽ
ǰһϸɴվǰһֵĿĵصʹС
߹ǧɽˮѰҵϲãް£ϵ˳ָ
Ĵָ⣬΢΢ͷָ죬뺬ס֡롭
ֹŵ˴ް
ͣ¶ȴԼ޷ֹֻؿԼס֡
л˵
ͻȻ400ղظжһ500ղذɣ


29 
2.9
ξɫĺ죬ڴްξɫԶɫһɫξ֪Լ档
ްѺɫγ֮Ϊգÿ˯ţмɫ֪һա
̶ʶεһɴȥһܼܲɴꡣ
ɴ꣬ɴûһ̬㣬˳ȥǳ֡
ްѿ
ֵսľĸоֵĳ嶯ѹס
ްֻܿоȴٲΪֵ塣
ۼԼָ³غţ棬棬桭
ǳᣬ޾İУǾһģһ
ް룺ԭһֱ˾Ǵ֡
ɴָʲôϵأ
¯վźɴɢȥڵ컶Ϊ㡣
֮ϣǻ˯Уȫ֪ް
ްסԼĴ뽫˵ֹס
ȴƲ壬ֻؿԼڻ˯еĳߣָųüۣǵ˵ţ
棬һˣûң
òˣôúóԷʳﲻϿ𣿡
棬Һ㰡
ްԼ˵Ļеһ񺮡ԸЩƻۼһȭţ
Ȼôһ޵
ΨһҵǣǴ֣ް
ڣڴֵֵܸܵС
ȵİ⣬ްеһ˿ߡ
ĪֺͳĹϵܺã
ްƷ뷨ɼǵó̼֪Լմʱ֮صĺ⡣
ΨһĽֻǣֵ档
ְ
΢ֺֺ±Է
ްֵͨ۾ϱĵҪ޵꣬ͻȻ֣
ôôΣյˣ˶ܾĿк
ް̾û취ƣֻεƼԼĴޱȾشӴ塣
ŴĴУͺǲһ㣬̲סһ
ް洽ϵĴȥ˼ôĲٿȨ
ƼԼ˫ָ½⿪˳졣
쿪ǱްСϸļؿڣŽ޵Ĵ
ʱôްĹĴ
ʼֲԼĹұûǴֵࡣ
ްһֺ̣һ壬һϵĽꡣ
̲סͷñǼⴥļŵϵĺ㣬ζ͸˲Ļһ
ɫڻ룬һࡣ*
ްֻ뵽䣬ӳĲ̧ͷ̰ųĴ
һۣ΢˿ˮ
ڶۣ٣ؿʹ
ۣѾȫ١
ްۣȴϳ洽ǰͻȻ
Լԣ
ôܲ˳Ըôᱡԣ˵ǳ档
ԸᱡͳĹϵ
ϧްûвоԼĴ˳Ĵ
һ̣ްۣɵɵؿŽߵĳ档
ǳҪҲԸ˫ַϡ
һ飿
ް˵ֳԼԤϣҸһȥԵ顣
ϵ˲䣬ް֪ΪûĲȨ
Ѹ뿪ǣζһζֻˡ
ų棬˵ҡʲô⡭Ҳ
̫Ҹ
ްʵ˵ڣֳУֲǴֵĻԼġ
̲סعͷȥ档
һۣһۡ
ްתͷȴһ˫ӡ
ŵֱӴˤȥ˵ĳǸԡԲҡǡ
Ͷģţôôң
ްҡͷ˵ţ棬ҡǡ
ֲٿˣ
һ̣ްо˿֡
ʢŭĳ棬壬˵ţҿԽ͡塭
һڴްؿڣӻһѶ̵
ǵзǳްİ׻
ްҡͷ˵ţ棡
ɳѾ鵶ȴ水ס
һӸ룡
ްоʹŵų棬Է񶾵ţȥɣ
һδ£
ֱͱһһεʹֱӽްѡ
棡
һźҽԺ߼дĿ޼˽ŵسڣްᣬһѶУѪǣڡ
л˵
ݱȽ٣Ϊһô㡣£ٸ£ϲСɰǵղһ¹жĺǣش͸ǵĳ棬


30 ޣ
3.0
޹ྻϴҽԺĸ߼VIPʿվĻʿڽͷӶ1ŲĲˡ
˵1ŷĲԲˡ
֪֪޼ҵСүǵڶνҽԺ˰ɣϴҲסǸ
ڶˣҵѽ
˵ΪҲ
Źӣ濴ޣʵϲɹ
ǰ˼Ҷ˵ΪҲֵöԲˣֵĻʿ˵Բеĵڻڲ˵ϡ
ǿ£ǲÿ˧
ǰǰ˧ġˣв˵֡
ʲô
ҿҵˣдް
ʿǼҵţ1ŲĴް֪ԼѾΪҽԺĻ⣬ͷϵĶ̵ĵεΡ
ްǵѶ̵ͨںڣֻдѪʱŻɫİ׻
ںڵĵд̽ţγʱǱѪϴ۹ɫĶ̵âˡ
ްŵо߿ĽšÿΪѣɿ֣һ˵ģֻǿû뷨
Ҳ¶һЦݣɾǸ߶ȵĽţԷްٷѪ¼ϾǴ޼רĿһʲô⣬Ѵ̡
Ȼ֪ϢҲֻ࣬ڻʿ֪ǰλݼŰ򣬵Լİ£ǰĿݵ߳
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ʵ벻͸ôһᡢʣ³һˣôôҵˣԲеĵ·
Խϧ͸ɵԽ档
ɿ棬ʵڿһԵĴް
ް֪˺Լˣоеĵ
״̬ôްеʮܣҵܵʱڵõ˽ѡ
һţްͷ飬˵ˣҿԳԺ˰ɣأ
ްӣֻúЦӴްͽӵϢʱŻˣϽ˻Ʊ쳣ŷɵ
һֱעŴް֪ްûʱްͻ˳
ǽһ·ɻ͸ϵҽԺֻӴް·ʿվʱֵĴԣֱӼȥ
ްڴ֣ƽʱûĸСʱ϶ˣһƴް
һžͿްε뿴۵Сۣ̲סЦԸ߶ȽŵĿ˵˾䣺ˣȥϢ£ͺã
˼뿪ʱŴް¶һϣǿЦݡ
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ͷŴްеĶ̵Ŷ֪洫л쵽ô£ĸ˵˰ܣǾȥҽԺȻ˰ת
ȻתԺĵõԼ
ްûԼںҶʵֻվٷ˵ǣ˵Ⱥѧ˺ڵꡣ
õԼ飬ްЩЦá
Լס֣˵ţ˯ǰһµȻΪ̫Ͱѵڴϡ
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ʵû¡ҪҽԺס죬ܹ۲졣
ӹްеĵ鷴ӵǡ˵⵶ӦǴʱڵƷǼֵƵĹŶģ
ްͻȻֳ˵һѽҵġ
ѣѵްҲ̫ˣ˯ǰʲôΣհ
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ްüĿʵǲ鵽Ϣˣ
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ϣްԣǴ޼ˡ⻹Ǵˮڴ޼ҼϢ٣ζ˰ͣǳʰլʱ˴ʱڵļףȻֵֻ̫ϣֻ֪
ްϣдĴ޼ҵӴ֡
ްͻȻеһͷۣϣɻһ䣺ԭ
⣺֪
ް̧ͷţ֪֪ҲࡣΪ޼ҳˡ
⣺ΪΣ˺ֱ֮ͨλǴ޼Ҽ
ްЩ䣬ͫ΢ƽ󱻴޼ҳүү˵Ϊ֮
ʣĻްͲǵˡʱСүү̸ֻʱԴһ˿ˡ
ްǵԼүүҵ
үүϣЦŵǰǰ
֣Щֻްĵ绰ͻȻ
ްǣɿڶ֣㰴ͨͨһǳɤӺ̴ֻﴫ˳
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⼸Ұ¸࣬滹ûꡣ⼸Ҷءұ׼1֣ɾģĵֻʣ2000ࡣͻȻޡϻһ


31 
3.1
µǰ濪һЦԤ˵תƣɹŶĽڳЦԤ׼ȷԡ
ԤԴֻɾ
̫ңڹ߳㡣ɳȴĽӲƴżϣһ˿ɱ⡣
ϧɱⲢܱ˱ҪޣöԷ޵ߵذż˵ţҸǴ9.9ۣȥҶ·ѣкڴԼӷѣҸ30򡣡
ʮҪۣҲ޸ҿڡ
С첲СΪ۷⣬ŵȫ޵ķãţڴʲô˼ʲôʱֶôһ
޵̷ϴ˶ʯΣɫ߽˫èƵ۾øӳһп룬ְ¼ЩѣǸ޼СүС
ţѾͨ˵ϡ
ɳ治һûʲôģƢҲǶĲ
ܾҪǳĺãͱ˴ˡ
ֻĳ棬޺ɫĴ˵ţǲҵѣǲϣ
Ĩ촽Ҷϳ۾Ļֻӵ¶ȶ½
޶оɱЩǵ˵ţ棬ĪɱؿҪۡ
ЦһӽվǸţʵɱģ˵޷Խ֣Ҫ¡ʹ̵ס
ֺõ˵ţۡ۲ܹӲŰûңѡˮѡ֤סи֤ɾû˰ǽˡ
ĨŸڵᣬ˵ţǻͬţǾΪʮҪҵ
޵ʵ̫٣̲ס˵ҲҪ֣С
汻ɵˣѹեǹЩǮҲû׬٣ƽ¼ڸجһ֮¡
ԼΪķ˼ɫҪθٴһۣ9ô27򣡡
֮ǰ򣬳ǮûʲôֻҪˣǴӼ顣
Ƕǳ⡣
ֻûţҪյβҲûˣ޵Ǯ
뿪ڣڵȼ졣
ȴڵԣҽǰһԣ㽫ԵϿʱҲ࣬Ӧˡ
䣬ľŴû
һϤɤӺιġ棬ڼ𣿡
һ֮⣬ȵͷ󺹵ڶ뱧һ˼Ͷ̫ɡĴްԭҵɡͲ֪Ҵˣ
ްɡھᡣӵڶ绰͸ϽԺ͸ҳ档
ɵȵްһ̣ˡ
ͻȻǶ컵ΣǹĴ⿪¿ۣ롭
ȻʱܿԼȫǴֵΪǴްȴ޷Լǵ
ϣ֪˴ֵݣҲӻԼǲǾǰǰĴ֡
뷨ڴް˵ʵ̫𺳡
ͻȻڶЦ˵ԼˣŻܵ䣬ҹҹΣҹҹ¡
һжģ
кԳ棬Լˣ
ްĺأÿθ鶼档
֪֮䵽׷ʲô£Ҳ֪̼ΪޡվͲȻŭ
Ҳ֪ԼǰΪĹ棬ֲ
˺һڣԸƽ
ìܵްһϣڶ춥Ȧڶţڶ٩ǲġ
ްûڶĻڶѧСﶫתתҵһӲݴſһǵĹŶ̡
˿˵ַۣȷûҴλӣڶš
ûӦڶֳɤӺϧû˻Ӧ
ڶˣſ̨ϣԴްҪҲҾû취ˣɲҰˣ
ްɡݸڶ룬Ҳ̧šҲ׼ɡ桱֣ͻȻѿڡ
ʱľʴŻ򿪣¶һŲЦݵ˵šϣ˰ˣ
ã
ްĹ¼̫࣬ţǳļ𣿡
Ƴǰľ裬ЦŻأԣҪǵģ
ţӭް˽šްһ̤̣͸оһˬɽ֮С
ӭǵһֱŴްڶ룬ţôҵ
ڶޣ֮ǰҶǱȣǸм޵⣬̼ްַϴΰǿԱطҾ͵ҼңȻ͹˵Ů㣬ôҲϴǶлǡ
⻰ЦøӲáڶӡܺã˵ţҰ̸ġ
һţźһɫķ䡣
ƬƬ޺ɫϸɴΪ¶ϸɴĵ硣
֮һˡ˵ļ𪣬ĵҪ޵¶Ӷı飬˵ţ
ްǳ棬ԭȥ۾ջأͷȥ硣
޼ɣópos͸ת룬ɵһԵϣźϷ
Ĳϲޣ񣬶˵ôûߡ
Ҳˮָpos˵ţǮûյôأ
淢һ޵ȥķ䣬Ҳ뿴㣡
ΪŮûôԴƽʱദıȽ϶࣬صĳһ˿ҸС
Ǻо綾ڻɲ
һֱóǳﾫµżֻĵǮʱŻʻһ֡
ԣ޲Ҫţúÿһôްծ
װԴްţⷿҵģʹҪǲóǧҾͰѷ㡣
仰ɱ̫ǿֱӱѪ
֧Ųɱ⣬Ѫ˳Ⱦʪ죬ʪĸоóӲ䡣
ֱѪմȾʪĸо
ǻϰߵѪζֱ֧Ųסµ塣
ǰһ˱ס
Ҳŵһ˿ѪȣȴһǵĴް
̧ôްſһҲûУֻܱްڻް˵ţ룬Ǯ
ڶû˵óڿޣǮ
ҲЩ޴룬վĳ棬Ҳܺڣ˵ţҡҿЦ氡
ްе˵岻ãϣСԺٿһЩЦ
޾ԼԷˣͼ䣬ȴֲ֪˵ʲô
ߵڶźڿҲú䵭˵ţС㣬Ǯ
ӱƵҪˣ֮ʣŲƿš
һž˵ע⣬ޣоץ˾ݡ
˵ߣί˵ţڻˣٲҡ
Щ⣬նֻ۾棬ε˵棬Ǹ˵޵Ļ𣿶ˣ
޵ı˵ţ㰡ҲǳƢãԱҲֹһκ𣿡
ǷˣȴΪȣޡʮòضŴްǵһ䣺λЦˣ˼
ϣߵްǰ˵ţޡҼǵ֣лҼҳ棬ɿ𣿡
ôһѣްžԼЩסرŴްֱۻȦס˳
ܵһ𣬻ŵԷϵѪζ
ްһ죬̽ϡ
û뵽淴ץס֣ڵ˾䣺ôڲ
л˵
Ǽ


32 
3.2
ģԹһж
ްΪĻ©һģ˵״Ρ
ҡΪΡǸˡ
һǺѵý͵ģʵڹȤǵȫ˶Ŀۼϡ
ްúýͣ˵ĻΪŶ͡ǵһγӦĵĻϲڳǰ˾ִ١
ҽҽԺԡ
ַץסްֻԷץסްԼվôڲ
ûӦһԵĴްߴ˵һѣȫ֪˵ʲô
·ţʪĴǲֱӴ˴ްĻ˵ţݲôôã
ĻһһԴްɫ˲䱬졣
濴˴ްһۣȻջ֣סʵʲô
סް֣˵ţ𶯣
һֻסްһָֻڶ룺ȥǮ
һԿϷڶû뵽ָʾ£ĵĲ鲻Ըڴްʾ£εóݸޡ
˿ҲЩ¡еˢ˿ڶǩ֡
ǮһˣЦݣɵض󣬺³潫ȥֹϷ
ͬ뷨ڶ룬ҲĬĬߣŴް桢ˣڿһӰ
Ӱ֮һüͷһ壬ŵѪζŴް뻻·ոѪɣ
ӱͲãǰʱج˻ûȬ߲ˡȥڷ任·ɣ
ڶһ裬ţҵأ
ڶԣ͵رʵĺӵϣ˵ţסҪѡġ
ܺãӹӣ״
ڶ롢ôԣް뿪ˣ˻ģ
һߣΪ䷴ɶѪĳ棬Ҵ״
ްȵطסоްٶȵϡ
һ·ҲûԻһΣһΪ𴩾ûӡ
ʵڱŤ̲ס˵߿㣬ˣ㻹ҪҴ·ã
˵껰;ԼƺոΡ
˽Ӵ̸ĸ֮٣ȻΣ˵һ⣬ôްܽϡ
ôһ˵һ͸оԼ帡գް˻
汾ɴްȴӿ˽Ų˸ڵķ䣬ȵطϣĵʣ˱𶯣ȥң
ްһתֹĸоӿͷ
Ѿûиܹķ̣һôĵˣѵ·ϡ
ͻȻЩãһ뵽Ǵް־ЩŤ
˰ѴްӣӦùԹĻš
ԼǲͱƢˣԲŻûǱްֵóѡ
һ󷭽Ҫúýѵްһһ̧ͷͿްų𣿡
ĹƢ˵ҡҡͷȻſ֣ûã·˷ôʱ䡣
ˣ˵ôҲǶţ١
ŴްԷ˵ڸʲôҸ£
£ްЩţӸոտʼǺֱ仰̼оԼҪը
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ްסӱ⡭ôôԡ⡭ã
⻰ӾôްԹ̡ܽ
ް³һѪԱĴް˾䣺Ǿ͸ҹ
һްϵ·ްתֵǵͱһ
Ŵްʲôתȥ
ްˣתǺ죬߸Ŧ۱⿪£ֱĦȷ
ЩۿҪ̼ôްԼıӡ
·໻ãӵǵų棺㡭ˣ𣿡
·ôѵް
һ뷨ؿھͷۡ󣬳ʵԼ£˴ްʲôʱ
ްһ뵽Ϊ;óôӵ̬пԭ
תתӣųǸҽβ𣬻Է¸л֮飡
ް˵仰ûӦ
ȴû뵽澹ȻӦǻ˵ԣṆ̀
ô˵޵ƤǸų˴ްǵһٷ
ްѡһ˽˵ĺ֡һ꣬ͱƮζס
ǲҪԷɶִЩʳ°
ڲǰһһʳֿ˻
ѾܶûƷʳˡ
ޱȳǺ̫࣬ҲûгԹôµˣ̾һŵĹӣҲ̫ó˰ɣ
ްϰΪڳߣΪ沼ˣֻ˵СҪϲֲˣҿƼλ
ָֻӵģȫû֮ǰΪĵ⡣
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ްʵҲܺ޸ǵĹϵţСʶܶ˰ɣ
޵ͷ𵱳飬˵˳ǵķӣʵ̫ţ̡̫Ƿӵĵãʲô겻ãҪʲôŶ̡ҲһʲôŶûС¥ȫǿյġ
Ҹ˵˺ü飬԰Ѷ¥ȥѹƫƫԸ⡣
һԾÿϧɳȴΪȻ
˺ϲЩˣͷԡ
ڶҲҳ̫ͣţֻ˵ôóҾóԶˣҲûʲô˼ˣ
һ;ˡ
Ҳ֪ڶݣ˾֮󣬱Ĺ԰ڼ԰Ҽ羰ʤڶǼҵġ
ʵŪףôǳϹϵţλүô̡
Ҫ֣һްѡ桱ָ˻ȥĳɣôʶģ
ڶްһҸزˣ֪û̷ͣ¿˵ţ˵
˵䣬һҲûĹ̡
ֳֳḶ́ó˲ûθڡ
ԵþͲ࣬κһˣһʣͣ˿ӡ
ްͣ¿ӣҲֹͣ˲ˡ治ϲڶ룬ЦŶԳ˵Ա𣿻мûϡ
ͳԵú⣬ʱްصͷţţ
ᣬȴһԵĴްܿġ
ްԺã飺ҵϰһ淿ҪģҪҪȥ￴һ
淿
Щ⣬ﶼȤͷôް·
ްڴãڶ˵Ŵ澭˴һкȥĵ淿
淿˲࣬˽˽˳רŸġ
Ķ̫Ȥֻץ޻ŨȤֻ޻һ
ްѵüĳȤһϷҵݸ棬ҪҪȥһԣ
еǺ̫أ̲סȡһϷҡ޻У޻ʾתһɻСôްЦ
ްû˸ոյθУ˵ţһöö
ȥöֹһ䣺㲻˵
ö޻ڷʾ
Ȥʾһûɹץ޵צ޶û
ȡö޻Уһαһεĳɼã޵ӣ
ްվڳߣ䵱һϷҷüܡ
ڳʮʧʱްſ˾䣺ϲһ
ʮΣ޻ÿһ޶һ飬ٵָŲץĺޣ˵ţǸɣ
ް˵ͷȥöϷңų˾䣺ҪץǸޣܴӦһ𣿡
üëһôްԼЦһأץסǸޣߣ԰ץסˣӦֺη
޻ڴްĲ£ȳĲ˳Ķ࣬ңѡ˦ˣצץסʱ滹ЩСȡ
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޻ǰЩʧް˵˾䣺ȥЩϷҡ
ס޻ĺࣺˣֶӦѾˡ
ɿץް֣ǰȴްץס֡
عͷް˫۾˾䣺ʵв
ްҲ֪ΪҪ̻¶Լ¡ΪԼⱲӶ߳棬Լμ
ܾóԼһ룬Ϊأˡ
һжǿп޵̬ȣúһʱ뿪ˡ
ް³ô̬ȣץס֣Լɻ߳档
ڣʵв
һû˦֣Ȼ̬˵ţ֪
ްܲ죺֪
ı˲࣬Ŵްһ䣺޸˵˲˴󲿷ֶС
˵껰ֻ´ްһվ޻ɵá
ʹްذʱڶѾΪ޻̸ĺѡ˰ѾԻĵȻ졣
ҲԱ˶ӣ׼ؼ˯һ
ްȻ䵱˾ֽͻءֻ͵ʱ˵˾䣺С㣬мġ
ʵһôˣջܶ࣬˼̵ծԵζˣֻʣºú˯һ
Ѿû˯ˣȥһ˲䣬֪ΪͻȻ뵽˴ް뵽ͷż
ۣʱ޷˺üԡԵʱ䶼˯ѣҲã㿪һ޼˵ţ̴ʦһºһ£׼㡣
һóڲ⣬ڶɸ˯ѣ鲻ֵ㿪˵ڶ
ڶѵ˵ţأΪҶڴǵծˣǲǺܿģǲǺҸ
ծ
˾䣺Ŀ׬Ǯ
һԤ裬㿪˵
޵Ǳˣ˵ţ
أô꣬ҲˣҺźԺͲķ
޼ٿֻ˵ΪҰˡ
ԣǸϽʰʰ·Ҫˣ
л˵



33 ޣ
3.3
שߣӲݴ
ƾɲĸ֣ŶвһɫС¥ʵĽСУộҲˮķϡ
ӵסȴӲС¥ΣһܱڣľƴŶز
ôƵķӣԸ
˵ǳˣ
ҹŶ̲Ǻϲֻһʱ֮ʮﵱݵ㣬ö֮Ҳһĸ顣
ǳ֮Ϊң¶Ӷı顣
ڳ˵ܱȵϽūͳȺ
˵ܱȵɽȪ
ԣϲ鲻ϲסݴ
һ䡰ơӱȥζʧȥסҪȥ˯֡
ôµһ㣬ø˯ѵĳ棬һѪֱ˵ϡ
̻ز绰Ҫ޺úһɶ澹Ȼֱӹػ
һؿڣݵ˵һ䣺ðޣ̡ҵ˭ӣһɱһһ˫ۡ
һѪȾ˳ؿڵİ׳
ֻǰһڣεںڰ֮С
ʱս޵ĵ绰ǰݵֻ꣬öԷдšԩͷ֡
ۣٴѯʣްȷҪǣȻ͵ǵĶ¥𣿡
ް˫ָϣôƿڵһλЩεصͷﲻɵʱ޸⡣
ʱҹɫްʦǧļ۸ӡ
ԭƻ͸棬ٿΪһֲ
޵ȴһζ
ǩЭ飬ֱӲ³˴ްͼǷ͸鷳¶ࡢСƢĳɣ
ްҲ𿧷ȣţҲô࣬ΪƷ
ůɫ£ǷŵЦݣ羫еǡ
ҲʱҲҪǰôᡢĴүס
ǧ
㿪ĿڣԷóȫ꣬üͷû塣
޵еᣬһ뵽Ժ۸棬еڴʱľٶ
Ǽ¹Ҫ򣬲һֱ˹Ǿ͸̼á
еĺͬͻȻһʴް벻ˮ¥̨ȵ£
ް⣬̬ȣѾ
˵úܼ򵥣ôްΪ桢·ôް͵ķʽⷿӵ
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ް껹Щԥ˶¥ǳס
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Լ˵ڣްͲԸȥͣôϷ
һ˵Ҳ֪ǸģŵѧԾûˣǲһ֪ˡ
ްԥǣ᲻̫ˣҿܲСĿǰ㣬ֻúá
ްԸ޲ֲ֪ģԼôԳĺ棬Ťһֵ˼
ڳ棬ͨĽɫҲǰ
ǡ
ް֪ôȥ顣
⻰޵Ķͱ˾򹷰ĸס
ˣ˴ްļ˵һˣһ⣬ûô𣿡
˵ްѾ֪ô
ϣƵڶͱްƣӦްһסǧơլС
ڶҲʱ黹ǺܺõġȻƲڶϱ˵ı飬ǻܸоڶ鲻̫á
ʴްҲҪ𣿡
ް˵ţ԰ǼҶѧ̫ԶˣԲķӡ
ͷް˼ڷǴްģҲܷԡ
ʴްʲôʱ͸оһɱ
չסްڶѪ·ԡѪսĳ溰ˣôɱ
ǻѪ񶾵˵ţ·Ҫ·гƬȥޡۣ
һѪ
ްֱӳУס˳档
ǵǣѪˣѪˣϽҪȥҽԺ
ı򶨣οް£ûµġǶɱ⣬˾ͺˡ˵˵ʲôʱ
ǶԻһ̫õ뷨ͻȻγɣ۾ް㡭·ɣ
ްɫһףŵò֪ͷҡͷ
һԵûΪްǣֱӻأ԰׼ǵĶ¥ǵ𣡡
⻰һץסް˵ţðܺã㡭
û˵꣬ٴε˴ްĻ˹ȥ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸע


34 
3.4
һΡ
ֵ֮ܽ꣬һжǲмݸ߹λȡ
ǻǵĳ֣һÿһ࣬ϽҲǳүүڣ˵ǾΪг̼ҾԲŰȫ
Ͻ⻰¶һ˿΢Цеο
΢Цǳ̼Ѫѻɵ
÷̣֣ʵʲмαǵǵһС
ϧճ̣ǳ̼һΨһжҪ̳йùõ²ⱲӶ뿪ǡ
汲ˣүү̼ϽҲˣһӶû뿪ǡ
Ͻ˿ԸңɥޣɥӣʣŮԶϾֻʣ¸ĸ˫ĳá
ӣΪŮߣ׵ĳã簮
ıҲ˵ͷ̫ˣߵ޷졣
ܶҲһվı߽磬˵̫ˣߵ޷졣
ˣǲ
ֻǵ岼󣬻˴磬˰ɫᦡ
һ˷ĳ͹ڷضͽϽʬ壬顣
ⲻʲôΣٶڳ˵οɲǺö
ԣĵһӦشˡްΪʲôҪӣ
ްѣԤϵ򷿵ĳԣû뵽ô졣
װµӣ߳棺ѧУ
ɲֹüͷ㡭ϲҰɣ
ްҡͷȻҲ֪Ϊλб˼ĸоʸڷϣ˵ˡûǸ˼Ϊԭ򡣡
ްô˵ֻһЩĴް£ãƺҪʵոյĲ²⡣
ǲãؿڵʹҪתһ룬ôްһ̰Ƥ࣬ôļƻҲС
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ްް˯ûȳ£м¸㣡
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ް⣬ϸʣڶ˵ոո˵ж졣
ߵоѣ˵ţ棬ˣǾһɣҲѲӵʱˣýλᣬߵµĶǡ
⻰˵ʵˣǴްҲʳʲô
ͷͣɳͻȻðһ䣺ȥ֪ˣ
ûҪް¥鲻̫죬ȻŪްǣԼһ
վȡһ·ʴްǣҪ£ҲԾܾ
ڶͷɳǱӵ̫ߡ
Ŵް棺£ǡǵӺܴģǿǾجεˡҸո˵ˣвٴʱڵĹŶ
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·Ŵްǵһ¥ӵĵǰĸһվڶʹްʼնо졣
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ŵϵֽС-1-2ֱͣ˵ʮ˲㣬
ްûڶô£е档
Ѿȵڶ룬߳ݡ
һݣ͸оĴڡ
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ڶܺ£һֱֹţңң
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ɤһںڰ
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ڶһʼУоԽϵץԽ
غţҡʱû£ǱplayС
ްһ⻰оЩۣڶʱ˼Ц
óֻմĻ
һөĻϣŵһөеطߡ
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ӫ⽥࣬ڰ硣
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ڳͷһ͸ľڶˣ
죬ڰ绽ѡ
ްǰľ𾪣ӿڴóһϸ׵ĵߣִСŵĺͳۣһ㹳ϣµˮ֮С
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ްܺ棬ʳʲôͿһɫĴβˮзӿ
βĽɫѤƬ䣬ܿ⡣
ްûмôƯβȣͿƯβˮ˵ſˮصıԵų档
һ̣ްѾûκֻͬɵ۵ڶ룬Բۣ㣡
л˵
⼸Ҹ˺ü汾ûдĺáȷһΣǼǳлandͣлǵ֧ҼдȥĶ


35 
3.5
Ϻ֮ˣˮ㣬֯ܳ顣*
ֳ񻰹ڳ濴ϡƽ
ڵˣڶ˶붼ûʲôʶ˾ȻС㡣
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ڶ룬ְĿƳްȴƼһŲҲѰӿŹֵûпްȣеʧ˾䣺ٲСӴӻקҪѻọ̈̄ˡǸո˵ˣҪСɱˣ졣
ǣ
ް߳ųľ飬С̲µЩӦþǳеĻ
ϵص˾䣺Ǹǲǹġ
ϲ׷ǳĽɫߣƤҳɫ࣬յǵϲ
ްĵǸȻܵ˻ǵϿɡ
Щ̰ĽɫĻǣѵü࣬ϲõسŸ裬Ӷĳ򣬷ɵްߣߴߴسţҪްļϡ
ް֪Լܵ˻ҵϲǳͺһ
е̲סȥģԻڣ֪ҪϽȳڶ롣
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ްûмôضԴˣ˽ץסˡ
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˺ͳĹϵ
ްԱȽϴ󣬸Ͻǰȥڶ룬Щסڶ̫û취ֱӽڶק
ڶڻУЩȵ˵ţްЩԽקԽҶЩˡ
ްҲմȾϲٻۣЩ۵ζ⣬мЩζ
ֻεų棺棬ЩҪ𣿡
һֱڿˣĵŽ˺ĳ
ûлӦްֻǶ˵ţе㲻ԡ
ްƼ⸱ģͻȻӿֳһɵļʣһβʳֱó׻סڶһ֪˺£ȫ˻ȥ
ڶٴε뻨Уѵشӻ˳һ𣬵һŻµ
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ڶҲܲζֱܵˮرߣϣϣ۾ϵĻһһϴһˮأԭڶԳ˾ʹܵߣ˫󺣰Ӷ
ڶ뻹ǵһαŮôţߵˣ̲סߵغһЩһˣû뵽˾Ȼֱקס֡
ްһԿˣܾöԷЩ֡קסڶ룬ǽץεģߡ
ڶ뺰ڶ룬
ڶ뻹ڱϲϵĴУ˾䣺Ȼקҡû뵽һ㻶ӭİ
ްûϲڶ룬׻ˣ˵Ҹоϲ㣬մȾĻۡҡ
㣡
ĻްЩ˵ڣڶ뱻ŵ
ؿȳڶ롣
˸ᣬֱſ죬һҧڶ롣
˵ʱʱ죬ްֱ׳׻˵ֻǷݻڶֱۣðѪ׻ĵͱˡ
ڶȻֱۣţҵѽҵ֡ҵ֡
ްɻû˴β͡βֱӻӹްڶˮС
˶Ӿһˮͱ̹ǵĺⶳֵ̧
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ͷͷŻ
ͷˮسȥȴӡ赲
ֻѵ´ްڶ룬ⲻڶܣȫûҪǵ
ָ׻ţꡣ
ָİ׹һ͸棬קһˡ
ոһӡΧȫûע⵽붬ǵΪʵ壬צӴƱ棬һק
һͱסţˣˡ
ڶ룬üͷһ塣
ƼڶãֻǺ䣬һ
ų濪ڣȥҴް
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ָٴαѰҴްҲˮС
еĻָ˯Ĵ󱴿ҵ˶εĴް
һûסް˵ţа׻ܱͣץסˡεްߣһƴްöԷûͨϲӽ
Щʣ֣ȥްգˮеͻȻ֣ȫûƽĹɣβֱӻ档
˿ûаϧǴβ͵Ĺ¡
ָȥβͱԵƬ
ƬΣʹ˷ʹ˵ɤߣðϵڶ붼̲ס֮ġ
ڶ룬˵һ䣺Ҳ̫ˡ
ϧ治ڶ룬˷ȫû˿ҡ
ָˮйγСУֱ˵ϡ
˱ᶼһһžӨƯˮС
汧סްţ´λҲҶ
˺ίֻǵҰޣЩ־̸С˵ڡ
ˣ㵽Լ˯Ĵ󱴿ҷκ
˶֪Ѿ£Ŵްϰ
ϵڶѾƼŴް˰̼ţǡˡ
⻰Ҳתķţôôò
潫ްڶ룬Щƣ˵ţڣһ١
⻰е㲻ͬն˫Գһ˿ͬ飬˵ţ棬ô۸֪ǸˣֻǱԲ顣
ֻһˣãŮʬű˰ģ
㲻Ӧô۸
治мطһȥ磬˾һôᱻһٶá
һֻӦó÷ǳªͨʳɰ˰ģ
Сʱ򣬱͸˵ô̵
ɤƭݵ˲䣬һʳ
һ࣬ô˾ͻݳԵ˵ģǸģ
ԽˣԽǲ̡
治磬ܾý˵״̬Щ֡ƽָ˾Ѿµضɽ˾Ȼǰ
׼úõһһԵڶͻȻС
ˣˣ
ȴڶ뾪ֵ˵ˣ
*ԡǡ
л˵
ͣϸСõˣ


36 ޣ
3.6
Ỵֿ̂ȥһ̣ʵûпŹԭкܶ࣬гһӡ
⣬ǳ桢ƾӪ˶ǳԸ񣬸ͽۡ
˼ͨˣûѶԷѾǺܲ˵֮顣
ο桢һһҪΪ׬Ǯ޶
ֵԨԴͱȽˡ
ʵҲǲǮֲҪԷƽʱҲţʮһա
˹̶ʱڽһЩǸûκλ
ʱڱ仯ռϢĳ˼ԽԽϡֻԼǮͨ·湹һһľһţһЩųǡ
ЩһһľõĶִÿµĵѶǳǧеʱܴﵽʮϡ
ôĿ˵ˣǳڶ룬Ҳòͷ
ټǵĵѡˮڷû취ֻýһЩްŵĻ⡣
ԣްĽ飬ַⷿѣǷǳģȻؽŶʮ˲סܸްʶ
ǲżһ㣬Ūһһˡ
һξԼľЩʧһξã࣬еʱ̫ˣ
Ǳˣץס°ţô죿
ʧȥˣ
ȳްʱоԷֻܶˣôˡ
ǰڶ뻳˾䣺ں˵˵ʲô
ڶھ޴ıУոǰȥѴްȴֶԷû˺
Σ˵ţңңҪΪ˾ңءͲˣ
ܲڶô޴֣ǳ⣺죡
ָ⣬ްĶ䣬оԷڣȴûӰ
ɫ䣬ڶ뺰ȥʮĲ㣬оۻơ
һԵۻƣҲ֪ûô򵥣ʳ棬ްôˣ
ǲ֣ȫǣŵÿռĻǰ棬һ䣺˵ǵ棬˵Ǹˣ
һ󺧣ҲȻҹȻǡ
浹òǹȻڶ룺֮ǰʲôֵ𣿡
ڶǿеרҵɴЩУܸܵްڵΣգǱ˺ˡ
룬ҡҡͷûУ귿Ӿֱӹˡ
治ţʣӺҶʼ㣡
ڶ⻰¶ɫŴް⡭ҾͲ̫ˡӺҶסԺˡ
סԺ棺ôˣ
ڶҲ̫˽飬ֻ˵ްû˵ֻ˵Сë
ްв飬ڶû˵ܾӦôްԼڡ
ڶֻһ˵ʵʲô඼ʵˡҸʮѣ㡭㣬һ㡣
˵Ҫҡѽ챿굼ʦһĴڣ
ڶĻɫءӿһΪʵ
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ڴްڶ꣬Ǽʡʹ鼵ʣڶѣֻö
ڶ룬Ǳᶼ䵽˴ްϣϣ̲סһ߳ݡ
һڰ磬ִһָռĵȫ򿪣ڶ۾ۡ
ڶ̲ס˾䣺Ҳ̫˰ɣ
û˾䣺Ѵް͵ۻС
ͷ÷ްƯڿУ͵ĵط
ڶ۾ţҪԴްʲô
ߵڶ뱳ţޣҪڲ뵽ʲôֵˣҾñķ㿪ڡ
ڶίʹްûʲôֵˣ׼ȷ˵˶ûǺ³˵ġӡί󺿣ûʲô£Ҳûʲôֵˣͼ˼ѡ
۾žۻеĴްţʲôѣ
ڶ̻أѽһȥҶЩˣ¡÷ѽûʲôˣ
һЩްҲ𣿡
ڶĲ֪ްֻ˵⡭֪ûм棬ҾӦûУΪް֪סųԺ֮ǰһֱסҽԺ
룬˵˵ϵĻϵǸһ˷һҵʱûʱްȴʲôҲû˵ǲֻˡ
øԼĲࡣߵްߣֱӴӴްĿӿڴóֻ
ֻû룬ֱӷ²ż
ﴫϡϡֻͨǶ硢û
ֻ桢Ƕ񶾵
ֱԣǶû뵽ʹкˣ
ȴһ꣡˵ţҲһϲʲǫ̂档
ڶ룺ްʲôʱģ
ڶû뵽Ǹ⣬̵͡εǸ
һ̷Ըãץ
һڶƮоʲôƮ
˵ţڹŶɢģǾͲܳȥ
ͷЩʣأ
ѵڼ¶õЦݣȻȥһǸʹȻҶҵˣ͵õƤĴ㣡
ߴްеİ׻Ű׻˾䣺˲ѪҲΪ˰ɣ
߰׻ߵڶߣһ䣺߰ɣ
ڶ˿ˮ׼ȥ壿
ڶ뻹ͦϵֻ˵֪ɣ
ڶһͷ˳ĽŲ
еĳ¥УһλʿڼеĹסԼͣҷһ˿
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˻죬ͬ¥ȴûһǰԡ
ҹ賿һʮ֣˻
ڹ˺ܺ£˭Ⱦ
ѾҪֲסˣѾ˺ܶ죬õԼĶǵӡ
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ʱԭôֻͨͻȻ
̷ֻдڶ֣Ǽ
Ĺﻹڣµò֪Ǻá
˵һλᣬΨһĻᡣ
½绰ͷڶţι壬ڼȥҵ·ϣЩ¡ι
ڶᶼڶҪҡͷС˵ţ𣬱ңй
Ļųڣһ䵹
һܽȣڵĹӱһƹܲơ
ڹµؿǳƹܱ
ڳһ˲䣬忴¶Ķڣһ飬ڵ
л˵
кǵǳԵԳ鷳ˡϲҪǼղŶ


37 ޣ
3.7
ûʲôӡֻǵúҶ֮Уȷʵйôһˡ
˴һ۾һ˵ˡ
ʱںҶ壬Ӵ˲࣬˴ްº÷
ǵ÷ѡ
Ϣǳӡ
ڶ˵һˣƽʱչҺʹްҲһļ壬ҪһǷСʱӡϻҪڶѼ֡
ڳڶӡܲãֱӰӡ
һ÷ѣɵڶѣǿɶ˺ֵ̱ܶ࣬ࡣ
ԣ治ڶĻֻ˵𣿡
ڶŵشУȫ֪ӿֻʳ⳵˾ʦ԰õ𣿡
˾ʦҲһ⣬úܿ죺ˣˣʮӡ賿ǿ죬Ҫƽ·°Сʱ
ڶ˻˵˾ллźĳ棬̲סһͨ绰塣
绰ãҲûн
ڶ̲סĳ˵˾䣺ûӣ˯
ʼղţẦʹްܾһᡣ
ڶԳ˵Ǹǻ᲻ŪˣôϹȥҪˡҲ֪ҸǷСϵܺãǼһ׼Ǽ֪
ҪŪˣ̫ø彻
ڶ滰˵ڣµģȥܻ
һԵ˾ڶ룬˵Сӣ˵ˣҿСӿ϶г񡣡
ڶ˾ڣ̲סʣʦôȷ
˾üëһҿöˣƺλòǶһģһǿ׵Ҫǿ϶ȷ£Բš
˾ѺĳúõؿһڶʦǲǳУ
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˾Ҳڶ˼λòãҲˡ֮˵䣬Ϊҿˣ
͵Сſڣڶĵ˵˾䣺Ҳ㣬ĺδ޷ݣαصһֻ֦ҪȥͷҪ̣
⻰˵ϣڶžñŤĥ˾˼
ԭ˾Ϊͳ׽ġ
֪ʵ飬ڶͷϴñӵˡ
ڶܣǮ˵ţʦ㲻ҪϹ£
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ڶͣʦͼݳȥֻڶһεض캰ţĲ
оڶıˣһ԰¥£ڤ޵˻
һڱ˵ڶ룬ָǼӣǼǲǾļң
ڶ뱻һ˱ˣӭʹ֪ڵʮĲ01Ҫ̨ʹ϶ϲ
⡭
ڶ˼飬ûԡ
֮£ڶֲһκ룬ã׼ʱ绰ȴͨˡ
Ͻŵ绰ι壬ڼȥҵ·ϣЩ¡ι
绰ͷһֱͨС
ڶ棬˵ţ绰ͨģû˵ѵֻˣ
ѵ绰ݸ棬ȴ˵ȷӵ绰𣿡
ڶĵС϶Ȼô˵ŵˡ룺ǡǲ˭
ıЩ죬ͻȻ뵽ʲô飬ڶҲһˣ
ûڶ˲תֽɡż㣬֮
ɵúܿ죬ɡʱ̨ϡ
Ľż̨ϣܸоﴫ
סɡ̨ϵ鲣̤ڴֻһƬǽ塣صĹӣļҾߡ˵ĵԼص鲣ڸڶıꡣ
Ƣͦ󣡡
ָ⣬һɫ˦̰ѰĻǡ
һݣ޵ʧ˵Ҳټ
治ɵɲһʶ
ҹʹҴް鷳ɲԼ鷳ġ
֪ڤǹ֮ڤʹӡŻרſѺڤ֮޵˴˵ڤѺĹӵ
澯ؿܣͻȻоһֵϢİ׻һתһһͷŵײʨӱ档
еİ׻һסʨӵĳʨӦû뵽ܵסĹַһ
ǿˣǰĽŲͷʨӣβȴβĹǻޡ
ΪӦóøһЩǰʨͷβĹЩɰ
׻Ҳµġ
ԣŴ۾ǰĳ棬е͡
һͣȻ
Сʱһͷʨӣʨ̫ǲ˷ͷʨӡ
ǰ֣ʨӺܾ裬̺ˣַ˻Ҫǰĳ档
ЦЦĵ㽿޵ݣЦݣ˲Ի˻ޡ
޵Ĵ۾գգǰÿȹЩǺÿˡ
˳ǰûж⣬ܵĸˣ
ҲмɵŻޣʣôץ˵𣿡
޵Ĵͷ˶ӣڻӦĻ
Ļ޵ͷţ֪ȥ𣿡
޵Ĵ۾ų棬תԡҵķȥ˼ûϣһ
һЩɰèĽ
ڻ󣬿һɫǽڱһƹܴһ󶴡
ߵĻޣⲻɵİɣ
޽̧ͷһܿ佱ģ
浹ǾɰγƹܣһƼһĻǣʬǰų溰ţ𡭡ң
ǻڵĴްһȱǡ
濴Ż۾ʬ壬塣
ʬѿɼ׹ǣ˵¡
Ǹڶ롢ްһȥҶ˭
ھܱлҪأ壺Ǳ˭ɱģ
ǲȵ忴ǰĵҪ޵꣬ҡҡͷ֪ʲô֪
֪ǰǣҲɢֻתǵˣһɵӡ
ߵĻ޼˼ͷ棬ſ죬Եǰ塣
ŵֱֻֿӽ˵绰Ŵ绰ڶ뺰ţ
ϧѾǹ޷
ޣ˵ţˣɵˣѵҲɵ𣿡
⻰˼꣬룬ͷʾԼܶɵͱɵˡ
ǰĳȴֵ㲻ҾһĻۡ
һۣ˷ܵغеʵڴŵΪԼҪԡ
˻ޣһ䣺ȸ߰ɡԽԽʤĻ̫ٲҪɢˣ
ΪԼʲô۸˽ףøС
֪ʲôˣܸо⡣
֣һ䣺λʹˣʣ꣬ƻᱻɵŶ
۴ͣ
λүǣСڴ˽һЩ顣
¼͡Ȩ䡷ŹޡȶһۣԼϹϵ
񻰵ĺľǣ޳ֻء
ĸռ䣺磨ֻһ˵ٲĹǲģɽ硢ڤ硢˼䡣˼ĹᡶȨ䡷
ϵͳȷ࣬ɹЩУЩ˲ֻ֮࣬磬ǧ硣ԼΪˣȻ˽񾩵Ⱥ¡ᡶŹϱ
ڤһطͳΪ硣ڹֻܴһڤֻԽڤ硣
ڤҲֻһǲǹйʵҲڹ֮һ˶ѡ
ܴ֮ܶҵĹֻҪͨͿȥ磬ʮ磬ʮܹȻСǾͲˡ
ڤĹ£ڡ¼ƪСֻͣͲ׸ȤעңԺһ¸ߴң
л˵



38 ޣ
3.8
Ŷ̵µڰ˲һյΪרꡣյǵһʹƣʱ˼䶯ңħֱȻ˻࣬ǽʹ˾ְרƳجΣƽ
ʹ֮Уֻнʹɶɻ꣬һֽ£˼Ҳɡ
治ϲƺҲû˸ҵôʱһԼҲ¡
ͻȻôѣĵһӦǷУ̧ͷǴһϮۣ֣ŴʹʱöԷǲв
뷨¶ǣڶʹ߶оЩɬ˵ţ㡭ʲô㡭ΪһΪй˵ʲôƷףҪǴģ˵ŷ񡭡ҡ
ϾҲ˴뱲ӣװҲ⣬ֻ˾䣺޳ˣ֪кҪ£Ȼ˼䡣
޳ûгЦ˼һ˵ţ¡
¡֣Ѿǧּ㡣ָĻǣ˵ţѵʹйأ
޳ûʹֻ֪ǰλʹıڤĹϵǳҲʲôӣֱ˵ǣҪ˵ϵĻܸʹҲЩϵ
ԣ̽ĻץСܺǰλ޳ĻǾǲʳ
Ȩһպ뱻
³ʮֺ棬ֻҪĻǻڳϣǰλ޳ͱѻ˵
治ʣ޳Ҳ˵
˶ڳòЦݣΨлޱֱˮ
޳Լ޵ģ˵ţʹǿĻޣԴ˼ûԹòһܳԵģɣ
˻˻޵ͷ­˵ţʲôóԵģǰƵĻۣΣ
޿Щ̲סſ죬ͱָ¡
ָ޵Ҳһһ޵Ĵսһ޳Ƶسлǣסޣʲôѽαضλ˾Ͳ繴ʹôɰ
ŲϡɰĿ佱ޱУ˳ÿɰͺˡ
޳ǺĻ̧ͷϹŵżһ䣺㻹ͦ۹⣬аɣаɣʵҲ仰꣬ҾͲҪˣΣ
ûٷԣе嶪޳ǰҪһԣ
޳νʣιС֪Լ
⻰ԭİ׹Լ᣺ˣԣѾˡ
޳ʣ㻹ǵԼ˶𣿡
ͷתӣ¶׹ǵԼҡҡͷǵˡҡǲܾˣ
޳Źʬ壬ֻ˵ţ˼㣬׹ǻҪһꡭ
⻰Ӧûôãһǰȥ˺Ҷ塣
޳һΣʳ棺϶ȥ
濴ʬ壬Ҳ̫ȷ
ʱںҶ壬Ĺע㶼جϣûǹЩͨˡ⣬ôҶĺܶ˵ˡ
磬ҶСկԤΪֱ֮磬ϷҲΪ֮
óֻͨڶĵ绰ʶԷ˭桶Ļ&ðաϷģ
ڶһ·£Ȼ⣬ҲЩ¡˵Ǹҡ񲻼ǵˡ㵽ǲǣô
治ڶϻʣǲģ
ڶ룺񡭡ǵģúڡʲôʱ
û˵꣬͹ҵ˵绰
绰ϵ壬˵Ӧǣαװģһȥ˺Ҷ塣
޳Ż޵ͷѾӴǸɱˣ
֪뵽ʲôЦŵҲãұҲһȥ㣬ֻû뵽ô졣
޳ָǲ˵˭
Ҳģ˵ţŶǿӣҲǴҪҵˡȻҲΪһϢص
޳Ҳ·磬˵ţ˲ҲΪϢ
⻰ȫ´˳˼
ֻһЦǻ治ǡΪʹҵ˶Ƿֻꡣ
޳һЦҲһδ֪ŭӯš
ŻޣϿɰ㲻ӡ
˭ҲԸһ
Ǻ޳ų˵һ䣺Уݡ˵˵𣿡
һӣµڤи֮˴Ӽӵ˼䣬ǸӦúϤͷ֣
л˵
ǡ


39 
3.9
֡
ھʱᵽ֣Ůӻǣӣ
ĳһδȢؽǵĹҫ
ΪһˣϼʮĴȴڶʮ꣬绪ï͡ĵڶͱ޼ңͬ걻ڤΡ
޳϶̶̼еҲλ֡
ȴû̬ܶûֵ֣ӡ޼Ҿͺǳһ֮⡣
ȳܴʱ졢仯ǧ
ʱ·˰·¥ðεضƺժ֮ơһҹỴ̂ŵʮ˲㣬׬Ǯծӡ
Щİ𶼱ʷӡڲС
޼û˴֣ҲûծԵɡ
˵ʵ浹Ǿô޼ҺܴһʱƷ棬һ
ɫΪ˱ò̫ãһʱҪµĸо
޳Լɹóɫãʹ˿϶֪ɣ˰ǿ¡ڤ˳ң⡣Ψһйϵľǰ֮ˡ
鿪ʼ꣬ʲôʹʲô壬ڶܡ
ָ壺˸㣡
һ˵ֽ꣬ɡ̨ȥ
޳Щû뵽ôɵذ˽е㲻ţʵȷ˾ôˣ㲻ڼһ£һкöڴֵû˵أ
治ǣſɡ뿪
Ǻ޳ҪߣۼòҵҪʧϽȵȣȵȣҪģʵһ֪һܡ
ͣ˽Ų˷ܵ˵ţйٴ˵ֵ죬Ȼ͵ڤı
û뵽ôȤ飬Ⱥ޳˵ֱ꣬£ȫ޳еĻ
غ·ҵҪڶ룬ɣˡ
ڶ⻰ãֱûӰ绰˾
ʱĳѾص˹Ỵ̂ſڵ̨ϣſе£ƣ
£ૣ磬Ļˡ
Ѿܹ˵
¹ˮĵϣӰͶ䵽ľʵĴϣסűԵķ
ްƿʱ滹̨ϣ
һۣ¶Цݣԭ԰׵һ˿Ѫɫ
ް˵˾䣺ллҸո˵ˡ
ûӦջɴްһյԼߡ
ްĻǻȶ£͸һյ̻ꡣڳߣŵɵؿų棬˵棬㻹ǵ˵Լв𣿡
תͷеȤ
ް̵ʵ㡣
³ᣬֲΣҲ˼ҲڼԺʼģǴӺСʱ򣬾ε㡣
Ҳܺ棬εʲô
ް룬˵ţһȫǺɴķ䣬Ҿվںɴ⣬ǿ㣬ȴܿ߻֣
˵ŶΪʲôֵ֪ԭȻأ
ްоȤ˵ţô˵أе֡Сʱ򣬹ܼĶҳߣ˺ü춼ûҵһϣ˯һΣε˼ĳڳ̳ʬ塣
ްļΪԤȥܶʦʦٴչԤȴһҲûгɹ
ļΪһֻɺϡ
ٺްͿʼμ档
ȫȫظ˳棬˵ҺΡһܴɴ㣬һε
ްɫһ죬˵εڻȥ͵㡭
ǹ˵ţǰǲʶ㣿
ǰ
ްͷָԼҡǰǲǶԲ㣬һš
ЩȤζָŴްĵʣǰ˭
ްɫ֡
ֳһΣͷһЩͻȻЦ˵ţΪԼǴ֣ðɣӣǴֲң
ް˵˼һʱҲڣ˵ţԣͨԼķʽﵽ㡣Ҳ֪Լ㵽ʲôϵ
ʹǧĵ㽿޵ղûΪѷɫһǡ
˵ʱڵĳ棬ұ͸¶һǱ˪ѩ棬Ǵһѷĵ
»ޣҲ˽òŮȥݳ档
ް̧ڴްĶ䣬Ǿͺúֲɣˣ͸㣬ǵʲôϵ
л˵
벻Ҫ뷨ȱݹ


40 
4.0
΢˼ƸոѡĽŲᣬֻȹܣѽŶ֮С
֮£ŲñĹóݼ޼ŶſڵĲݴ޼ɾڲݴ֮⣬һҾڰҹ˵£ͽŶ̡
ްվڶ¥ķżҾߵİڷš
͸СβһʱʱǸ
ްɰţͶӰǱ䡢Ǹǵӡ
ЩܸȤţͶӰʲôǲǾǸܿ˵Ķ
ްǵûʲôҾߵǿյʲôûС
һЩ¼Ҿߺ͵ҲһЩԼϤøһЩ
ǰǸ賿ֲ˼ƻ
ڴްȱľϵĲƸֱӸǮ³
ԣѡıóÿ춼ʡ
ŶȱʲôͲʲô˼˽ÿᰴŷ
ްܾԼûɳȴ̫ˡ
ٻڣĺڡ
ްĵıʽҲһ˱仯
𴲾ڲϿްڵް˵ţո˵ǽ㰢棬ԺܲҲ㰢棿
緹ʱ仹ûʹްͻ˵ͷ˵ζǳɿڣҲ̲סѷꡣ
µǷ
ÿʱް򿪵ӣǸеĵӾ硣ͬԶҩĶһʼֻϹ۵˶ó㡣
ȳ淢ֶʴʱӻǰѾ˵µħǡлΪӾŮܣ˵Ҫȥ̨ˡ
⻹£ްͶӰһѺմĵӾŶ̵ħǶ۷ˡ
ȫ˴ްڶ룬ǳֵܡ
ҲȫΪްʵķ²ÿֻųԳԡȺȣһۡѺմɫֵʷ˵Ĳࡣ
ˣĺˡ
ȫû뵽ްɱôÿɳϣ۾ŵӣţôؽްϳȥڵӾ桶Ѻմ2ˣҲȫΪ˵Ӿķ²
һӵħֶڶ¥ʱžеڡ
Ǹ飬峾Ϊʲôϲ
峾ϲϽʥŮǳǲһԣ
ݵŮ
ʲôģ峾˧ȥ
Ҳϲ峾ϲʵ۱£
Ϲʵ峾˧
ްǵĻ̲סЦûЦþͱüĳ
˵ţ㲻ܹܣ
ͷۿҪħ֣ûڣȺһͰְĿⶢϡ
ްȺħֿģֱߵһ̼ݸǣ˵ţۣҪܣ
Ⱥħֿϲްˣͷûܣϵܣǲᳳܵģ
ǿǡūϥģһӾ
˵ӵľ飬峾ϽոʧأϽʥŮమؾȢ󱻻ʵݺϾĹ¡
Ϊù¸ӹѪصؼһ峾ʵһͬһŮˡССϲ峾ֻΪ̰ĽԲż޸˻ʵۡ
ϲΣŴް˵˵ĲԣСŲϲ峾
ް㶺ŶСϲ˭
룬˳һۣڿӾ磬͵͵ſްߣСϲǡ
ǲЩࡣ̵ݸްЩƻ
ްֺǺǵģԳ˵ţǲЩ֣
ңŵΧ˺ţˣʹãʹã峾سȢľ鰡
Ҳ˵ˣҶû꣡
ɳȴƫƫǵ⣬عص˵ӣݺݵ˵ţѲǽǰɣٷϻҲûÿ
Ҽţֻܿطɻصʮ˲㣬Ĳ޵
ȴްʱֻ³һ˿ŵӡ
ްϹ̣Ƴõģµ۸Щ֣ٲٷһǿ
ЩħҲãܺͳ浥һ
ްƻʣ棬𣿡
ָǵӾЩʻʵ
˾䣺࣬Ӿ󲿷ֵˣҳǰѾˡ
ްų䣬˵ţۣĽЩɶʷϺպֻλ滹Ǻ
ްƨ̫࣬ѾЧ˴ްһָۣŵӾӨһ䣺˲ˣô˵㲻Ҳ
ǸȷʵȵӾϵŮƯܶࡣ
ް⣺Ҽ˵ʷϵĻ񣿡
泰ЦȻˣ˵ۼǸӣҲѲ³ݡ
㲻᲻ǵ˰ɣǰϽˮ㡣
ްһ˵ˣ

ӨҵԭɫڡȨ䡷ǵһЩСɰ㿴Ǳ飬͸һЩ顣ǴĶȨ䡷СɰͿ뿪ˡ
¹˵顣
ҵϵй˶Ƿǳªģֻˣܱɰ˰
ιˣԱģ
㲻㹫Ǿÿÿ˵Ŀˡ
л˵
ϲСɰ鼫ȱԹҵĺǡۡղءжĺǻһʱ䣬ʹ͸Ȿɣ̫лˣ


41 
4.1
˼ǱһӲĿյͱȴްİôްһ
̨ϵʦֿʼµ˯Ժѧô˸硣
֮£ֻӣʼǡ
ްҲڶ볭һݱʼǣԷһϢʲôʱ
ڶظĺܿ죬м䶼˻УĿֻЭʱܻعУ԰
ѧҲ쵽ڡڶҲֻܸϵĩԡ
Լǿǵѧڸ꣬Ϊ˱ѧУĿֻţϢѧУ߲ˣֻ֪¡
ڶ֮һڱߣȻȻΪصͱ
ʱ޿̲Թų棬ôҲߡ
ϢдţߵҪˣӦúܻܿȥ˵ѾȺһһƬˣ׼ڳ·ϣһȥ
ްִһ磬ÿյЧ̫á˾䣺ˣҺͳ治Ϊֹϵ
ʲôϵ
ްҲ˵壬˵ѣ涨֮Աǣ˵İˣҲԡҵˡΪǿȴްǡ
ڴްӦİϣ£ʲô
ˣ
ʣް̫ϲԼĹϵӦøһЩ
еʲô̶ȣ
ްֲ̫ȥҿһϵìܵôްʧߡ
ʧҲãԽԽ⣬ÿζڲ˲˵Ŀгؿڡ
ް֪Լôˣ
Ψһ֪ǣԼĹϵԽԽã֪ҲԽԽ
٣ᷢţҪһЩʳ
ްϲСı䣬ʼǣͿųҪ׼ȥЩҪ
ߵĺܿ죬Ϥͬѧһкⷽߡ
û߼ڽѧ¥ſڿ¡˲٣ŰɫȹŴް¶һЦݣţô
ްúܲɫ̫ãʣôˣʲô𣿡
µıأͷţм鷳㡣
ްûʲô£ֻ˵û⡣
ްĻֻԭĲȶֿʼڷֵ飬ڵԼôԡ
֣Ӧû¡
ѡǰԼȥǼҿȵ꣬ϲȺ㣬ѡһ԰λӡ
ް¶棬ɫѣһ䣺ôˣ
µЩɬĴ̫࣬һʱ֪ôӺ˵ĵŮȫ任˷۽Ǻ᣺鷳ѳϵʽ𣿡
ްҪϵʽǵǣȻʲô𣿡
仰̲סްĺã˵ţû£÷ʧˡ
ʧ٣
ްһʣʲôʱʧ٣
˵˵žͿԭ÷ʧ죬ڶ뱨졣
ץŴް˵̫£֪⼸춼û˯ãôˣǸһӳʱһֱ÷û뵽ǰ죬ٴŵ飬֪÷ʧ˵顣
ʱɫˣΪȥ˺ҶˣȻҲ֪顣
µ֪Ϣʱϵ÷ɵ绰ռߡߴް÷ôϲ壬°ɣңҡʵӺҶҾ;÷ǲ̫Ծ
ްοһֽʣﲻԾ
´ֻ㿪ᣬһ÷õƬ㿪˵ţǴӺҶ÷͸ȥʲô籾ɱҺöΣʱ׼ݣ;ܾǡû뵽Ǿͳ£
ʵڲڻ쾯ŵ÷ʧٵ飬Ѿȥһࡣ
һ̣Լֻص˺ҶУԼǲΡ
ʴްѾ˶ԲԣѾĶԲԣΪʲôѾһˣǸһȥҶ˭ѵǹ
˵껰ԾԼЩˣּ˵÷ҵĺѣ
ʱĺڴްĵõй˳޵úܴѿȵŵ
ް֪µʹ࣬ûȰ裬ֻߣֱ»˵ģһ÷ȳ
ô˵ɾ˻Ҫ
ԣްһʱ˳棬ֻõһ䣺Ҫ
鷳ǸŮйص鷳
ɳ˲ٿ
ްſɳϣԿŵӵĳ˾䣺ǶԷ50Ŷ
ǰ滹Ķڷˣ⣬Ѿٵġ
һ뵽;ôް²ѵۿ˴ްһۣ˵ţ𣿡
ް˻Щ˼ؿڵһ䣺ǵѡˮѣҿܾ͸ˡҰеǮˣʱûǮˡԡܣ¸ǾҪͣˡ
˻һɫ˲ڣŻǴްȥɣ
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶյ˴ҵĺǣ̫лˣ


42 
4.2
ǮֶǱȶҩҪ׼˵־ʹ໹޷ܾ
µ糿ȡǸϤĿȵ꣬ǸϤλӣֻζһŭĳ档
ްһжһˡ
ԱǰͲʱЩСǲ֪Ůһôֽŵա
ѵǷ˺ƣ
ع۲˴ްˣ־òǷ˺ƵգһĵǸζ
ΨһŮͣȴΨΨŵŵ˵ǳ
лл㣬̴ʦ̫ллˡ
°͵ǰҵζϲǻٵһЩ
̰ʳЩǴް鱨
ްòŰѳţһóһ㣬һ棬÷ʧٰ
ΪмˣȻҪЩԾգ˵ţ˵ûҵܺóԡ
ӣһ㣬ζתáһ£ǸŮ˵֣֪𣿡
֪Щŵؿһ۴ް˵ҡԲҲ֪֪ȥ
ҧһڵ⣬ӻºǽš
Ϊ飬սսܺЩ¼
ްܿǰΧ˵ţ£˵š
±ްͷ˵ţʵģ֮ǰ÷Լһȥ籾ɱ˵Ǳ¿һҵ꣬ıӶԭ治ľ籾
Ƶ绰÷һϮװü仭÷۽ȾɫӰþĶǡ
ʣѽҲ̫˰ɣ
÷֣ƽû˵ţڻװȻȥ籾ɱҾ籾ɱĺú棬´ԴްһȺ˿һ֣Ͳøɢƴ
ȣ˵ţˣòڡҸ㣬кö˧磬һմڴŮ棬ʶʶ˧硣ڴްһϵ
÷˵껰ãͱƵֻ¶庰ߣ˵ˣҪʼˡ
Ϊæһֱûϵֱ÷ʧٵǰ죬յ÷籾ɱ
˵ް̲סʣ籾ɱ¿ĵꣿǼҵʲô֣
´ֻ÷ϢжλдţȪ*
ް֣ü˵Ҳ̫ˡ
Ҳôã㿪÷
£籾ɱ̫ˡһ棡
Ŵȷʵ÷ɤ
˵յû죬Ҿͱ֪÷ʧˡȻҰλһȥҹҵ꣬ǡ
ú£̲סһڿȣÿɬζԼ־˵ʲôûУһءңطǰʱ䷢úըȻͷˡ
ԽԽ£ʵ̲סѿȫ꣬ÿɬѹסԼҪеĺ¡
ް״̬ԣ÷Աһˮοţûµģ¡
¸лصͷеϣڳϡ
ֻÿڣ£һ£һ£һ
˻һ۴ްȫĹǶڴްϣ˴ް˵ţϢɣ
²ӣ˵ţǾҺûŮһȥʲô籾ɱӦҲʧˡ
ʵó˵Ҳ
ʣǻأ
ҡҡͷһû˵꣬ȻѾ̲סˣôҾһ˵ɣ
ǸѣӦûš
˶һ
һ룬ĻëȻ
ֵ㿪ֲһΣ£籾ɱ̫ˡһ棡
һε֣񻵵ƵҲôŴǱɭֲ
е㺦£һһЩ
濪˵ⲻʵһ
һָ֣ðŹ㿪
ԭĻϲ룬˿ֲļ
÷˳δεĴһأŵ
ްµɫһ䣬ֻ÷ţй££ңҰ
ɵۣµֱվԶֻ̨˵ţˣˣ
һдµĿзֻıըȵ˶һĻŵ
Ψг¶õЦݣ˵ţϢǣҲǶˣ
עҵұģΪɱ࣬нֵĵ꣬Բûн˼ҲҵһϵûС
л˵
ߣߣ


43 ޣ
4.3
ĩȵĿ˲ࡣͻȻֻը¼Ҳȷʵŵˡ
ȵľǰѯʣӦɫĴްԼĪֻͣǲҪô֡
ͻȻúܺãֵ˼㡣Ǵް˵ϻؼһдͣٻؼҡ
һԶõķԱ˵˾䣺һݲ⡣
Ա淢֣Щŵ˵µ۽Ǻᣬŵ͵꣺㣬㡭
ԱһϷȫ֪ʱеĿ־塣µţҡһô
òŪµװΣ»أ˭֪أһ³ɣ
Ϊ仰ȫڲڻ֪÷ʲôֲ飬ԼҲ÷һǼֱ
ŶͷૣΪʲôᷢϣ÷ʧ٣ֳ¡ЩѵǺҶ䣿
ǲ䣿ǡǲǶ
ްҡҡͷο££侲Щ
ָһԵĳ棬˵ţ£治һȳ÷
ްⷬÿҪȶ
ᣬ棬ţ㣬㡭
䣬üͷһ壬ȻϧˣһŮǰᣬҲܲˡ
²ӣ˵ң㲻ѾǮӦġ
˲㣬ѵáζһ䣺㣬ոңˡ
ùֻԼһ˵ùôͨԹˣһȺ˵ùôûôʹ
±λοˣֹסᡣͻȻǰһˣҲرᣬô˪
ᣬţǽô죿
ް룬ڵȻǶˣǲ罫ƾͼơȥǸȪݿʲô
Ҳ㣬ֳһ̲⣺ţǿԣ籾ɱʲô
⣬ްµܽһ
ڴްµĽͼʾ£ó˾籾ɱ֪ص淨
˴ӿȵʱѾºʹް˲㣬Ǳ״̬һȫ³Ǯ
ްҪȥȸǮ˵ţɡл񡣡
¸ǮһΪ˸лһϣܿķϣھȳ÷ͽϣЩġ
ȫû뵽һȵͿڣھȥȪݰɣ
»Щ£Ӧʳھȥ
ţѵ׼ʲôӰʦħҪ׼ĵߡ
汾£ô㣬ֻÿڣţͽȥɣȥˣο㲻Ǽž÷𣿡
ôһ˵Ҳû뵽ô⣬ͺȥһ
ϳҵ÷Ϣָĵص㡣صϴθ·ص㲻Զʱָúըɷ¥ͣطüǰͷúըס
»˵Ҳǰ˵ⶰ¥̺áӵ涼סһЩС̡ûлȪҾ籾ɱꡣ
˻ǰŵķʣúը˲˰ɣ
ްֻúըŵݸ濴֮ǰϢʱ;úѹţءúըʱ賿һ࣬Ժܶ˶˯С
淭ţ津ĿĵıгĵǸԣ²µǼһȪʲôط
ӻóһֽĵԴް˵ˣ˭һѻ𣿡
ްĵɣ
û׳ĻָӴްļһģһŻͳڳġ
ǻȻȥȣûһ¶ȡ
潫װֽĵ˲ͽֽŴ󣬱һСĵ
ŵ³֮С
ް½ߵըصĵطŵĹ⣬һȺĴš
ºʣʲô
濪ڽһ䣺š
ϧסһ䣬ͿǺĴʲô䶯µطһУްĻָ˵ǡжڶ
ްǵڶμţο£û£¡جεĴš÷ƾ֮䶯Ķ˵֣ǺɫģجεŲŻǺɫ
꣬žڳƶ£ش򿪡
˱ĹסȫʱѾվһûʵĵſڡ
ǵķ죬ɫĺ͸¶һѪζϸеʡ
Ϊ˲ʵĻǵſڵӣð׹ƴճ֣Ȫݣ
л˵
һҪĸ£ϾҪߣҪޣϲСɰղؼӸעŶ


44 
4.4
ɫĵ߸߹𣬳ɫʵӳգ̻ڿգƯҹУѪɫһͬųǰĴš
̨ǰվһ٪壬žʱūŵĻɫСۣˣ϶ֺõЦݡ
ϣˣ룬
һųªȴԣö
ӭ͵٪ˣĻŭţϽҡɫţӿ͡
ɫĴλױݾ£źɫװķԱ˱٪࣬ɹڲ԰׵Ӳ̲֫סǰֽˡ
е㺦£һ˼Ĵް˵ţе㲻Ծ
ްôһڻع񣬶¶һοЦݣ˵ţǸԾҵǾطЩԾ
֪ްйֲ֪ްе顣ĪѾֽ˷Ա߽ɫţŵţǡǸ
ްȻҪ¸ϳĽŲȴţôĽƷһģһ
ŷԱĽŲȣ·ɽٲˮƺܿЩ绨㽿޵Ůǡ
ްԽ࣬;ԽϤֹϤУôްеһ˿¡
ǵһβɺµԵɲƵĿ־壬Ƕڳĵǡ
ްһǰ棬̲סס棬˵һߣɢˣ
Ҳô룬羪֮񣬿ʲôħֻûɵġ
Ҳͬް˵ԣһ߱Ƚϰȫ
汾̫Ը⣬ɴް̫ȥʮֺ¡
ΪηԼֻԺȵĸˣ沢ûʲôɱģǲ͵˦֣֪ˣ
ŴްµĽŲߵЩ
ڷԱĴ£߽һ䴺ķ䣬ţλݺĵȴһ룬ͿʼϷ
أһ籾ɱеʱҪܶһ棬ǿ£ͻæһЩɢͣһ汾
ɳֲ籾ɱǵҪĿΪ÷
ް껰ʷԱȻʱ仹磬ǿתת𣿡
ԱǱ׼׻ֻ΢Цı顣˴ްǽֹҪҲ¶ǸõЦ˵Ŷ״ŵˡ˼£
˵껰˴š
˫űĳȫչ¶ǰ
ӣɫһһĺɫɴЩɴڵסڵĽͭҲڵסЩԻĵͼ
ްû뵽Ĳ˿ͺԭ˵Ĳá
߽ڣžͱرϡ
¿ǰĳ裬÷ƵĲãµץס˴ްֱۡ
Ψгֲ֣ǰһȥ
ްҲ֪ж֮߳һ䷿߹һδȣҵϷķ䡣
û˸ǿţް䵱ɫ
ֻǣ׼ʱȴס˵
ް䲻⣬ǳĺ⡣ͷÿȴһ߿ţھȻɳһ䵶
䵶˴ްֱָӱгΡ
Ϸڣһ˵ĲҽͻȻ𣬺ţҵĵ
ްûҵķ򣬾ͼ˵һ׳
׳Ȼ廤Ŷϵ䵶˵ţ𣬱ˡҵĵ
ɲ׳ԸЭˣֻΪɱͻвʣֻܶŴްȥţ
ްһûӦ׳Ѿŵ˵档
ߣؿһ۴ް
߼Ϸڣڳ׳⣬һĵŮˡŮ˴һǸ˵ţǸǸֻ棡
׳Ҳһ˵ţǰ˼ʵǵɢ͵̫ˡ
˵ĵǸ۾ȫǼ㡣
ƲǣŴްϯǵĶ档
ʱѾҡ
ĵŮԽ˵ţDMDungeonMaste˰ɣҲÿʼ汾˰ɣǿɵȲˣ
DM
ްһۣﶼף˺ܿجε
ĵŮ˺׳֪ǺˣͨոDMĶԻ²µҲǿˡ
ոն׳ɱ⣬ؿĥɫһԻŵµˡ
ްĲʣһۡеó̲ˮΣȴ˵Ǹֻһų档
ŮҲھųˣ۹ⶾ֪ƯЩֵĳŹ⣬˶ͨˡ
к˵ţǺðҿԽк㡣λҵĵܵܣУ
Ա˼ţŴްǡδͷƽʣӭϻţ㣬磬ֺüǣǵһ籾ɱ𣿡
¶ɫֲֻֻΧź㡢ʡ
ʹްػ˾䣺ͷÿС粻ˣλСܼܲӸѣ
óֻϳ棬һԵĴް˵ţðϷʱǶһ
ް˵ˮ©Ӧź㣬֮䶼ǵ⽣Ӱ
һԵĳضҪΪֵܽã˾䣺Ϸ𣿡
Խ˾䣺DMDungeonMasteü𣿶ôˣôϷ
һ飬˺棬˵ŶǸո⴩װķԱǵģ˵ﶼöԽDMDungeonMasteϵ
⻹ǵһް¶ֵ֣ĵطʲôġ
һΣ
ԽﴫDMDungeonMasteһ˵ţ˼ˣĿǰҪıȱˣĵȴ¡
⻰ܲ⣬صʲô⣬ȱˡȱˡȱˣʲôʱܿʼ
ԽDMDungeonMasteƢܺãĵؽţܱǸˣҪľ籾һλˡ߸ոѾϵϣѾˣܿͻǻϡ
DMDungeonMasteĽصռأ˶Ǳս״̬Ŷˡ
϶ϲõı飬ֶŵȭ
ϽչأԽDMDungeonMasteʲôʲôţ
ԽĬһڵޣʵ¼ıģľ籾һرϲ
DMDungeonMasteصϲϼأ˵Щٴαƿ
תͷŵˣȴðһ䣺ô
л˵
߾飬߾飡


45 ޣ
4.5
˳ͨŰTţп㣬˶һ޴ģˣسǰţǣǣ̫ˣʲôطôžͽǻ˵Ҫ籾ɱҡ
״ε˵һѣ˱أͻȻʶԼĻЩࡣ
ץץͷ˵ţǲ᲻ǵ˰ɣ
εһ۴ްε˵һ䣺ôأ㲻ǻ˺ü𣿡
ްҲû뵽ˣʱڲʱ;ǶǿһԵģƴ˹ڹעǣҲͨϢˡ
ʶ㿪ڣԭʶǾ̫ˣһȽ֡
ô˵۾ȴһҲӭȸոջҪŴްˡ
ްֻкǸߣʵôƺ
˻һ£Żشһ䣺ǸҽнɽҴɽС
ɽްȺﻹᣬϽ˾䣺ǸʣʲôطҾǻؼңȥһۣžͽ
ްýֻͣ˵⡭ǻȪݣ籾ɱĵط
ɽһ籾ɱΪ̻Ծ˵ţŶŶ֪ҿɲԲ氡￴ȥֵֹġ
˴ɽĻʣְɽ
ɽǰĵŮˣ֪ΪһּƤðĳ嶯ֱ𣬲ײް˵ţ֣֡ʵﻹ£軹һؼأܲܲ棿
Ϊ仰ϬֱԣȻУΪʲôأǿɣϾǶôʱ䣬żˡҿɲ˷ʱ䡣
ߵҲһϽãҲ棡
ɽЩ£ϣ˴ްϡ
ϧްҲεرʾɣ㡭´λע˵İԱȽϺá
ɽް˼ֻܿλϣһˣʲôҲ
һ룬ʶԽԿʼ˰ɣʱҲ̫ˣ
ԽDMܿͳ˵ţõģȻˣλǵĹԱȥװŮǿܻҪױ׼ʱҪһ㡣
˵껰ܵǽͬһ㱻װķԱƿЩԱҵһ£ͬ˵
¼ԼҪްǷֿ̲⣬˵ţҲ뻻װǿֱӿʼ𣿡
ԽDMܾ̾˵ĹأҲԸ⣬˳εϷ
ˣɳʹްǲ˳ֻ˶ʣҿɲԸһ𡣡
ԽDMûΪѣȻˣױʦǶһ𡣡
ȻױʦһҲġʵڲϲ·ķԱŴްͳ档
һ𵽴׼ңӦķԱõӦ·
ްõһŮװʱЩʣûɣӦŮװ
ԱϻǸٵЦݣ˵ţûŶĽɫһŮ뾡촩·Ҫʱ䡣
ʵΣֻñŤشŮװãŷŮŮװָӵȹ·Ƚԣɾ䡣
·Աǰް׼ٷ
ٷһϣްǸоŤļ򣬺߸βʵΥ͡ͻȻҲ뻻װ֮ǰ·ͦõġ
ްΣװȫ󣬷Աһƽ塣ƽľ籾дޡ
ȥ֣ܰƽϾ籾ıȴɭͼ
һƽ壬ȴõʾϷδʼDMʾ·һҳ
Աƽ壬ްžͱ졣
ţһλȹױݾµĹװˡü׺Ż䣬Űɫɴ
ްһʼûϳľ޵ȡǰˡ
ֱӿڣôŮװɣ
ްϳ¡
µҲһƽ壬˴ʺ·ǴŮͼˡ
ް̿ޣÿҲ֪ΪʲôһŮװ
佱ߺ졣ް˻ǵŶʱ룬£Ҫ㷴*ɣ
ް⻰Щο˲ĵط̫ͣãϽȥҳ棬ȴ֪ѾصϷ
ǸϽԱصϷһžͱǰڷزıӰޣǰѯʣǸ˾ͻعͷһͨµʵ˻ɸոǸӰǲǿˡ
ɽҲ֪Լͨʱ۾һް̲סЦ˵ţ㡭ôҲ̫˰ɣ
ްɽЦö촭ֹһ䣺Ҳûôɣ
һ˼棬Ϸûˣʣ𣿡
ɽҡҡͷֻ˵һʱֻһ˰
û˵꣬һ˴ӻ
˴һϮΧŽɫüĿ续ĵҪ޵ǫ̀ͤ¥֮䣬ڳһеİ
ڷ£ȣȫɢʵĹӡ
ް˱װĳ濴ɵۣ춼ûǳ˵˾䣺
˻ڳɫУ޷԰Ρ
Ҳס࣬ţҪ˼ֱɧ껹Ư
ѵһµĳĬʱ͵͵档
Ϸڶʱûһ˵ĬĬ˼
Ⱥ㡢˵ʱֱ澪޵ĬһϷʽʼ
ްڳߣͻȻ棬һʱڴѱĳ棬һɫĳ档
һ棬ɫɱʵھˡ
˶ԭλްԽﴫDMҵ㿪һҳ
ӷԸ㿪һҴһĽɫͼǰ
ްҲõ˽ɫͼֻû뵽ɫ־Ȼг㡣


46 
4.6
ŮӵĽΣȴӻҪӢ̼ҴС㡣
ǴްõĽɫԸ
̶̵ļ䣬ĳҲֺ
ްӴĴ࣬ڹŶҲֻڴҼ忴ʱżΡ
Ļ࣬ڸҲܵͣĬĬڽ䵱˵ı塣ϲЦϵı٣صŵŶĻǡ
ֻסڵµʮĲ㣬յĿռ¶شš
˵һĺúӣֻǿϧˡ
ްܺĻκЩҪ漰ǰ
Ŷ̵˶ϲἰЩʱǽ˰̣ײ
ްû뵽籾гɫ籾ǳ̧ͷȴȤؿƽϵĽܡ
ԽDMĶ־˳컣˲ơĹ¾ҪǵϦ˵
˵ϦͲò˵ǵϰףһһرϲˣ˼Ҳûд˵ġ
˲ƱҲȨϲһܴļ¡
ԣֻҪܸļ£ͼ޸ˡ
һϢıʿıʿһɵԵкѣ
ıʿýȡϾ֯ɵĸͷһ˫۾廻ȡͷΣһĴﻻһϮļ¡
ֻʣЬıʿ
õϢΪź׼û뵽ıʿڤƾţӮһ˫ܴԽڤ廨Ь
ȡЩ͸ˣϦ֮ӭȢˡ
Ϊ˼λǹ˵ıʿÿ궼Ϧ֮׼µϷıʿ
ϷݱһֲͷܼвϣͿӭȢ޸Լ޵ˡ
ڲӼһãҲ˼²ϵϷ
ϦϣֻһôĹ⾰
DM걳ҷһҳ
ֵĹ£ɫ졣˸ûģһֱ̽ܣȫϷˣްҲ˼
²˱ˣ˵ôͲǲƱˣ˾٣Ҫôֵļ²ɡ
ްҲкܶìܣ˵Ǽ£ɳ˸ͷ⣬ֵֹı
±һʲôܣ˼DMѾڣҷһҳ
ްһƽ壬Ľɫͼȥεӳ
ЩֵļС۾ܲ
ްգһ۾ʱƽϵּСһЩ
Ķʵѣ̲ס˫ȥƽ塣
ʳָƽ壬ЩӾȫˣһźɫīˮȾ˴ްָһƽء
һ
ްֿһԼָȴʲôɫûС
е㵣ǣʣôˣ
ްÿԼ̫ų˻þҡҡͷû¡Ǹ
ƽ壬Ķ֣ƽ֮ϵĺСһźɫ
ްԲʲôþϽˡȴܿƣȫֻܶؿźɫͼϱ󣬱һͼ
ͼ˫ۿնſһް
ް޷ֻоǰһڣʧȥʶ
֪˶ãԺУ˵ĺţѣѣ
ްһۺǰ²ײ¼ˣرס̫ˣˡ
Աߵ˼ްˣҲ˵ţǰǰôͻȻ͵ȥ
ްԼոշˣȴΧľոȫͬ
һˮ̨ͤˮУΧ˻յˣǳЦȻ
ЩֵգĵĴ磬ͬŮͼе˴ӻ˳
ްǰĻŵţ⡭ô£
ҡҡͷҲ֪ôոĶ籾תۼް͵ȥǵȥްһת͸оͷĿѣȺˣŷѾһµĵط
ߴް˾ͺãϷҪʼˡ
ްͷˮڲúλÿλ϶һӣӦļ塣
ͺֱѡ˵Ĵ綼ܲЭ紩һϮŨյױݴʹӵ·
˷ֿҲ̫ϲĴ磬ߴˣ°ɣʱˣ
˻ҲѡԵλӡ
ȥһϯɽսںߡ
ֻ´ްͳ棬˵λұߣдŽ
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ͷóĻ
η粨ܿƽϢްϯϵˣɽ¥ĸо
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47 ޣ
4.7
ȼٵˮӳ̨ͤˮ鿵ĵƹ⣬ˮ渡ֳһ㵭ĹӰˮ֮У޻յŮһ÷
ȥֻˣˮһӣ޵òѵˮ䣬չ¶˵ǰ
ްҲŮҪҵ÷ֻоһ˿졣
Ϊôɣ
ֵξһ÷ң÷ոպҲ÷
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ڵӺң÷Ǹӡ
ް¶һۣʱج֮У֪ǰǲ÷
˶ԭλصȴ赸Ľ
ˮĸ̨ˮ辡÷λŮʹӵ£һҶۣˮ鿵̨ס
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޹ӽȻ˵ôһλҡ
һȴڸԻһ
÷׽ܲˣƱǰһȴߵס
²磺ʲôѡ
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ް˵ûҲȰ£𼱣ٵȵȡ
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DM䲼񣬺̨ܿһ׼Ǻ㣬һС˵·ȴһ½衣
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ڶǴɽվ̨˰죬˵һЦ
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˱ЦƵûðƤֻոոյ½ȣֱر
÷ȴֱվƣ˵ЦʵУޡϡ
ʹŸͷ͵ɽŵôɽˤ
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48 ޣ
4.8
֮ϣ˿ʼб䡣ǱΪֻһNPC÷ҡߣڿˡ
÷ҡԴްݵĽɫܴ󣬲ûиκεߣߴϽ̨
ްûа㱻ܣ˵ʣûʲô𣿡
÷ްĻֳһ䣺С㣬øոյı𣿡
ްƤ˵һ䣺䣡
û뵽Ὺڣ˵˾䣺ɣˡ
ްĻҲչЦţ֪ˡ
صԭλֹΪʲôҵأѵΪϲ
һԵĳ泰һ䣺裬Ҳߡ
ްףԭ÷ҡƷĲǱݣˡ
Լ˵ҳҲ󰡣
ôްе⣬ͷһ۴ް죬컰ôôࣿ
ްƤĺȣ˳ÿʵǻ࣬ǽš
جΣġ̨ͤ¥ĲãЩˣֹ
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ϯϵ˱Щ죬ǿްݵĳ㱻÷ҡ̣еֻЦеΪ÷ҡ˾⡣
Щ˼죬λϿš÷ҡֿʼʵݣα࣬һ˿ŭҲȰū֪СĴˣǹһɽǱȵǲգ书СոǹȷʵúܺãԵݲ
ūֻΪ˹ƽǰЩӡСĲǶˡ
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ްꡰ÷ҡĻĥѵĲμϦ磬ϣ㻹÷ҡԼĹ幫ӡС۸ˣûеõߡ
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һֱΪԼ̥˸ĸŵ³ಡôĲҡ
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л˵
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49 
4.9
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ڰ᳡ްŮ˵ļվųķ˼µΰڵϡ
ްͷƤ˶ǣ棡
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ްǺܻţϾǽجεˣܿж
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һȻȥҳ桢»ǸȵķԱɽ硢㣬һǲ򵥵ˡ
ǲǱجңްоǺԼһ˵ġ
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05
ºҴһƸ
ͷɢȴЦȻ˵Ǹùã˶ˡҶȴܸ㡣
˵Ǳƣǰĸ缸ǰѾ͵Ķƣؼţ˴
Ҹȥɱغ죬ǰʶ̫࣬Ȼø١һ¶ŵĴ̿׼ġ
ñطĺѣЩһ˿һ˵
Ҳҵߣ渵ЩΪ֪Ĺ£ֱһꡣ
ҹߵ̫Һ͵߳ݷᶪ˺Уᣬͨͳˡ
Ҷ߻عУŴñ޺ˡ
һ궬磬ĸ磬һ˶ڹʱȻøҵĹʱ䣬ԼȨһҾѶδȻøˡ
ǿģ˵˺ܶ໰ֿҹԡ˵Ϊȡ˶Ĳͷ
ҵΪϵϲͷͻȻͷϱ塣    ѷᡣÿһҶϤ
¶Ƚ䣬ҵֽŽӲȻøڻĺҵĶ˵ٶˡȻѾ촽ңҹˣϢˡ


50 
5.0
¶ԳӡһֱãΪ溦ʹް֣ںҶһֱûǺɫûʿȣûò˵ͬġġ
ںҶ˴ѣ־ǣҲҪǮ
ԣĿУǽʣĸҲһпļթСˡ
Ȼ²˵˾˲Ӧշѣֻôλεؿշѣһĸо
¿˿;ϵۣôǮǲǸ̬Ⱥһ㣡
ûУı䶼ûС
Ǹ߸ϵģ˭⣬ʱó˵Դ¡
²ֹһڶ룺ްûҴľǴްǸˣ
ްˣôӣ
ڶʱҲ̫ϲް˵ţǻܼ٣ʱִš
һ룬Ҳڶ˵û̲סʣãǣе㡭
˵ڣڶϾ˼ϣаǲǣһаˣԲԣ
µͷͬԶԶԣ͸оһ
ڶ⣬һڳϣ´һ뷨Ǿǣ濴ȥһˡ
²ƾףֻƾû
˵һˣ飬˵Ļһ˵Ϊ
ڶҽԺǻĳްˣ
񻹼ǵóǸ񣬺޲ýް
ڶĻǵǴްȻѾ£ǺܹĴް
һѴްû뵽÷ʧٵ顣
ǻպ뵽ްͳ棬ްϣܵõ棬
û뵽ǵõ˰뻢ڡ
½جǰ;֣Ϊʲô治Ҫκ׼͸ҴǽجΡ
УΪʲôجΣ
ˣһжǳı
»ǵúڰٵһ˲䣬һסߵ磬һС
סͣ˵ţ꣬ԣӡ
ҲϲΣʱ򷢳˺ȵΪһֱ֮Աǡ
ǣЩϺȡ˵ᣬʶΪ
µͷŰַ¡ں֪ްͳʲôط
˵ʵֲ̫
翴µ˼˵ѲոյһڣܶûǱתƵطˡ
εĺܡ
˶ԴŮӻǺĵģµĵǣοأǸñŮ˻ƯˣǸ֣
粻ǰ˵ԷѵĻǾ䡰ûڣĳˣûȴȥȻȥҺϡȻϺȥǡ
ºܸл磬˵ţлл̫ллˡ
Ůͦò鲻ӻóһӣŻϵĹ⣬ãһ﷿
¾͸Ǻ£ȫҶֻקڣǰ
˱ȴް˺ܶ࣬ŻӺܿҵ˴šܴһž߿ľš
˳˷ķ羰䣬ɫò̫á£һѷõʬ壬θĶ³
翴ܵľ££ӣֽһΡΣû뵽εôѡ
Σ
ºУ磺㡭Ҳ֪جΣѵҲ˵ģ
ͷ˵ţȻˣҺͺﵽʺĵضΪʧ١
ˣԭͺͬСûϱ¶ݣֻ˵Ҳ˵ģ
ͷʾ֪Ǹʲô÷ҳʱ㺰ɤӣϾͲµǺһǱجƭҡ
Ⱥ棬ҲǸдɽɵñҡҲܺãǣ϶ͺǵùһ⡣
뵽ոա÷ҡһĳ
ᵽ÷һɬԽҲ̫ùˡ
иж˵Ķԣá
䣬׼ˡ˺ܾãҲûҵްǣߵһǺķ䡣
ⷿĲøĳһҲ͸©һ־¡
˶ʱоΣգǶһۣ׼뿪ȴһŲ
סԼͣԼ̲סУ¶ǵλӡ
ó䵶סʱ׼һս
ҲǵһôӵجΣججΣգҲûгֹѪɫ
϶Ǻ¶һŽĹʱܷʸ
ŽŲԽԽԽš
µᶼ˳оס͵֣ĺҲһס
оԼʱҪʹȥ
ǰҲŵǰ䵶Ĭţڱӣڱӡ
˶ϲԣɽŲջǿǡ
ȷˣֱӳ˳ȥ䵶Ҳһ˳ȥ
䵶ڿתʮȦֱӳǸǵˡ
ǸûȹͷϽһΣ˫ͨ죬һŸһģһ
Ҳ˳ȥһϼĹӣţɱ
һ룬Ǹ˵󣬴㵵غ棿
Щ⣬ô滹һŮװøްࡣ
ͣڰ·ϣţ棬ô
Ǹ桱֣˫ͨ죬Ǿһֹʲô
û壬ɱȳȴ桱ﺰţɱ㣬ɱŮˡ
ɵ㶵ºܣԾ
仰ʱѾˡǸ桱ŵ嵽µǰ
䵶ﱻ˵µһɵڶʱֻƿ£û۶桱ϡ
һ˲丯ʴˡ桱
桱ʹرסԼͷɶݺݵغţҪɱˣҪɱ㣡
¿ΪԼˣܡ
˳ȥ濴һŰɫĵ
ͺʹްһ
ոմްʱ»Ϊǡ桱׷˹
ºᣬŴް˵ţ棬ҪɱңĻ֣ǲһеĺ֡
Դֺǵͱȥɷ磬ȴ䵽һ³
Ƕᱻɱģ
ްµĻµĿò˵һ䣺£ˡ


51 
5.1ϣ
ܽޡĵζЩϤ˳ζںڰšߵúָϵָƴ
˺ţ棬档
ᣬ˵ૡ
ɫúѿֲˬܿûԣ׼ָ˲˹
˦ʮָķУйεǽϣһӡ
ǲ˲ֲֿţ棡棡
ڳ˳ˡЩã˼٩𣺡ôҵ֣ҲŹġ
ƺ˳ĵ٩÷ŭ桱ֱɴ̶ļ
üס䣬Լ̫ûнĵ
˫ӡһ䣺׻һ񣡡
޴İɫŵֱӽռ䶼ըˡ
ڰʧ˲䣬һ۵ĹƵó治ò۾
һ۾ִˣ棬棡
һλϤȻҲᣬеϧţ棬ү˵㳤ˣҿ
ۣʱĺԺһÿͩ£æµʹӡ
ͩľͷͤУһװŮض֡
ơү˵ֳ߲١
ֱ信ˣŲү˵ʲôѾͷҿĺжȹùˣ̼ҾҪ˵ǲǣ
סͤŮŮǸ׷ԲԵˡ˴һ佫һϡ
˾ͤд⡣
վԭأָϵķʧָ䡣ͤۿЩ죬ţùã󸸣
ͤĺͣ£ų֣ţˣѧʲô
֪ǰ˶ǼٵģϤĻ棬òݡ
ûлػתȥ
ͤ˼뿪ȰҪȥĶ֮ǰһֱɪѵ뿴磿
ĽŲһ٣ڣһ˴ԱܳǸ˴ŵɫϾеĸβ
һȥȳͻС
˼棬ͳס˵ţò棡
汻ǰġ硱סǸ˵ţҺ㰡棬𣿡
л˵
̣֪ܶ죬ҵԻˡû˴٣дֻܷڵĴ尡Ծ͵ˡһ㱨£ĵѾˡУҲУٻ1֡ȻллϲҵĹ£Ҳллҵĺǣ


52 
5.1£
۵ĺڷվڳǰеϾã̫ˡ͸úһ
Ѿûм磬Щ죬һʱЩ
ڷشյǰţܣܣιιܣôˣ
ڷʱ÷ꡣһƿǰ꣬üͷȻǸٵģ͸װһ㣬αôᣡ
ڷ걻Ƶ򣬲ˤڵءɴ˫ۣŵؿų˵ʲôأôһҲ
û˷ʱ䣬ѵõĺ飬ΪǰĺڷʧӰ١ָٴιУֱӷڷꡣ
ڷʱȥ˰Դֻһֻ۾͵ʱģ
ǺڷҲû֮ǰĳȫ¶ðϢȥԴ䵽Ͼͱֽҡ
濴һۣû뵽αװɱĶһֽˡ
һָָûһŽɫĻ档ǻ֮ǰӴްȡģεƵĵо
εƽͱϨˣֻʣûĻ
ůˣʹްԸЩ
ͻȻôްҲٱǰֽҪǿ
ţ׻һ ˣ
ԭָϵĻû˵״涪֮С
չ᰿裬ëϵ𽫳ΧΪ𺣡
֮Уԭ̨ͤ¥յںڣֽǶҽУţ棡棬ôôң
棬֮ˣ
棬Ф
˷û˿ҡġ
һֱǣֻǰԴֽˣֽñ˵ţ棬ôԴ磬ѵ𣿡
һٵģôأ㣬ôٵһϷǵ
˵ʵЩˣ֡
֣Χֽ˵˲ޱףͬ˵ţ´ˣСӣ´ˣ
泰طһڣ
ָ⣬˵ţ֣ԽԽȥˣҲԣһˣô˵أ
ҲǶڴϣҲûʲôë
ֽĻЦ˵ţСӣ´ŶֻһϷû뵽ôãֶܸ
ҲǣҪ˵СˣһǴִˡϾУ޴˿ǶԹأ̣СӵҿǶ
һнеֽͷгƬЩƬ˻˲ճɻҽ
סؿڣ³һѪҧгݵ˵ţ죡
ָϵķûͣռ䶼и֧顣
ֽ˱˻վռ䱻и顣
ֻص˺ڰ֮Уؿڣƣӣĵطȥ
˼ǰš
û룬ֱһ߿ȴӲݴĻ԰
԰ûʻֻзŸζ࣬ԼҰʬ塣
浽ϰζɫ԰ףӺڰķ߳һȥץĴ֡
ǰУŶʯ̳ɵСĿĵǰš
û߶ãͿһŰɫ̳ɵС
СľͷһС¥С¥ĴްױѻٵŮţ棬ҪɱңĻ֣ǲһеĺ֡
Դֺǵͱȥɷ磬ȴ䵽һ³
Ƕᱻɱģ
ް껰һӦˣ
תһ룬Ҳ̫ܣ
ӦڹŶ￴ŵӣôج֮أ
ų뷨ǿˣֻجбó˵
ްһſڵ£ˡ
껰֪ۡްô˵ĵصͷðɣֻ㡣Ųţҹܲ
ްģĲϣ¡
ް֪¶ĹģҲ֪¶ԳЩᡣ
²֪䣬Ҳ֪沢ɱͨˣ˵ʸûС
ްˮȲ˵ĳ棬Ҳ۹⣬Ѫĳ档
ڴްĿУǴģͬƷ
סµļٴα£ҲµġҲµġģųǣ
ǰػжһͿػֱµĶ͸ˡ
Ȱް䣬ͻȻһҵĽһ¥
л˵
жĺǣ͸ǵĴްɣ׷֮·ضԶ


53 
5.3
Ѫգɫ¹⸲ȪݣǸԹĻȪһѪ֮ζ
ǰܵĻȪУõﳤһڽڰ׹ǣ׹˰ɫĳӡЩӿʳŰ׹ǣϸС
Ű׹ǴУǾһ㣬ʬ
Ȫݵĺ񷿼ѪԵЦͨһ̨̨ûߵļɫΧС¥һ¥һʬ塣
ʬ崩źȹŻ񣬵˫ۣ沿ڵϡ
Զһɵˣ̲סĵĿ־壬һҵļС
Ǽ𣬴ް̸ϵһ¥¥ϾͿһ¥Ĳ
µһ÷
ȣ¥ϣȫŵϵ˾ĺý÷
ްҲĻ𾪣ûʱ䰲£Ͻ¥ŲϷĴɽʲô׷ʲôˣ
ɽް֣ˮе˷ָľһ㣬ץס˴ް֣ţɱɱˡɱɱˡˡ
ް֪ɽܺ£㿴ɱ𣿡
ɽӻңްʻһֱظţɱˡ
˵ɽֻظһ䣬ǰްһ⡣Ƕ˲˴ɽ
ɽһѾ͸Ӻ£˵ˣҲˡɱˣɱˣ
ɲɽ˵ɥŶϵ˿ʣСӣ˵˭ɱˣ
ɽе磬ոձһ⣬Щססǵӵް˵ţ
ްɽѣתסɽʣ˭
ɽްı࣬ԼʵڿĪطʲô籾ɱ
ڿɺãˣ
߿ޱ˵ҲˣҪؼҡɱˡɱˣ
ް֪ɽھЩסҪֵ磬ĵţɽ㵽׿ʲô˵ǽ⣬ͿԻؼˣ
ɽԻؼңڼǿһЩҿһԵʬ壬˵ţǡ
˵ĻͻȻðһ飡ײһ
ްɽǾ䡰ǺһӣǸгˣ
Ҳű߿һѪĳ棬߽
ɽ˵껰һֲõԤӿͷոű߿תͿһѪĳ档
ٴηһУһ껹ˣɱǸŮˣ
ܾûݺǵһô˵ˣݺԺֱ˹ȥ
Щɽȡˣתۿ÷ڵϡ
Զ¥᲻ֹ£ǰǾ磬Լü¶ǱĴް
ò˵Ĵްˡû˵ƵĻް嵽ߣţˣҪҪ
ôеĻóЩʣͻȻոջþеļ
һʱЩ޴룬Щƺͷ̵Ļ˵ֻһ䣺û¡
䡰û¡ڴްͱ˳ǿס棬뱧ų¥ϢĵطϢһ
Ȼƣǰ飬ȴľ˷ܡոǸдɽ˵ɱˡ
окϷϳ
Ȼõ˿һҲûУֱӰѵϵĴɽѹ
Ĵɽ˵ţ㿴ˣɱŮˣԲԣ
ɽȻѣһֱڿ־СԼŵô󺰣ɱңɱңûʲôû
ɽô˵ӿ϶˳ֵݡ
ȷ˳ݣ˦ɽ䵶˵ţ֣־ܡ֮ǰҵ飬һˣ
ȻӦһԵĴްֹ磬ӦᣬҾҪӳ飡
Ըһ꣬ο֮ǰͼ桱£дɽ֤Ȼƶ֡
ԴްĻ֮Աǣ˵ɫ֮ͽҿǱԵߵˡ֪ǹ͸
ްѾǵһۣʵЩôҶǺɫ֮ͽ˵ԼԵߵ
ͷߵĳ棬Է԰׵ϣ鲻˫¶һ˿ɫ
ްʱһֱڳߣóֳ¶ϲáֻģʵڲһ˾ӡ
ټĵҪ޵˫յѪɫøȷʵߵı¡
ްס۾ٷųɫ֪ôǳ治ġ
ε磬һԼˡ
ɴްһ̧ͷͿӵ񣬺ɫ죡
ްԩֻε˵һ䣺ҡ֣֮ܶҲǺɫ֮ͽجѵо£𣿡
˵úǳϿңǲţֻȻס档
ްĻȥֻԼǰĶ
ްһ٣ɻûڣһϤŮ˵ţܣ˵Ķԣ̫çײˣ
л˵
ллСɰĴͣѾܾûյˡжллĺǺԣллҸⱾǵˣ


54 
5.4
çײںʲȫǰƾԼ뷨ϵؾһС
ִԸ񣬼ڸĵĶϰȽϵĲҡ
һý㡣
ڰһ¥߳һŨױŮˡ
ϤתͷС·ĺһ¥Ľ˳ᣬŸ߸Ьèȴûзһ˿졣
ĳָṩٵ㣬С⣡
˺أǰˣ˵ţô˵ôأ
Щº㣬סӣָų棺㣬ҸոձС͵Ϯ˵ˣû£һҲû£
ֲɵӣ֪ԼܵҪӻӣҩ˵һȥҩȳʣ
λӣٴʳǣ˲˵طŹ֣ҲųйֻûģɱˣҪһ֤ҵ֪ǵѣʲô
ںͿҩ磬Ͻڵ֪㣬֪Ǿҵ˵ŮˣŮ˽÷
Կһ۵ŵ÷Ů˲״ͬ飬ֻ÷պ͹÷һհɺϣǹΪ֮
ް֪ʱʱĶΣ鷳Ŀ÷÷ˣǵĿѾ뿪
֮ǰľ뿪Ӧֻɱ취
㣬ڵܵ˵û÷ģɱ÷ĿӦҪСҲ˵ˣجΣôеʱĶһġһϵˣҿϲһЩܱȲҴҪá
ϲ˴򽻵Ƶ˵ĶԣҾ˵׵㡣Ҿ㻤ŵǸ˺Σա˭
ҪӿһЩϲ͵ˣؿڵһֱĥ۵
ҪҪǰЩ߰ȫɱԼķɣһЩѪ
ް˳ģס۾Ȱ۲Ĳ
ס棬ó汳źǣ˵ţѧѧǵ÷ģ˻
ްĻȫ滰һҲûܳ档⻰˵ƯҲóĿ࿴
浹û뵽ްֿȥ˳ʵˣ˵ѻ۾գ
һ룬ǹŵԸͻȻֱŤƽްûƭ
ԽԽԼȷһҧڴްļϣ˵ţƭӣ
ްҧһڣڳϵһó涨ǾƽԼûƭεС˵ţûƭ㰡ԼԼ
汻ް˼Щ֪ΡҧŴްļһʱûȿˮʪ·ʱް˾䣺·úܣҪطҧ
üͷһ壬һƿ˴ްȼĪĻ˵ţô˵
ް˵ɳҲûᰡ
ǰ棬ȴ֡
һԵĺ˿Сʵ̲סһ˵ţǴܲܵȻǻû˵أ
ϢĲ࣬عͷţƾʲôҾҪش𣿡
ûް˵ǹʢ˵ģò˵ʵøС
ƢҲã⻰ԼļҵүʣΪɱ˵ѵ˵
ɲʲô᳤ĺӣ⽨ϵϾ˼³ˣںɱ֣
ѿڶΣ
ںɴްںϣһ˿۵㡣
ްס棬Ժ˵˲ѾݺĿġ
Դް˧һûʲôֿһߴްĳ棬ţͷôȥˣ
ŵŵĿʬ壬ͷۻںµĴɽ׼ʴɽ仰
ͻȻDMӶ¥λҵ˼ϣڿʼʼ֤ڡ
ֵͻȻͺʲôһͻȻð˳˶Ϊ֮һ໥һۣûжǺµĴɽţǻ籾ɱҿɲԡˡˣ
ʵǺʹɽһС¥Ŀɱֶ֡Ǹ˴ŴƣȻûпӰ·ȷʵָ棬
̸˹ȥȥץˡǸ˼ǳ֣ߡ
׷ȥϵķֹǶ˺˵䡣
֮ѡʱһǵĽͣԭҲڣֳ
Ҳûɡ
ں㿴ΣصجУÿһ˶֡
ɽĻֱ˴ްʱǺ
ް룬أڳϷҲûˣ𣿡
綼ͬް˵֮ѡƾ籾ɱϷǴϷɱΣ
һߵߣ޷ɱߣȡ
һ̶ҶŸֲ߻ض¥
·ϣް˿£밲οȴ֪˵ʲô֪÷ĹϵҲΪ÷ʹ
Ŷ¥ȥ˵ţ£ҪǻجУ÷ûҪΪ÷𡣡
֣ȷʵܸ
̧ͷ涵˴ް˵ţԣҪΪ𣡡
˶ڱУͻȻһ䣺ûˣ
л˵
ǳлϱСɰĴͣдҵĺǺԣллˣ


55 
5.5
û뵽˵Ļϣ棬ţǡǣ
汻ײŵϵˮζе㲻ϲС͸ԼҲı죬ŮڶĳͶͱŮ˱ȺȹľˮҪࡣ
˵ë֪࣬Ů˵𣬶Ҫһӡ
治ÿɷ񣬵ڶͰѱϲĻӽƷӳԼҵСԺʵóԸŮˣƭóŮ˵
ֻЩŮ˶ǳںԺĻ˽ԼüЩ˵Ĵȳࡣ
˵Ǳ
ȴ˵˼ҷĹľһ֮أҸˣܱǻҲӭźðɣ
εû˵ʲôֻ˵Ҳ˼ҹڵһһһ˫ˡ
ȴ̵Ҳ뿪ңȥһһһ˫ˡ
ԣ£ԴŮ˶ŴȴԷж⣬ֻǹҲ硣
ײˣǳ⣬ɽ˱磬һЩ顣涵ģͻȻ˺Ժˣһʱ˵ţţʱ
ֱק·
Ҳǵһθܵᣬ֪ΪͻȻһЩøС
Լק˳·Щ˼ֵԲŪ·
һòؿڣ޷Ѿˡ
ָ¥µʬʬû÷Ļǣ÷ȥҪʲôϷ
µͷǰ˼ɿԭޱߣ槼֮ˣ˲ͱ֮ˡ
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ˣȡݸ£Ŷ¥ȥ
ֻ·ްʱɫЩף˵ţôˣ
ްʱе֣֪ΪμԴ£еŤǲ̫ǳܹذο£Ǽ£
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һ϶¥Ͻĵֵѹĵֲʱػͷ¡
һεĹװˣһ깫ӣŴްֲӼ˵С
ްֻƤһһվڳ֮䣬˵һ㣬̫ˡ
»Ūް뷨һ߽¥Ϥλţ㰴֮ǰҡķڸԵλϡ
һ룬DMŵͷ
λӦü¥µʬ˰ɣûϦһϢڼ䣬÷ɱڴҿȥ¥µ֤ҪСŶΪܻй
DMԽԽСֻʣ¡
ްЩͨû˵Щʳ棺ʲô
λϣ˳˼Уһʱްֻ˵ô⣡
ްһ壬ĵǵŤˮƿһӿͷеί˵ţ˱ˡոôᡭ
汻ް˼ްĻ˵ţôҪǸҲôᣡ
ްһӿһЩЩ˵ţڲһ𣿸磡
ްôԼƤð˳ȷʵްڰݵľǳ㣬ҲŮװֻްǼܴȫŮࡣ
˴ްĻбŴް˰ɣ
ްίͱŤԼǵƵõЦݣţ磬֪ʲô˼Һòã
ʵû뵽ްôûߣ˲Ӭһ˵ţ˵󣬻δڤ磬ʹĹꡣͻɹںҶ岻Ǽ𣿡
ްͣػ˾䣺磬ʲô֪
ϵľƱҪ棬ֱ¡
סްͣްҪô˵Ҿ㵱ˣ
ͷ۴ްȹӣʵҲǶŮ˶ᣬֻϲ
Ļû˵꣬һϵĺʹɽѾҪȥȡ֤ݣɽǲԸ⣬һֱţҪҲҪ
һûֱð˻㲻ȥʹȣȥ
˺ԼȻҪοɽС£ҲһģʱҺ棬֤ݿ뿪Σ
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ͻȻվָųΪʲôҪֲ֤һųȥͺˣ
ҲͨˣһֱԼʹɽһǵùĿˡڴɽԳ棬е㲻ģ˵ţ֤ˣ㶮ѵǿԲֱ֤𣿡
ûDMð˳ŵ˵ţԣ
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ллycwĴ͡ дµʱͻȻҪǳbgС˵ĹԸܵʲôɫ˼˰죬ҾӦֻܵboss෴ްӦܵ


56 
5.6
еƹ磬ǽ塣ɫľƱ㴼ƣɢŨҵľ㣬סѪζΧĴ
DMȻŵϯ˻ŲѣСĴɽֱӹڵأԼԴţҪɱңҪɱңˡ
ɽˣ̲סŸ˿ڣȥ˴ɽһš
ǽŲأɴɽͻȻܵϮµغһӴһȭ˿ڣ۵ˤѹ˴ɽλǰС˽ơ
㵹ʪ˺°ڡַס𱭣ûȥܴɽ飬DMֱָ֣ɹΣʧΣ
DMʣأɹ˾ʧܣʧ˾ֳɹѡ
籾ɱϷϡƽﲻʵʵľ籾ɱ꣬µج֮С
ްĿģֵָĴۡ
ҲDMһ⣺ֱָϳʲôͷ
DM˺ܾãſڣͷϷȫ㡣ʵÿ˶ԼĻ֣ÿһǶһ֣ߵǸ˿Եõһ

ްɲĹDMؾᣬûش⣬һ飺͵Ǹ˻ܵĳͷ
DMٴαؾᣬأǿϷеı֣񣬻ȥƶˣõĽҲܶ࣬簲ȫؼҡһˣֻĶ
һ˲˵ע⣬ǲԼʧܣDM˵ţһôʧϰ徫Ϊ׼ġ
DMĻҸӳĬǸ£ԼӵЩ
ʱһЩɵؿڣѵ֮ǰıݾ񣿡
ͷпܡ
ʵҲ뵽㣬ֻû˵ûҪֹؼϢڳˣϾֻлߵ˲ܵõ
ϯ뷨˻бͷʹ޵Ĵɽ۾̧ͷţǡԻؼң
һ䣬ȴ˻ӦDMҲûг͡
ɽľ񱾾ڱıԵܣõӦҧҧһ䣺ǿָƱȥǡҡܻؼˣ
żָ˳棬˵ѡ
һۣҲָ档
һûָ֤ս˸ӵ˼пʼ˹
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ͺ̬£ºʹްǡѵؼ𣿡
ؼңӣֻ֪гܰؼҡȻɳ棬侮ʯ¡
ûڣĬһԣؿų治мһ˵ı飬ԼްڳǰӰ
ôŵһĻʵDM˷ܡð˳ʣѾλѡֱƱ֣ôλңѡ񣡡
ްϣֱָɽѡ
һ£ʾ¸ѡ
µͷָɽҲѡ
ް֧ϽعͷԳ˵ѡ
֪ްά˳Ӵްָɽ
һϯϾƽƱ֡
DMϲֳ˵ţΪƽƱλһѡ񡣡
һѡǰǺܺõƱڣްֱԣǻӦֻٰ֤֤ܸߡ
ȥͳ⣬ȻɽǸںֻ࣬񣬴ﵽǵĿġ
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ްһΪƣûƢڴɽ˽˺ֱӺԴɽԺλãϢһ֤ݾȥá
ԴްЩøУԳǻɣӲDMĹDMķԸȥ£ǲӹķԸҪӡ
֪Ϊκӣֻøź̬ʱ˴ްĻͬһ¥Σأһۣ㿪ڣ㣬Ҿÿԡ
һֱϯλϲɫشˣͬȥ֤֤ݿô죿
ް̽⣬ԣDMһ֤һ׼˶֤ݿ
DMϣһʮſ
ͷԣʮſһŶŶС˧硣
ްͬԼ飬תҲϵߣްǵİš
һߵĺڽʲôֻڵϵĴɽɵۣǰѾ˵ĴްǣֿΣյĺ磬һʱ֪ΣֻܷһεŭţǡΪʲôһؼңҪؼңҪؼң
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жĺǣ͸ǵСްɣ


57 
5.7
ɽľڱԹڳˣΪӣǰ
ްɽŭЩͬ飬֪ԼʱǰοҲ޲
û˴ɽһĮرż⡣
濴ôһϷڿڣһˣ
ްΪʲôĺ壬ʣʲô˼
Ъ˹Ĵɽ̧°ͣ˵ͨ˽ͨһνجΣƵҴܣҶҲ
ްγķ̣ǵһĵ٩ǻϲἰԼ˲ͽĵЩֵ˼ѹסţôȻ֤һȥϢһ
ްҪǰǵǣôУһô죿
ް൱Ĵ󣺡һСĵضȥûµġϴκҶ壬Ҳһ˹
֣棬Ѱ׻°ɣ
һֱŴɽɽı󣬲ջ׻ްת¥ȥ
·ЩҡҡλΣǿ㣬š
ްĶǵȥסȴ
ü˦˵ţҡ
ŴӶȽϿ󣬻ֺƣֱ˦˴ްϣǺݺݵһ⡣
˵ǵطһ
ʼղϰ̬߳ȺͿްһ⣬۵ǰȥްȴްȫ⣬˳˵ţһߣҲ̫㡣
ôްԽûأ˦֣ؿڵʹʹʲôɴް¥ȥ
ҲǰһûǴڴްΪȫ
ɴްȴͷͱȥˣﰲȫЩ˳㡭
Ʈϣ˲ջء
̾صͷֻСĵ㡣
Ŀ뿪ǵıӰܾôްڶԴ̬һЩ仯
ƹ״̬Ĵɽԭλﻹްͳ档
ˣֻһСС
µ¶Цݣķһ㡣ƺϵĳƵЦݣС죬һϣްͳƽ
֪¥ݵĳ棬ؿڵˣֱӵȥײϣˤԴ
ųĴްһֱڳˤԴǰס
ް̻س棬ԷɫȸոջҪףǵǡ
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ްû뵽ϵôأûͬͱض¥Ϣȴ
סؿڣ³ǰߣͷû¡
ոֻͻȻԴްɱģɾ˲ӡ
ؿʹӾ磬ֻ˳Ŵް˼ſڴްıϣŴްϽˤͷ
ɱһǧ˰ٵˣ֪ԼܶԻ⣬ƫƫϲ˼
˼ؿ۵֧Ҳǵýѵһֲ飬һűж˵Ķʱըܾȫûɱ
ſڴްıϣԽԽͲʶް
ԴʶްԺ󣬵ù¾ûͣ
ڱôԶްһͷĴްȴôһЩ
ų棬оŮûʲôʵ̫ˣȫһ˸е
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ް£ţСӲ̫֮ǰסĲǺ
Ĳ˵ΥĻް͵С˵ɲ̫ķӣԴܼҺŮ͵ľƵʽǺ
ôٵĻҲͳˡ
ڶһز𴩴ްĻԣ߳棺סĲһЩ
ϧڶ벢ֻһһԶްĳ棬˵ţǾȴպϰɣȥͰҰᵽǼСȥɣ
ްûΪ仰ͣ½Ųȴǹ̨꣬ų棺סǶȥ
ȫûй˼ްôްò¹Ỵ̂϶뿪ôΪѣסڴްСҵȶסٰȥ
ſڴްıϣ˵ţţסȥô㣿
ްæػأôᣬȻˣֻΪʲô
ԼҪްסˣѵûѡΪͺܵù仰˵ڡ
ԭҵĽǣסˣ뻻һط
ɳͻȻ󷢴ȱĳˡȥסĵط
ѵõŻ˴ްԭ̨ģ˲䷢˺Х
Хû˴ްǣÿϲ˷ѹסӵʣֻ¡뿴סĵطǲ˵Ҳʼˣ
˼ϣûһ¥С̨ףһŲȿգųֱӹȥ
ıˤʱ䣬ϵظԼܶܶɱްùˣԶͺãԶͺã
ô룬屻ްѹ\\\£ȫûƿ
ںۣؿۣϻѹһдްĴɽֻԼĳĺá
һ̾ԼѾףͷ컨壬ԭɢ˲ϬһѱסĴް죬С㡣
ްһŵϵѪζΪոˤˣţˣ
һסްֱͣۿסļ򣬴յ˵ͱ𶯣ǾȻج*
оް붯ְסްĺףٴξ𶯡
˾ӵڵϣܵްеһ˿ߡ
Ĵްֻкף֮䣬
ŵްϳȴѪζζܵȪˮζ
ζڴްıǼƺԽԽŨڸסѪȵζ
ްӸոտʼڲûĹģһȫˡ
õȫȪˮζзͳ˵ľˮ֮䣬ްͻȻоԼʶһص⡣
⣬ʹ
㲻Ұɣ
ްǵԼĵʱĻش
ôᣬйŮѡ
ͻȻԼЩЦô꣬һβ˰֪
ް룬ǳٿһ飬ԼǷ̹Ȼ˵
ԳرۣԼֻɾ
С糡
ܶ󣬳ס˴ްġСУԴӾصСŮϵľˮԴްӵ˵ȷʵ̫
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˵㣬Ҿںдүǵ㡣ֻҪһŮ˻ƯܣҪһܰ
ϣܴЩǸңлл


58 
5.8
Ѫɫ֦컨һǣعڽ֦һһŵ򱣻ס
Щ࣬ʡ͵ĵƣ컨µĶ
ʹް¥ϹʱЩ˲ͰĿۼǵϡ
̰ŵϵӵˣ֦һ򾡡غ󣬱û˶ͺ͵Ǿʬһ
ޣ˲ͽӵжΪʬ塣ֶһʬ壬̽ԵһϸѪɫ֦컨£˵÷ʬĽСؽʬ͡
һ͵ʬɵĶȫڳУó۽硣
ֻӱ˵Ĵ֪Թ磬Ԩ֮СǵԺǿֻҪССһ֦ܴҲֻҪССһ֦һǳء
ްһֱϸϸܺʲôҲɫ
һӺ󣬳ɿ˴ްް֪治ϲ§§һ͹ϣһڵϡ
˫ۣһϸػһ÷ʬ塣֣дţʲô
浹û˦ްֱ֣ӿڣ
ްû뵽ֱӿڣ濪˿ڣҲѧ棬ʣǶҲǹ
ûش𣬷Ƕòſڣǡ෴ǹСϲɫԽɵԽࡣ
ްЩˣȻǹУǲǶ֤һ¡
Щʳ棺ǡ֮
⻰ôްСԴϻͦ⡣ֻڱۡؿۣҲ֪ްͷΪʲôѧڵϡ
תͷް㻹Ҫɵʲôʱǵ𣿡
ްһͦԶһ¥СȥѰ
һͬһ䣬ɵصõûʱȥݣץʱ䣬Ҫ꣬ϻض¥
ڶҲͬɣ˲Ѵ֮͵õ
ȡƬĹ̺ɣްɽһõϵſƬֻĻأڼ򵥵ķ˴ȥȡȻɷ
ų棬˵ţӴ󽱾ں䣡
˼Ȼ岻ʣɱС£Ǻó
վڵǰ˷渺ƿţްǰ塣
໥ϣƿ˵ţȴʲôûУֻ
ްһǰȥȡȴ¼ͣ˽Ų
óȻǰֻܵȴųķԸ
ָţ׻ʮ 񡣡
һֻɫӳзɳֱײΧײֻĹ
ϴżҾӷ絽ֱӻΪҽ
ްǵĴ²⣺Щ˶żҾӷǻֵܺߡ
ҲϿ˵ĻʵջٵĴ¥ԭڻܺ߾ͱ˹
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˷ܣڴܶŹ飬ްܾǽү
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Ǹֻڻ˵ˣɫǰ˼͵˵ϡϴ˯£ջ٣ȱһֻţֻǰ
ްЩ˺ܿʳ棺ܾܲȾǣ
ڡûм˦ȥڵĹûлǵģǵĻѱɣֻһ߾ʬˣ
ް⻰ͬǡ
ҲһֻڴϣָֻͣǷ˳ȥֱײŵĹϣЩȫ
ƹ˵ǰˣ߽ڣһ
ʮţš
Ѿеķ䣬Ѳ˺ü飬û©κһ
ް֪ûôã̾һӦ÷ʬϡ
üͷһ壬Ҫʬ壬ɲһ׵顣
ֱӷ˵߰ɣŲҪˡ
ϾҪǷһôĴս޷롣
治çȻϲɱ¾Ҳɱ¾һ
˺Ƶ˵ĿУԼ˺ơ
ѡһɴްȴڵ뵽һ
ȡߵ⣬ʣʬǰ
ްɵضʬĹһ߿һǰʬ
˴㽫ʬʬ÷ʬ塣
ϲᶯĻһ÷ȡʬѪ⹩Լ
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ϣʬ£ްס
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ȡ뿪ȫ뿴ʬġݡ
ްû뵽ô񣬸֮࣬ʳ棺˺һ𣡡
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жĺǣ͸ǿĳɣ


59 
5.9
ŹװС˷ĺ㶷ۡ˶αЦݣĵأǲѻԵϡ
ã󶼿û˵ʱްͳڻ
˽ʮóDM
DMÿλȡٽһͶƱ
˵̣ҶǰȥȥµһǰǵǴްǣţû˰ɣ
ްҡҡͷãоգ
һȡ󣬺ǰ̽ʣôûʲôΣհɣ
͸©Źģš
ް־䣬ֻأʬӦǻֵܺߡ
õ𰸣ǲ졣ƣ˳Ҳš
ȡƵǾήҵĴɽЩ´ްȡƾת
϶ϵȴôҶЩ֡
һˣȻǴɽų
ýͰͣ˵ţ⡭ǹڳ㣬Ů
ްû뵽һЩ飬̧ͷɽɽ˵ţ6 ˵С㾭͵͵޼ҴӵϢϲѼ޼Ҵӵʫ
ϲ֣
ްüͷǵóһմʱǺͱһ
Σɽڶ
ڶǳ㣬ɽûиضţ7 ˵ԼСֵֹģ˵÷ҲһŮʲôĽġҪǻɴѩСࡣ
ˣ㡢÷ҡѩͬʱҲָĽ÷ң
ϯϵЩ⣬ֱ˵һĴСΪʲôҪĽŮҲЩ㲻
Цҡҡϵ˵ţһ ҿ֪һ˵÷ôˣ˵ΪֹӲٺãҲ͡
˵һּ˵ ÷ҾͺǵһƲ³ĽϾôܱһȺƦˡ÷˵̼ãǶɽĺӡ
꣬ϷСĽ÷ΪְɣӦ÷ҵĻ֮˹ϵҲܺýͣΪʲô÷һϸСѿ
겻Ǻͬ˵ڵҾôֺ÷Ӧò˹ϵ÷ϲ֡Ŵѩ
һţ14ѩѾ˵С÷ң÷ҽŽ飬޸̽ԼҸϢ
¶һţ˵ţ÷ֻǵ˼һ12˵ǣ޼Сѩ빬Ϊ޼֪ڹ֮С̼ҹϵУʾãؽ֮õ˼
µҾã޼Ӧ̼÷֪£ԲŵѳС㡣
ĽǶްĽǶͬȴһ۵㣬˵ţҾǲùעŮ֮飬÷ҵҸо֣ٳϵܴ󡣡
˵ţ ֣ٳһг裬÷мơ˵Ǹгԭ÷
ɽ˵ţԭϲ÷Ұǲޣɱ÷ң
ɽָأֱţ˵˵ʲôҡҡûɱϲʲôϲ㡣ҵĹﻹ˵÷һҹȥ㣬˳ȥ
Ҫǰס˵ģҲԳɧţɱأ
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ɽ̲סˣǰȥǱһš
ָŴɽ˵ԭα¶˰ɣ֤ݣԭϲְ
ɽߵһʱ뷴Ҳˡ
󿴲ȥĺֹ磬˵ţʲôû˵أˣ˧磬ˣ
ްͷԼϵţʮ ˰ԣ˵ϲŮ˻ƯٳĹϵСʮ ϲǳ÷ңܸ˵Ůߣһģʲô˲𡣡
˻˵ţȻ˵ңҾ¡ɫԭ÷ϲ÷ǽܡ÷ҳΪһʱ÷ϲȥҹ÷ҡϧ÷Ұ֮⣬Сϲǳ÷ҡ
꣬ɽֲȷʵˣܺ÷ҡҵгʱû˵÷ҵĻҲر÷ҡҲǶ÷ãϲ֣ϲǴѩ
粻ţָ˵涼˵ˣζֵ֣
ɽôӣ͵ǻΪϲѩѩԼģΪ˸ġַŹѩ
£õӦ
¼ô񣬵ͷȷʵѩΪ˴ֽҲΪ˴޼ҡŴֻǺģ
꣬Щ̫룬˵ţˣҴ޼һҪһŮõٻ󡣡
±翴ЩΣҲûأ
۵ֻʣ³ûж
濴õϷҲЩˣްɣ
ްӹ壬̴֪ϲ壬صѰ͸̼ҴӳΪѡʳ̼ҴӣԸһͬ
ǹڴֵްû뵽澹Ȼѹϵ
ֳһţ֣һֱ䵽˵ϣɽ񵽡
ɽ¶˳Цݣţ޼Ҵó棬֮Լ
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де죬ֱܴȽ϶࣬һͷ¡˳ϣܴЩǸȱ


60 
6.0
֮Լ
ްĲ֪Ϊθеɬʶ棬֪࣬ȴûȥѯʣֻ۰Ͱ͵ų档
ʵܲ˴ްתͷһۣµʲô
ްڣţǸ𣿡
ɫͻȻǷŭطʴްأ
ްʱӦûش𣺡Ǽٵģ
֪ΪͻȻûš
֣ǣ˳֣Խʱ⣬ߵǰԸ߸ϵ̬Զ
˲Ż磬˺ͨǴ޼ҵļǽ֣Ϊ޵ˡ
ǷҲĽ
ް¶ۣĬ
Ϊް֣룺ްǻˡ
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Ҳܲ죬ŷ磺ǳϰ
µãһ۳޵Ǿ籾ĳҲģϲҲ
Ľɫġ
ڶôްΪʲôˣȥӽġ
µôްӦǰⱲеĺͺƢ͸˳档
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ɽʱû٣ԭָų棺ûûд֪ģڲϲ˵ʱˡͽг棬籾Ľɫͬͬա
仰˲ͺ˾裬Ŀۼϣλͬѧ˵𣿡
΢΢Ψ²ҵģôްͷƤ飬óһԼǽ֡
Ȼŷ˷Ĵɽ˵˵û
һۣʣͬͬգǲ̫ˡ
ԭ԰׵ϣΪȤ˼ɫ˫ڹ߲ǸպѪһ㡣
ЦſĴɽţͬͬա
ڳ˶޹ĳӡԺУǵͻȻ֣Ϊλϲһ档
ǰĺ죬ǿסҵ֣һᣬ׹֮С
еĳ棬ߵĿ񻶣ǳߵʥ䡣
üǣô䡣
ǧ˰̬ȴɧ
ֻеõǰ˲㡣
ĬһûŵգǸĺĵ꣬а𽵹ֶ˽ͣϾĳҡ
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ǰͶŴɽԴһ⣬ţ˰ɣôҲ°ѹ
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վ֮ǰЦݣһ飺仰ʲô˼
ްº˺棬Ժ㡢Ҳܾ裬ϾܽجεˣС
˫Ҫ֮ʣDMٴγ֡
λҹʱѽѡɱ÷ҵ֡ƽƱôֻʤõӦ֣ҿһ¡
ڣӽα̬
˳ģôް⡣Ӹոտʼôס档
ڵܲʣްҪָһˣҲõƱƽƱ
ĿǰϵѾԣ硢ʹɽһָ档ްҲֻҪָһ˾ƽƱ
ֻѡ˭ͺͳһ
ްѡ˲һˣ³Ʊߡɽȱ̬ôֻҪָϵˣôܻס档
˳ڣ˵ǸƱ
Ȼ̫ްĻǴı⡣
ްӣ˵á
ȴе㿪ģֻǿ֮࣬Ҳе㲻Ӧ֮˵Ρ
ӭ˵Ŀ⣬ڵɱ÷ҵԼ
ɱ
ްһ㶣ûشõģȲ˺ϵκˣҲԱ档
ش𣬳ȴ顣
DMĻش𣿲˵־Щ𣿡
DMܴ󷽣û󣺡ԡ
ĻҲʣɶʲô֤֤ɱ𣿡
ûӦֻ˵һɣ
类ԣס˿ڡشӣް˵ţҲѡ÷ң
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л˵
ǡллÿ춼ܿ㡿СɰĴͣлл


61 
6.1
󵹸꣬µѡްԤϡû뵽»ѡ棬ȥԭֻܳ׻׼ӭϮ
֪ѡްͳɶ鷳ĻҲֵУó治š
̧ͷ¿ްͳֵһֱԼûдûд
ӿ
ⷬ尾֮Уһߴѡɱ
һڣѡ֧ްͳ棬ʵ벻
ϯɫͻ䣬Ǵɽ
µѡһܽܡ
Ļϣܻس磬ȴһԵĺһţһֱ߶˴ɽСȡ
ɽڵϣСʹޣ׺ΪʲôôԴ
ʺ㣺Ϊʲôôңѡˣ
棺ҵܵܣЩϡ
ްͳ涼û뵽ĽһһһеЩź
֪ͷʲôš
ϧûиᡣ
һԵĴް˿ֹͬˮһĽףеŤ

ްȴûҵʲôýڣֻŲ
ѡDMٴηλұ̬ٴγƽ֣ôֻ㣬ֻʤҷһҳ


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ǰͻȻһǿ⣬ǿ֮УϤĻӣ˲ֽްｻ֮С
ϤϸתϤٻӰϯλ֮Уİ֮ˣԭЩյø
ƻԻͣĿ˽޳У󡢲解žƱЦһ¶Ŷ輧ҡ**ü۴ķ飬̨֮ϡ
ް˿ɵˣû˰㣬˿Ķ
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ЩҲ֪ǹô˵ްˡ
ް꣬ǰ¡ڷ


ڶ Ӧ÷ıݺܵ˳Ľѵ
ڽѵʲôͲöֻ֪ѵͷ÷ңͷ֣ٳ
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󲿷˶ۼһǰΧº纮ѡ
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л˵
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62 ޣ
6.2
֮Աơ*
˳ԣܣjţԶڡ*
Ǵ֮ԣ۷˭϶֮ʡɳȴãԼɵĴʣαûʲô
ߣУ޹ɶֱܷƶ֪ǶԼƣǶԼ߱΢Ц߳ԣޡ
СͶòԹɫòӰ죬СʱͳЩˡ˵ԼǺ꾫ת
˫̥ȴùڵ
ЩĻ٣ڳ
ʱϽþᵽ͡Ⱥϲᣬ˵ݣ˵Ǹ̼Ҿٰ죬ʵЦ
СС͵ĳ治֪ٲĿĻŹùó̺λѹ岻òͷ
ƱۣƱۡ
ʶڳ˵ɲʲôôʣֱ֡
ްǺԸۣȻ׳Ϊò˵˾䣺лл
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ֻȥǵ顣
˵˺֪ȴһԸˡ
ϵĻЦĶףڴްͳĶ߲ͣزš
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63 
6.3
ƻԻͣɫͻĿŭ׹⣬ϯϵˡֻһֻ۾ȴز׽κͼˡ
Х壬ϯͨ˶˶ֻһ¹ӴȺг˳ȥ
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64 
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֪ŴŮɴ޼Ҳ̫ԡȻӦ֪ˣ
̨ݣҵĸλ˵ţҶſ̨һ
Ҵ޼޴ҡҡͷֻ˵ˣҼҺѧǳϲ̨ӡ
ﻰ⼷ųóȥ
Ҳʡ͵ĵƣ̷ҡһ𣬾ͺĻᡣ
ⷬУ˴ްļ˵ȥ
ްһֱעųóʱ״̬вԾ
ʣǳһӦ
ްǲ³ֻ³Լ
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һáϯϵġĻᡱգֻ˫Ҳ˵ţã
ްһЩΣʲôû͵õúȲʣߺߵҲ̫˵㣡
ŵǳֱӵ˵Ϧյһ˾ǽĳС㣡ˣѼµжȫСȥ
ҵڼάϽ˵źˡ
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л˵
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65 ޣ
6.5
һ׼µĶȫ˴ްĻѶĵ߻ؽϯλϣϽﲻɵƯ
ް֮һ̨ʲôû
ҲһԿ佱θɵû
ôްʼ˼Լεĵֵó˿佱
˼⣬޲굽Ķȥһǻ׳档
治֪ް˼ѹǻŭͺ⣬뽫ج˺Ƭ
ߵϽʵֻһֿܣǾǱ˶ǣ֮ͬǰһ
ǣ޷ԴһԴԼļˡ
໹ôԴײųıҪ֡
ϽҲų棺ôƲֵģ˭㲻ʹˣүү
һľͺˣ
ϧٵվǼٵģ
DMǰ¹ػ㣬ϯϵnpcȫͣЩnpcDMʧС
濴ǰϽ䵭ͬʧȥɫʵͼƬʧǰ
ϽǾ䣺棬չ˺ԼҲչ˺Сģ˭۸㣬͸үү
ЦЦӦţ󸸣Ѿˣ˭Ҳ۸ҡ
У˳⣬ǶһDM˵ţλҾڶĻĳӦ֪÷ҵ˰ɣô²˳٣ӭĻڴ֮ǰұ¸λĻ֡
һŮ90֣
ڶ40֣
г30֣
ѩС20֣
ٳ0֡
λסԼĻ֣Ļᴦļλҡ
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ˣȺӣȺ쵰ңҪȻҪȻҡҲһǡǺҵġҾɹҲŹǣ
ɽеĻɽôǲˬ㡭˵˵ʲôأôˣвɣ
Цס˵֪ʵɱ÷ҵ֣
һ㶣ָŴɽôܣҼǵ㲻Ǹһ𣬻׷֡
Ҳͷ԰Ҽǵ˵ֺ
㷢һСò֪ˣôҲ֪ӻҪҺúøһΡ
˲ӣЩ£˵򵥵˵ǰվ籾ɱ磬һж磬һ籾ɱı硣
Ϊ籾ɱƽ໥лһлڵһĻڶĻǰǶ̶ͬȵ˶ǿʬֻʬ壬Ǿ籾ɱʬ塣
ˣҲ˵÷ˣھ籾ɱ÷ˡ
ް仰뵽Ҳ˵ֻҪǾ±÷ңôܻ
÷Ի̱̬ǡȥɣ
ҡҡͷ˵ţ˵ô򵥣ȷʵ÷˲ڱ÷ǻܾǰ㣬Ǿ֪Щ˻ô
ŴްͳţҲ˵ֻҪǰһֵ磬ȥҵ÷뿪
ºûŪԼ˵ص㣬˵ҲûдóȻأǲΣգ֪һصҪϽȥҪٳȥ
һɽȴɽݺݵصһۡ
ɽھǶǺˣҪ˵ţߣˣƫƫǾȡ뿪磬ټɱǸŮˡ
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ҲͬĻҲյ˺ѣϿҵؿڣл
˵껰εｫɱ
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ȻǺãѣá
һֱų棬һ̽̽Էǳ
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ʾȷĿģǰ׼һȥҪް½ǡ
ʶ㲻ϺãӦܻס¡ڴްİ׻ֻҪӦò̫⡣
һжԲߣȴĵȴްһѱס
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66 
6.6
ӱһϮİĳͷһⱾӦǹӵͨ磬ȴΪĵ㽿޵װ硣
ް˵Ļʱоŷֿһֿװ
ڿ仰һҲûд
ֻǣƽǰڳıȴ¶һ˿ᡣ
ްóҪ뿪Լˡ
棬һС
߹ްʱһдͼı
޴־ļһͼı¡һ޼ɵƻһǿ
˺ܶꡣ岻ϣ˲ֻܹӲдػ䡣
جζڳ˵һֽѣȻݳĶǻỺۻѹ
ԣްŻȰ÷飬Ҫһá
ǣجκ˳յķΧްʱЩڡȴųƿȴû뵽
治ûƿı˵˾䣺ˣ㲻֪Ϊʲô𣿵뿪Ҿ͸㡣
ްһЩšû뵽ڣһʱ֮仹ڻԼǲˡ
ϧġûɲ˵顣
ɵؽ⿪˴ްľϵӣDMһ䣺Ļ
ռ䶼ʼİϷЩǭ¿һλ˾Ȥˡ
ֻްץţɵȲʱֻ³һˡ
ԳЦ뿪㣬ֻһˡ
ǰľ´䣬ϤͤϤˡǶսۣų̼ҵ彣һսĸɽȫ赲ŵ˵Ľ
Ͻ߽սʿǲյػߡ
ıǼŵζǾʱĻ㡣
ùúүү֣ţ졢

Ѿ£ǻùõĴɤţҲүүơ
ǣһжǼٵġ
Ƕˣʷ
汳ֻùúүүһʹֵĥ
ξУԹ֮лץٿһе˵ֵ䡣
ţجεıһдֱֵʡʵƲϴ֣Ľ̰
ϣ˴⣬Ҳû˻֪ôܣ֪ں˭
»ûĿռš˲ϤףԼҵˣóѾߡ
ÿһˣֶǱʹǣ˹
ӦǷŭģȴͬƽֱŭƽ
֪جαˣ۲ˣڵи
ڰ֮УһҧָϵЩ֡õ鱨УһŵԸ
ٴοϤξкܶཫľ˹ʱӦûᲪȻŭȻƻ
Ŀóƻĳܹһ¡
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۲˿ʼЩżˣԼָףૣΪλŭΪλŭ
ȫɫţ壬ج
ͷǾ޴ͶӰĻų԰Ļ档
еĳᣬܴǳǳЦݡ
Ļ֮£ҧָ˾ĲһԳȽϿס
԰ĳʱ֪ԼļƻҪɹˣ۾Ǽ㣬һһǰк촦
ϵıᣬϤ˼֪ͷʱı顣
ָķһֱûжϹ˶Ǳս״̬
ֻʱƺЩ̫˰Ҳûпجټ֮ǰЩֵֽͳͳʧֻһųү
ûЩܣڻǵø˿ŵʵˡ
ûмôˣЩֻǼ򵥵Ĺûʲôô
ɱˣмơ
ʵϲԣСʱֻҪϽȥԡƺ֣ǳó׽
ó˵ʲôøͣһԡ
ֻʱŻӣȴͶܻЦԻۡ
΢΢ǷȺСȴ˲ı̱ģ
ŽĻ԰Ѱ쳣
ͻȻͻȻƮѩ
ֽڹһƬѩָһ귢ǻɫֽҡ
ȱ֪Ϲˡ
ج֮У۵ľǱĪ⣬һյգһܲ
ѩ׷Ҳϡ棬ΪеȻ
涪ɫֽң̧ͷ죬ֻһ˵ǰ
ݣ֪ݵϷһ̻Ի͵Ĺ
Ȩˣ֮
ϣһһϡ
ÿһ̨ף֮ǰ̨׾ͻʧһ㡣
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ݺܳ治֪Լ˶ãֻǵһ·Щ
ˣˣ
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ڳȵһ̨ʱȻֹ
ĽŲһ٣̧ͷǰϤĹüͷһ塣
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ץˡ
ĻһΣ˲佫˽ȥ
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Ⱥֻһ䣺ˣôãȥȱɣ
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⻰Ц˵ţлļԣܲúң
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һصڹܣɳͲ빬ڡ
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ĽŲһ٣ǰתͷ¶һű˹ȵֻĵӿһ˿⡣
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һʼ־黹óһߣ˾̹ȻˣֵУЦڲ
ڿûٿӾ硣
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˼ٱĻ˾䣺ǻʵСġŪ˳򡣡
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ٱ翴ų滹ڲǣֻú£ۣϢеԽԽ
ԼҪʱĳ³һѪ
ٱоסԼһɣþȫƿ档
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һͷֻǸһĳ˫񶾵۾
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2ҽԺұģʵһϵûСرϲҲˡ֮ҽԺǸ߼ҽԺǸõġ



67 ޣ
6.7
ɫһֻ棬ǺǶ񶾵Ƕγ´ĵšˡúԼ֪
ôһ˲䣬źͦȥҲͻ⼸䣬ȫû˿սڳĶ͸Ӭ֮һ˵ط죬˿ûҳģҲûʲô˺
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ովͲһ㣬־ʹĲӣϵѹ壬ɿ֡
໥ţʤĻ䡣
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ĶȴǱһһĶ
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Ӱɣ棬ӵҲĵط
ȫǱĻʹϻѹõķŭŭģ³һѪ
Ŀʹһ䣺
ʹ⻰һҲովϵֺӡڣֻԼá
ͨһ磬˫Ȧص۾ų棬˵ţμʹˣСʹ밲
ʹؾصع£ų˹ݴ޿ޣųߵľ⡣
ϧʹһβˣƲĴ񣬻³һѪ˾䣺
ʹЩίҧԼָף˵ţ㡭ô˵ϲòĺúӣΪʲôң𣿡

⻰ʹģǰһ̿ܲ꣬Ǹڶ̵ˡ
ͻȻްǴްڣܰǰһã׳һЩ
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治ϲСӣ޾ʹڸ鷳ӣָĵϣ
ǰʹҲ֪ðʹܶǰѻûʱʹѾˡ
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ʹɿԼָһУȴһȥֱϵƤ۵ôޡ
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ЩУÿʹƤͻڳϲһ
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鱾Ͳãʱǵ˵͹ȡȫǶǺǺ֮Уǲĺͬһȫ
Ǹ˺棬ҵĳ棬ҵ
ԼҪˣް⣬ָŴްıӣɱغǴôܻϲȥǸطҾɱ㡣
ŭǣϵˣųڽ˵̽˳֮С
ֻоԼڵһ۵óֱε˴ްĻ
ްǶС¥˻ĳ棬ǻ˵ţȻϲǾͲȥһ֪һطȸȥɣ
ۻεĳ棬ϧر棬ʹ˾䣺ˣίˣҲְֵĻһץ͸֪ͨҡﲻҪˣԻؼˡ
ʹķԺͳ֣Żĳһȥ
ʱڻһްӺڰҵ¡
Ű׻ţôôˣ
ҡҡͷްһס죬˵ţ꣬С㣬ǸǸߡ
Ǹ
ްϺǱȫںڷųζѪЩѪиʴԣѾʴ˴ްŰ׻֡ϵƤţʹ
¿ǰĴްİϤ
Ŵްô
ްЦһҲȥ䡣ԭϻôпĵط
л˵
ǣ


68 
6.8
ѪµգŰ
ɫһ߾߱һյĿȫǵʬ壬˳ԶĴް̰Ŀ⣬һް˻
һ˲顣
ްһ뻹׼ס棬һͱڰ֡һεľ飬һε˿ûк¡
ƻúܺãҵţȻȥҰɫΧסС¥ȴĻϡ
һ̺ܼ򵥣һЦ
һûбںߡطȪݵĵش
ްıŵ˸õĳζͺǻ˵ļסӣ˼ײһӲĶǶҲɢųζ
ްʶعͷһɫһ飬ҲûƤѪɫһǱ˹
ŵ򣬷ֳ׻˶Էͷ­
ͷ­һأްŷԼһȺΧˡΧһһĹЩĶգ۵ĹѾ̶˼ֻ
ް֪ԼҪϽ뿪ȥȫĵطϵİ׻ĵ⣬ĵиһͼҧԼĹ
ǸӴǰڷ֣嶼õˮƤãɫ飬µ
ްԴȴӴɽѪҺʴֱ
ֱϵļ̺סãްֱõ⣬˺ϵĲסԼ˿ڡ
û뵽Щж̸ı˲ԣӲӲ
ڴްұߣϤļɽһС͵ٲķãٲ͸ɺԣֻ¹ļɽ
Ԣfor
ɽռС·ߴ۸ӣԹһ㡣ް߹Ʒļɽżɽڣ϶һѡ
ɽڲṹнƷļɽڲṹһ
ǲһްҲȸȺҪá
һŲһ߹ʬϣһ߹ͷϣŹͷɽȥ
ЩȵĹᱻ˵ȳࡣ
ްٶȺܿ죬Լƽ⣬ⱻ˺Ƭ
ĽһƬѪɫĹʬͷǳɫԲ¡ضѪɫΨһϮ̵Ĵްʬɫ߸ߵͬص̹⣬ݺݵˤڼɽĶˡ
ް˵֣Ϊˤֱײͻʯϣһƺߡ
вˣסԼ˵֣ҧҧӵ
ްʹǸ˹ʹʽļͥСóս֮ǰڵ۹ӪﵱͯӾ꣬Ǵ޼ѵӾ۹ҪѧԺ
ްó£˴޼⣬û֪
һǴ޼˹һǴްῡʵΣô
ʮҲ趨š棬ô飬ްˣԼʵսǿִϸɾ·˺һסѪ֡
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ްãżɽ˵ʯһ¡ʯ޴󣬴Ӽɽ˹£ѹһ߾ʬȫ䵽棬ɶ
ްЩܲĵĻ档ɽµĹǻֻת뿪ɽԹ֮С
һжްǰ㣬ɽеԹȷʵнƷһģһ˳żе·ߣٴһСߵŮ˵Ļĵط
طٲܽǳ֣ʺ˵ܡ˿ȴޱȵİֻһֻֻ߰꺢ͯС𣬵ڶˡ
ްˣҶһСľ;Ⱥ
ѾӦĹ߲㣬ģؿЩµ۰׹ǡ
ްĽ붯˫ȴǽضų˯ǵĺǣС
ǿ࣬ɬ̡
һ̣ްʲô
ֱϵʹ̼񾭣а׻ĵյøΨдްǿģȴƽ
ͻȻһ޵˻ıȺվ˼ɽ˳Ѫζҵ˴ް
ްǰĺڰУһ˫˫Ѫɫ۾ɢĹâıҰް˻ԽԽ
⻰ҸоӦýУްج
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעŶ


69 
6.9
͵ļɽʬ飬ɽѪ¡ЩʬжǿѪҺʮСᵽްϵѪζײżɽʯŴްڵķȥ
ɽĸﶼʬ˻Ų̾˳˯ľЩɲƲ磬չҲһ˻
ްĶȫǹǵĽ󼱴ٵĽŲҲܸоǰŻ
վֹм䣬ڿӶ˲䣬תץһֻǰʬ˾
ͷײʬʬצץϹһֻ۾ʬĲҲгһ˫ܿͲһ𣬸ްĻᡣ
ް˵طܶһ𣬴ԼΪʬֻ⡣
˵Ƶᣬȴõڵ¸еľû뵽ްôµ飬һʱ䲻֪˵ʲô
ܾԼԽԽްްľԽԽԶ
ްšʵľѣŮǶ²
ϺõļԸԼʵŮĶǵԼϿްʱоǰһ
µ۹ܸߣһޡǵһμǰһ
ǰӽ룬һʱŴ˴ް
ǽڼ䣬ްһֱᡢģûмްۡ
ްһֱǲԸκ鶼࣬ϣû˵顣
جΣǹ磬ްǰ㲨硣
ͷްϤȴʮİ
ްʧˣȻǱоһѵޱȡ
ĴްϸоǰδеİȫУ֮ǰеĵεӿͷסްĸ첲Ǻ͡ðɣ
ްֱסµͣ۾һֱ۲ΧͬһĹ
˵ԼµֻңҺûϹ
ȺУºʹɽ˵ǵˡʬû˿м֮
µһܺáһǺһδһʼڰ׵ΧС¥
ֻС¥ΣյĶ
˵Ƕһ֮ǰˡ
ްɣǲҲ
ܿʹͷ
ںҶ
ȥǸĹû뵽ҵǡ
ްסµܸͣоһϢǿ
˾Ͷһ˷͸ûϵŷ۲
ްоµĲŷ죬ֱһֻѪ۾
ֹͣ˲Ŀ־塣
ްûѹסйŷ콥ֻѪ۾ˣЦݣ˵ǣҵˡ
ҡͷһȫܸ˿־塣ڲʸߣĿȨȫ˿־塣
ްµǰǰƳŮˣӿһɹ졣
û˵ȷʵ棬ǰ˸
˫̥౾ơ
ǰ˽解ų¶аı顣
ⷬģȷʵˡ
ްǾóЦÿһЩ
ʣ˭
ƳõŮ˺ļ̧ܵͷᵶͳް
ްİ׻סŮ˵ĹŮϵĳ
һΣŮ˷־ס˶У˴ްĸ
ްһ߿ŮˣסԼ˿ڡƿŲǼе¡
Ů˱߿ܿסԼĽšϵѪͷѪС
ѪζŮ˸оζţ𣡡
Ѫ۾ȫѪɫ֣飬ֻкɫ۰סУָצǽ֮ϣͬжһ㣬ڴްǻ
ްܸоǰŮѾ˹оϵŨ˺ܶ࣬Ҫûһ㡣
ʱܼ֣ް˿ڲ˿ںܴѪˮѾʪ·
ϵ˿ֿʼʹȴû˿и
ִһ۾һֱŴް¡ɱ£Ŀĺȷ
ްѣûʱȥκ˼ֻط
վųȥţҪɱңҪɱң
ްֹǰס˹Ĺð׻ȥ˹צ
צ˲ûùеʹ¶Цݡ
ް뵽һıһڵ¡
ȻַһС
ȥܹת⣺£
Ĺ˫Ѫ۾ǼһſͣŴްͷ­ȥ
л˵
ܱȽæһθ¾ˡ


70 
7.0
ްоĹѱ䣬һ˹Ĵ칥ǹû뵽ԼĹգԭģЩź
µļڣֻǱ֮ǰСһЩ
ްżû취̸ϵߣֻܸǰ
ܽƻ֪ްļҲֻ֪ܹҪϵʱǰ඼
ֻΨһеȵǰеȻĳȥצ
ֺ£ìܵһ𣬷һ˿˷ܣĿɱǸŮˣڵȤǰˡ
ϲζΪǿζѾûŵˡ
طʶһֱͨܶζɱ¼ɣټἺΪ˵ļһ
ﶼаĻǾһᱻâ
ԽԽǹâɣԽǹǵ
ްܸоǰĹעƵԼϣǷǳõ飬ɵ¡
ﻹµļԽƽеİ׻յøӽ
ƳĹצͷǣ˵ţܵİɣǸŮˡ
ް껰ʱ䣬Ų󳷣׼ȥ¡
￴ްСǲмװԼûо죬˵װɣֻҪ㲻ǸŮˣҾͷŹΣ
ްĻ˵ĽŲǹ
תһ˲䣬ǹ˷ܵ˫ѪɫŨ
צð˳Ŵްĺֱ˹ȥ
ʱĴް޷צӻֱӴ̴塣
˷ܵطһ˻ţˣ
צӻƴް·Ҫ̴Էʱһɫĵ⣬ֱԴ
ްҽ߹壬ײľ뿪˷䡣

⣬»ڼУΧǹʬ塣ʬм䣬վһǧĵˡ㡣
ǹǰסµͣ˵ţɵòллǵע
ްû£һϺۣ˸˿⣬иոײľŵı
¼ް֣Ͻܵߣŵû°ɣϵ˿ڡ
ްӺۣ˺һȰ˿ڡ
ոչ¶㣬ù￿Լٽͷ­¡
ްкգµʱΣգûѡֻɱ˹ȥ¡
û뵽㾹Ȼ¡
վл㣬ȴɫһ䡣
ް쵽ԣһƿ£˰׻һצĹ
㵱¿۶ӵûйȴɹˡ
±ƵڵأǵްȴȵĶſһͷĹǹϳëצ϶֧ŵľ顣
ް£ţܣ
ȶͷľ񶥣ϵ䡣
ްǰܣŵĹ
ţǵʲôôûͷץǣ
ܼͷһǹ赲Ź
ȴް¼Ķֱ࣬Ӳ²⣺ӦҲµĲôܿ*һ壡
ްɽȻ֪Ĵ֣ĿڣûԴ
Ҳû뵽ج֮УȻôϵ֡
׼ȷ˵ѹû뵽仹
ǹӵϺãתһӵ
ӵϣȫЧ
ǹﷴӿٶȣҪһ򾡡
ް״ͣ½Ų˵ţߣϺ󣡡
㲻һͨ˶ϺҲͣ½Ų˵ţҿʹĺˣôһͨ¶Ϻ֮
ӿڴóһӵǹУһǹ
ްӵ£㿪˵Ӳӵ޷͸
ûʱްͣеӵɲͨӵרɱӵ
ǵһǺӲĹŴްһ㣡
ްİ׻ת˼Ȧӭ죬õȫƬ
ʧĿȫ¶ߵһӵ۾﷢ҽС
ްû׻\˳ǻֱն
һָֻԭ˰ɫĵ
¼һɳڵء
۾ᣬǹЦûüлʹްͿ̧ǹް
ްҲܲ죬ʵԭ𣿡
ɫģ˵ţСʱǰҿ㱧ȥһô
ˣ
ްüͷʣ˭
㣺棡
л˵
һ


71 
7.1
ӱ꣬ػͬʣGգ̿С*
뵡
ɴ΢˶֣ʫ䡣ͷظŴĨ޺ɫĴǾñطٻ㣬ֺ棬
˵̰Ŵϳ˯ĳ棬ųıǼ⣬ૣδ㻹ôķ˰ǣö᲻úˡ
ϵɢų԰׵СΨ˫޺졣˶ɫסͽ仹ǽɫ޷
һɫ޷ơ
ˣ廨Ҳûн˵˵ľԡ
˵ҲֻһƳ污ĺͻȻһŭţǸȻ˵ôءȻͷҾͺúýѵʹǸ
ɴζϵ˻ûѣҲ޷Ӧ
˵˾ЩźĴָסĴȻ䰵
ǳ档
ǻû£ʲôһ̧ͷ˵ţɲ㣬ǰǸФ
̧Լһץͽް˺£¶ԭ°ȴûҵͷϳĴ
Сġ
˱ʹҪƻ̫ࡣ
ǴްڴˣᷢǰԼмƣӵŴ޼˶еĵۣһſȥͺӡ
ôһ޺˵Ļȴ˹Ǻë
źŵˣʣ𣿡
ѾãͷִˣûСѾǶָط壬ɱֻʱ⡣
ʱ⣿
Цһֻ⣬Ͼʱɲˡ
˿ֵ˼ͷˣСûáܿ죬ܿȫجС
֮ڣֵ۾һֱڳϣḶֻ́ں
ֻҪߣһŶҪ
ͬ뷨ĴްĻɫ䣺汻˴ˣôѵˣ
µĽ£ʱ˴ްݡҡҡͷ˵ţֻ˿˱뿪ʲô£һŲ֪
¼ްǵǣο̴ʦôһµģ
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ڴް沢Ǹ޵еˣ෴ͬĿҶһ顣
جǱųȥް˵ţ£ź㣬ȥȳ档
һ̷ԡסްţ㡭ôˣֻһͨˡ̴ʦ򲻹㡭οǻҪ÷أ
ް֪µĺ£ס£˵ţ£ûô£㶼򲻹ֻǻһЩȥȻٻ÷ʱһ뿪
һ˻ЩĴ㡣جΣڵҪֵĶࡣ˼Ƭ̿ڵһȥ̫ΣˡһȥɣãҲҪȥҵܵܡ
¾Ӻܺãץסްֱۣ˵Ķԣһȥ
ްû뵽ԸæڵĴް˵κǼӴȻسĳ롣
뿪ڵķȥȥ·ϣȻûһֻֻһССʯɣ÷յȻơЩƵʽͬһֱеСͷı¡
ǰһۣƿ˱Ĵš
֮ڵĲ󣬾ŵˡ
ֻһѣϲֲ֪٣²ѹһʬͷ
µɤòٺһסԼͣŵŵŵʬ壬˵·Ǵɽ·󡭡ɽˣ
ҲʬԹŵĵܵܣ˫۴͵ʬ塣
ްû뵽ᷢ£ӵǳ档ǰ鿴ɽʬ壬ϻеˡ
˾δĴͻȻرաDMð˳һֻģ˵ţˣˣλַɱˣӭξ籾ɱһ£ҳָ֣࣡λҳɹҳ֣õһݴŶ
ްɲҪʲôֻϽҵ档DMĻ˳¥ϣȴ¥ס
DMϵ˻ֱ϶¥λҡҪȲ갸Ӳ뿪Ŷ
DMĻĴűرյһʱ䣬˶䱦֮С
*ԡ ̼
л˵
֣˵Ҵ޼ͻȻǸˣ


72 
7.2
֮У˵˼졣缸⣬Ҳûл磬һԵŵ˵
ްҲ˼ҳ䣬صʬԣʬϵȴһ
ʲôûУȴָָ֣ڿЦ
µɤӺۣɳƵʳǲҪˣһֱΪֻnpcû뵽Ҳ
ްʱҲ޷˵οĻɽʬûκߵߡĿͣ˻һ㡣
뷨һͻȻ֮ǰԼǵ顣
ڶԺ᲻ᱻ˻ǣԲŻ
һӡüġȻü֮Уһɫ֡
ɫüģܿߣֱƮ塣
һץסɫ˵ûҵܵܵĻǱ˳ȡˡСӻûöԷȫóѣԼĻ֮СֻĻһգǻؼ壬޷⿪
һްֱҳĹؼ
ްʧ䣬óС˵ţȻ˵ǿԱʾԴԳ׹⣬ʾͬ޹ʾԡ
һڣôްҵϣ
һܺ棬ûʲôáԵ˾䣺磬㿴𣿡
СںתһȦͷһȦİ׹⡣
¼Լõ˴𰸣˾䣺֪˭𣿡
ʵ̫̾һҵܵܶˣȻ֪˭޷˵ֵ֡ǻץҪʣҵܵܵĻǱ˵ش˼Σ
ĻеЩѿһ䱧Ǹ˵һԡ
ްһźµĶԻһⱦܷ顣
ԣķǱ˿жΣ˴ɽϡֻֿܣһڳңЩnpcԼĹ
ްùҵĿԲһ·ûп֮Ĺôܿܳ紺еһ塣
˾䣺磬ǲǷࣿ
еİ׹⣬ӦǣʵࣿѵǺһһ壿
ްһ岢DMԵ֡ǱĻǾ籾ɱ籾ɱô䣬һѳֵ֮С
һһռгֹǰгֵnpcʵ̫ࡣ
뷨ºͺ㣬˵ţһӦûǾ籾ɱֹ
ûްĻͲóӣֻʣ˼ǣľͳˣ
һҡҡͷ˵ţһЩnpcҲп֡Ͼһѵ־npcԼ
µĻŸ˴ް߼룬Ҿֿǳ棬ǸǸ˵ĹϵΣһа޵֮ˡοڵǾǲǱջʵһ壡
꣬ɫһסЩͬ˵̲ס粻֪𣿡
ʣ磬ǡ
ްְļϣ˵ţᣬֲǳ档ɱɽ
üʣŶС磬ڿΣʱ̣Ů˽֮ĶҪȿߡ
ް˷ɺһټֻɣҲû취˵治˵㣬ֻܵǲң硣ֻǲ˷һѯʵĻᣬϵİ׹ԽԽ˵֧Ų˼Ρ
Ҳ֪ް˼룬ûʳڣֻ˵ðɣҾһΣ
Źţʵϣ㻹Ǿųʹްǡֻ£ûа취ǺεجʵڳΧ
ĻҪؼ塣
ްһܶ࣬ɸѡһЩ󣬻ʣࡣ
ڵϵһεɱǸ籾ɱľġڴɱµȻǸǼٵģϵ籾ɱݿ֪ѩĹϵܲôԴƣɽݵĽɫٳгˡ
ȻشǾǡˣ
û˵棬´ްˡ
Ҳͷȷʵˣٳ˾ǳˣ
ް⻰ҡҡͷԣȷʵٳг𡣲ҲãҲãٳˡ˵ٳˣ
һʣºͺ㶼ڵʵ̫ˣ
ٳŰ衢ļһһֱռԼٳݣаŮ޶
ٳˣ඼̬
ް籾ɱĽܣһЩ˵ۣٳһˣһ˲Ϊʹɱ֡
ɱһǺ޵㣬ǱƵ
ްͻȻһˣ磬ʳǲ÷ң
һźģֻеĺתһȦ˰ɫĹâ
л˵
ڽҹΣ


73 ޣ
7.3
־Ȼ÷ң
ʵڳºͺԤϡ˶ܺԭŴްôµģ
ް໭棬ȴʼȱһ룬Ǵһߡ
Ĵȴ˴ް룬ȫһߡ
ڵجεӦþ÷ҡþ籾ɱķʽ˵Ĺ̡ٳǺ֮һ
ް³÷ңҪԭ֮ǰǵú˵Ϊ˸Ҫִ÷ҡ
جοռǻҪϽȥ÷ⱻɱ
ʵһʼް;֡
ܾþ籾ɱӽǺ֣еֻ۾ڹ۲ǵһһͬʱҲеڽǷ顣
ˣôܾܿ÷ҡ
ǹºģйµԴͷ
ްЩ¶̲סһ֪÷ң̲סʳǡһ²Ѿ𣿡
ްðԼôɱ˴ɽ֣ƾǱ˹÷ҡ
뵽ֻëȻ
˻һۣ㿪ڵDMѾֻ֪˭ˣ
DMܻӦŶ˭λᣬɲҪ´ŶϾ´гͷŶ
ͷʳʲôͷ
DMεûӣܿͽȻɱǵĳͷඣ
еʮֺ¡û˵´
סްĸ첲ްȴ˶Էᶨ
ްİ£ѾȲʤȯڵ־÷ң
DMźţȷȷ𣿲ˣĲˣ
ʵܲDM˵ţʱ䣡
DMĴߴ٣Цһۣ´ˣǻλᣡ
´ˣ
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ֿǾȷϣԲִŶԡ
⻰ܻšͺܺ£ھ͸ӻңţôܣ綼ȷ÷ɱ˰
Ҳ֣룬ûްµͬ⣬ֱӴ𣺡ǳ档
DMһֳЦ˵ۣ´ˣǻһλᣡ
һֱӻúʵ̫çײԹţ㣬ô˵𰸣Ầǵģ
ûа֮飬µļҾһԣģһᱣģ
ı֤¿ɲţֻܰϣڴްϡ
ްû뵽˷һδ𰸣ҲãҲֱ˺Ĺǡ
ʵDMĻ;ú֡£Բѣôͳ÷ҵϡ
ѵֲ÷ң
ްҡҡͷֱӷ뷨
ߵĻˣͷֹţô죡ô죡ǲҪˡҲˣǻ᲻Ҳnpc÷һ
ްµĻͻȻéٿ˵˾䣺£֪֪˭ˣ
üëһţŶ˭
ް̧ͷ˵DM־÷
DM𰸣ѯ𣺡ȷ𣿲һλŶٴǿɾҪܵͷŶ
һֻôްǲǷˡ
ոDMѾ˵÷ҵǴ
굹ûʲô뷨ֻóǹ׼
֮УDMٴʳȷ𣿡
ްûκζҡվʯߣ˵ȷ
һػش˻ŵһģסްӣ۵ȴDMĻش
ʱһһĹȥڵȴУᶨ˱˴˵ġ
ް̧ͷ컨壬һ䣺ôµģ
DMʵ¶ˣ־÷ôµģ
ް¶һЦݣָָ£һ䣺ҡһ˵÷ҵʱ˵Ҵˡҵʱ˴ӦþǳƺΪ÷ҿָܶˣ÷÷Ҳ÷ҡDMҪȷ֣ҲȷӦ÷
˵𰸣ЦŵʵҲǶһѣû뵽ĶĶˣ
DMĻ˵ţȻλѾȷָ֣ôʹ͸һݷĽ
⻰һ˾͸о
컨ϣһѪü۾£Ѫһذס
ذ׺̣ܶգ۾ʹذ׳ڴްǰ
ްǰͻȻֵŮд󺧣׻ͿǸŮذײؿڡ
ذװγ˲䣬ްֻоǰһڡ
߻µĺܸоؿڵʹ
ڰϮ˲䣬ĶͻȻһʱӵ
л˵



74 
7.4
Զŵʱڴްδδ죬ᷳʱŷԼֱ翵ʶεξ֮С
εξİǸƷΡ
ްЩۣ벻Լô˯ֻǼزٿ壬Ϥļɽ
ɽٲˮ֣ްĶˮƵػεţϸϸ۲ܣΧľյξʲôͬ
᾵ļɽ˵ŮĹĵزȫй
÷ʵ̫ˣϦ磬ȻѴһƵ棬ֻԼһȥ硣
÷
ްǵ֣ǵһξ
꣬꣬ҵСڣҲ¸ǽж
ʲôٲأοû˵±˲֪˼ֹ𣿿ɽճֹӣƽϲҵӣд͹ٳƾʲôͰЩ԰ǲμӣ
ô죬˭÷ҡ費Ҳû˵ʲôָ
ްƮڿУЩظݣȴµ뷨
ԭ֮ǰЩ飬ֻǵʱ֪֮ĹϵǼ¥ĳ档
ɽ¶Ⱥܵͣżżֻ۾С𡣴ްֻڰߵƶӣǰɵǼǺķӡ
ƽյξ֮У¥Ǳ֣ȫò
ڵǸް˻󣬴Ĵ־͹ڸ¥ϡﵽⶼ޺ɫϸɴ͹ȵϣǵӣŹĿˡ

ް֪ΪΣطϤƮڴҵΧૣԭǴ󰡣
ԭ
ްǰϤĳЩվȾͷǣƮƽڡ
ķ羰ɣȴûмӰӡ
ްеţξʲôͬţǵһûǺξп档
棡
棡
ǣӵˣʲôط
ްֻԼӺۣһư㣬Դ۵˼һ˲䣬е鶼㼯Դ
ԼǱ÷ͱˣȻǰһڣʱͽԼξ֮С
ڻ״̬
ްһ뷨ǣǳô죿
Ϊʲôûгˣ
ްһų棬ڴҴܡһһӵѰңôҲҲӰ
棡
棡
һǡԵӴްĿ³һӵ̸У˵÷ҵ˽ĳ̹ӣϱ䡣ϧûȥ
᣿
ްϦ硱תˮС¥ȥ
ˮС¥봺Զգ۵Ĺ򣬴ްѾƮ¥С
ˮ̨и輿ҹ໥άңȦ̸ֻн¹µһðһ𣬴ŹǷ
˶̫ϲ˽̸żмǰʵˣڽ۰׻в£˶顣
׻Դ佱һ䣺ɵò
׻Զ븰磬ûǲҹŮߵĳࡣ
ԭͲŤԸץһȣȫû˿ԡ
һſмȵҪǹùÿҪ˵㣡
ﲻ죬µأ¹ùõ߶ڽҲ͹ùܹܵסá
˸Ļǲɿȣֻ˵ϴУȫûʱʰͱүүʵڲʲô
˻۵׵ɫ˱䡣ġſһҲϡ
үӽᣬȻǳҵ¡
ֻǣ˼Ҳ˼Ƕֻ֣ǲ⣬ôῴ
Ű׻ͷҷȥֻǹ°Χһˡ
üۺЦһƭ˵
Ҳһƭ˵ֻ޹̫ʢЩʢˡ
ǹάʵطһ䣺⣬С
⻰³޼ҵӴֻ֣˵ҵһ
汾ͼʣĻӿһƵζ׻ͷ˵ţ㻹ϲ
һ˼Ҳ˵ǾųɵĹﶼϲ
治ÿɷ񣬶ȺеĴ֣ʾˣҲһɵĹûϹ
̲סȥüȣγԵ˹ĵ㣬߸磺һѾ˵ġ
ûذһۣҲ֪뵽ʲôͻȻЩȻؿڣϲҾүӰȥס
мȵһ٣ҧż⣬ִıʾã
һϺͮͮǹﺦˡ
úߣټ̲ס˶ȤģţֻֿΪǿ
۲ɫδ˵꣬ߴһΣ
ᣬ˵ĻڳĶߡ
һһͷƼĵۣ棬ΪǿΣ
л˵
£ҵĿǲϸϲСɰղؼӸעŶжĺǣ͸ǰɣ


75 ޣ
7.5
̣ڼɽ֮ϡƷڻʣ費ݡʫóīдĻǶҴſͣרžΪʶ
ЩſǸʹΪ⡣
ᵽǴﵽ˸߳ȫ˶۵Ļ֮УΨн˴һԡ
ް÷Ѷ󾢣ҵ˳һֱڳߣͼ˼棬棡
ͺ͸ĺסĶСߵʱްɤӶˣɳȴڶŪŰ׻
ǰ緢ָ߸ϵģʹްƽʱģЩͬ
ްЩ¶һɵУ·һж޹ء
߹깫ӣǰһĮĵϵ˶Щ̰֮ͽ֮УǵĴΡ
볰Цⳡ־磬û뵽ֻ῿
Դ̸ʲôøУǱϵһЩ̡
治̫ϲ֣һΪó㣬һǼʹȻ
ǲףôܳ裬ôŻ֮С
漵ʵǴֵǾ߿ȥͺܽӡ
ó㻹Ҫ̥Ĳ壬һֱûȬó㻹Ҫһܵ˳Ц
˶˵λС㡣
Ǹʱ𣬾ԹԼӡһֱʱнǣһſȥ
ԲôƯ³㣬Ҳûϵ
ϾԸΥʡ
ץ˰׻ëԹôԼ׻Щ޹ץˣҲذڳģҷ
׻ίͰ͵ģЩϴ֣˫ĵۣǺǳ⣺ôʲô
ֺ֪̬ȣǰһͻˡò̹ӡСɺã
̬ȣһûӦһԵò
޹ò
ЦЦûΪ̬ȶӱ
ĻͲ࣬ɶϴ֣˳ŴֵĻ˵˲١
ĵúͶԵȫһԵĳ档
Ͱ׻ǰһŴ۾ĵأɽӺķޡ
ǳϤǰõǲǻһоӡ
ԴҲĹ۲٣Լίİ׻⿪ڣȿȣܡ
ŻֳΪȾһ˿󣬲صܣ
汧޴İ׻̧׻צָָ˵
һ֪ں˵˵֪治ϲҵˣǴ޹ӺЩ˲һ
һ۳棬عԴֵЦˡ
ĶţȻ⣬Ҳ߶ˡ
һ񣬴󷽵ת뿪
뿪ûʳ棺 ʲôأ
̧ͷŰ׻ĴԴ˵ţûְצۡ
˽Լ̧֣ͷ¶һЦݡȫԼ˵ʲôֻһֺǡ
һһǱΪ顱˵ţⲻǸл޹Ӹոհǵõ˼𣿡
ó׼Ļ˵ţϣĲ
һ;֣ôôȥֶ
һʼǲＱżˣΪİ
ԸŤΪõľٶϲãȴ˵ţԵģɵɵ
Ȼֻ֪ЩѾΪһּڵǾϣȢһλ绢ɩɩɣ
绢
ѼĻ˵ţ˵绨𣿡
ЦЦָųصɱ˵ϱȸƯŮ֮١
ȡЦˣţСѾͷȡЦ硣
һɿ֣޼ң޵Ǽңӿɲù
֪˼Щ꣬˵ţˣ䲻
һȻãǻʵ𣿻䲻ϣ䲻㡣
ҡҡͷֻʰŻļ¡ʵ̫͸Ļ֮顣
̼ңһɵļ塣
λ⣬뿴޵СǰţС㣬һ֮롣
Ϊ׵СǴѩཿԸᣬȾС㡣
ǰѯʣȻʽ˵ٱαСҪá
ͷС㶼¶ϲɫ⣬鷳Ҫ
̨ܾʣͼѩѾǰ˵ţ뿴˵еޣСǿۡ
ȺСո˱ƴûõ˵СޡȻۡ
СｫһΧûͬóö̵غûð취ֻôȥޡ
һ۱׻ĳ棬ڳЦԼ㿪ڣֱ̫࣬׳¡
û⣬ڰ֣Ű׻塣
ǲԼЩŮǶӴϾô󣬶һЩкѣҲһЩ֮ˡ
ټĽϯλϣֻʣ³һˡõҹѫƱյֻгһ
ްƮڳߣЩĳૣҾҪò绨ģҾͲƯһ˭Ʋҡ
ްųĻԭǵ˼֡Լ˳Ƽ˳Ĺ
ԭʱڵĳ沢ûкǰƧƫִҲνȢ룬ҲŹĵļˡ
ֱס棬뱧һ¶۵ꡣ
ֻһûʵʶֻܿ棬ļϣų
ųųͺ˭үֵͷ˵ߵ࣬˵಻ȥ
ţ˵ţϣɩܰѱٹһ㣬ϣүӲʣùüһЩøȢһЩ
ʱ滹ʲôްЩˡ
ֻǿɫŮ˿棬׶İ׻ŵòҶ֡
׻ס棬ЩֵˡΧһЩҲΧס
Ȱ׻˻𣬾ͼһŮǰŰ׻Դ˵ţ࣬СҪҴȥǱߡЩ˶СˣҪүȥϢˡ
Ůˣ׻Ρ
Ů׻ţóһ解ƣСģûƭ㡣үҪ˯ˣҪġ
觲ţƿӣ¥Ĺǰס棬
Щ棬ĻòŮ뿪ᣬ˳һǺȣɽ֮С
ɽ֮ϵң¹֮£ɽ֮УŮذײ塢İ׻С
ͣڵůȴʧ
ǺȼصѬ㣬һһĺ֮
ǵվſڣڵһУ˻㱨ţٳǰ׻Ѿˡ
֣ٳ˵˵ɵúãɵƯɱֻ׻ǳĻûŻҡ
ԸţǸɱ׻ŮҲҪˣֱӴ
ȥã֣ٳһˡ
֣ٳĽñ̼ôѹԹܹ滺Ǽظлߵˣ˵ţҪлˣҪ㣬Ҳ׸ɵֻ׻
֣ٳԽԽ͸ڵĹ⣬źϸɴĳ棬̰Цݡ
ͷ£˵ţ˵ҪҪһݴ񣬱һŮأ֣
η
л˵
ûкÿС˵ˣʵû취ֻԼдˡд϶дЩǵ̡ƹоᱻܡ룬ҪȻҾԼдԼ


76 
7.6
ϸɴʯá
ƷڵĲöǰչǵϲãϾʦرɡͷ࣬ھ¡ֻĹʸһ¥ڽƷӵһ¥Ϊ
ٳµĿͷԼϲĻﶼһ㣬¥ᡢϢĵط
̧˴󣬾ֱ͵СЩ棬ȴǸ˳ȥֻ͸ϸɴ˯ŵĳ档
⻹ǵһο˽ԣǶ鲻򵥣ǵݵ΢ֻٳһӶӹǵķԸǰ¥ֻǿֵӰʱЩ¶Ľ񣬼ɰĹһۡ
֣ٳ޴ǰ󡢲Ⱦ˳ҹӷǶ죬һĵģĻðʲôһȺsǣҸϽ
¥ݼִٵ鲽ֻ֣ݡԼ֪ʶް
һʱ䣬˶
֣ݳ׽ĵ޷԰ΣߵĴң²֪ʲô
ްʱֻϵߣЩϸɴȴһֹţסȥ·ֻ۲֣ˡ
֣ݲ֪뵽ʲôֵЦ˵ţ˵ҪҪһݴ񣬱һŮأ֣
¹δ䣬ţǽ̼ˣ
֣ޱǸڼʱ򣬳Ƕҷźֹּ̧˵ȥżڡ
ʲôǽΪҲ֪Ͼַ˰ɣҲܻ
֣˵ת֣˵ţСˣ˵ˣ׻ʹֱӴڹ*ȸֱ¡Ͼ˶֪һȣϿ̫ˡ
£˫ֱûƽʱǳǳЦݣĿҹɫһ䡣
֣ݼûӦ̼Ҫˣý㣬ϲ£ǲףףţ㡭òһ
û֣ݵϵĵ񻨣˵ţ֣ΪҲ֪߶ֺã߶װ̬ȣʵɽۻ̵Ұһ㣬ǽͷƵģ쵹
ɿס񻨵֣˵ţǸѾͷôãȢˣúܣ֮ⲻھƣǳĺ촽Ͳ볢
룿
ǲ룿
գ°Ʊ¡̾һǷִţжһص¶ǳЦ
Ȼٳ˽ҡ
֣ЦľţǣǿǺѰϿ죬˭֪ҩЧʲôʱȥ
һϸɴ߽ڣĴҲż֣
һǰһ߽棬ھ۳һ֮ͣ˽Ų˶֪泤һŹһЩŮ˻ҪƯƽӶ鿴ǣʱ䣬ܰ͡
ⳤ֮ϣ֮±ΧˣǼκŮ˶Ҫмˣ񶼻Ϊ̣Ψǰˡ
ڷᣬ촽Ѫ
֣ͻȻȣһʱסԼ˵ţҪ˵ŮˣҲšôһأ
˼⣬תһ룬ôҪŪ
֣ӵܣŮɡֻŮ˿ܸƫ⡣
ڳǰΪơ
̲סȥԵĴȴһֻ첲ס֣ݵǰ
֣ݴŭ֣׼ʲô
ֵ΢΢飬ʾ֣ˡ
֣ݵһţ͵͵ѳץҪǱ֪ˣ϶Բ˺ùӡ
սľĻͷһǱױʧɫ÷һʱŭģţˣˣô
÷֣ݵһڵϵٳǳ˻ū˵Ҫ
£
֣ݻͷϵĳ棬¶
ú˽ܣõȫԼˡ֣Ұ
ִĻǣ
֣һ룬ҲòܡǴֽôѩ߳㣬Ҳô׵֡
涫·޼ҲԲ˶ߣ
벻⣬ϵﻹõ顣
֣ݻӻ֣˵ţҰ˵ȥɣ
͵ѵۣһֻŴϵĳ棬ȫûעֵ
һ߽棬һ˵ţ֣ȥŹˣȻ꣬ٸ棡
ǰĳ棬˫ֲ֪ȥĴӡ
յĺⶼɫȾ罫ĺ֮Ժһֻϳ޺ɫĴ
֣ݵһɢ䡣ͷϳĴ
һ
ֻѪҺȾһֻڴ¡
֣ݵĶһ٣޴ʹֱӰҵ֣ҵ֣
ŵֵĴ֣Ŷֵڵء
ֿ֣ݵ֣Ѫս˳ϣüͷһ塣ߣĴӣĶһԡ
֣ݵȫǺȫû뵽־Ȼ
۵˵ţˣˣ
ǣǶһûһ˻Ӧ
֣ݵѪֹʱĸо£Ŵ֣ΪʲôΪʲôǡǡ
ʰų·֣üͷһ壺꣬𳳣˯أ
֣ݵһ٣˫û¶ȵ۾µغˡ
Ҳֻϵĳ˵ţҵĴողôŪˣ
һ˵䣬˵𣺡ո֣ҸкҲңȽϹɣ֪㰡Ҳ޷˭ҵأ
Цϵ֣ݣ˵ţϲ˰ŮˣҲϲ˵Ư˵㣬ôôᣡ
֣ݴûмĴ֣ǸÿơûʲôõĴ֣һʱ޷⡣
֣ҡҿٳҸЩ£ҡҵŹģ
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÷ƵԴ˵ϡķ㣬ͷϵķأڵϣΡ
֣ݻµŴ֣Ҵˣ֣Ĵˡԭһΰɣ
֣ȫûע⵽һԵն÷Ĳӡ
֣ݵĲһʧѪ࣬ȫˡ
÷۽Ǻᣬ˵ţǴ޹ҵӣôҰ飡
֣ݵֲͣĴ÷÷ȴԽԽֱ֣ص÷Ļ÷ɿ˫֡
Ŵ֣۽ǵˮ¡
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÷ҡҡͷվϵΣڴֵĽ˵ţڰһΰɡǲ֮ˣܵõӵĴҡֻƽ¡
߸߾˫֣ȴŴֵľ
΢ϸɴһݵĽʯɫ
ջǽ÷ϣ˵˾䣺ˡ
÷ϲ𳤵֣ݵʬ壬һһȥ
֮⣬صĳʬ壬ƯĻǴšЩ͵ȴã÷֣ݵʬǰסȴ÷¡
÷ǰĻǣ˵ţ޹˵ˡ
ǵۿһ죬ػһۡ
÷ǵģ΢΢һЦų־ͱǰĻ︹С
ްһֱվ⣬÷ɱֿ÷֣ݵʬ壬һԾ¡
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ް֪ڿʲôˣҲ֪ڴʲô
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⻰дĲҰɣҪûޡ
л˵
ȤСɰŵղؼӸעŶˣºܿ


ڶ Ҫˡڶ¾ҪvˡϾҲд˿30ˣvһŬ£ͬʱҲϣ֧֣ܶ 


77 
7.7

ԴܵǵϲǾ˽˴ķ
Ʒص޽һ޷ƽɫ˥ĻϾֻΪѰ֣Ǹӹš
ɴͬרŹЩ¿Ļʹãʵð׮
ų߽㿴ǰѾվ˼ŮˡЩŮðɫͷסԴһյɫĵ
ǺѾ˺ܾãҲûЩỨǼصصͷǰ·
ֱų˷ֱ˶㡣ĲţݵķҲס
ް͸֮ʱʱغų֡Ѿѹ²Ӧ˭Ρ
һʼ²ǳ档
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ްѻɵ۾Ƶ˴ֵϡӼ˾;úϤϤдӺζްȴ˵ڡ
ֻǾôֺ֣ôֺ֣ȣΣա
Ļ־ڳԱߣͷƬ̡
Ҹô죿
˵˾䣬ǣΪ㣬ôӡֵ𣿡
ֵųǣְĴ塣۾𽥳ԣĻҲɣôᲢأҴˡ
˵šȴ˳½¶ǣ֮£Ǻ쳾֮УʥҲ޷ջ
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ްһֱŴֵĶ۲ŴֵɫŲһֱǳЦм󣬱¶һ
ֳԳ棿
Ǵްȫû뵽顣֮ǰһУｻǼ٣յĿΪ˵õ档
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ްϣѾ˳£˿ʼ齣ȴͻȻһһĺϸɴ赲ȥ·
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۾Ѿûֻǰǣӵĳ档
ֵţ棡棡
֮ĴްҲЪ˹ĺ桢棡
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78 
7.8
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79 
7.9
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80 
8.0
ˡ
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81 
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1.׻һȻԴǴİ׻ʹɪڡȨ䡷ɪǲ׻xxxxֱΪɪǳн֮ˣǲһġ
汾ˣ趨ѧͺʱҪ߱Լһɵĸоܺ˧ֱ
ðɣ˧ҴˣˣԲ趨ʱȽϣһƯĳƿָоԾ͸˧Զ
Բ𣬳档
Ŀǰˣ
ʮ񡿣һʼһȻһסˡֿڣԺȡҪص㡣
ʮ񡿣ĹֶΣ澭õһУԭȻΪҾУе벻ˡ
ѡξ飬һеڲըѵָоеŲˡ̴ʦôҪӡһС
Ρ˼塣ֱӽ⿪جΡһƣͿԳɹҿǵ飬лļʣС
ʮ˷ˡҺϲһУһͺܰȺ˰ɣ
ʮΡǻ
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2.ָСǳ泣õ׻Ƿָеڡҵ뷨ǣָžõʳָָǺ룬ָͷõͱצˡצӾͲ˧ˡϲУΪȭŹܲоͺǿҪԼָ׾еˡ
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1ʹĿǰùУһС꣬׷˼һСβʱǸӿΣߡ
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2ɡʵҹӦ޳Ǹɫᦡҿǵ飬ܸǾ͸ûа޳ˡ
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82 
8.2
ɫϻĵĺۣɫߣճΣɫ׺̬룬ɫƺ״
ͷʯ£걧ŷµŮеΨ⾳߱еķѣ¶ұ߰ſε
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÷ڴأɻǼֺ塭㲻ܡ¡
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ŰĿ۽ϣڵˣʹˣȣҲɱ˼ˣͷ𣿡
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ҶĲҰɲǼ򵥵һӰܶ࣬ǣ漫㣬ԲǼ򵥵ı
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УЩȫҪǸͨ÷
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Щ⣬۾ϵĺһݷһֻ˵
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˵úܺЦ˵ţҲҪлл˵飬ǵļƻô˳
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ӵһֽһʹڴްĽ¡
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۾ؽϵް˿ڲѡŵѪζǣ˵ţʲôѵģҪûӦʹӷˣ𣿡
ƴްǲţ÷˵ţ÷ǲˣ
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˼ް¶ĻЦ˵ţûɣΪȥ÷ͱһצӡѪģҶЩȥ
һɫӣڴްϣ˵ţƣҰϵӼ㣬Ҫ˰ɣ
ް۾ӳֵһ̣˾֮С
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Ҷ¸ȤĻ֧Ȿ飬һص±ʣĥҵıʼ⣬֧ҵĴҴõľ顣
ͬʱҲЩûڱоĿֺȤĶߵǸ˷ʱ䣬ϣһ
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83 
8.3
ɫĳȹɫ
һϮ糤ŮˣһŽεɫ԰ףҧ´ľŴ򿪵һ˲䣬ҵ½صƯߣϣ
ڶŮЩ㵣£ôް˵һȿ𣿡
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ڶҡҡͷ˵ţû
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ȫڲȫڶֱ۲ܼվš
ڶʶϲԾֿ־ͬ㣬˳űסֱ۴ȫ
̲ס˿ˮ±󣬾Ȼһ˫ɫĸ߸ЬֽͬһµСϡ
ڶһӻ֪Լ¶κ¶Σա
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84 
8.4
Ѫɫ߸ߵͷͷұجеĻǣ档
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ǵתɫ÷ڽ͵µһǣ˵ֻȡһǣ⡣ûнجΣӦѾؼ˰ɡǸӣȥʵլĺܣҲԵĺܣҡ
˵ŰѵػУ˵ţոҰɣлл㡣Ȼ˵һرˣ԰
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ڶ û뵽ҾȻϵvǡ֮ܶллҵ֧ˣ 


85 
8.5
صĳѹڶϱڲԫ֮ϣԭׯϵıûһ档֮У߳һɫˡǸһŹͨȴ̲ס˲øС
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кܶ飬ۿͿһֱƭԼԼ滹ţ
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÷Сˣʬ嶪ް˵ţᣬã㲻ţصظģ
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ް˫۳죬ûô޹һˣҶװİɣ
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ް⣬ֻͻȻӿڴóһֻɫʽԼھưһʧֻ
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ֽ˫ֱػشţ⿪ӡ
ްԣ̲סʳһ䣺˵صĶ壬㡭㵽ʲô
ֵЩ㵣⺢˵Ѿ˵ˣ⿪ӡʲôʲôϵأް㾹ȻԼǷӣ޼ҵļҷѾܳ𣿡
¶Դ޼ҵĵǣĵӣ޼ǼŲҰӲ治롣ʮĴΣҹҹε棬ϲ𣿡
ްһô֪ε飿ѵҲ㡭
ְڰ֣ɲƵģɲҪʲôͷϿۡЩΣҵΣû㣬㵹ȹңһТ
΢Цۣɣź촽Թ𣿡
죡ް棺㲻֣
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˵Ҳ䣬ġ֪ʲôҲǸ˽ˡ
ָϳʬ壬˵ţ㲻᲻֪ɣҲǣôôҪܸ㡣ƽʱ壬ǳԼ塣
ް֪ͫԼĿĴﵽˡɣ壬ֻ÷óɳģ͵컻գҪȻ뿪ǸطҪȻôôһ𣿡
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Щڳ治Ϊ֪飬˺ް
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86 
8.6
ްãֻһġֶ˶
ЩţΪԼ˻þ
ɷдǼιıӡ
ܰѷ˳뻯ģֻһˡ
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ްۣǰվһݵˡǴʲôֳֻһƾɵİۡ
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ָж˴ްĸ첲ϣֱж˴ֱֵۡ
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ǱӴܣ벻ֶΡ
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Ŵް˱ץִԲѵĻʵ̲ס˴ް
ٸе⣬û뵽ްȻسס
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ްסеİ꣬棬 棬ô
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վجμʧӹްеĵجķ϶һšԶĺ㣬ʬ壬籼ǡ
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һȫǱһǻʹڶ롣
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л˵



ڶ ˡܿúдްĸˡԣ׼ȷ˵ǴްĵߡڶҺ̫ˡд˺֣ܶʮɣڰѱĻ˼дˡ÷ϲĵ㣬дһΣɾˡΪʲôһˣ˺塣 


87 
8.7
棬ôûѣ
棬㾿ʲôʱŻѣ
棬ɣ

ججԺ
ǰһƬڰı֮ϣһһĺ˫ۡ
ߣһһС˶¶˵ǵ顣һϴŲǴӸڲһֻ֪İΣ
Сһкϣ˫޹⣬ۼȴοһ꣺ްϵҲأȥϢɡңŶǱšûµģڣõЩ˺档
ްϰűҽԺʱѪŵҽԱҲ֪ǲҽԺƵƺȫԺ֪
ްڲ˯һһҹŵ֪滹ڻ˯ҽϵĲһžͼ˯еĳ棬ве
һֱڲԣǴްȰ˵˼ú󣬱ʹްһͬϡ
˴ްһЩجеء
˵÷ϲɱ÷÷ӣ˵ԵǳҲµò˿ѪԵϵ÷ÿ÷ͬ壬ԲŻᱻá
²һջǸпֹȻǰֻ˵˽ƻλŲǽƻֿԡһˣȫȫˡ
ްڶǱ֪Լʱ˲ٹ֣Ҫ֣ﶼ
ǣŶ̵µӡػĻ롣
ɽ
ްȭͷҵĴǿһЩͲᡭ
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ϣȻްȴܸоްķŭ뱯ˡ
ڵʵΪһͨˣѾˣԡ
ް֪İοɺ⡣ǣ֣òشĻܸң֪Ϊʲôôִ
һ٣Ŵްⲻһͨ˸˽ġ
ް˳֣ͷڳֱҲͨأ
⣬ֻްðһɫĹâҲǽʹǽ⿪سףԣң𣿡
ްһ󺧡˼õؿڵðɣ»ҪϦ˵𡭡
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֪ﴫСϢ˵Ʒһ£ʵǽıԵݵİϷ
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ϽһѪЩȣսµľ˶ҪǰһĻƸȭͷŭһϣס֡
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ڻһ꣬һϮɫڳߵɫɫŽƣͬɫĺϴżֵǵϺ顣
ںڳлŮ߸úȾķ̶֮⣬޼ĳҲȻ£ұ߻ͬɫϵĺ䣬¶Ķͷǻڼɡ
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³һѪţʣҲҪ
ɪ֣ҲЩ棬ʲôأ㻹ҪҪˣ
Ҫ
䣬ɪߣȫߣ
ɪ³ëúúãҵĺñܣҳȥˡ²Ǽ򵥵ɱ˴޼Һ֣Ҿܽ⹫ҲãҲãҶòοڶѾõͷˣǸ֣ұᵽϽǲ֪Ǳ߿ɿຮˡ
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֪ûд޼ҵİ̼ǲܰ⵹֣ҡ֣Ӫ꣬ҵĹϵ۸ӡ̼һֱģ붼֣֣ѰܣҶǣУҲԪ
ʱ޼Ͼֻʣ³̼Ҷ
룬ԼվǱˡһֱû˶˵ùȥӪԺμ֮λ
ԭЩҲ֪ݹùãΪ󽫾û뵽ǣ̼Ҫߡ
ǵԼʱֻбһԣ˷٣ѽڤء˺㵱佾꣬ģɱ
ûһǷԸֻʣյ׷ʲô
ѩ˵̰Ľɫ
˵֪Ϊζ֡
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ԭȻһ֮ˡ
ڽһҹ˵λǰһ޵
峿̫ûɪʲôûȥνǱ޵֮أ˸ıһˡ
л˵
деƣҪûңĸģ


88 
8.8
ǧ⣬ѩ׷ɡ
ãã磬ֻһ걳ŰɫǵѩǰСϵİɫʵҲһֻ̫꣬䣬Դֶȥһ
Ȼɲһ
ѩ˯ȥ٩ܰ㳤Ůؿһû١̾һ䣬ܵ˱ϡȭͷȭͷɲᣬһˤĻѩС
ûΣһϽӿ첽ɽȥ
˾ǵùɪıܳ档뿪ʱʲôûɪãзů壬ɳʹһۣ·󣬷һκܳɷ졣
ɪΪϲĥԼܣѧϰҲ̫ˣûҳţһʹӲҺ˺ĵţ壬ߵЬˣҲ
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Цһɪ꺢šɪ޵ҸҪ
˵ţǰɪı
ɪţѩޣ֪֪Ϊ˾㣬һ˶ѪҸڤһƾţòӮġͲ֪жСӣ
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£
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л˵
£û뵽ôджĺǣ͸ǳɣҪһοˣ


89 
8.9
ѩܣˮʯϣδδ졣죬ɫ¥һ硣ǹƮѩУһ۾ܿⲢ˼䡣
֮ů֮磬ľȴ쳣ɼһ֮ˡ
ֻϧȴܴ³Ұʮ̧һܣñӴߴ٣ٿ㣬ǲûԷٵСҲ
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ͯӼͯ귢غͯӣ˼İ׻ʹǰˡ
ͯ׻ʹһƲţǰΪΣôǰǸļһ֮ǰǰʴʣֱӣ
ͯΪްùڣް·ɲͯǰߣ侲ظΪܵܵ岻á
ͯӷһۣ岻ã˻Ǳߵĺӡ
ͯްعһԣͯӵԹ
󹬵Ĵű߷ͯӻɪ
Ψ˴ްרƣɪĶҲһŲæģ
ɪҪԼܡȻ
ȴоιȥˣԸֻ˵ʱԻСȥס
ͯɪȴòġԭزߣУұܻûأô˷ģҸ㡭
ɪվôްʧȥ˳֮뷨֣ͷĹâǹâûԺУûãͻָʶ
Ǵӻѹокܶˡ
ȻָʶûȫָԺ֮俴˱ɪӰ
ɪѣֹͣ󳳴֣С˵ţˡٲѣҪˡ
еᷳĆ£оעƽҲֵ͡
ֻڿûбޣûбϲ
۹ܿʧ
̧熪µһ߶߶
ʵ̲סĆ£ۿɫƮѩѩ۽ϣ䣬ů
绹һԆ£ֻ˵ĻԽԽóܡ
͵ӾҪ뿪ˡ
һεĻ
ЩܡûҶһͣûϰ߹
ֱۣ˵
ǻ㾳ɵĵطú޵ͱˣ㿴š
һʹԼѾ
̧һ䷿о罫Ӹϡ
֪Ҫˡۣ±翴ų
һֱĬţ߰ɣ߰ɣ˵Щϻ
ɪžǿִֺĳʼ۰ųĶͷصһ䣺¡ȵʦ֮գ㡣
һգۡ۽Ǻᣬţƭң
ɪҡҡͷƭ㣡
治ţɪ䣺ɡô֪ѧûѧɣʲôʱʦˣ㲻˵Ϊ䣬Ҫͻ𣿡
ɪͷ԰Ϊͨ˰Ҳɣˣʲô䡣
û˦ɪ䣺ƭңΪǺɣҪ޵ʲôʱ޵Ҷȿȡ
ɪ֪ƢУҹ䣬֮֡ǰ͸߹㣬Ҫ̫أᱻɡǸɵӡ
ڴߣС˵ţɵӣǱĻᡣطϹԣ˺ġȵģҲµġ׻˵ˮ¥̨ȵ£ƭ䲻ͺˣ
ĻԼĻˮƽˮ¥̨ȵ²ôõġ
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һֻͬƻͣΧ۽ǵͨ뺢һ涼
ɪ۽ǣ۵˵ţҡ
һ򵥵Ļóꡣ
ϧʱ䣬ʲôûѧᣬ˵û
ӵ˶˵ɣ˵ʲôЦһζã˲ȴ£ѰҸҪɴ£ȥϿ¾סһʱ䣬Ǳ߿Ե̫ءúãʵ۶ɣ
治ȺӱʵĴΪ飬ڻըһ磬Ⱥ̰ͼɫļһΡ
ǵɻ㾳ûܶ˺³ɻҳʱҲ
ĹƢվΪ˻㾳ڳıͽΪҪòҲ
ǰͺ̣󶼱ɻң濪ʼˣĳĥڴȺˡ
ҲȺ˵ĸܶࡣ
˯ڻӵߣλӡÿʱ涼᲻鲻ԸشӴ硣
ߣᵽɪἤػ
ҹͬȻ죬û߶磬ǱڵŮǲǴ˵˱˵ɻҡɨ˰죬ǹͻָʱô죿͸ǿôˣ㱾ͺÿ
治Ůɣڴ̨ϣ߶
Ůɼ治ز棬û˵ҾͲ󹬵飡
תͷƻüԽˡһɫףȴûŮΪұе
Ůɼʱֻ˵֪ˣ֪ˣ˵Ϣ˵ʵҴû˵չͽܣֻ˵
ͣ٣˵ʲô
ŮĴսС˵ϲˣ
л˵
㣺ԡӡƵۡ˼Ͷ١Σ²ԡΡϿ£ϿһΡʵһʼҴдɣǺܶ˶·ֱӸߴҴްݣֻ֪ɣ黹ҪƵģ


90 ض£
Դ׸һֱעⱾ飬֧ⱾĶǡһǻ£ĺܸлҵԣһԼдȥʱصóǵԡǡ͡ġղضǶⱾ顢ҵĪ֧֣رлghostһֱⱾ֧֡
ллˣ
9.0
λڻ㾳Ķϲһľۼءľܶ࣬ԲͬĹңͬʱգеԶͨ
һӵĻ֮ìܾӦúܶ࣬ȴȻ෴ǳĺһ£вߡơʤûۡûзգеֻǳҹĿ񻶡
ʯ·辡ש̳ɵĻ̨߸裬԰Ϊÿһҹ¹еʫˡңеǸߡ輧̵ĻӵֽԣŻ˵ķṦΰ
ĶԶòɤʫӽ޵Ļʫ
ȴŮɣϲˣ
ذ׵һ٣ûסذףֱ۵ı档е㲻ţʣˣ
Ůɷнµصͷţˣǳúÿˡ
³˼ֲҲǽȥɱ롣
û룬ദ˾ǰľŮСŮɲһ㡣ʼǱ͵Ͽ¾ӣһΣѧ˲ֶΣ˲Ͽ¾ӵˡ
ͳԵԴϿ¾ӵһ£ʱϿ¾Ӹ˳ǳ
Ϊ˻óϢڻӵԵȳ̫ࡣ֮飬Ϊ˽󹬵Ϣ
ȤҴһ󹬰ŻһֻҪУҪŮʮѾʱٲ
֪£Ǵӽˣǿǵʱ䣬̷·
ûĻӦΪԷСԼӣԻһַ󹬣ӽˣʲô
ּذףǸĲɵģΪ
һڰϵľƣι㻹벻֪ӣܸܲӦ̫û˼ˣҿƲ㴫Ϣ
ڴ̨ϣ¹ԡµ󹬣оƮ޵ĺ¥ɫǣˡ
һй˵ڰϣԭ֪ÿʱ䶼Ҫһ˽ӽˣΨһķӡ
ջµ۾ҲˣҲûǸգ㲻ңΪʲô˵ϲɫ
˵⣬־ӣ㶼֪£Ȼ֪ϲɫҲǷѾţ֮ŵõ˽ϢϢ֪˲ˣǸ
ûӣһͻ뿪֪һٶǰһóɵպ󱻻󹬡ǸרŸд籾ˡιڶνʱּǸˣͯӡӵܹ뿪㾳εơ
汻εʴ򶯣ذԣεƣ
еͷԣȥѧΪ뿪㾳εƣһнԿɽ˸ۡɲ⣬ӽһ˿ɱȽӽҪ򵥵ĶࡣοǸҲǴѣ֮ͬ飬ǿ»㾳ţӦû㣡
ѣ
ܺ棺ǸǴˣʲô
룺Ҽǵýг壬óŪ
峾ӨոϽĴ󹦳ıҡ˵ǳԤϣԣṩһݾ
꣬ô󽫾峾ȻԸʶΪ˻˵г裬£Ĳš
мͷ˼̽Ϣȫ˵˳ȥǸ˻˵峾ﳤ࿡ܻ˵ĳ谮Ѻڡͯеİͯ͸켸ҹһͬͬޡ
Խ˵Խ𾢣סƱհգλ˵ĿζȻڲͬѹֲŮӵ*
ûôԵ˼ò׵õһֵϢȻҪȥһԡԸаŵţһºȥ󹬡
֮óʦ󹬵ĵһ̽·峾ûϵ󹬵ɭϣݾ߲˵֮£أˮеź˿ƣ޷
ˮвٻеذڽǰߣ֮ʣͻȻһ̾ϢһΪԣ޳ǣԭһӰ
*ŮӵǺ顣ҲŮԲŮӵʵͦóǾֵģ΢趨ۡ
л˵
ٺ٣ˣ컹һ£ϼ


91 
9.1
ҹѾ˽¥Ĵ̨һ㱡»ԣڰ׷Ҽ磬λڵǰڤ
һݣִ壬ľ⣬ƺ˼ľһ䣺⡣
ʤľưɽ̾Ϣˣˣվǲ㰡峾
棬Це괩һϮۣ佫к£ƣӲŻᱻС˵óѡ
˵껰񣺡˴֮٣лָ̡
һǰ޵ĺͯҲ˵ԣֻһԼҵ塣
̬ʹްǡǡ෴ڴްհǰ˺󣬲ӵ·һʼˡ
ްۣ۲ΪԼİܼ峾ӻ֣޷ˣһ壬ӦҲˣȥɣ
Це峾ף̵С¡ֻºͯӺʹްϵİܾ֣̾˻øֻһȴô
ްúͯⷬȤ٩䡣ͻȻһԶĻ԰д
죬ȥǸСǱȥˡ
С
ްЩȤζһŰӶӺУ󹬾ȻСˣ
˷ܣ˵󹬳Ϣһ
ͯӼ״̲סһ䣺ˣǽյС˲Сܴ˵طǰҲ£ֻʱûôš
ް֪Ϊַ߿𣺡Ⱥﷲ̫Ȼ帴𡣴˵ռ˼üǳأֵ
ͯ귲ˣ壺ҲʲôöҰģȻ˽㾳󣡡
һȦûͣӣȺһС˶ץ£ȥȥ
ͯԹԵ˵һͨ´ްһ˽ڰװС
еĸϵһ˴ްƫİͻȻ£װһӣȥء
ʱ죬ɫʱ֡
¹£ˮУվһź˿Ƶĺˡ
˸ʪ͸ҹз߶ͦεϣʵôްеһȡֻ⾪ȵ˶Էתʱ˾ޡ
ްû뵽صİǲס˴ϵ޺졣
Ĩ죬޽˴ް
ֻһ˲ݼŵļ˲ʧڶԷüС
ްЦһΪԣ޳ǣԭһС
Ⱳӱˡӡܼ⡢ծûС
ǵ㹫İƵ˵˭Сأ
̧ͷϵİ׷꣬һۣ׷ͯգ޵ˣʣǺˣ
ü续˫һɫӡǡϲʲôӡǣڶ仭ӡǡ
һʼãץ˵ԼСߴ˵ط±ͷԲӵ˴
ʱ˿̣ʵд˼Ʋߡ
ֻԷһʼ͵˳棬ΪСһ˼ƻ
˵ĻްȴûڶԷƤô֮
ʣ㴳ĳӣǺˣʲô
˼ƻĵһʹˤȸ״ԭݶˣ֪õ
ްգգۣȷԼûָԼݻˣ
ͷȻ֪ң
ްô꣬ûˡ֪Լ̫ƣǼԷǿʶģ̫Ȥ˳Ļź˿о˳
һͷϰʪܣܡ
ްףһ紵˳ʪ·
Ϊлû뵽ԷȻغ˵һ䣺ʲôʹʲô
ްһʱƣΣ¶Է顣
ʵϣȷʵ顣
ֻǰɵӡ˦׷ţ´㡣
ް˵䱾ţ㡭ס
ްһˮеָ˹Ľ¥ĹҲס
ΪԼָʾóʶԼԵʲôˣһ
û뵽ȴһϲŴް䣺סеԶðɣȥɣ
ȥ
ްٴαǰ꾪ָ֪ʲôط𣿡
淢һЦôжΣǰɣ
ްҡҡͷε˵ҲϣⱾͲҵĴҪ˼ƽϣҲ¡ֻҲǾ㣬˹ǲҲøңΪҪȥסʲôѴҿ԰㣡
˵˳Ͽң顣
ǰȴŴ۾ŵû뵽ˡ˵ôϻǲҸȥסӱΣ˵ѹĲʹ𣿡
ް˵һ䣺ᣡ
ɴʱ˾￴һ˿ģֻԼĶʮ顣
ε̾һаɣаɣǾ͸߰ɣҶʾôˣ㻹֪ʲôˣ
ĺܿ죺һָҾ֪ˣ
ްһ֪ǳ浨̫󣬻Լ̫ûӴˡųηģ㲻𣿡
ôްǰԴްǲмţһūϥгʲôúµģ
л˵
˵


92 
9.2
󹬵ڸɽ֮ϣƽնǳɺס֮ǵ
ްû߹ɽɽ·˼Ȧ󣬳ɹԼɽ·
ͣ£ɻ󣺡㲻ϲ·ɣ
ްû˵ˣҺ·ˡ
תָɽϵҴû߹ɽ·ҪȻҴȥɣ
ɣ
ҡͷУᱻ˿𣬻鷳
ް֪滹ֹǣЩԻ󲻽⣺㲻֪Ǻˣʲô
ôްݣʵ̫ûޡΪһӣȴ˶ڻۣ㲻߳𣿡
ްӲ⣺˻
СΪòӣƽľΪڻҪָްûĻ˵ڡ
ɫûʲôˣɽһֱϣˡ
̫򵥣ɽϲ󷨣вᱻס
ްǿһ·ɽΪ治ǰΪλ֪߳ܡ
˼⡣
̲סʣʵں棬Ϊ˵Ҳ֪߳ܣ
һɰʵ׵ӣóᷳ
Ͻɽ˵Ϊȴɫ˱ͲڻˣѵԼ޴
ɫˣ
㲻Σס֮ˣ˻⣬̺ͯӡ㾳˶֪ϲɫ
ԣ̺ͯӶ˵г裡
⻰ûֱ˵ȴôް˰벽
Ͻͣʲôʱ˵ϲɫң˲ϲˡ
ô֪ϲˣ
ްпԣôϲˣðִԣʲôں
ôѵ㲻˵г裿
ް׳֮ǰ̬ȣЩЦãһʱ֪˵
ǧػ㾳û뵽ᴫôֵĴԡ
ʣΪλ㾳˶ϲɫ
еĻ˵һ飬ϣ˵˲ŮɫܿŮ
ŮɫŮЩˡ
ްŶЦڻƣһʱ֪ôӺδ˵𡣡
һʯͷϣ˼ԼĹܾǷ쿪
Ůɫϲɫ
Ҳ̫ˣ
ްúЦȴɻǰ˲г裬ѵǡ
峾峾
ǰЩסްĵۡ
ϵļ𪣬Ũ޵ĴɫôްˮĻ
ްûüͣǵ
죬ɽж
ץסްɽܡһһٻ
񱻷ų罫ϵķ顣˵ƻµķ
ްЩģһţһŻԶ롣ֻᱻĴ
û뵽ô鷳ķһʱ벻ķӡΪǰ֮峾̬ȺࣺǸô죿
ްĶǵĽŲץ죬ֱС
滹ûɹһʱЩţҪʲô
ްûӦֱӷɻǵĽһЩͷˣߺҪץˡ
Ϊ׵ĶӳͯӼԼҵ£һ⡣ųֵһ䣺죬һȺʲô
ָϷĳ棺ǹʹˣǸ˾Ӱ
ͯȻ֪ݣץӵԼҵ¡
û뵽¾ȻԶ֣һ뵽Ӿ̫ûãõԳ֡
ͯһţȺ
ով˸߿շеĳЩʣһµذ
ްµСˣЦ޵Ϣ
˳ҪѾǷ
ȷʵ͹˳鷳
һסתĴް峾㲻ߣ
ްûͣ½Ų֣ˣҪʲôȥɰɣ
Ѿˣֻ޵Ϣһ
Ҫߣץס˴ް֣彫ңǴʿæ
ްһѣͻȻ뵽һˡعͷԺ뵽һ֡
棡
׻ʹıܣ޼ҵŮɱĵù
¹䣬һӴڻ㾳в׻ʹ壬޼ҡ
һ棬ֻǵó泤úܺÿһ㷲˵ò
ڣôɻӣ
ѵǻ㾳Ӱ죿
ްԼһʱò׼Էͼ
彫ҡ
㰡ôΣ
ڵĻԷϡԷƺʶԼ㡭ʶң
Էشų棬˵һ䣺ôˣҰ춼ûϳ
ԽԽ֣ʳɻһµ޳һԡ
Ǻ޼ް˷ܣ£Сץˣ
£
ڻ㾳ܱΪµֻһˣǾǻ㾳ˡˡ
һ̣֡׻˿еĺ壬վԭأֻ³ɺ޽֯һ
ǰˣԼξѧԼҲ֮òƵط
ɺ޵ǣȻƭԼôλͣȴѡ˵
ǣôأ
ǰǻ㾳ˣΨһܹ⿪䣬ţ뿪֮ˡ
Ĺ㳡ϣɫľʯƣе죬»ԣƮҡѩڵϡ
ͻȻԼڻ㾳еһοѩĳһֻ̣úޣ㡣
ɿ֣ϵع£ߵݴ񣺡ˣһ󣬻˴Ӧ
ͯһԣȴްϡ
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ŴްȴŴްľܾͬ⡣˶Բߣ۴ްξܾ취
û뵽ް˵£ɫ𣿡
л˵
ɫˣϲСɰкǣ͸Ȿɣлл˹


93 
9.3
Ǻǣ
ֻ仰ԼȻûпˣǰˣ޳ϲɫ
ʵ沢ϲɫӾӡ
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ɱг衢ɫһ£
˹˵Ŀ֮Ǻθܡ
һʱͷٻ񹥻Է
һǳ
ʲô˲ص˵
ͯ˳棬ҲóԼĿġһʼһѧȻ󱻱ӻؼҡ
ʱҴңһɣű粻ԼԼҲ뿪뿪طߺ˭ҲҲ
ҵ뿪ķӣȥѰ峾ÿšȴתת˻˵ǰʲô
һ壿
˼ƻ峾ƣ˽εơ
ڳ峾ǱѴѵѾ죬ūϥг衣
Ʋ峾峾²ߡ
ϲǰαԶ
ֻǰ˹޳ܣó治ò¶ǡ
ڵϵɫƽƽֻ̾ߣл˵֮ްɫ䣺װˣֵ󹬴ң
һӲͷƤǣˡ
ް֪û˵ʵ峾
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Ҫˡ
Щ귢飬Ҳжš峾ıϣԾ乬ϽʦѪҲûи峾ڤֻشҡ
֮£йٴʱ峾ӵȻҪͬ⡣
峾˻㾳ˣһֺӮע⡣
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ˣǴˡ
׼Ź峾ʱˡ
ϣްġ׻ʹıܡ̼ҵӣһ续˼ȴʮֺݶر
ó䲻Ư
Ҳôް䲻֡
˸̥ѶԷߣò˵ĳϣҲϬ
ⲻͯɽʱް˿ڣǾɣͯӲڣҲһ̵ˡ
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˵ŲܺͯΪѵı飬ԹԵ߽޵С
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ȴһж£ҲϴްĽŲ
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һֱվ˴
ͯӵǱģߣҪΪҲ֪ڴʲô⡣ǰķ˶ȥˣһɳ졣ƣǼƽϣҲǺǵġ
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תһֻɺףϢʱϲ˴šǵµ޹ȥ
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ͯӵüëһǣô㻹𣿡
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һǿҪȴǿû£һγɺףһҾûˡ
ͯӼмֹߣϣ㲻Ӳÿʱ䲻úϢҲҪ˯̫Ҳ֪ʲôӽ𴲣
в棬ǣ뿪ֻǿ֮ĩĳһƨˤڵϡ
ȵڶʱ滹θﲻʡȴ˵ĴӰȵҹִӺҹȵ졣
ҹû۵ڵ峿˺ͯӺɺס
ͯһ棬Ͷ㲵𱸣úϢôŪȻôź£
ҲҶԺͯӷȻɺҪûкͯѹƣɺ׻ɣ
ǿŲ룺ҿԵģԲ⣡
ͯ·Ʒ滳У
澪ȣҲ·ƷŪˣΪڹ㡣Ȼɽ㻹ȥɺף
ɺӰϣֻоƽذ㰲ȣ¶ľԲڳɺס
޵һɣ
ںͯ޹ڣһˮأرһݳªޱȵĴβ㣬һ
ͯӼֲ֣Ŵβ˾䣺ȥٸ¶ˮͺ㡣
ˣ˵ţ㲻˵ֻ𣿡
ͯӷһۣ֪Ʋ棬Ʋβ㡣͸¶⣺Ҳ䵱ǸˣֶԶ㣬С㡣
źͯӵ㣬Щܡ߹һ̳ɵĳȣųϼεһֻϼзӿ¶׻ĶƤֳС
ͯӼ״ӻóһͭƷĹⷴ䵽УֻڵƤϵ
ЩûôڵˣҲữٲһˣøſһ𡣡
ֵֹģúͯθôһװ
ȻͯҲǣˣѹŪ˾Ͳˡ
վſڣָ޵˵ȥź»·ȥˮȻΪ
ָͯӵȻȻӡ
ͯӼѧƽްԴģ˵ţԹ£ȻҸ㽱͡
⻰һ͸ӼˡھɽĽһŲҪ
̶Ӿ񣺡ұ֤񣡡
ͯӺοתȥȪˮ
˷ܵؽ޵ȴްѴ룬¶΢Ц˵ţ㰡ôô㲣
һ̣ǱġϱŵĹԼɽĽĵȴĥ
򵨱ǰקŴް˵ţѣҰ·
ް
л˵
棺ѣһСүĹǲıƺ


94 
9.4
ᣬſų顣ĸڱȪˮУֻȪȡˮ˲
ͯӱźˮУţ죬ƽʱ㳪Ҫһ첻һ䣬ֳֿʲôװί벩ȡͬ飬˰Σ
û뵽ԼȪͯӡضˮɪɪ
һſƮˮ棬ͯز
֪ޣôʲôȥ
ˣ⡣
һֻβͲش˺һˮʪ˺ͯӵȫ
һ̣ɽֶͯӵ
ϧŭûдĶС
ŴްѣҰ·
ްɡѾˡ
УҪסͯӷԸˣҪź㴩·
ްڿЦϵˣѾ
У
ն봩Ҿò
ʣû˵ڡ
ްЩ棬˵ڵϣɢһϮţòʲô
ϵ괽ݰףϴһ˿ɬ
ްʲô
ֲԸˣֻ˵ôʲôȰ·ˡ
ްЦ·ѵ׼Ͷͱ𣿡
ڵϣȥĻûõĻӦɫ˵𣿡
ݺݵĿް֣Ҷ˵ˣ㡣
ްֱĺ죺𣿰Ҿ
Ļˣû뵽ް˵ôű߼ʵĻʲôô͵ˣ
˵һԣԼ˺ü踺ء
ްһɻ󣺡Ƿ˵Ļﲻ˵Ϊ
˼仰ƽﶼڲ֮ϣоҽҩһްĻ;öԷʲôöЩϡŹֵ顣
ͯ׼õ·ްһҲڷôΪôϻˣͯӴˮˡ
ްߴţվãȴųķ̡
ڼʱǹӣ㾳ҲỤ̊Ͳ֪ôˡް·ڸ·ȫ˴ްĸо
ްԴһܵƹһֱ·סͷ
ػɳڹ˽
ϧû֤ݣͷܿæµĳִ·
ԼǴ·ˡ
һ㶣縺ΣɲܳһǸмްлл
ްЦЦóɵӻ
һ̺󣬳ڰްֻʣɡ˵ãҲûеȵͯӡ
Щ֣ૣȪôԶ𣿡
ްڻͼҲò̫Ծܽǵſڵĳ𣿡
˵Ǹ
ްû뵽ѾˡЦƣûˡƽʱͯ۸òǳˮǴȪģƽסȪż档գСȷʵЩ
룺ȥɣ
ȴްס
ްҺһɣ
汾룬Ͳסްӡ
ͬ⣬ڴް˴ȣֿ
֮ܺشۣһԵĴް꣬ܺߣ棬ԴСãƺתȦ
еĶȴӲҪҡȤ
ްҲûƣֻǿϧˡ
ڳǰ·ʱӳвһĻˮΪ͸ֻʣ»ġ
濴Ļķӫ⣬ƮڿС
ް
ףŻĽһƬɽ֡ɽ֮ãģоʮΣա
Ƕ·Ҳ̤ɽֺ˲ήԭ͸Ļ³֣˿ݻƵɫ
оɭֺΣգȴްҪҺͯӡ
ʵܺް֪ΪҪްѧ
ڳ翵ĴڱȲ˼ĵʿٵʿ׽ʲô
޳
治мӵƺʹڴްһεĺӡ
ԨԴʼڴ޼ңҲԹڴ޼ҡԳ޼壬ѶΪ֮
һʣڴްǲԸġǴﶦʢʱڣ϶£ٽΪ׻ʹѣøΪɣԳΪʡ
ɡ
мʱԼͲ³ݣû׽á
󹬣Ҳŵ
֪ĿģֻҪ漰ߣ۳κֻ֣һֻۣһֻۡ
ްô룬һʼЩ֣Ϊλ
ͨˣΰɣ
ǣֻ
ްŲⲽɽȪԣֻһֻĺѪƬһţѪ
Ѫ
滷ܣûмͯӵӰ׼ԼȥѰңȴްӻóһֽǵϻССһ
ްŵֵصһ䣺棬Թһһͷ㽱Σ
л˵
де㷦Ҫĥĥ


95 
9.5
ԹʹδڳгֹܡԹԡƳ̼ҵضð̡
Ȫ֮ϣػظҪ
ްû뵽õԷ˾ķԣһζԼ˻ɡƽͺڰͯ˵仰ʱڰͯԺ˷ܡ
Գȴá
ް룬ǳ治֪ķ
ٴȱžܾҵĽܷġ

ж
Ѳɻƣ
µǱ˺ġ
ʵܾҲܹɡ
ڳ濴ǰֻεĴްΡ
εĽ˵ĵһӦǾܾοǳĻĿĵˡ׽Լ룬ʣŶ˵˵ʲôտƾ
ްУԿᡣ
˵òϽּϣм֮ǲġ
֮
֣֪ǷΪ֮ûʽ֮Щ˵ģ㵹˵ЩõĶ
ްȴ⺢ӻ治ƭ̯֣ðɣ룬ϲ𣿡
ҡͷ
ްǽأ
أǴ³֮ҪЩ
ް룬˵˸ֱһһܾ֮£ֻʣҪʲôأ
ðĵһͷƣһ¶뿪㾳ͻᱻ֪
㾳ֻ벻ɳ㾳ķû뿪ʸǳΪǿ뿪㾳Ҫػ֮Լ
治֪֮Լݣ˴õϢ١
ֻһ䣺ΥԼ֮߱ʹǴ֮
Ǵ飬ڳַϷܵ档˼ʱ֪֮˵ԼҪ˵ѾǴ
ҲǷ޵֮˵Ĳͬ˾ηأȴ޵֮أȴš˵һǴȲ޵֮˵һ졣
ǵñ¿ˮ˵̫Уÿݷָһۣأڷǰװɵ㶡һ޵֮ʵأסǵ͸ҪǮһۣ
޵֮ˣǲܸѵġ
ǴǴá
ɴʱĳ沢֪ΪԼǷˣֻ羰
˼ǰ˵һ䣺ѧ
ްͽܣ
ɲԴްϹϾҡͷʦֻѧ˵ףⲻǽ𣿵ȻʩչʲôҾѧʲô
⻰˵ģ񲻴ռްıˡ
ްǵһѧˣЦЦ˵˾䣺ͷ
⻰ûбްͬ˳Ľס
ƣһִֻӳļϸ
оԼһһɫĻڴްġ
ɫôƯ
ް佱һ䣬ɫĻסơ
Ʊͳһյ繬ưСĵյ
յ棬ʣʲô
ްͷ棬˵ưʲôˣ棬ȥҺͯӰɣ
ĵصȴųĻӦȴûϵһ 裬㡢ô֪ҵ֣
ްһʱ벻ʲôýڣֻ˵ҿǻˣ㾳ڣ֪
⻰ʵЩд󣬻㾳ھ͹ӾͲˣްô޾ϸӴſĸ򶼲֪
ƭ˳档
ʵҲ飬ԼƵϢ߰ڳԴްһֵ˵Ŀ־뾴η
ܡˡֵӰ죬ôްɲ⡣
治ȥմްֻ֣ס˴ްӡ
ްգΪ治ԸӴֱۣӱץ
еĵյһΡ
оضɽҡһաһţ˫ץסްֱۣս˫ۡ
ްоֱһʶȥоЩԼЩ۸ˣһֱԳֵĳ棬ЩɪɪģԼè
ͷذοһ䣺Ī£Ѿˡ
ɳ滹Ǹоʵֻܱްĸ첲ۡ
ǰһƬ󺣣ʮЩʯ߸ߵƶ֮ϣɫķǡ
ʣʲô
ް֪Ǹ˵ֱʡ
ʣ˵˭
ްƺԸἰˣųں֮ϣɺ˴ʪǵЬס
ްش𣬻һ⣺ǡʲôطΪʲôͯںδ
Щ⣬ްûоָܾԶһ֮ǣӦǹ޾ΪʲôӦҪֻ˺ͯӽ׾ˡ
֪ɻкܶ࣬һһ˵ʵڻʱ䡣
ްģʱ䲻࣬˷ڽ棬߳桰㲻ѧھͽһǾǽΡ
л˵
ϲСɰһǡԣ賿һ£11Ҵдȫڣ֪ܼܲ֡


96 
9.6
ζ֣ϤİСʱڼʱүұΡǻŴɽ޵ңδΪ׻ʹ˵ıѾǷ켫
ү˵μ˺첼ν⣿
˵⹫ϲ£ҪǶˣϲϲ
ү˵μݣν⣿
˵⹫˴ϲ˵Ƕϲɺء
ү˵μ˹ײģν⣿
ֱģأٷţ⹫ȥ꣬ҪȢϱˣָǮ
ǻž꣬үŰȳ磬֪粻ףĶʲô߰Σ˳ɶǴΡ
ް˵ҪΣΪҲǱҡײƭһʱеΣ˭Σ߶Է׼ָǮ
ް֪ԽεƫͻȻЩĳĵؽ֮ͣΣ֮£ν
⻰˵߶߶ܽһ䣺ǽ˵Ρ
ƫ֮ģҲΣ
ްȻԿΡڤеҲΡֻβͬǵλʵξûΪֶ˻Ѫǧ
ԾһҲ˵Ǹ˵Σ
ްұһֱţеòֻֻ֣ǣﲻ˵Σֻ׾ν׾ξĻΡξ˲ͺϿ¾ӵЩˣҲΣξݻס
˺Ͼǲͬξв׾Ӱ쵽ˣ෴Ӱ쵽ˣˡ
˽ͣ˼ԺͯӺпǱˣ
ްòǡܡǡ϶ֻû뵽ֻ˾Ȼ׾ǶԼ̫˼
Ǳ͵˵ݵ˶㣬ԡ㣬ֻǲ̫ϲ˵ڣ㽫ȪԣżҲȥˣ
ڿ̫ɳˣŻ˷׾
ްϵķֽڻˮУ˲佫ɱ
ڱϣóһǲϰͻȻأû
ؾɿް֣ʲôණһԶ
ްģ̲סЦ
ΪްЦЦʲô
ްЦҡͷûУûУûЦ
Դްǲָްһʡ˴ްЦȴ˵ϹʱҲĺʱ׾֣ҪָްԼ
ֽ踺ءһ顣
һ⣬ʣȻѾˣǺͯʲôط
ްһߺ޵ģ̲סЦ⣺ž⺣֮¡
ּްڡЦԼ۲Ϊͷűĺ棬ް棬ݺݵ˼šҲ㷨Ūģ
ްͷţǵġŶˣҸýǷˣ޷ʹ÷ʡ
ôްںԼֲûͨˡı粻ͻ÷ʲô˼ǲֽҸ㡭
ްһָڳĺ촽ϣĻЩΣôңⱲӻûôΡ
ʯҲȾ˱˪һɫӣ
¹˺ܶ꣬Ҳǵշ죬»ǹİ׷Ⱦһʥࡣ
ǧ绪һóоɡֺʺꡣ
վǰ᲻ʧصģģҶԳаԣңǴ
û뵽ްᷢĶģЩ޴룺˵ʲôҡ
ް궾ĺ󣬸оɺܶࡣúܽ᣺ֻϣܹһЩ
ɵԸ񣬺ˡȻûԼı䣬΢˴ްһЩ
ƿްԼϵ֣Щйصֲãѧʲô
ްó̫ļëëԸ溢ָЩ죬оմȾ˳洽ϵ֬
ɳ洽֬
ްЩ㱣ŻӦ棺˲ʹ÷عֻҪƭ򼴿ɡ
νƭҲҪõصĿ顣
߳棺Խһ˵ʹ÷
棺䣿
ްԣ˼ĵʿ˵*Щ˽õɵʩҲַʽ
⻰̫ţ˵֮ܽģô˵𣿡
뷨Ȥʵϣȷʵôý衣˼䣬Ҳκһʿܽɹ
ްҪ̳ѧȻᱣ֤ɹҲ֪ĻҾһɹ
ţûС̾һҸ·ɽ跨أ
ްͦͦţǲ⣬ҵ䡣
ƴްĵ̲סŶҲ˵Ժÿʹ÷Ҫһ黪ˣ
ްҡҡͷǲҵ䡣
̧ͷŴްʣʲô
ްЩ⣺㲻֪
滹治֪ް䣬֪ްǴ޼ҵڣǺˡ
Щɪ
ɪ˽棬ó֪֮ĽףҲôްóѡ
ͷβ֪ǰ˾ǴްүƢַˣܳұҪ֪𣿡
ް漴ҡҡͷԼͦȻ˼ûй١ڰ޳
Щǰ£Ҳ˼óҫֻ˵˵Ķԣҽдޡ
ޣ
üͷһ壬ºͷ
ް治ϲ̸Ŀڣİ


̲סԶްӾôްһ̬
ްҲڣǣôˡ֥İ
Ӿ˺֣ʣƤôѲԺ÷ǰҪһ飬֥İҲҪ
ȷʵе߳ܡ
ް̲סͷ˵Ķԣȷʵе㡣ҪɣһҾǸ跨㡣
һ뻹ôްԼұеһƴ뵽磬ͻȻһ֣֪ˣ׻Σ
ɴţð׻Ϊ跨䣬ص˼䣬ҲֻΪǱ̵Լ㾳ֹϵ
ްһɪĹЩҲȷʵûʲô÷ӡֹһҵķñĹʲô
仰۵ֱӺԡǰ׷غţȱˣҷɣ
ްֹһЩ塣
վڱ֮ϣͻȻһʹֵĻ糱ˮӿԺ֮УЩпɬû˿
貵ǿտʼҰʯ顣
ǰǸ׷ģ
һ̣ŷԭԼˡԼǰج֮Ϊץ֣ǿл·ã˯
ﲻһμ䣬ʵһָ⣺׻ Ρ
ʯѵûһԥתξĵطȥ
Ǹɫԭأ۽Ѫᣬòţ档
ϧ仰û۾ͿŵҺƿԼ˵ʹް۵ļңûз֡
ðɣ»ҪϦ˵𡭡
һֱ̧˴ްıϡɤӺƣ̬ôӣʹˣô࣡
л˵
ϲϲȥƪΪԱȽ٣ûõʲôϲһںдһЩϲҾдһЩ㣺һûбҵŪˣԼûд¡ʵΣߴްľ¡˵ʱĳˣžôһݡԴްǲ֪ľ¡ڶǰٶȵģĳһλ䡣Ϊһλ֪еĵޱߵĵɡҪЩڰٶȣ󣬵Ҿ׼ôдˣжЩСɰܰһ޸ģٸĺˡ


97 
9.7
ҽԺĸ߼㣬ѵĻʿڻʿվȻš
ˣ
ϣҵѽⶼҽԺ˰ɣػضѪɺӡ
СʿһСֹţֱӽһⱲӾûôˡһοһΪŮأ
ǻ֪ɣ˺£һأ
ӣǸرÿ۾м𣿰ϣǸӲ֪һģǳö񣬹Ưֻϧˡ
ҵţûע⵽ӻʿվ·ʿǵĻûĥʲôгʹްһԶǻкˡ
ʲôʱ£
ӵɻò𣬴ްҲˡ
߼ڣһ͸Իû¸Ͻؼңȥǵʮ˲ħȥ
һߣֻʣ´ް˲ͱ
ʵεҲͳòްͦĳô
ҽ˵أָܶضꡣ
һֱڵ֮У꾭ʴưܲ
ްۣʵеһۼʱ̲סϧ֮ġ
䲻֪дӺζҪ˵ǺΣج֮Уָ˼ݲء
ϧ


ްǲҰ˵ҲԽ׳ذ벽ͳ֮һμİߡ
վڿ尾ֵߣƮġڵұߡ
ް֪Խ˰ߣҲϵĳ棬ΪԽߣʹ裬Զ
جе֪Լس׵һ̣ϲҡ
˹ɴڳߡ
ް֪ԼڳϽ̬ڡ
ΪͲ
߼Ŀյ¶Щͣްң˼ȡһԵˮˮлл㣬ҡ
Ŵһܸо޶һŨŨĲ
ⲻֱָްɴްھǸлƵû취˵Ļ
뾯ްԼ顣
ɴްĺ̬ȣаĻ䣬ЩȻʧ
ѾܾûεǸˡ
̧֣ϵҺ룬һʱЩۡ
ƣΪԼĲʣͷϽӹްˮͣлңû㡣
ްˮЦû㣬ҿ϶ˡ
̧ްԷЦݣ֪ΪΣͻȻЦݺеǸˡ
ǲϲǳȴҲʲôɣݺݵظҴӽجξ֪Ǵˣƾͼƣ㺦㣬㻹лң
ްϵЦⲻֻοҲæجҲԼ־ôܹأ
ԽԽôްд󲡣±ӣεҺ룬˫ְްļ򣺡ȵֻ¼⣬ûǱܿͲ׽Ū֮ġ
ްû뵽ôϽסѪףüţΪηҪѹƵԼϣ
ε̾˿۾ף
֣ȴްסûֲָָɱ˴ްֻ˾䣺ǣ飡
ްڡЦɿֵ棬ΪҪԼ˵һˣѵǺߣ˵˺£˿佱ʱẦߡԽǺԽöԶԼ
ˣָУٺ˵˵һ䣿
ްûѪ֪ûɱ⣬ֻʼ磬¶һЦݡ
Цʵڴ̳ۡ
عγһУ˳Ŵްչιڰɫǽϣһ졣
ȭͷôЦ
ްΪΣ
ްû׷ʣ˦һС
ɸոյ̫죬ֱӾҽԱʣˣҪ𣡡
治鷳ϽñӸǹԼͷ
ް̲סóֻ͵͵һšе㵣ı֣һŻش𣺡û¡ֻǶˡ
ҽԱû£뿪ǿǼʶ㣬֪ʲôĹܣʲô鲻ùܡ
뿪Ŵӱͷһ۾ͿڶֻĴް˵ţҪ뿪
ް֪治ϲסԺͰȥԺⲻ߳棺ԣҪңôЦԭ򣿡
ôްԽ֡ͻȻڸ뿪һ䣺Ϊȥһˣ
ްһ׷ʣʲôˣ
ɫһֺˣ
ֺ
ްų˴̧֣ͷ˻УͻȻһֵϲԼʱҲùˡ
еĻվʣǸ˸ϵܺ𣿡
ŴҶûע⵽һԴްֻǻأôܣǳ˰
*
һ˺Խʱա
ڤ֮£һеĽŮֲ̿
Ϊ׳Ůʵ̲סôģһݣǵĳˣɱһΣɱڶΡ
ĸӣݸɪɪ۾Ůȥͷ
ɪɪ۾ŮɲԸ⣬ܾȥøӣҲҪƾʲôôˣҪȥɺ㲻Ҫ̫ˣ
зɺĳŮʵûʲôģһڶ̷ŮϣxҪǸ˭ģûô¾ǷɺƽʱҾͽз㡣̫ˣ
Ը⣬ԽԽһԵк̲ססͣˣxǶ𣿸Ӹңȥ
ӹӣߵİסأǸǡ
˵֣·ʲôɻ䡣
ҲûôݣȻŸӣҲ̲סս߿꣺ӢţxˣҲˡҸ㣬ǸǹǲʫҶҪͷǶҪ
Ӣűһţ۵᣺֪֪ǡǡ
û˵ףʲôӶ벻Ψнİ׷˾䣺ΪʲôôǸʫŮ
ɺû˾䣺ǿ϶ʧٺüˣ˭֪ǻοǱǳˡ
׷ǲ⣺ĸ˶ĳΪʲôô𣡡
ͷ԰رᡣĺڷۣҥ硣ѧУǱѡΪѺΡӰ桪ǰءǸĺڷۣȥμӵӰ·˵ĺѡñӵֶΣӮʸ񡣡
غӢҲʫһ˵ʫ̫滣һ˵ʫ̫ĸ˰ʫ
׷ĸ˵ĻܽǾɱںҶ壬һ»Ұ
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98 
9.8
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99 
9.9
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101 
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ڼҿܲǳڼҡϾڼңǿ硣һĺҡ
Ҳܺ棺ڼҲǳôޡ
ڶִϣôôడҼһĹ԰ҪͬⰡ޾£οĹ԰ֲأֻһλڶѡ
ڵɵĿְ˾ĽС
裡
ڶͷԣǼھͽô֪
䲻ؿ˿ڣ̧ͷضڶ룬ŵڶ˵
濴һۣʣڶϵˣ
ڶе㲻ԣ͸©һ˿⡣˴ްһۣϣܽ
һԵľڶֱӴ󺰣ҵĹԹԣڶǿʷӢˡڴѴʥʵȻ»»ʣɽӣʿ´ѵڶʢ
Ӣۣʣ
αα
ϵͻȻأڶֱ
ڶҲ֪ô͵Զ󿪣ΪԼ˹ġ
õؿɤС㣬ԩͷծ
ȴڣʥûкˣڱ;ˣʣһȺҳӣ
ȺӶá
㣡溰һʲôأ
һ˶ѾڶϣҪڶ붳
ڶﱾڹǵ۹޵ΰӢֱۣ޲硣
ǰŮǹʱһĨĻꡣ
˵ʱЩ˾ҳӡ
ڶԼĲʣ밲οȴַȥ
ΪĻһʱСȺ˶˾ĻﶼĥС˼
Ҳ룬Щ£֪Ⱥ˵ֺĻü£ôͽǡ
żƻͻȻֳǰվһУк
кǱվãͷȴûԴ
ôֲһĻ˾ˣֻһ
ȥ̲סһ
⣬һ۾кԴڵ粣ϣһ˰
л˵
ڴʷΣСɰò̫ףһںϸ͡ЩСɰܲ³һЩȻΪûü̳Уûͳ̳ˡϵﶼ㲻ͳԭں˵ллҵĺǣررлңʱ䣬һѼӸһ£ң


102 
10.2
µգͷ­
ôֲĻ棬ؽ˾λϵľ˹ȥ
һΣ粣ϵԴһͷ̰Ų
ţôϷҪϳˣ
Ϸ
һ䣬׶Էͣ׼Ϸ
ްֻźȫޣ˱ͼᡣ޸ϣ뵲粣ϵͷ­Աȣĸʦѧ֮һֽӢš
濴һ۴ްݹϣϸӢŵƽ˿ĻԱ
Ҳ֪ˣλڳ桢ްǰ棬˵ţҷ˿ˣôأԴ˼ҡ
˵Ҳôްòʡ
һͷ­ͻȻۣЩֻǻǰˡ
û뵽ǻǣָͷ­ֻǻǣɿȥ̫ôǿǣ֣
ϵĺ﷢ǺǡĳЦùúͷСƽҪѧϰǲƴڻڸҶۡǵڶֲ壬ûõĶ
޴ӣӲͷƤ˺ü¹ȡ
ϣʦʦ֪ˡǸеǰܱܲôңһ¶⣬һ¶⣡
ŸϣڶҲ
С㣬ȻҪҰ
ﻹھռҹ٣˶λʹУһʱڶ롣
ڶﲻӺ¡Ҳǵһֹ֣־ֻ䲣ͷ­һֱͷŲ̰ĺҪȫ¶ӡ
ڶԽԽ£ץסС㣬С㣡ҰҡҪûˣԺû˸С⣬û͵͵ӰܱߣкӰƬ
˵һЩôȴֶס
ﱻڶ߶ˣֱӴӱ˹Щ鶼ڶ͵͵ذģûͬ⡣
ȻתͷƮƮһۣʵϺصڶ롣
޳ܣ
Ȼڹ컯֮¹ã˽ܣ
ôԣ
ջһ䣺ȥ
һ⣬ǸˣֻӷԸͷ֪ˣ磡
𻹲֪ʲôڶ룬˵ţ߰ɣ㲻Ҫұ𣿡
ڶһñĩá³ǹΣհɣ
ܾɴްһϽߡ
ڶӴް￴˸Σգεظ˳
һƿţ粣ϵͷԾͳŴĳǹһǹ
ڶһŵôߺÿֲôԴ˵
СУ˳ǻ˳Ͻŵա
ްųߣ粽룺ǸǲΣհɣ
㣬ԸϣǴﱣǣȥץĸ˳˻ǵĺӡ
һ̫⣬Թһ̫ȤȻҲ³ȥ̽ա
֣Ҳһ𣡡
ϧΨһʵĶڳţΣա˾Ǿֱ뿪ùǡ
˵˼䣬˴ްļ򣺡³
һֱųĻŻм棬ּ١
Ҫ߲ſڣ㡭ƺ֪ʲôط
Ҳøٷϻ³ǰ˵جΣجΣ
űգްֿͷѪɫƺѾϰô
ʣû𣿡
ڶ뷢еķȥ˵ţ˭֪أҷѾѻ˵úˣǲţִҪ³ô͸Լܡ
ϾȳϣҲԼġ
ް˳Ļܾʲôԡýյĳܴͬ
ڳʵ̲ס棬㡭ĺϲ𣿡
ͣ˽Ųʣ˵ʲô
ްûֱӷе㲻ܡѾ߹ֵʴ壬۵˺ѷΡ
ʺĥᣬˤҾͲͶӰӻؼңͲ÷ʲôƵӰ㿴ǡǸʲôõģ
ֹţҳҲƲһ㶼ǿοһԲôʧ飡
ԽԽ֮ǰ͸ߡ
ްǰų֣˵ţ㡭ϲˣǣϲ˹ˡ
ʼ˵ڮ˵Ļֻôųϲ
ָڷ飬סð亹
һر飬ǰͷ꣬ʳʲôʱ˵Լϲˣ
ֵϲǣֶϣܶϲϹҲԣȷʵϹ
סް֣˵ţ˭ڮң
ްһḯʴʹɢţе̡
˵Լļʲ²⣬ºӡ
ްĬ죬ǴЦһʱŪްʲô
˦ް֣ţڶ˵İɣ
ްһ㶣ûеһʱ䷴˵ǡʱѾ϶ϲ˼롢ڶڮ
Ѿ϶ڶ룬ްĽͣΪʲôڮң֤ʲô
ްͣǣû
֤ݣҲ˵ϻ
ްֻ˵ԼɻͲ²⣺Ǹʮǩ
ǸǸƭŶСֵġЩСǺϲҴǩƭǸطӡ
ͲûҪ
ްһʣǡΪʲôҪ񣿡
һ£ô鷳飬ŲӦ
˵̲ס̾˵¸·þͲˣѶˣ
ҪΪǮίԼЩ
Խõִ֧ްԼһɵӣڣҪ׬Ǯ
ްһΡ֮ǰΪƭµ󣬲Ź⳶Ļš
ԶԲ˳ΪǮƷʹģ۵˵ʵ
δ䣬һըӱķͣŵλӴ
ʹްתķڵĵطܵúܿ죬һС·ȴ뱬ըԽԽԶ
´ްˣȥߡʦʱ⡣طĺܣȥϣץǸӢ㡣
ֻ߻ԭ·ȥڶ롣
һεǺܿ죬ѧ¥һ￴ˡ
һóǹӢŵͷ­һ˱Ӣŵ塣
ڶްˣίؿ޺ţˡֲ̫ˣңûͷ壬һֱŤҶеץסˣ
ްǰȥæȴ¡
ڿǼڶծһ˽ܣһڮ
ڶ벻Ϊţ̴̡ʦǸô𣿡
Цһߣ
л˵
ߣߣ


103 
10.3
׳˸ѧ¥ĴɣǱУܵķֻܽǽӦƷ̹⣬ģرϱ
Ȼɱ𣬵ȴ߶
ΪСˣڶ뻹ͷ壬ţǸô죿
޴룬һ溦ЩֵֹĶһ溦
ްһԿڶĺ£εذοĸһûʲôµģ
ܲͬ䳰ȷðһ䣺ǿ˵
Ҫ鲻ãﶯ֣ڶһ첲Ҳǲܡ
˵⣬Ȼ⡣
ڶеʮίԼ˳棬ֻôյްߣţôˣ
仰û˼
ްȴػظʲôʱˣ
ڶˣ۾ᣬô뿪
ڶ밲úܶࡣߵߣʣŪô£
ǹԴǼٵģǻ壬ֻһֽˡ
Ӣŵͷ­ϵķ
һЦӢŵ
˷Ц˵ţˣ
ЦԽԽ󣬳ò𶯡
ǶüְѷӢŵϣֽڵĻȷʵӢŵģϧѾˣװȥҲǷӡ
꣬Щ⣺ʵʦȱǣ˯ֲͬһ㡣
Ȼ޷ʹеԭ
ް²⣺ǻ᲻һЩǵĻǽǵ壿
ҡҡͷ޻ǡĸӣûбָ
ãҲû۳
ӢŵͻȻڶڵء
ڶ뱻ͷ崸ȭ۵ڵߺȡ
ϣҪˣҪˣ
״Դްȥѹסͷ塣
ƺ˼£ްķȥ
ްԴӾϴجκ󣬹ǲ١ó׻һͷ壬ȴһա
ܻܣȻǶɣȻڴްļлӿ
ǣǾͷôް죬ӢŵԴ

ްһգ׷ȥ
ԴͷһˣҲ׷ȥ
ܽһûӰֻ³ڶվԭء
ڶ벻ǰ飡
ͳûеദһ̣ڶоĩˣĩյ׾Լߡ
浹ûڶôֻ꣬û뵽ްôûãԴץס
оЩ̧ްʧķȥ
Եڶ״Ƥҩһճȥ
治ϲͷһۣţ׸أ

鷳

Ҳ鷳
ڶ벻ˣڼҵӣɩĺˣҪڶ룻⣬ڶ뻹Ǵްĺѣﶪڶ룬Ȼްꡣ
ò鷳ЩڣĻ͸㡣ֵĺܡ
ڶһʱж档û뵽ߣʱԼ˳档
ݺݵصͷظڳһ̣ڶҲ֪ôģͳ֮ĹϵúУȻʣްͳСܵȥˣ
ûֻǰߡ
ڶûõҲ⣬ʣ̴ʦǸӢźʫʲôϵǻ᲻ʶܵȥȻӢű˳˻ǣ˻᲻Ҳ˳˻ǣ
ڶһӴ˻ϻӣߴﹾ˵һѡ
ȫ֪Լʩһ䣬˵ķϻ
վʧЧһ̣˵ߣʩչ䣬ȴڶţ棬ԴްôģϲĲǼһǲߵİɣ
ɲܸʵӺСʱϲԣ㡣꣬һ˽ӿΣϵѧ̸իǻ붮˵ްк
ά㣬˵㲻ǡ
Ҿһģ˵Ҫҵʿ
ްǻҲ󣬵һôҵˡ
˵Ż¶Լֵʮ꣬ϲްĹܶ࣬˲顣ްΪ˽һŮһŮѣòƯԸҲá
ΪʲôǸŮ˵ΪŮһ档
ҵʱ;ã˳Ƿħˡ
ڶԽ˵Խࣺһֱţʮû˯ʲôþ֪ʮ˯ȥСʱͻẰ
ʵ֪ģΣʧȥ㡣
ʵһμʱǺϲ㡣ΪƢԸȥˣ˰ġ
֪ģҾã˰ġ
ģҲĸԸشߣԣ棬һ㣬ģϲܶꡣ
ڶ˵̧꣬ͷһ۳棬Է˿ݣ룺˾䡣ް˵˵ƽϲ¾䣬ô˵㣬Ҳඣ
תͷЦڶ˾䣺һ䣬ҾͶһȡ
ڶһֱڵء
һ򣬳Цôģˣ
ڶҡҡͷɲǹģȫ߲
ҲûߣѵԼȡ
ʣܲܲҵȣ
ϻǸģҲ˵ţ˵أ
ڶҡҡͷæ˵ҡҲǹôģǽš£һš¾˵
ڶ°ͣţŶҰëô
ڶҡͷܾ˶ܶ
ʱɿ֣˵ţٷϻߣٶ˵һ䣬Ҿĸͷ
ڶðˣվСϱһڳ
˼ͻȻǰĳʣЩǴްҪ˵ģԼ˵ģ
ڶ뿪ڣ±ֻ࣬Լؿڡ
ûͷ˼ֵҲǣЩԺͲҪ˵ˣû塣ް֪ҵ뷨Ұɣ
ڶԼ˴ް鷳ˡ
ͷɥظڴްǺá
ôһû˵
ȴްٴμڶʱڶѾΪ˳Ĺӣѵ÷
һңڶܵұվá
˷ʲôţڶ룬ôˣ
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л˵
ߣ߰


104 
10.4
ڶӴްĴܶ࣬¼ڲᣬܽһСͼݡ
ްڶܳΪֵܣһαӺ
Ǹʱ˶СסһСڶΪܵӾӰ죬˺档ʱĻûȸߵڶĳУϵ硣
ʱƹ˴ıķһȥ
·ϣڶҪëʿεĴް˵ްĽҵ
ްǻҲûԺ˸ߣһȥڶѧ֡
ڶĻ𺳣ûд֮ģǵڶᱻܡ
ڶ룺
ڶȻָȷĵضԼСؿڣУ׻˵˵ĵطн
ްſɰͷһСβ˼һָԼ¥ҼǶ¥вˣȥɣȫַ㣡
ڶȥ޸ûˮϹ۾ôûʵĵطȻĿеĽ֮ءһ˦磬¶϶̽죺ǲǽңˣȥϿΰɣҪˣڵң
˦һ磬ͽǰ
ްܵģʣôȥ𣿡
ڶ뻹ҧĽ֣ǧ֮ʼ£
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ûڶ룬ΪС͵ô
ڶƣŵĵشޡ
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ڶԥ˼ʵд£Ҹողǹģ֪ҽŻͶ࣬ҾͰϲ飬˵ˣ
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ްЩָ꣬е޿κΡ
кܶ໰˵ȴ֪Ӻ˵
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Ӣվʫǰǵ˵ţϵ˾ǽܲһֻü뿴ĶˣʫҪҲҪǱۡ
ֻˣһʼ͸̣õķʽǲǡ
ֻҪǣЩȻɢ
ʫ̧ͷͨ˫ţĻŹѾ֪ҵĵ绰֪Ұĵ绰
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ӢŵԴӦ䣬ڵϣʫҲʧ
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ףӣʫǿһЩ
ǰֳһ¥ݣ˳¥ϣߵ㡣
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ĸߵһͷӢͷ­վڽ̨ϡ
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л˵
ߣ


105 лл
10.55000£
ɺĳܾйԣúޣһͲǵŮʫ⣬ʫԴɵxǼҸ𣿡
ʫкɫӡĿͣ˵ţԲ𣬶Բ𣬶ҵĴ
ɺ˲һ⡣ͻȻðһ̷Ů
ްڵǸ̷Ůʫһѧѧʾʫһֱѧ֧ʫºͽѧ糤λӡ
ڶԶִ󿪣²⣺᲻ЩĴţġӾ硢ӰﲻڣΪ˵õ糤λӣɢҥԡ
ްҲĿԡһ۳棬ؿʫʣôʲô𣿡
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ķɺʫһ⣺װʲôװʲôߣǸ磬ҲԼʲôñ棡
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ڶŴްĻƲ⣺һ¾Ǹɵģ϶Ϊʣߥ޷ɺԸʫ
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￴һˡأվʫĲԶʫ𣿡
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Դϴجκ󣬴ްͲ̫޳ɳجΡ
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ֻѹ˵Ľ飬һ߿ɫĴš
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ֱӺˣʫ䣬ûµľ顣
ʫôأֻ㱨ĸˡ
Դް˵ȱɰ󣬿ʫҪʲô
ްȻӳķԸԿ޵ϡﻩľ˺ڸеµһ䣺ڵһ
⻰ÿƵɤ˵ʦҴˣĴˡȰҾĿסˣĿסˣ
ȾҪһЩڵȰˣնˣʵЩסˣ
˿Ҫģ̧֣ް˾¡
أ
֪ʵǸ鱯ˣϣΪ˾ˡҲ֪ӵȥߺ󣬷˺ܶ飬ǸʫˣͻȻ֣Һץ
ߴų棺ȥȺɣ
ͷ˵أ˭ȣ
һˣûе˼
ˣһǴ֪ǶʡΪǡ
ڵˣأԶϣΪǣȫ綼Χת
ʣֻܾһˡ
ܻģһŻʵΡ
ЩɵۣĻΪʲôֻܾһˣ
ȥԭֻ㻹ǾȺ
ףųǣĻģȣẦģ

ⱲӺ̫ˣһһѾˡ
ɴްȴ⡣
ްڳǰ仰ԣΪ˱ŻЩ˵ӦŶԡ
һ̷ôңǼȣ
ް¿ȷĺ˽˦
ˣ֪ôסްֹ֣˵
ĬϷ˵ˣֻҪ˵ȺҾȥ
³Ĭˣϣȫûƽǵǹ財
һԵľڻ˹˵ţˣ̴ʦ鷳лǰ̴ʦ
óһɫ԰׵ľ˵лҪֲңлûáʱлңϽǺŮģ˵˼ҿĲķϣŹһ룡
ôһ˵˵ԭð亹
пԣֻ˵⡭⵱ǳдôڮٵĻֵ÷зû취ŸЩ̼ҡЩϰ壬еݡͬôǣܱܲȺɣҲװ
˵ʫ鷳źҲ֪ΪһŮʲôҪдЩӬ޷ĵȫάԼ棬οǶˣ
ʼղΪαʫԹޣֻΪάԼ档
ֻǣ罫ЩŴƲķƸ꣬սѹһϡ
ƺֻҪһˣⶼӭж⡣
µĶ
ֻһԹߣȲѾʫҲı䲻ĸѧˡ
һнж
ֻ֪ǣʹʫجε˭
ЩҵѾˡ
վߣ˵ʫװɣҪҰ㣬֮˵ңΣ
л˵
˫ʮһǰϦҳѼ


106 
10.6
޺ôɫɫɫĵƹܽӦѤɫʣ쵵硣
쳾еĳԹŮ̰Ŀⶢű߲İˡ
Ǵִˣ
޴ˣ̫ˣҽˡ
޴ˣǴ޴ˣ
˷ĺԹĽġ
̨ϵ˶¥ӾĿŮ¶ЦݣǵС¹ײһţţִˣϲ㣡
ִˣҰ㣡
⻭ʵ˷ѽ⣬̨һ÷ϲƿӣܺĹ֭
ǲ¥ȺŮŮо⻭ͼǰƷûʲôֻͬǸʱûô󵨣ѿڶϲ밮տڲ̸δ
ֿ÷ϲϵɻ󣬿ڣ԰¹ǧ꣬Ҳ䡣
߾еյ¹⣬ʮɫ硣
÷ϲеĹ֭Ҳû״ֿеĻѴ֣˿ɱ̰ŸոյõϢ˵Ѿȥˡ 
Ȼָǳһˡ
ַŵЦصϢʱ˲бյ۵õ棬ʪĿš
ҹŸոս٣ҹҲ⡣
ֵʹˣ棬ڳߣµһʹҲС
ૣҪ𣿡
÷ϲŵϵľ㣬ֻ䡣۾Щջס뿪̨
̨֮ϣֻʣ´һˣҹ磬¥µĳԹŮЩ˿͸
̨ϣңԶ
ǽϺ÷羰仨ʱַ*ط꣬ɱİ
ų棬ȴʫĻӦ
ج֮УǾ仰ûõʫĻӦڻƴ
ⲻУҡ
ڳ˳˾ⶼûѳĻ棬ǼûѪ֪ûɱġ
;˲֪Щŵþʧ롣
˹ڵϣͷų棺̴ʦڡ
˵ɱˡֻ֣һֱͷϴ
Ϊʵʩһƴһͣͷ
⻭ʵ˶ݡ
ڶڴްֹţеҰ
ްҲЩ̣֪ʫ֡
ֶֻ΢һЩ
ĿվǴﵽˡ
ķϻ󣬼һŮ۾ǰ
ǸŮȫǰ̺ۣССĵһȫ
վڳĶ棬۾ȴ;ˡ
ҸҲǰͷġ˺ö࣬Цһҡ
˿ʫŵӵް
ʫվԭأ¶Цݡ
һ۾ˣڵ˶͸㣬ˡ
ʫˣҧ´Ҫֻɱɱˣֻҵˡ
Ǹͷץҵ۹ҲŶɱǸͽܣԩ޳ֻǱŵûŲ·ˤڲٳϣ˹ȥ
ץ
ʫ˵һߵǰ⿪סֻ㣬ǸڮٵĻҷġֻݼû㣬ңΧô鷳
ֻһͨˣŮʫվǻе¡
ʵûмʫֻǴӾ˿֡
Ƿڮۣûп
֪ʫϾôҵ飬ֻ֪ǰŮû˺Լ
ʫӣʫԻ
̹ĪĪȪ֮ͬС
£˼
ʫĺ뾯裬ѾԼԸȻΪ;ˡ
˵ţǿԿ뿪ˡ
ǡУ档
ʫҲûӣת棺㡣
ްһˡԶ׼ϡǰס棬˵ţ㡣
ɳ沢飬˦˴ް֡
ȥܸʲô
ްֵҰģجֵ̹
ĳ棬ٴקϳֵУ㲻һȥ
˦ȴûܳɹްյø
Щŭ֣
ްȴûĻһβ˳ִų֡
汻ĴްЦˣвްŲ֣ٲ֣Ҿ÷ֱжָͷ
ްҲִ֪ëңѪεҾͱ뿪
һ棬óֱӵɴ˫ۣƵŴͣһʱûӦ
ȳ淴ӦʱްѾ֣ʫ
ʫ񲢲һ˻һˡֻͷްڶ롢Լ˶ʱЩȡ
طجΣʲôξ㡣
Щѵ£
ʫ⣬ڶȴǲ뿪׵ĳ桢ްﶼ뿪ʣµ淲ˣҲ߷̵·
Ͼ·ʲôû˾ǡ
ڶǱΣò
Ȼ;ˣڶ뻹һԭǾǿްĺ
û뵽һԳ˳ĴްȻ档
ǻֱǰ
һֱܶĳ棬εûʲôӣԭá
ڶ룬һû뵽ԹƵĴްȻҲˣ
뿴ᷢʲôȻֺֺǵظڴްǵ
Щĳ棬óе֡ϧ˻û߹ȥͱڶקһߡ
ڶȥʲô֣ûʲô¡㻹ߣྐྵӣϱȽϺá
˻һʱڶĬ涢ڶ֣ŮܲףûйӣҲûϣڹС
ڶ˵ºֱƮ棬ڶ뻹£ǵغһ䣺֡
һ˳档
̧һۣѹŶĻ𣺡ôˣ
￴˳ߵĴްǵĻվû˵ڡ
ڳһԲ
ްקųҲǳĬ
ڶ˿ա
ŭҲĪɢ
Щֵ鶼ڶǰ
˵ų棬棬վ˼ްϲ㣬ġ
ϧЩڶ벻˵
ֱܸܵްĵȶȣɴްԼʫһ¥ݣѧУ̨
̨Ϸ¾á
֮ĸ¶־꣬ǷֱӢšɺء
ĸڵأû¹Ľȥ
濴Ļûоȣ֪ʫЩ˻ǳ룬جסһһֻĥ
ֻҪ¹ⲻ䣬ĥͲݡ
ǵصΪĥ崴ģÿһҪ㣬ʮϤ
ЩϤĵ㣬һ֮֡
Ǹǽ̻һзˣ˽ˡ
ûվ̨һ࣬Զ¹°׷֮ˣڵһ䣺ͯӣʲôط
л˵
Ϸ꡷Ÿ


107 
10.7
ǰ㾳
ïܵɭһͷݳªſڳرߣݡˣϸָױ۶ϺҲûܲʵС㣬ÿֻܳԻĻۡ
ܲãնŰ˵ӡ
ϧʵ̫١ÿͻ۵ĳ棬ͬ񶼲ʩ
˺ѹɷҪԡ
ôһ룬ӱˣˮ飬һһŵڰߣˮУ⡣
ÿնÿնĵصȴʱ١
һ̫磬䣬һЩ춯ˮУ¶Դȴͻ۵ˡ
żҲŪʱ
󹬵ʱġ
ͨȪˮɽϣһ°׷ͯͰˡ
˼ǰͯӣƯβϰſԭλ𰧳ӡ
ͯͰվˮߣˮ˫Ͱ䲻ʳһ䣺˵Ѻͯץجºݺݵؽѵһ٣Ǹ浱ֵɳ
˵Ӳû취ͯӳֻ̧֣ͷɽûˣֵͷᡣ
ͯӼ˲ԳЦЦ
ԭҲҲˡ
˫Ͱİ֣Ͱֱˡ
˶ʱװˮͰ۵øϽӽˮС
ͯ½ǰȥˮͰȴͯӵ
˵𣿵½ˣ
ôҲѧҿԽ㰡ֻҪ㲻߰ɡ
ʱ̫ңɽһһˣͬɫϵĺۣľͰȪˮ
ͯӸְͷ϶ľͰе£˵ٴΣֱµ
ߣ߸Ͱ꣬ڷͫƵĺҲԵޱȡ
Ͱ󣬲˵ţûн⣬ʲô
ͯ˵棬ﻹųĴȻڹ
ߵȪˮߣͯӣܾȡ
ǺͯӣֱӽͰУͯߴա
ͯӴкСףСףôҲˮˣɽµˮ𣿡
ͯûϵͰͷҲص뿪
ͯЩģ˵ţʲôˣ˼ô㣡
ͯһһۣʲôΪ㣡
һͰˮͯӻֲʶôǵˣ
ͯӿһŵģε˵ţСϲˣ֮ǰ°ŵ幫˺һӡòף幫뿪㾳ڵֶһ㣬Ȼٵµ̴ӡ
ֵ꣬˳һۣ㣬ͯӶ˵ˡ϶ΪҸá
⺢ĻҲѧͯӷһۡȪˮҪι˻ۣȴû˵Ӱֻý۷ڰߡ
ûԼռ˰ͯӵĿӣ˵ţֲǰˣôռλӡҿǰ˯ɵˣǽˡ
ѹƵϣּǺΪΪԼͯӼޡ
ˮ뿪ûãͯӾ˰ͯӵ£ų棺ո˵е飬û˵أ
˳ֵسӣ󹬵ֿ˰ͯӡ
ΰͯһˡ
ͯһ̷ˮͰǰѯʡ
Ͱͯ˼䣬ӹ뿪
ֻ֪Ӧˣڷʲô£Ͳ֪ˡ
󹬵ݺΣһϸ̴ӵĹʵʲôɣһݡ
˶Ϊ峾ﶼϳ˻㾳
˵ǧܻ˳谮ˡ
ȻЩЩĻ
Ĳ²⣬Ҳ
ʲôĵг裻ʲôµˣʲôȡĵˡ
ǲΪô뷨ʵϲʹҲˣг衣
浽ʲôݣ
ԼûŪͺڡͯӲһרŵ滪˹Ż㾳ڵ
ʹŰѧһЩ
ͯ˵´Ӳ˷ؼһˡҺͰͯӱΪǶĹͻᷨ
ô˵־Щ֣²ǰϲԼɣ
һ֣ö¡
ƽﶼǳ˯ǳڱˡ
ÿѧҪ˯ǰ
ö֮ã˯ǰ
ҲûôУɣҲû֪ʵݡ
ô룬ҲͲͯˡͰˮȥ
·ͯʱص˰ͯӰӡ
û뵽ͯӾȻ˵ʵ
⻰ʵЩ֣
̵˰ͯӣػô죿ĵºϲҰѽزˣ
ͯһŭеһ֦֦ϵĻǶ̿ţÿһ䣬һǡ
û뵽ͯӻ֣ľͰȥ
ľͰȻйƵ˲䣬Ͱеˮȫʪ͸
ҲǺǵģ˦ָйͯӡ
ϴû찵أλ˱ڻŵƺﶼ޲øϽѧữ뿪Ƿ֮ء
˴֮⣬ҲٵһЩˡ
Щ˿ȥͦˣҺò
ԽԽҲԽԽ
󶼴ͬھ
⶯˯еĴްѡ
һֻȥͯӵĴУŰͯӶ˳ıѷС
һ֣Ȼͣ֡
ͯӹϴ£֪ˣ
ͯӹɵģҧӲͷƤ˵û
ް˶ǣһ䣺ˣˣͯӼȻ֪ˣȥϷɣڡ
תǱĳ棬˻£ֱ׳ģЩЦ
ֻ棬Լҡ
ްһҾɿ˳֣ţʲôأû㣬ϲ
ް٩ԼĻ
һ죬Щŭص㡭ô͵˵
ް죬̲סЦҽµķòã
һ·
յްߣްʩ
֮⣬ͯվԭأް
ۿЩ죬ΪʵĶҧסĲӡ
ҲƲס̧ͷ޵ת뿪
պ󣬳ּͯ˼ˡûн˽ͯӣ˴ް
˼˽Ŵް£Ҫ㱨
ڴްԱߣűס֮˵Ĵ磬úʿ
ͯϴųЦݣеĲ
ް֣ðͯӼ˵ȥ
գ㾳˴ǷЩڻӺϿ¾˲ˡǹһЩǶһط
Щסվͯӻ㱨ǶԴǰȥ飬ԭǴˡ
л˵
кǵСɰһ


108 
10.8

ָ䷢飬񱻱д̴
ڷ겻֪Ϊϣ̨
̨ȼȴɻȼӡ
˼֮ɫ΢䣬ŵغţСģ档
Ϩ磬ʧǣ԰ͯӵȥ
ͯ뿪ƿްţߣѸո˵˵һ飡
ͯĻǳ棬Լҵ񣬱ʩʧС
治Լʵǰȥͯӣȴްס
ͷްո˵ĶǼٵĶ𣿡
ްûҡͷ̧˳ͷ˻㾳Īʺ쳾£Щ㡭
ž
ްֱĿ
һǷߺ޵ŴްֲĻ㾳ҪңҪƵط㡭
ް䣺ʲô
һԸоްĲá
ްദʱȻްƢѾһ
ްǰϻĥצӵĲǣûκιԡ
ƽްģ˵ʲôǺá
Ҫ󣬴ްûоܾ
ѳҲ޿֣ԴްԽԽ㡣
ֱް֣ӴްķԸ
ûǣްʵݣǻ㾳ˡ
ŭƽԭҵҲͷ
ʱ˷硣
ҪްѧˣҪѧ֮ȱˡ
ɫΪجĶ԰ף޺ɫĴҧѪ
ްģڼϵѪ飬
һʲô
Ŷ󣬶ȻԼĹҲ
ɴްǾܡ
ûŪܵԭ۳ĴڵҧˣѪˡ
ްָ⣬ڳĴϡָų洽ϵ˿ڣҶµ䣬͸ˡԺҪ˵ֻˣȥͦܡ
óˣɻûٹܳ˼ĳ棬ʩʧڴУ³һˣ˼롣
һҹĻδһҹĳʱ߳
ûлشް޹ҲûȥɽסȥС
м棬⡣
ûڣʣ֪ͯӰЩǷصȥ𣿡
еϢ֪ͨڽ¹*ʲô
ûشд·
˽һƥ*Ϸ𣬿ٵطɵ˽¹ȡ
ڷ羰ȫ֮ء
ڷϽͣǻ޵ĵطЩǷտޡ
һù֮£һһϵ˱ʳŵþʧˡ
˿󣺡𣬱
˹ڵϺţ˭Ⱦǰ
ϴΣ챻ͯϹˡ
漱ʻ·ܾʳ˦һС
дʳ£ɹʳˡ
ʳһܣŵþʧһǼǳȣͬл
л࡭
仰û˵꣬ʹǵĻѷʲô£
ϤǻغţˣҲ𣿡
Ϊͬ磬뿪¹ȡ
ļһ£˻˵ϻһиǵķ١
һأ˲ʶԣŵùڵġ
ںľһŲϣţΪˣ˵ЩõķϻҾɱǡ
˼˱ȣŵȫг壬֣Ͼ
治ţܣϾа׻ʹʲô
˱ȵôУҵûѡ˾þɾ֪
Ͼûа׻ʹˡ
˵꣬˸ϽϣʥʵްСѳᡣ׻ʹڻؾ·ϣϽܣ

Ķ̫ѨͻȻǣ˶Щѣ
ǻ㾳ɵĵطú޵ͱˣ㿴š
ҷֻߣ޳ɴһ㡣
ҡ
¹У޴Ĺ£Ѫ
˫Ŀ죬ѣ
˼治ţϽ˵ţˣСûѣġϽһٶʦ׻ʹˡϽȺð׻ʹϾĳ̺罫ͷ
Ǵе׻ʹʹٹʦǴսҹ
˵׻ʹΪסʦʹħѪˮȾء
ضѪɫ
վȣҡͷģҵڣġ
˵˵ڵ׻ʹΪ˱Ѷġס˴ʦϾݡǡϽ̫ˡǹ壬ðϾĽǿš
̺罫Ϊ˾ȰգһСӳǻ뾩󱻼װյϽҼڴ󽫾ţУС
Ҳ棬Ͻˣ塣
ۿѾƲסᣬʧǵţǡôˣ
֣壬˱Ӹ̣͵ȡݣϽҵȾǲмΪ뿪˴
ѾʳϽѾ겻塣
ϧ˹ʹ壬ǵĳĺģСо˵Ⱥ޳֮ͽԵȥĳ̼Ҿ𣿶ԵսĳϽ
ǳ̼ҴС㣬˫ʮ껪ںҶӭսսʤȴصų֮ˣΪͶϽ̴С֮⡣
̴СսսǵĴ֮⡣
ʬ屻ʬͷ­ڳǹϣڳϽķͷ
ڼֲסһѪ³ˡļңĹվûˡ
ȥ˲䣬滹ϡ﻽ģ֣
м浹£æǰ
סӣһڵϡ
ЩҲ档֪οο棬ֻʣôҪҪȥ󹬡
뱧Ϸܣ̫С˼ζûгɹ
Ϊ֮ʣһһͯקһЩǷ˴
ͯӼѪĳ棬̸ϵߣ⡭ôˣ
ûʱԭæ˵ͯӴˣ˺öѪҪϽҽΡ
ͯӵͷǰȥ棬ȴͯ¡
ͯӲ⣺Сף˵ҪϽ󹬡
ͯȴֲǻˣѪôˣοⲻ˵Ǳʹࡣ
ͯͯӵĻ档
ͯӼˣֻ¶һЦ˵ţǣ棬벻֪˭Ͻַѣ
ȳӦ˵峾ﰡ
л˵
Դ¹֮ΡΡ


109 
10.9
Ƽ
¹ȵůЮѹӢӣȥߵʳϣĻ̧𣬶ݵ֮С
ǵĵӺСӾͶʳĳëУ͵͵شŲԶĹɡ
Ӹոտʼͺֵܳ֡ĻǱȥƶһ
ŭɶġ峾ŵʳߡ
˷ŭԹޣҪһж֮һ档
ǱŵòҿµҲŭ֮еǺ䡣
ǻѪǻʹվеĻ̧ץͯ
ɰͯվԶͺҺ֮ľ룬ңɼ
ͯӵӰƺص峾
ޣԼûЩ峾ҰģԼôȴ֪
Լûͨ쳹صı죬ܻݹȥɱ峾
ǰİͯٲȻΪ峾Ļĺȫ
㡭֪ˣ
ͯЦһжڲ֮С
ĺ⣬ŭָ⡣йͯӣȴͯӵķ¡
ͯΪǳǨŭ˵ţˣֻͯǵȥչ峾ô֪峾飡
ο峾飬뿪㾳Ժ
ͯӲ֪ݣ峾ţѵõѹӡ
Ȼ̫ϲ峾ӮԼҵ£û뵽峾ﾹȻѵ顣
ѱ۸ӣи߸ϵǧ磬ݷѾõڤ磬Բô򵥾ܻٵ
ǧˡѹûл֮ȴϽ年ᣬ߸˴ѡ
һкܴı
޷Щ²֪棬Ҳ֪ʱԸκν͡
ͯǰ棬֪
峾Ϳ뿪㾳ˣһֱϵ£µ⻪㾳û֪֮ˣһֱԸ뿪
ǣ˰
ͯͻȻϺͯӵĻ˵ôһΡɫѿǵõ㡣
ЩԭΪʶĺ⣬õ˼֣һһɫĻ䡣
仰ǻʹټӾ磬ૣǡҵĴǡҺ
п㿴ͯӵıס˵ͯӴԣ⻰ڹﻪ𣿡
һ̧ͷУе˼˵˷峾˼Ϳ̿𣿡
ͯһߣ˵ʲô֪Ҳı䲻ʵ
бų棬о嶼ڷ棬뽫Լͨӵ档
û뵽ͯӶԳԹôʵǻ˸峾뿪ƣʵ
ͯ£ȣ
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ͯӼ֦֣Ҫءסͯӵļ򣺡ˣʲôǻ㾳¡
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ͯӵȥЩǷ˰£ȥ
ڳǰľеҴ󹬡
״ʱԳõķʽúϢ
ͷֳɣãӡ
ͯӸով;ǰŮ˵Ӻܴ󣬸ŵ£ҺڻЦӰ
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Ϩ˲䣬һߵĺͯӳǰ
оۣ
ͯӼбŵЩ⣺ǱƽΪҪԲͯģ
棬û뵽ôᡣͷ꣬ŷԭ˴
ѹֵϲô۸
ġ
ͯ̾һųɻ󹬡
ڣһֱδ˯Ĵްʼ벻͸ԼΪ
Ĺ֣ϡг˵Ļ
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ްϲЩʴӳĿ³ҲϣЩۡ
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ްԳ˵ĻˣҪǲ䣬ŻַɣһЩͣһһ
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ްе棬תһͼ졣
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ͣް룬Ӧ˼İ׻ʹ
˼׻ʹͻСҲûѧã̫ƽûʲôս
ӤֵһᡣټϿܼܺãû޵֮˵Ŀ˼񣬷һӵܵë
λ֪ߵغİ׻ʹվλװˣһͷĴ󺺣һһλӢˬŮ
Ů̧׻ʹԴһģţ죬⹫ûڣ˵ķ𣿡
⹫
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ɪָŴѩұܾǿĸҲ㡣ΪԼܽΪԼ˹ɫҸ㣬ɪһڣͱڹǷ̨
ѩѵڴֵĻ
һԵĴ޼Ҽŭԡ
ް۵ϵĴ޼ҼûãǶá
ǿˣֱԣɱ˳쾭塣޼ҳ
޼Ҽ˷Ӧͷݣаڣ⡭ѩǸӣʲôᣬᡭ
ѩɫ԰ףŰִʹޡ
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˼Ҿ˼Ҳţ壿
̧ͷްڿҵȣ޼֮
⻰˵úȷڲǣڿɾҲҪˡ
ް룺ϣǣвĻ˵ôƯ
֣Ҫ
ްЦˣʣʲô
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л˵
ģ˵ǣʺ츮ǡҪҴˣͷĹʵдˣΪˣû뵽ôˡ


110 
11.0
Ҳ*
両纣ۡ
޼ÿһֻһ˿Ϊ̳Сֵضһεļ
ްֵĽܣЩ뷨
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ϽޣõϢϻأ־û¹ʱų棬ǰһ˴ްĽ¡
⹫
ף
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࣬һ٣ײŷԼѾʧȥܶࡣ⺢ҳӵŸӣǿϱںƴµĺӡ⺢ԳСϣһһġ
ûڣǶûûʲôҪֻ˾ȾҼ
˵껰Ŵް
ް׷ͺڷˣַ̧Ͻ
ҲѪ֮ˣϽĻЩݡ
ް˸Ϊڤֻعأ޵֮˵Է֮ΪڤҪػǡ
⻰ôް˵ɪ֪
ްһֹɪŶף޵֮ˣ׻ʹͽٻءͨ˵Ļǣ׻ʹڤڤͺˣ
ɪϺҪô򵥣Ҫ𣿡
ް
ɪҲڤ
ްûʣ漰׻ʹ̽׻ʹܣҲǿϽҲûõĺˡ
ˣҾȥڤһˡɹ񣬻ҪǺ컯
ްʩת̤ڤжڤѾãɡ
ʮڰ޳ڽ£ΪվһꡣźɫñɫƬ۾һڲףȥȥμӱ˵
ɲ򵥣ڤĸʹµйٴˡڡ
һްſ۴ohmy father
ްˣֵסꡣ
ڱǲʣŶףôôԴɰĶأ
ްü鴤һţô㣿أ
վӣɫñóһȵӣԼաƾأ
ްײĴ磬ʵ۾뿴ڣϽ飬ػ㾳ϴ۾ƣȥҽ
ҡҡͷвУ첻ȥģйҪ졣ҪûɣҾ鷳ˡfather˵ʲô£һ׵ġ
ظСĽƬ۾ֻ۾˵ţףòһڤöӸТҲôǸТһ档
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Т
дһɥ׵Ķ
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ްеڵյӣļ䣬ֻ˵аɣһˣûãӦûǻ״ֽ̬С
⣡
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Ҳĳ棿
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Щ鷳ǰֵĴڣͷǸ˽
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ްҡҡͷǣΪڣꡣ
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ÿڤĻǲ֪мڣްϢҳһѡ
룬ʣô٣ֲǲ֪Ȳڤ͹綼ʮҪôģġǴ롣
ްڿգⲻǸТĻ𣿡
ƴްĻģСֹҲǴף
ûһֻйٱʣóһЩûʲôصֺ׷ֱص㡣
ް˳ģ޺ɫĴƯƯһȥͺԵƯңҲһررġ
䵽Լô˵ô˵Ļ
һ룬ȥ̧ͷʣرʲô
ް˴ڵıʺᣬʵ㷺Ƶҳ棬Ͼͳһų
ڼˣҲ̲סۣȷʵƯ⡭ˣǺɣ
ްһйڣŵôڴԼͥھȥˡ
ڵ˻ֽܿҵ˳䡣ֻǣûްΪļ˳
ڤһ죬ɱ˼ǧֻ
ްϵʱǳСɽߵʬϣϵĺѪ
ڸߴްСһݽɫڤŶӣǳ̫Ưˣͱɫ졣Щɫ붯ɱˡʵҲûʲôڤɢĶ࣬Ҳˡɡ
ް״ڵ֮⣬Ľɫˣɺ߲ϡ
ǹ磬Ľǿ֮أѾˣη߾ͱˡ
ƣвٹԳ֡
ްʬ£ûڣʬϵ꣬䳰һ䡣
ôҵƯ𣿡
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Ѿսãϵ˿Ѫ˵ڹ磬ɻǵҲʵ塣
˻ۣ˻
ްŴްĿƮĴǱѪĺ죬ĵصһ䣺Ư
ȷʵƯ
ʱҪƯ
ͻȻþȻҲֻǣԸҪǸˣŴ޼һɣ
ްҪú룬ô̼˵ڴ޼š
ţʬϵ겻֪һѵ
Ҫշѵģ
ᵶ£ֱް۾
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ڷУţ쵰ҳȥ
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ų棬һ䣺Ǵް
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ɱ⣿
Թ޿
ްųָУһڡ
浱εӷ׹䣬ްĻ
ԶڴްĹ£ڻĴڣŸ߸ߵβ¡
ްĳ棬ĵ˵ţҵ˰̫ˣѾѺˡףҰ£ģ
ް˴ڲű߼ʵĻҲȥڡҪĻǷ꣬
֪ްҪ뿪ģʣףϴϲǿڹòġ
ް֪ǴڵĹģڻ㾳įڣЩֵֹĶҴ֮պܿҪˣչ˲㲻õģֻض˵ҲһС
ǧŻϰ߹ֻ޳
ͷŻ˯ĳ޳ֻء*κﶼʢ˥ǲڵġ½˰񾩶ز㣬ɼͨ죬Ҳʮȫʮ
ֻأҲδһµĿʼ
Ͼס
ס
ް뵽仰ӻѳԳؿԼ֣оԼԽԽ
˯һЩȽϺá
վߡ
ͻȻƿľţް֪˭ЦݣȴһԹ޵
Ҫ뿪㾳
л˵
Դԡ˵ġ
Һϲ֣̫ƽ֮⣬ϡ
޳ֻϵеԭۣǰĳ½Ҳн͹趨һӡͲ׸ˡ


111 
11.1
У
ް붼û͵䡣
֪̼֮£ΪԵҪ뿪
ްѿڶĻϵ
һΪΣΪûҵʵƷ𣿡
Ʒ
ʲô˼
ްԴ֪Լ޽һпöܵ
ҪҲû˸
ڣĻ
ްָЩ飬֪ԼЩѹƲסֻطɡ
ֱƣʣ˵ʲôʲôԷ𣿻㾳ڵˣԽԽӣһͷС׽ѵǡ
վһ֮⣬ǻķŭΪСסִﵽ˶㡣
նǡ
ʴްΪʲôҪ峾ߣȻߣΪʲô뿪
ްüͷĵһͷǣǲһ
ʲôһأ
Ҳã峾Ҳãǻ㾳ˡʲôͬأ
϶дްµ䣬˶̫أһɶɱһɷɱ䡣
һΥܷ֮ʹ
ް䣬뿪˻㾳ⷴɡ
˽Ƣǣڷʱʱᶯɱ
ްͨ˫ۣΪΪʹޡ
ǰίһ֣ǰųͷӽ뻪㾳ʼǷ֮ˣ뷲޹ϸ𣬺αΪЩգӹš
´ƣϾñط֣־ñغϡͬļתûʲôñ˵ġ
кܶ໰˵ٳһЩپһЩͻᷢЩʵƵ豯˻ǡ
˻㾳һϷϷ̨ݳıϣϷǵϲŭֶ̡ͬ
ĬΣֱްɿ̧֣ͷǲĹңļ塣Ҳ㣬ˡ
ҾǷӣҪߣ
ްС
ްܾסްӣߡ
ްָⷢ飬ΪʲôҪ뿪㾳ﲻǷɾ
ЩӡϿ¾ӵˣΪ˽õΣ˶ٴ۲Żʸ
뿪峾ҲΪٿһš
棬ΪʲôƴҪ뿪
ҲްΪʲôִҪ£˴ްĽ£ͷ󣺡߰ɣˡ
ްĲ
ΪʲôĻôʹ
ۣѾָŴŵߣھߣ뿪
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վҪƣȴްһطúѡ
ѣ
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ްĺʹһεȥɣʱ뿴㡣
ȥ³һ˵ڵϡ
޵֮У޴ڵĺϮ
һ˱֦̤ڣ̹ӣߣ
治̧ͷ֪ǰͯӣʱžѿȻ䵽ˡ
˷Լõһϳ³
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µ㣬Ϊ˱޼ңΪ˵ı
һСС˼׻ʹȺʦ
һֻӿд׵£ֱ˰ͯӵϡ
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¶־壬ȴǿӣ棺㲻һƷ幫Ӳѡôˡ䣬䣡
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ͯ۵÷һҽС
۵׵ķŭⶼɼʸͯӡ
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һ˲顣
ްסͯӣֻֻӿʸ
ʸȻ˷󹬵Ľ¥¥ϵȫɷĩŴ¥¡
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ž
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ոյһǴ˳ϣްϡ
ЦôĲãôıһ֮׾һеľ
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죬һֻɺڳߡ
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ƺ°أֻؿ뿪
ްİͯ¶ʤֳЦݣ֪ȥҲûл
֪ȥԼҵµĴߣ֪ȥһУôڳļʸ֮¡
Ҳùججֱ꣬һ̲ٴ֪ܵͯӣʲôط
ͯӵİ׷أɫͫףɫļɫĶ
ôһ׵ͯӣһ֦ʥ
κ˼ͯӵһ棬Ϊͯ
ŲأƯڿУ̧˲䣬ɫëһĹ
ͯӵҡ֦ôδ㻹ôҼҵݸ߹軽ˣ
ϰͯӣˣ
ͯӷһ͡㶼ûôأ
ʣʲôط
ͯӾóʮְۣ˫ֱ󣬷ʣһ˵µҵʲôѲô꣬ڳģҪ𣿡
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ӲͷƤһ䣺Ŷô˵鷳ҵڱָʹģ
ͯӿɲκҵ£ȻأУǵȻôԸֻɫûԽԽ
û
ɲ㣬߽ͯӵһ䣺ҲûôðɣǲǰǼһ𣿺޳ˡߵĻ˼ÿɻ⣿ûаǸֻʣˡ
һ䣬ͯӵĽҲ䵽˵ϡ˿ûб𴩵ľȣţʲôʱֵģ
һһƲģ
ͯӼϳҲαװָ巢Ľ⡣
䣬˰İͯӳڳǰ
ǰ׷ͫ£ֻ϶һѺɫ
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ǻûзӦͯӷ̵һΪԭҲͲ³޳ôȻ֪ңѻøңǲǺܺڰ
ǣϧûкҩ
˵ܱˣȳ濪ڣ˵
Ȼ³ңҸһ䡣Ϸɣ档ӮˣҾ͸ʲôطΣ
û룬أʲô
л˵
û뵽ɣȻǰͯӵҲ޳


112 
11.2
ʲô
جΡĸʻǡ
Ϸ̫ˡ
ɰֻͯڣܼ򵥣ҳʫ֡
˵꣬Ӣšءɺӻ޵Ŀѳ
ŪΪʲôĸ˻ȴ鲻ĸ˻졣
ڤ޳ļʹ֦ôܲ
濴ͯǽһţʣʲôʱǵ˻һˣڤзųİɣĻҲеİɣ
ûڤӦָӲйٵ˫ؼܡ
ͯӵŻޣ˵ţȰҳҳҾ͸֪Ķ
عްˣȰҳɣӣһġͯӼ˴ֵˣôֻ˵һ¡
ްͻȻӿһĻţóԶѾ˽ô飬һָо֮з϶
϶ʱʱСĥŴްʹֿ֡
ްʣ˵ʲô
ͷֻһʹͯӣķܸߣҡ
ްʲô
Щ˵ԴްֵҲĶ֡
ްû뵽˵仰ĳǷޱߵĴܣʲôҲѹ
Ǹа𣿡ްʡ
ʵܾûˣЩڻ㾳еļ䣬ͺǰһ㣬ͻزȥˡ
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ĻҪȰҳɣ
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һѱסްսԣһ¶һ֡
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ް𣬳֮ԻһЩΪǸɣ
ʲô

ްڳֻһ
κġްмںڻˡ

ް߲ڶΪûغţ
Ҳаްһƿڶ룬˵
ڶһʱɵۣԴڰǰر⣬뵽ոճͯӵĶԻ
뵽
ǰԣǼҴް
⡭̫Ѫ˰ɣ
İοԣдްǰ
ްҲ֪ԼǨŭĺ޵ڶ˾䣺Ǹҡеۡ
ڶԲ˴ްʹ࣬һְ˵š
ָšƨ桱˺˸ҺȥĸʻǵĻԣްͳ̴ʦȥʫĻȫˣһ£ų֡
ڶİźܺްȴһ̬һȥʫ


ǳأ
ֱֻĸʻߡ
ްҲתʫǱС
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˾ˣ磬ȥ̴ʦ
ڶֻôʫǱСһ·Ǹ֪
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ڶһĴָ㻹һŮҲֻѶԺ͸ĳ
ҡҡͷҲǽڼҾϾʱԿ壬һˡ
µˣûжɽֻĳɱһѪ·
˵꣬ڶɵۣɵؿڣ壿ѽϻ
ףʷʼһδʷʷ飬վûҵΡ
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ڶ׷ţ㡭֪Ҽϣ˵˵£֪ʲôսΪʲô
֪Ҳ࣬ǻԳо֪ࡣ
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ʫҡҡͷһੲݵڶ룬ţ˹;ʲô³ġ
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ڶһĸСôܸɳ
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ڶ˾䣺˭
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ްһֱų棬ԽԽóԶ
ʫǾ䡰˹;̼߽档
ڶ뻹ڴų棬˵Ҳ֪ˣ
ҲƢ˵ǲ˭
ڶ뷢һߣ볭𰸣˵
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113 
11.3
ްʫУԼ
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ӡǻʹجΡ
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ãһڲٿһУž壬ưɡۣô࣬جΣһһĿġ
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Ϊֱ˺ˡ
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һ塣
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Ϊ۲ݣͯӿʱ࣬ʵҵʱȥɾҪˡ
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һͯӾͳڳǰ
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л˵
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114 ޣ
11.4
峾Ͻʮ游ʮҾʮոϽʮı췴նɱ
һɣ־ȴʢ꣬һֱϧ
峾ı֮ΪʵҾɵ峾صеĪС
ϲ峾ΪԭʹõС˵Ӱ
ҲΪ峾
ް峾ӡֻӢۡڿλӢۿûʷдô䡣
壬кˡɲһӢΪ
ްʱûʱ
ȥ档
ްŻŵ齣һڵϡĳѩף¶Ǻơ
ɺͳ
ͯӺͰͯӴδģĵ£ĿɿڴشһԣްҵϵŴӣͷ
·ôô󣬴ôࣿ
ͯȻعǰϵ˵ţ£ɣ
ްʵڲֻεصһ䣺ţɣ
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ްֹһᣬûбͯ
ſ˫ۣɺڡͯǰ
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ްŻ񣬶Ժͯӵлл
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ԭʱﰡǺҲ
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ڵľѾ͸Ϊľƣްеڿʡ
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𣿡
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Ľоƿһûȣް
ްһֱעų档
Сģ
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Ϊ仰ҪĲ
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ųһ˵Բ𡭡
ܣû취ֹᡣ
۽ǵˮۿڴްֱϡ
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ĽŽŲƵ˴ް
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115 
11.5
ӣ쵽ʱ뽨һб˼䡢硣
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ϾЩܵɶԣɷˣã˼ĥʹࡣǻָ˼䣬Ҫ㿪ʼ
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116 
11.6
еֻڰͯӵüһ졣
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ǳ޷ȭӦֱӴϴްıӡ
ᡭ
ˣǰĴްľǻˡ
Ǹ
룬롭
Ƕ⣬Ҳ˴ްĺ˼롣
޳ܣ
ⱲӾûܹ衣
ް̬ǺܻϾոһ顣
ϣһЩ
ǴŴİ֮ڻ䣡
ް˶Ҳûɿֻ֣Цصһ䣺ǸûǸ˼ֻе㻳
ްʲô롭
һ̣ҪްƷˡ
Ѳް֣Ҳû취ɱȥԸް
ˣǸɵɵģʲô֪Ǯүް
ǻˣǸ͵߻֮ĵծ
ԣ
ʺУһʱ˳Ĭ
ް治˵Ų׺ɣ£ٿ棬ܱޡ
ĨɫĴ
ģ
߸棬ڶ̲סһ䣺ɶ˼ǴΣǲǸÿ״
ָָԶѪİͯӣ˲佫ްʵ
ްһ۰ͯӣͷ㲻ɱСס
üëһѹûѴްĻϡ
ֲǵĻ㾳
˷ǣ
úý̴ްʡ
ްôܿ˼еЦȻûзǧͼԺ
ֻҪʱ䣬ܿͻָһС
ްͯӣԳϵδ⣬ɱ˰ͯӣҪһһҶ𣿡
ֻĥ룬ʱޡʱ֮ˡ
治Ҷġ
ŻԽԽһյ˴ްϡ
淴ްӦң
ްǺ׽ֻ䣬ܽ⡣
һûз롣
ͳ֮οֻҪ䣬ͻһֱߡ
ްǸ޺ģˣȥ
һ߳ŭ죬ܲ
˵ʵʵЩ
ΧŶİˣһһ
˼ǡ
ԵģԵģҵѽû뵽Ѿչһˣ
ӲԵҲ̲ס˼룬ʣ֣˵

Ҫ棬Ҫô̵ķʽ
ˣͲøֱŤվ͸ĻĪҡ
ұߣͲϴް
Ͳᱻʵ
ֻƣһѪѹں²
֪Թ˭
ֻ˵죬죬ұ죡ް
һްԷ޹޺Щģ
ްװ޹ûʲôǲҪˡʲôûУģ
һֹεʵ϶˲˵顣
Աߵ˶Цŵϲϲ
Ψпİͯ˵͵߻֮ģµҲ֪
⻰ϴɾ˳ᣬһ̣ûɱͯʵ̫ˣ
濪ˣްȴ⡣
˵
ͷԣ
ͯŴްһʱŪûлָ䡣
ûָôỽСףǻָˣΪʲôڳߡ
ͯŪ壬ֻܶԸ棬֪͵߻֮ģ˶˺
ްʵҲûж󣬾ֻ̫ˡ
ͯӵüͷһ壬֧֮Ż㾳ķ͵Щڻ㾳ˣЩˣô˻㾳֪
ްֵֻǰǰźˣԸ뿪ľ뿪ԸģҲԼΡԣҶ׵
ͯܲˣҧ£㻹֪ʲô
ްļ䲢ûȫָ泰һ
ھôްȰͯӻᣬˬ졣
ɴްֲʵ˳Сûģڰ㣬ô첲գ
浱Ŀް֣ţ㣬˭һģһȥɣ
ްԻָ䣬Ƥࡣסްļ˵ţ֣ڧʲôأ಻ÿ
ǣ
ˣ
ɴް־׼ȷץ
ЩͬͯˣҲͬԼ
ôݣ˻ԵĴΡ
ڶ뿴ȥסԼ۾
ͯҲȥ£վѡɵ֪𣿳뿪㾳ʱˡ
ʳ⣬ɻûΣԻɾۻ
ѧ˵¸йٵķӣı׻ʹɪ
л˵
ǰڹһѣܸ㺣ǲ


117 
11.7
ج֮Уɫɫ¹ڰͯӵͷϣȾһͷɫĳ
ǳ˵ģɳȴðͯӡһԲϾʹС棬ĲĶѱϡ
ʵڲװͯЩ궼ʲô׳͸ӣӻСʱһ޴
Ѳް֣һԵȫڰͯϡ
ƨ£
⻰ܴ³ͯˣֱӵ£㿴
ް֪˳ųһ˶ѣ޷㾳ûˣҲҪȥĵطҲͦõġ
֪ͯްϰԵƫ̻棬³ɺ޲һɱ˫ۡ
Լҵ²Իת
ôްǻûлָ䡣
ͯסµĹ
ȫɱ⣡
һ£һӵϣȫΧס
Сڶ;ֱһ𣬺ţˣ
ްû뵽ͯӻᵱ涯֡µɿ˳֣˵ɱЩû¡
ɳǣ˻붯֡
ԼĴް˵ţЩѾû꣬ɱ¾ɱǣС׵Ŀơ
ϵķ죬ŴްһСף˼ҿû㵱ӡ
ްˣЦŵڳԴҲɺã
ã
Ǻǣ
תһдް
ⷢбɱڵĴУɶǴްֻܱů磬ֻ˴ްķҡ

Ҳھƣȷϴްͣ
ް֪ǳѵһʱЩЦã󣬰һ͵Ϯ
㲻㣬ֱ˵ͺáαضֲ֣Ҫɱң
ްûѪ֪Էûɱģų˵˱ڧȽǰ飬ؼ˵
ûôް̤Ỵ̂ţ׻ 񣡡
ֻըڹУһͨͯߵĴ
Ϊ׷ǣ˳ΪǮΪɱͯӡ
׻Ψһɱķ
ͯӼ˰׻Ҳ£ϵɱõ
ƾУһһѷ
ͯӵҵһμ㣬ͺ㡣
ɲںϾʵ̫ࡣ
ǿڵŶǵ۹ࡣҲ㣡
䣬˱
ͯӱߴ˵ţ㣬Ҫ㣬²㾳𣡡
Ҳʾھʹ̼ͯӣĵ²ǻúúõģǱ߶Ŀأ
ͯЦһŲĵ£仹ûлָָˣһҪɱľ㣡
ݺݵؿ棬һñһء
ЩֻǱ޷
Ų´ް鷳֮ҪȥҴް鷳
ȥǰͯӣֵַУﻹ׻ˣ
Щϰͯӣ˲ͽͯӴñˡ
ͯӷһ
һŽߵϡ
ԶĴްİ£ҲȺ
ֻʣʫĸꡣ
ްϵߣţˣ
Ļ붼ûͲͯӵĸ
ͯӳʹһ
ҲѪ
ϰʹ³Ѫţ㲻ɱǣŶһζ
ͯӸ˿ѿһ磬ﺰţ棬㣬㣬ҲŻӡ㣬²Ż뿪ңСڲŻ뿪ң
ʼռǵЩӣһ˹ڹ⣬ֻһˡ
ɲͬѪЩɻڼ֡
˾䣺Ҳͯӡ㣬ͯӻɢΪ̳к޳ݣѡ񵱹»Ұ㻹˼֡
޳֮λ˼Ϳɻع硣Ϊ㣬ܻ磬ĥֱɢ
ͯӸ˿ڻ󣬰׻Թһ˺̫۵ðͯӷһ
ۣ̫ˣҵĴԼҪøҵģ
³һѪ˵ţԼڹ緸˴ʧȥ޳֮λͯ᲻ܣŻλø㡣
ްϵʱԭί
üʣʧȥ޳֮λ
ͯȥץްĿţþԼ
ɴްȴƿ֡㱳˹磿年һˣ
ͯӵɫһףϽҡͷ£ֻǡ
̫޳ˣŻ᷸˴
ްɫ֪𰸣ļȷʵͯԣûȫָ
ļͯһɵĺӡ
в̣վǱס棬ŹɣȥҲġ
³һѪڰͯӵϡֽûϻ˵ţУҪͯӱ𣡡
ްվǱ˿Ҫȥĳ棬ûٿŵİͯӣֻ˵Ѿܵͷˡͯˣʧȥ˺ͯӣ
û˵꣬ͯӾͿ˳
ǿ˼įˡ
Щüһĥͯʹ顣
ļպ۰ˡ
ްĻһա˰ͯеͷ
ſžûʼŻ
ްͳ֣һȴֳͯ
Ͻ
ްû뵽ͯӾȻϽ̷³棬ȥͯӽ䡣
ɳȴסⲻϽǽֵϽû뵽Ȼ֣Ƿӣ
֣
ǲΪĽҩ
ްֻתڼ䣬ϽʦǾȻôµĶ
ͯӵĺͻȻ³һ֦֦֮ϹһſŶʯС
ЩԽԽһʱᱬը
İͯӻŧɫѪҺƤ˴ССѡ
Щѻﳤ
ž
һѣһֻĳӡ
ǳӼʹްͷһУųˡ
ûУްȡ˰׻ɳ档
һֻ
֦ͯϣαѣֵĳӡ
Ϸɵģڵܵġ
иΪµĹڰͯӵĶС
ްǵغһСף
ɰͯѾʧȥ־ȫΪ˳ӵȫѪ⡢ڱЩʳ
־ͷԶԶ֪;
͸ˡ
֮ͽɢ֮
񻹻һ
⡭ǱӦɣ
ͯڵϣʹĸоȫڱӿʳ
ɣ
Բˡ
ԲСڡ
ͻȻһ۾ϡǹᡣ
̲ͯסۣȴһŮһϤľӣ
֪ǸŮ˭
ͯӵĺˣ
ǵýޣ
ԣ
֣
Ϊ˼ʱͯӸȡ־ͽޣ
л˵
ˣһ


 ᣡ 


118 
11.8
һجοռ䣬ڰȫ
ѪɫȥѪɫɫĲתΪơ
磬ྻ
ֻһŹڷҡҷ
֮УһͷɢŮ澵ӣ󺰣ҿָ߰ңң
վڵϵ˶̧ͷ׻ĴȺͳ̵ȹӣʿǶֱӱۡ
ްֱס˳۾㲻ܿ㲻ã
Ҳû뿴ޣĿްֱ֣ްֵס
֮У׹޼ʿǶۣصȴʹ
Ⱥ쵰ҲŹǵģ
±˵ᣬžӴĻ
סޣҲס޾ġ
ޱޣؼʱ̻Ҫð
Ҳˣ
ޱޣһʱҲֻ֣ʣô
޻ûü㱨ҵج¼ͱŵľ֡
һ˻
ӱ׳˵ϣס˾з⡣
һ˲䣬ڰٴν٣Ѫٴա
ͯӿе֦ٴαŰͯϵѪ⣬һſųѡ
״ǰȥ᾵ӡ
ֱ֦̣֪ܹӳưͯӵĶӣӰ׻˿ڴһ֦᾵ӡ
ʱŷӦ󺰣ҵľӣӣӣ
ȥȴĵ֦ס
֦֮УڳɳĳǷȲȥˡ
ķпһ֦ϵѣ׹µ˲䣬һδСӴӳ
ЩСӺĴС࣬һ飬ʵ˾öġ
ڶһϽŲСӣѪˮ
УиƨҰȫ
ôӢµһ棬þ˴۽硣
Ҳ֮ǰƫҲȥ˾ڵδεĳѣһһ
һߣųǹϵ觻ײ
֣һ
˺֣û룬ǹһӵ䱬һ顣
ŧѪ׳淢˻ȫɱ
һʱ䣬λŮΧǹϡ
޼ȣʹްԵЩЭ
ķܾ׼ظѣ˿ıƤ
Щһأ׳淢ԼûӪͻƱƤĴްȥ
ްһһ׳棬ɳżķ磬ȴЩӦӲϾ
ЩЦţôѿ𣿡
һҲûΣҹģ
ߣ
ҺΣ
ްĳЦˣⱲӣԣҲû˻£ֱ׳ˡ
Ͳˣ֮ǰ治֪ԼǻʱȻ̬Ⱥ䵭ʮֹԼ
һ֪˻˵ݣ̬ǱЩɾٶʵ̫⡣
ڿǷˣҲûзܶԸЩЩѾˡ
ôͲ
ް֣ȴţƭӣװװӣ䣬ô꣬Ҳ㣡
˵뷨ԯޣĬ
һԶްһſ档
˶֦Ҳڶۡ
ֻпİͯӣ֦ĥ£Ҫιȥ
֪ԼѾǧٿףĵһͷȴǺڡ
˵һǹ¶ɣ죬أԺ͸գ޺ˡˣһףһޣõֵܡ
СףСףԼûжߵ¶ĳ谮ûжҶáϣϵ£õֵܣ
СףôɳĺͿ¡壬ͬı뻢ıƤʲôͬ㰡㰡
Сף£Ȫ˼·ȥˣڤúôšҸйٴ˵ˣԺ㵱޳Աģ
СףԺҪúչԼ
ϡ
СڣԲҡ
Ҳûĳŵ
ͯӵѾѿ֦ʴ塣۾ѪѾЩ塣
һ⣬ǰȥ
ۣһ֦ôӡ
Ǿӵģӣһա
ǡ
Сڵľӣ
ͯӶʱ屻ֿƣ޷ÿһѪжųѡ
֦ţʳ
۾žӣ﷢һŭ
ŭ֦ǿ֦¡
ʹްĻһ˦Уһ׻
Ϭһ˲ڰ֦ͯ
ͯӶĿȨ֦壬ͼؾӡ
ָ֣ӵıԵֻա
˿ָ⻮
ͯٴηһŭ֦ļ׵
׵ϣͯ³һѪ
Ѫлųѡ
ڵֻһ£ǾûСڵľӡ

Сڵľӣ
ڰͯӹЩ˺֦
֦ͯӶͯӲ֦Ͳ
Щ֦뷨ҵعžӡ
ӵķվޡ
ǣ
ӵıһơ
ͯҡͷ󺰣
δ䣬һ֦͸ӣٵ
ͯӵҲٴα֦Χ
Զĳ濴Ļ˦˵ţУѾݻ˰ͯӵľȫΪֵĿܡҪɱ
ް֪Ļ̣ܲΨһܹٵֵķ
ֲ£һ֣ɸѡ
ްȻᣬҪԴΪء
ͷû취ˣְɣ
һͯӣȴ֦Ѷס·
֦֮ܿУʹİͯӣš
ɱҰɣ
˭ɱҰɣ
һ̣ǳҲжݡ
ްֻʣһͷɱ˰ͯӣʹࡣ
֦ڶ׳ɳ档
ʹİͯӣɱеĴް
һ̣һ˲䣬淢Ĺ˫ۡ
Դ֮Уһµͯӷɳ֦һϡ
ϱһ澵ӣģľһģһ
λºڷͯӣھǣ󣬾ȻСף
ӱóӣ֦һա
֦̱һȼ
ͯߣͯӱ˵壬͸ðɱ⣡
ָ⣬ͯӵĸȡһƹСʯӡ
ʯȫڣ沼Ͻġ
״̵ͯӣӳȥ֣˲
ͯȴҡҡͷһѽʯ¡
ʯһ븹֦ʧ
վССް£ʺ򣬱
ްٴμͯҲο֮ǰĻΪͯѲ˼䡣
ڿ
ͯģҲ״̬
ԶΣ޼ͯӣ󺰣ڣôֳˣ㲻ٳ𣿡
ͯؿһޣǣֻǲ߶ֵİѩ磬˵Ůˣ
û뵽ôľɣԼھȻôһˡ
ˣû뵽ͯӻ顣
ֻͯ˵һ䣺УҲڣҲҵĺˡȵڼӣֻǴΪūΪӡ
ԼҵµӵĿӣһҲûиȻᡣ
ͯӴޣŻͯӡ
̾һǰͯӣһ䣺Ѿװ˯ҾͰϵڳһ㣡
л˵
Ϊᣬվˡ


 һҪᡣ˵СߣܴЩ 


119 
11.9
ͯӵĳ֣جеΣ
ج֮УĿȫǵİͯںͯӵĻ˴࣬ЩطѪѾɸɾֻʣ¿յƤ
ʵûΣֻΪԺͯӡ
Ѿװ˯ҾͰϵڳһ㡣
ͯĲ𴩣ðͯӲò˫ۣغţСڡ
СЩͯӣӹˣ֮ǰ˵ôΣǣǺĶ
ͯӲûԼѿ٣ֻ͡
ҡ塭ǡ
Сʵڿȥסͣ˵ˣˡ
ָð⣬˰İͯͯӵģ
ͯϵҲͯ״ᣬֻû취Сռ˰
ͯӲ̣һߴڰͯӵϡ
ͯЩް£ʹˡͯӣһӣʧԵºҶ֪Ī꣬¡ʹᣬ
İͯӵ¡ʹ
ͯӺԸɳ棬Ͳ̫⡣
ͯӿͯ˼һҲûŰͯӵԴȥ
֪ոҪǳ㣬ͱˡ
ѹûѰͯӷҲ֪ͯӴͯӣһĳͷͯӣһ
޷ҲҪʱӣ˵˵ֵ顣
ֵΣɺͯ治ɫ֡
ްҲ֪֣û𣿡
ͯӵǺܵ⣬ظл¹ģû¡Ǽлǵ飬зĹޣּ飬ûʲôá
飿
ްͯӱľӣ龵ںһˣ
ͯҲţ˼ϡ٣ֻѡ龵ʵҲͦõģ龵棬ʮ棬Ҳס֡
һڤͺˣΪ
ƣô
רͱӡ
ǰ滹˵޷Ҫ
ͯû취˵һӵҲûа취ͯСԵ⡣
ͯӱ̨ҲûӣִǿҲڤΪҲΪ㣬½չ㣬ҪΪ㣬ôá㣡
Űͯӵͷȫ˳ͷϡ
üͷһ壬ţ˵˵ʲôչңһ¶ʮķѣ
ͯȻ֪£ǹѳ棬˭г浱͵˵µĻ֮ģֻء
ͰͯӲֵܣֻǺͯӸһЩȡ˵ķʽԸ档
ͯӷѹѾڳͷϣͼô㻹Ҳ뵱˭Ұֻ֤ͨŻ㽨˵ҵʮ˲㣡
һԵ޿ǵʱļ๤ֺţңңң
ͯӵûС
Ƴһޣ̶졣ңʲôϵող˵ˣ㲻ڣ
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ҧԼָף޴ˣļƻˣĻľǷȷ
绰ͷһЦôأʲôˣ
ıҧԼָףʦˣͯʦѱˡһµÿã֪龵ɰͯʦȥԸǣ
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ͬ⣬ǳ¾ɵʬ鷢ζ
һһ顣
̹ǵˮͬһ㣬һһˮݡ
űֻˮеĵӰȴΪԽԽ
ֱ֣ʮ˲ضɽҡ
Ϳʮ˲㣬ȴʱûɢ
Ŷƴ䡢һͷϵؽ˺ֱɽ̿
Ŷʮ˲ڣŻڲǺɫϣɫŰ֡
٪÷ϲ޴ˣˣǳˣ
ֽŵ绰ʮյƣΧ٪÷Ϫߡ
ЩγɰԴ󣬵ķƣ뷢
˵ſˣ
绰ͷʹ䣬۾˷ܵĻ𻨡
Щ˵ţĳɹˣ޴ˣȻ
ֿɲĹάߴţ԰ɣŶѾľ嵲סˣѵȥеһȥһ֮ģ
Ȼ룬ûӦ֣绰ӻóһյơ
˲䣬һųǰ
ͷһ۵ϵĸϣ룬Ƕõ¸ϵͷ­
ʦѾ׳ԸɾˣˡԴģһԴȥȥһֱ
һţʹް͸оεƵĴڡ
˻롣
üİͯӱžӣӾ³죬ءҪˣ

滹ͻȻӦһ㣬ﴫз졣
䣬䣬䡭
ס䣬ȴϵ觲ơ
Сģ
ﻹûӦϾһһһͷһδ֪ĵط
ҡΣ￪ڣͱεץߡ

׷ȥֻӵ觵Ƭ
סƬ˲Ŀ˵ˡ
л˵


 ˡˣҲڵ߳ˡҪú飬һϲ֪ϲϲ£ûодĻʲô飬ҪԼ뷨ŶŶˣҪǣԡһ 


120 
12.0
ϡɳ졣
ɵһĨǿ֦⣬ĹʯƳɵб档
ϸ֦סƵԲ̡Բ֮ϣ⼣߲߶һϷһֱĴӣֹͣ졣

һӰ졣
һ죬վûӰз

һ죬ϵѪɫȺϨ𣬲֮ϣֻʣһְ£֮£ڷ۵꣬һǣϵǻûس׻
ˣֹۣ䣬³һѪ
ѪˮڻУֲѪˮǻˮ
˫޺죬˼Լ氡棬һ
Լ⣬³һѪ
Ѫ꣬ɫӲ԰ס
ߵѪŶ˵ֱۣѵǿĵطȥ
ӵͬҶסǿĿ磬˵ϣϵСʯӿԴ
滹û٣Ҫٿһ㣬ȥ֮УѰӡǵɪ
ﺰţң
ֹͣȴڸˣӡŻͣ
ܱźš
Ѿ˴ţȺ׵̡ɽˮ֮ء
̼ҵĴñ˼ѽ⣬ֻҪҵ磬ػ֮ģһоԲˡ
ãֻҪͻػ㾳л
ûĶñó𱨵
ü򵥣ǰķȴ赲Բ
һα󶪳˵˵֡
淢һƺߣ۵öȫǺˮ
ϵ˺أƤ⣬кܶˡ
Щʹһ۵ó涼ʼЩ㱡
һˣ۵غţ
桭ȥˡǷȥ
棡ˣѾЩһ𱻷ӡˡ
棬ȥᡭ
˭
ΪʲôôϤ
ǰЩԺڻϣԽԽǰ֮
ֻжﻹţ
桭
죡

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ɫǽڣɫĴ̣Լɫĵذ壬ɾĺûлסļ
ڣ̷סϺڷ֣ػһ䣺棡
ֻǵǴ޲Ŷľĳ棬Ծغһ
û뵽ȴõһ䣺죡
һǺڷеĻӦ
ްϲţ棬ˣ棿
ϵĳüͷۡ
ްһ
ˣ̫ˣ
ҡ˯˶ˣɤЩƣһԶĴÿڸƣ
ľƣУѾܾûгˡ
ֽŶʹ
ް뷨ܿĳæţˡھôʲôطҪҪȥҽԺˣҽԺҲ鷳ҽмͥҽɣ
˵Żһˮ
ˮ¶У䲻ȣպһں¡
ӹˮڣãû¡һҪȥ󡣡
ް֪ϵŶ̵󣬱С׺СѾڲˣ㲻õġ
ﻹǲ̫ģ˳Լ˭ҲšȻû˵ʲôްܿ˼
ްڴߵϣ͵С׺С龵޲֮Ķ°빦㲻̫ģºοġңҲϣЩֲСס
˴ްĻЩȤţأô
ް治ͯӺͺͯӵ£أû¡ԭڻСȻԴȪڶһֱ޻εȻЩأ޴󰭡
˵꣬˵һЩĿǰ⼸ǰѹŶⶼһҵһβͣǺü壬ס󣬲ôǽŶ̴ĴšС
ް˵ЩˣоǹŶ̵Ĺǣ˺ܶࡣһЩӦûɢˡǡ
ȭް֪ӦñԼҪܡ
ЩֶǳӸؾȳĿˣסڹŶΪ˱
Ȼ˵ϲǣʵ϶Ǻܺá
ҪǩΪȺϲӾĹǡ
һӵȵףոеΪڵںһ
Щ𣬲ͣشԼ
ް˺ۣץסֵˣЩĴ
ƢҲͷʣ˭Ĵͯӣ֣ް
ŨŨĺ⣬̵ôްĺʹ
һôʹǱ͵߻֮ʱ
ްһʱʹ֪ûʲô·˵ʲôǴġ
һеĸԴĲңԴ
ų֣ȴԼɳӣôҲץסˡ
ްܻţվûлָȫļ䣬ûа취ɼǸ²Ļˡ
ڳǰĴݲȺʧȥЧûûʧŻš
ϲ㣡
һը֮䡣
ްĵ˵Ļ˳ǰ
ʱ䣬ǡʱ
ⱲӶûôŹ˼ֻһ˼
Ҫң棡
ҪԹң棡
ҪԶң棡
ϲ밮ǿҵı
ްѿڶġϲĵġڲ֪˵
ǴްһαףйܶŮѣ׻ǵһΡ
ֽţóۡ
ʹվɵ۵ĳ档
˰죬ŸɰͰ͵ؿڣ֣
ް֣ľܽŵͷ㲨ζ
һֱ㣬㲨һζ
ްһ𣬿ζڻڿУ㡭ƭң
ްֱϡڳĽűߵңңûƭ㡣ôƭأ
滹ӵĿ⣬ʳָָ֮ǰ˵ԼϲˣܶŮѡ
һץѱˡ
˵⻰ʱûʶԼ⣬㲻ѡ
ް֪ô˵϶ó⡣ʵڲóش⣬ֻӲͷƤ˵ǲϲˣֻϲ㣡
⻰һͦϸ·ȫ⡣
üëһûҵˣ
ް֪ǳ۴æ˵ţôᣬҡҡҲǸ˼Ȼ㳤ȷʵܺÿҲĽɫ֮ˣô˵أ
ҲƯŮѣҾǡϲ㡣ֻϲ㣬ϲˡϲ֮ǰκһ˵ĳ̶ȶҪҪ˵Ǿǡɣ
ίصͷ˵Ұ㡣
⻰ȥǡԲ𣡡
ҲⱲӵһ˵ĸףǰյܶ໨С־Ľǵһյ˵Ľ
֪Լɫ̰ܶȨĽɫˣûǰض׹
룬Ҳûл᣿
˼ͱɱˡ
ǰˣǱֻصĻתȥڡδծǽܹóԸ֮ˡ
̧ͷίšɬĴް֪ˣ
⻰ʲô˼
ްһ㶣û˼ͼѵ·
ıܵȻ¶ţڴͷҪĻɣ
ûпްı飬һһ䣺
𣿡
л˵
ҿɣĸסĽ͡δɹͬ־ҪӰѾˣһⱾϱض⼸һ޸壬塣кǣҪͶ


121 
12.1
Ŷ̳ʱڳʧˣڴꡣǻŶ̻һëʲôûСһ£ֻʣ˫Ŀʧ
ΪһɽˮеϹܰѵʰþѾǾ⡣
˵ķûô
һȫףһסɽˮС
ǵʱķ˵ȫ׵ķ˱꣬ͿɻɫɫҲԻ
ϧʱѹեǵѾ˵ģǶûĻ
˵Ҳȫ޵׵ķȷʵ˱ꡣ
ǰһֱƢĴްһ¶ŭı顣˫Ŀ죬ֻץסϵı죬ʣ𣿡
껰ԳͷѹΪ
һϲҵġ
ް˵仰ԼʧԳ̬ìܣһǻ˼Ƭʹ벻ᣬһΪ˴ްĿĽ
ìܵôް֪ԼӦԼ⣬װɺѵģڳߡ
ڻ˵ļ䣬侳ӵй棬ӵǾӡ
ްںڰдõˣܺڰǰûм
񣬴ް˹ӵôٻصڰ֮С
һģҪó氮ԼݺݵذԼ
ްƶĿ꣬ȴԼǲǴ̼ͷˡ
֪ްûȫָ䣬ǼǸȻصĻˡ˵ĻΪȰ˴ް
ΪԼﵽĿģռѵ·ͱްߡ
ްѳ·´Ҳ⿪Լ·ϵŦۣ¶խ
汻ŵˣֻȰ˶Էɲĸް顣
һӻˣ㿪Դȴײͷһײ
ʹްѾţ𣿡
⻰˵ڳĶߣůͺĸоóһ
ѹûжӦ̧־÷Ʒް
ɴްѾǰǸķˣ׽ס֣С
ഥ˶һѹû뵽ްȻ쵽ĵز˶
涯ŭ
ްһַֻųķУһֳֻûס棬ȫ
ؿײްؿڣоԷȵţһĨθϳȱްѹסû취ʹȳԼ
ŭ壬вް𣿡
ް䳰һֻһΣ
⻰ǵ㵽˳Σٻ
ˣˡ
롭
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ܰȣл
ް治ٶЭһͷ۵ĳ棬ɫ԰ģŭһӾɢˡ
Ҫ˵Ļ
ܡ
ް档
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ٴֻأҲ㡣
ۣϴް۾ֿ˳Ͽң˿
һ˫ɾ۾ˮͨ͸
ûаҲû޾
ĺһ£վûжް⡣
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ǲǺܼ򵥵
ͺЩؼҵĻһԴͺ
¶ԭˡЦݣڴްϲ£һŽް
һֱܴڶ롣
ڶ֪ͨˣһƿžͼϰڴϡ
ްҲϰֻڵϡ
⻭棬ڶ˲ԲһֵĵӰ˵Ǿ䣺ǲĲʱ򣬴ˡ
¶ְԵЦݣƨɵĴްʱȻɴ˫ۡ
һ㾹ȻǱı顣
ްѣô֪ܲڶ˼۾գգķ˿Լݡ
Ŀŵش
ʵڿȥһдڶʹް֮䣬ǵġüĿ顱
ڶ뱻ŵһæ˵Բ𣬶ԲҴˣҲôλھߡ
ɳĻŹߵڶǰץסĲʣ˵˵ʲô
ڶΪԼ˳ġˡ˵ţĴˣǸ𣬱ҡҾ֪ͨ˵£治ǹŵġ
һˡĻܵڶĺ·ûķȥ
ĴްϽ·ڳֻ»ĵڶһ˵ţ֪˼ҵǲģģҲǵ˵ȥǴް¡ϣ
ްڶ룬ڶԽ˵ԽסڶԴ˵ˣ˵ˣϽ
ڶԴƺĳѾˣһ˿ζôôذ
ް棿ðɡ
ڶҡҡͷǿˣζһֱءǰŮѶζ²Ҳ
ް붼û룬ҡͷ˵һǶһ
ڶάĵˣˣҸްԳǡ
ްԣϲ
ڶްˣֱҵѽްġϲ˰
ް㣬ͷţôˣģֻϲ棬ҿϣܰȫ
ڶҪްĵ٩һѱסްļ˵ţֵܣҸ˵ֹ̫ۡ
ްô˵
ڶһǵʣ֪һ𣿡
׻ʹɪ
ްͷţ֪
ڶްģ֪˽µԡ
Ҹ˵ϢĻȥһл㾳ĵط֪
ǵطȥģúôţ˵ԺˡƳǺú𣿡
ްüëһû뵽ɪ꾹ȻҪѳӻȥ
ȫϵԼ
ްЩתһ룬ȻɪӦΪʲôȥԼ
ڶް˼ΪްԼ˼˵Ҹ㣬ǺĽɫ
ơx*ı磬⾺󰡣
ްһͷˮ˵˵˵ʲôx*ǶһǱˣ
ڶ뷭ۣʲôأΪԼǶ־ƽԣ־ƽ
ҿ㻹ǵɣ
ްһһƬ𣿡
ڶȴɷµػش𣺡ǣ̺СŮһݵİң㲻Ҫǵ˹ĻһЩ𣿡
ްܹڶ߰룬·ȥҳ档
»ڶ뺰ţסҪԼݣ
ްָԼǵôްȽϺá
ȥ·棬һ̤ķ䣬ͯӻ龵˵ȥ⿪ӡ
л˵
*˲ˣ벻뿴ֵķ⣬žôϲϳĹ¡Сɰ뿴Ҹд͸ҡһǰ


122 
12.2
ɻҶ̲
ֻкڰɫĻɫĺɻʢɫĺҶҡҷײı̲Уζ
ˮīɻͼԴʥʵȻ֣֮ҲĻ
ԭڴڸ֮УС͸ɪֽУΪϢ֮ء
Ҵ׵ĲãĿշֻһ
⼸ڶ붼оŻ˳Ȼе԰˲ӡӡ
ްʱƼŻһž޴ͷͷ۾Ǵɫ˵ţǸ棬ûסǡ
վڻǰʣô
Щʧ䣺ûʲô󰭣ǻ壬ûܵʲôˡ˵ˡ
֣ȭͷ̾ӦǱĻץȥˡҵĴӦ廻
һԵİͯһ䣺㻻Ҳûã֮ǰƭΪʱŽգͨѿķѾƭ˻ˡ
ͯӰͯ˵꣬˾䣺ôֶǲǻ㾳ŻеĶ
ͯӵſ֣мһ۳ͣС㻹û𣿵͵˵µĻ֮ģȥ˼Ϊ˱û֮ĻϽһξɪΪ壬ξ˳̼ҾǵĹƳɹųɹƭ塣
ͯЩҲЩáû뵽澹Ȼû֮ô顣
棬ƳɹǴ֮¡
沢ںͯӵʣһǼҰͯӲҲ£
ֻ֮
ͯӼͯӣ뷢һĴް룬̵ͣ
ϽһСףո˵ֽΪ˽⿪ǵķӡ֮ǰѾȳ𣿡
ͯӼްͬеĺͯһϹ¡
񣬻أجоȳĻǣ֮С
˵ͯҲ㳤˵
֮ͯڣǽج˵ľǣƭķӸõķơֻǵֶθһЩϽʦԭʦһԼʿһ޴ķ
ܸӣҲ죬ĽǱӡĻǾ˳
ͯӿеϢڳ˶еΣա
û뵽һ޴ı治д֡壬Ͻԭʦһɡ
ͯ˵꣬ͯӼ˵СһɣǵΪ˶Ը棬ǱйٴȥߵġΪ񣬸˺ܶ࣬ķز˴֡ǣû뵽ôɣƭС׵С֡
˾÷̣ͯӣǲǴۡ
ͯȷʵԼʧ̫࣬Դֵĺøڵ¡
ΪΪԼҵµĺˣֻ;
û뵽ֵĳǸ֮أðͯסǣҪͯӵ
ͯӳúܶһԣٸ˵
ͯӱԼߣҲûж⡣ڴϳԹ̫ѾһֿԽˡ
Լ治֣ҲԼܸ˴֡
ڴϣܱܡ֣ҲЩ´֡
仯Īˣƭ̫Ρ
ǰڣ涼ʮ֡
ֵ֣ȺúϢȥµµ󡣡
תͷ¶˾䣺ţ֪ˡѾˣ㻹Ǳţ׸ðϢ죬ȥ
汻ѣԼû¡ͱްϵ·ո﷢顣
һʱЩΪ飡
Ĺĵߴްе·ݺݵصһ޹Ĵް
洩·ݣްҲϽŽݣţҸո㣬ߵ̫ˣ
ָڸ˲İťϣ˾䣺ˣ
˾䣬վڵݿڣǴް
ްҲûܣƤ̫ĻͲ۲
һ䣬ϣ˵Ķԣ
򹷵Ϊ˸ȥ
ڵҲûˡ
˾䣺Ƥ
ް˼濪ڣƤ
һתʣ˭
ްԸԼˣϽָԼң˵ԸƤ
һˣްŽɫƤ˵е֪֮
תݣްҲæϡ
߽ڰ˲㣬ֻһյرĵ

ްͻȻĳʣ֪ۻꡣ
ްش㿪ڣ仹ûȫָⶼ档
ްЩ⣬ֽûġ
ңް棬ָŴ⡭ôģ
еֽݸްѧ𣿡
ްͷ룬Ըң
ͷţǵҵĻرɣ
ްһԾްɵ֮ϡ
ްŷϻƣһƺɨɨһȫɨ˴ް
ްϤЩƣߵĴްָЩƽܣǻӡ
ЩͻȻһ棬ų֣Щơ
ؽƣһͷִްȴڷ˴ްԴڸʲô
ްҡͷûУʦ
ȴţҲڶǸһ˵ûӦõ
˵䣬黺ֵͣôߵʣǸʦܲܽһЩƣ
ôް۸ֵͣûЩʲô˼ѧ
㣬Ǻ͵Լ
һУһڣðɣԡ
ްЩϲ⣬ûӦ
û׼ãʹסͬһסԷ֣ơ
һһɫڴްָɣҲ˵һһƵĻͺ塣
һʱڴްĶ˵Ҳ㣬Ҳԣһֲġ
ֲ
ֲ
ްһˣգգ۾͵͵Լȣ뿴Լǲ
Щţ˵ֲ֡ң
ɵһҲûи߸ϵ˷̲ס¶һ˿Цݡ
ͷţԣԺһΪ¸𡣡

ްһӼţ棬ǡҵĸףҪΪ¶
֪һεĺˡ
ްԼݺݵظԼһ⣬оۺرס˳档
ų˵ⲻΣ̫ˣⲻΡ
汻üͷްߺţԼŶƭŶ
ʵ̫ϲҲȾ˳棬ûƿް
һǴްҸһ
Ҹֶ̻һݼš
ڶ峿ްڹŶ߰˱ҲûҵӰҪʱڿ￴
վڿԴްҸҽˣ
л˵
ڻްڻСǹߣϲСɰҪʹһЩ


123 
12.3
òĳˡ
̵ɳĮ֮Уһ¸
֮£ɳ죬γɵķȻϣסʳħӡ
֮Уһ˰صͨһУһбʴֻʣ¹Ǽܡ
ÿ죬ɳ֮УЩĥƽǣݽĥÿҪĵͼ壬ͻϵߵݡ
ǵɰͰͣŻɫ磬󺰣£¿ѣȾǰɣ
źʱмϮĴ磬ϵķʳħУƬ
һĻʱɳ֮ûиްͽξ֮Уﻻ˳ȥ
³̫ðաûɶͯģڵɳӣҾûǴке㲻á
һֱڹ۲ϵʳħԱ类ӡ󣬾ͱξ
ιʵأһʱյļ䶼ӿͷ
Щ屻ξĥù񣬾ʮֽ
ǵԼӻ㾳뿪󣬵һηǣв塣
ƫͯͯŮƽ͡
ź磬·Ŵ¨򣬿ڵϣԼ޵ôõŮݵУ˵ţүƣ⺢Ӳ꣬أ
󱻴ñ׵ŮĽţţҪ㣬ҰɣҰɣѾˣ椲ܡ
˿һ۵ŮˣӴˣҲǱŮ˺ͺӵĳŵӻ֣ķ˵ҪˣϴǸŮӤζã̫ˣͷҲ࣬ûӤ
ӤǼҵĶ硣
磬Ҳֻԥһ˲ʹ¨ﱧһӤ⡭ҼΨһޣүǮɲһ
˼ޣҺ˳ͷһ޵ԴоζһԵķ̧֡
ˣֺؿڣãүǹˣҶǿ㣬Σ
۸ﺦүͷֻ̧ۣ˵ţǼΨһޡҪɣһŮΣˣǶһģкã۹ˮﶼүݣǶºӲ㣬óûóˡټӵ㣬ӵɣ
Ҳ֪飬һţŮɫϱ
˷˼˵ˣˣǰСֻȥ
ſŮľˣŵ̧ͷŻ̲סŻ
ѾüûԹθûжֻ³ˮ
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ŮͷĿѣ֪ǱģǱģֻܾؿԼ죬ĶŮҪˡ
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ΧȫŮˡٵǣΪ̵ͨء
̤εķƷ֣Ҳ˷Ůİ֮
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ˣүٿɣǼұҵĺãģǼҺһֱԵүĹعˣŷܰæӶ

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˻ǲɿڣҲ˵ţ̫ˣ֪֪⣬һһүǿϴǺҵķϣԼú롣
⻰һҧ׼ɿڡͻȻһŶñ꿪ڣʮҪˡ
ڵϣĴ¨Ӷ档
Լĺӣһү˵xǸ鷳㣬Ժô⣿
ñȻǳ棬¨ĺڿޣּϵŮ˾ֻûˣԼ޶ó
ų
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124 
12.4
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125 
12.5
̰¸߸ߵعĻ֮ϣ̫Ĵء
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126 
12.6
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ЩµˣȴΪһ䡰ڴŭڸУһ붾ҩȡ
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ʵȷ˴ΪʲôжȻԸʺϷһֱðǸǰ˺ȻҲϲᣬַǳѪľ顣ǶԳ˵ҪǿаĴްǸʹĴ֡ǰҪĳ棬ҪĴްҪķ֡


127 
12.7
ŨҵѪζӻ֮¶Ʈɢڳ˵ĸ
ʧꡰ󸸡ŵػͷҴ󸸣
٪еķٻֽˣֽһһף޳Ĵ磬Ѿ޴
վڴֵ󣬹صһ䣺ʹˣϢŭС֪¶˵Щ̣۾ĹǣʮСһۡЩۻۣʵھӦǰ׻ʹΪ
٪ΪͳͰ׻ʹƳɵķˣСƳɵķⲻ󣬵ϻ֮ĳһķ
裬ֵ˾ֱܴͨ
ǵĴ㣬ֻһ䣺룡
÷ϲ治ϣֻý衰в棺ʹˣˣĺѻϡ
Աߵĺزʾϡ
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÷ϲһΪƣϾǸһ·
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Цһǣٰɣ
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л˵
лּСѡĴ͡лϲСɰղؼӸעǰǰһ´ްӦÿԳ


128 
12.8
¹ⰵ貵ǿҫ۵Ŵأߴӹ
ɫϣĽŲͣǰ
һ統꣬վھӪϣʿǸߺүү
ǻеԱΪಡӰԸȥӪԸҲԸ˿
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Ҳ˼࣬һƨڳԱߣųװ۵ģȱûףŮƵġҸ˵ⶼһ쵽ﵼµġ
һ۵˱ʮ䣬̲סʣȥӪܱ𣿡
ų棬ͷһѽ汧𣺡Ȼˣ绹ƭ㡣
ȥ˾ӪϽ
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үӱų棬ЦҲԣ̼ҵʿ
ЩΪԱſʿ̼δļʧ
ҡͷ˵Ҫ
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عͷѹѹһƬƼϴų̼ҾףԺ
ǵմ˵ģЩҳ̼ҵıҲıҪúôǣԺúõ̷㡭
ǰ
ЩҲķԸƬϣΪ
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129 
12.9
ɳϣ˰Ļɳֹͣ񳾰һĬĬڵϣЩʬһӭĿ籩ꡣ
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汳һ䣺û£ôǽԹڹŶ̴
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ӹ۰ϣǣڡͯҲˣ
ҡҡͷûˡ

ǲʥʵȻĽڴ󣬾ʧ
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130 
13.0
Ǻ㡢硣
ߵǰ۱ײͬصһ䣺۾ôˣ
治⣬תΪʲôһ𣿡
ϲϲı飬Ѫһʱ䲻֪λظó治
ͱˣ۸̿ȥصʲôأô˵ҪллǣҪǸȥʱǼӾͱƷˡ
֪ΧŶ̵飬εصͷڰĿŵϣȥŶ̸ʲô
ɲƣ˲ȼıƢ
֮ǰجУɳһûټǺ޳ˡ
ʱ³ɺͷһسӣȴԴ
ʹغһ㣬ʲôأ
һۣçײø첲ײϴǶлȡ
˵¶һԵЦݣȥŶΪ˴лϴξ֮˴
ˣ˵صؿһԶ̸ĴްһЩ£ܰλʹһ
λּæ
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ˣһο˵ţᣬŮӻӭ
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ɼǵúްŮԵܺáǰ򣬺¡
ѵÿ佱һ䣺ܵǶԣɲŮò
ȴ۾˷ס
⻰һʱеò׼ʹްĹϵ
ţ̡̽˵Ĺϵ
ڣϵе΢
ϲԣʻ̽档
ĶûôֱʣǸްǺôû
ɫһһ˵˵
ֱӴ뿪û˼ȥް뿪
ڳ󣬼ʣ˵ʲô𣿡
һͣ˽Ųʵľ˵öˣ
ֿһ۴ްԷʱʱ棬˾䣺ްˣѲոնʲô

ʲô
Ǻǣǿɾ̫ˡ
һ죬߳ŭغǳ죬ʱϻȥɵõ飡
⻰˵úܹ֣ɫҲòãת뿪
뿪ҲתһȦûҵӰͷ䣬ַﲻˡ
ӣɹ¼ҹˡ
һվڹ㳡֮ϣεӰֻûҪĿӡ
ΧˣʱʱͶų¶
Щ¶ǣû˷ĳ棬ʱҲ㷢ƢȺʵˡ
վԭأһʱίͷ
Щ꣬ȻͰͣһ쵽ûôί
ԹƬΣֻǵùŶӡ
¶һ˿ĿЦһЦ˵ͻĵ׵ɰ룬ҪһӶˡ
ȴ֪ίͻȻһ棡
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ͣ
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ͷָԼۣ棬˵۾ϹˣҪ⺢ӿɣҽܺá
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ڿÿҪը꣬Σ
æͷողǿһĨЦﶼǳ˫
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겻Ųæֱϵ˲ϡ
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ＤոձʱͰͣ϶ûӡ
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Ůַ磬ո˵Ժȥ̨ȥ˽˻԰Һüȥûҵ·
ްһЦţǵطȷʵϲ´δȥ͵ĵط
˵ԽԽߵʱڿŮ档
һϲ˵¶һ飬кϲ͡
Щ
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濴һۺ֣תͷҽ𣿡
һѣҪ쭵Ľ㣬С˵˾䣺ţֻҪ
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꣬Щ˾䣺ģ
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ȫԵú÷СƢ
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Ҫȴĺһѡ
Сصһ䣺㣬ްأ
һĵͱ˹
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Ͳסް˧
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ްĺı֪˵ʲôúչա
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ŭѧ꣬
ĻʢˣһһصضѻѧϣƺǵķŶ㼯Ժ
ʹӺԶվ͸˵Ժ磬ҪСǿµķӡ
ڿҲûз˷¡
㡭㡭治
Ⱳûѧ˲ָ֣⣬һߵѧӶµض¡
۾ų棬治ɫʣƾʲôҽÑҪ㻹
ˣһסؿڣôӵۡ

ˣĶԸˡ
Ưĳۣӻһذףذ׷˹ȥ
ⱲӶˣ³ѧ
һû˵塣
ذ׾ϣŵغ桭桭桭
ϧǸͽ˵ڡ
״Цһﳤȥ
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ϯضûôȺԡѧͽͽҹ
ҵֻܸϽ뿪
һԵѧӱܱ˵ţºˣýҵˣ
һͷ˵ţҲн죡
ֻΨţ棬е˼
ô˵أ
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ô
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̾һ
Χѧת̬ȣװģ˵һ䣺ˣʵҰˣô˶Դ
Χ˷ذ̾Ҿöġ
Щ˺ˣ˭ǣȥҵδɵ𷣡
ҰϵĶݸԶĨĺ죬棬ָҴʱĳ졣
Ư
ֻݣ
ɵƯҲƯ
¶Цݣ˺ԶɻڴһСƥļ档
ҶʲôڽӽϧԺԡͳ˼ҡ
ǡ

04
º󣬴Ͼѧ֣ݣ֣ٳ磬ڽƷ
ҪӴѰȥƷ
ҵʱƷſѾ˳ӣкܶʶˣǺһ׸֮ͽ
ֻұҪһЩ
ıı
̾һϧ
Զһңүϧʲô
һûʲô٪ūš
źľһ㣬ݡٻ뿪ֻ֮ˣ롣
ĿбӣУȫŮߴߴţʫˡ
Ҫˣǡ
ޡ
Щʵڳ֣Ҳܺǳǣֻܼӿ첽
ߵ̫죬һСײһλ˾Ƶļӡ
Ǽŵùڵϣͷϴ
Բ𣬹ӣԲ𡭡
ҿϵգЩͣȴû˿顣
ԶҲŻˣָż㡭ŻʲôǼү
ʵھó֣ˣȥѳ·ɣ
Զ˾䡰ǡת뿪
վԭأϵ¾Ȥ
һԿõļӹңӣ𣿡
ûлͷ߰ɣ޷ˡ
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֪Ϊڵһֱ𣬹ãֱ֣ݳ֣Ҳû뿪
֣ݺոյһϲģţ޴ʫˣϣҵ֣ˡϾڴ֣
¶һЦٳͲҪȤˣȲٳϾ׳٣¶ˡ
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С΢һҲûҵķǡ
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Ȼ֣ݿھʣô£
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Թۣ֡
֣һŮˣһſɲᣬֱӽŮ߳Ѫ
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05
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˵޼ҵ鹾Ҫˡ
֪һжأͺ̩ɽһ㣬ѹҲôϢΪö롣
ǼеӣǸϲĶӡ
صĺǴĴ磬谮ĺǶ㡣
ҺȻŵճĳƺţȴӡ
ֱ꣬һӽʣҺõŷת䡣
̱ԭ˼ڵ߷á
ʹӡ˻ۣӴҵӰ
ҲǴ޼ҲܳĵӣǴ޼δļ̳ˡ
ҿ׵ԭƽã;ʧܵĳңֻһ䣬ͺǿſԶ޷괺
øң㱻ȥϾҵʱûоȡԺǽ
˺ܻϲ˵ҫ޼ҡ
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С̫ˣҵһ쵽ң˵Ҳް
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û֣ݵ³
ٳǹԵģСӸٳķͷٳһŮ˶Ը͸ոգǸŮǹײȻҵʹӣٳ·
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06
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ѾָĲ࣬ˡ
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Цһڵף³ҲøЩۡ
ֻĺԣͳһֱڴ̨ȺνңͬǽͷݣһҲҵ
־治ᱣ̫ãһҳһͳֻ࣬߳һλ
ͻ㶦
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ҵ֮⣬ΨΨŵŵģʵ˾úЦ
Ҫһҩףʵ֪֣Ҫ顣
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飬ǽƾͼơ
ΪȱһڣһҺͳ֮Ľڡ
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׿ңһһ
ɵڶ죬ȥ˳õһ鸻֮ء
µСȥǵĵǸͿ
07
һ죬ҲͨС
Һһ̤뽫һ·϶װеʮʡ
Ȼò̫ϲЩŴ̡
磬ǼҾȻô
ҵѽǼûŮ𣿡
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̼ҵС㵹һʵڵĹÿú
Щ˼˵ǵһôңлл
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Һöһۣｫ̼С㵱ƭĺӡ
ǰסС֣Ҳ
С񣬴Һȥ
˲ֻ࣬гϽͳ˲֪ʲôܲ졣
ֻڼʱִֹͣ
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Ͻһѣ鲻ԸߵǰǸԲסˣ޹ӣϴҴˡ˵Ҳ̫ˣûұǿ
Ͻһô쵰úõظ޹ӵǸ֪޹Դãܶ๦ζ㵢ˡ
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ϽҪ֡
Ҵʱǰһ䣺ʶҵǺͳ̹ӵֱˬ
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ǰ᲻أ
һĺǻ˵ĳһҪĶǵļ塣
ÿҵļ򣺡ҲĽһø硣ĸ
ҿʣô
úҲ̫ƯˣһƯƯӣе񡭡
ʲô
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Цһõ磬뿪ʱǳ̼ҹӸ˵ʲôҿɫˣ
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ΪҪǣ˵ԺЩ𣿡
ô᲻أ
۰
ֻôۣҲڵǿÿӣһϲһ
ʱϣǿһ촽꣬һԻң֣
л˵
ϲСɰղؼӸעԣˣֵĹµˡԺлдµķ⡭


131 
13.1
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Ļϲŷĵĳ棬ǵصһ䣺磬û°ɣ
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ǰףڲ̨ţ磬Ҫҽҩѣѡ
Ҳ˴ްһԣһ첲ͱĸֱӽڵء
һأҲǶĵġ磡˲ؿ
ܻʱƣ֪Լȫޣһ˶ԸˣҪʲôҽҩѣ
ôϵҲ໰һĴްصָ˵ҪͨҪݣֻܴ򿪡
˵û沢⡣
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ѵϲŮˣ
֮ǰ˵ϲңѵֻƭң
ôްûƭԼ˼һ룬ôްǼ˼Ǩˡ

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ոջ̿ˮǣʱҲ˲ԳæŶϷʯ顣
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Ƕװɳӣ˴ްеİȫˡ
һڶʯϮϵϣֱûټ
ѾԶתͷ͵͵طɻػʯ
˳ɹƭ˺ǣĵػơ
û뵽ͦġ
ȴ˵ƭ˶ãѽϽ
ŻʯԼʳָһѪ
ѪˮʯУһͨϵ¥ݡ
£ߵúܿ죬С
ʯϵѪˮܿͻʯɣͨµ¥Ҳڽʧ
ʧ֮ǰи˲¥ݣ׷ϳȥ
ǸܵҲܿ죬ûþ¥ݿڼ˳
Ҳܾȣͬغްô
ް߽棬˵ľֲɵôɵΪ˿ݣ
濴ްһȭͷް쵰ѷң
ްͷȭͷųǷҽġ
ôܽлأ
ɳô˵
һȭȫ棺û˵㣡
ް˦һУ˳ȭͷϡ
汻йᣬصڵǰް˻
ްסס棬ôûĸоǲǺܣ

õԼϹۣΪްһ۸ʰͨˣ˭֪ᱻˡ
˵ʮӶʮ
ֻĪ
ɵֻõԼ࣬۵û
ްһˣ˭Ͽ˭
һʱ벻ֱͨһѪ
ѪڴްϣȾɺɫ
ްںŪųĴ
֪治
Ҳ֪ںۣ϶ûʹ
˳洽ϵѪƽʱʣָ𣿡
˾䣺ޣ
ްе㻵۵ʣ㲻ϲĻһһ㻹跨𣿡
ɴްᣬֱĴ
ѹų治Ըѹųŭ𣬰Լļʡǻ˿˿⣬ǣйϡ
Ĵгǻеζôް˷ܲѡ
ްͣʱѾιȥ
Ǳ۲Ϊ뷨汻ްԣιȥˡ
ްȴ۵ųһ䣺Ժң
˵üͷһ壬һ̫£Ҫϲ˺磬ҲԺ㣬СҲԽг磡
л˵
һǣԡ


132 
13.2
ͨһⲿŰ׻ƣڲװŴħĽ
ʮףоʮŲ㣬Ǵʦ̆DҲǳԲĹ̡
̺ķ˴³ʮ˰ա
ϧƴĹûճΪķӡء
³ı˵ͨеʹڳ˵ͨЩ꣬ѵʱ⡣
ÿһˣź
̧ʯڣһһǰߡ
һһСˡĴްСԻ󲻽
һ뵽Ĵް³һѪ˲ֱԹȥ
ް״һס棬֮ǰһİ£ιȥĳ档
ѾǲԼǵڼΰް棬Ǹ޵ģüصһ䣺ˣˡ
ްһһ˿˫ųȣرųǰߣ֪ҪôԺ϶ᱻ¡
ҪѣҪԺ󲻸ô׶
ҪǴްľ
ͻֲ̿ǳ񡣿ûһ˿û˿ϵ
ֻҪõͺá

ްòҪһ˿Թ
ǰһ컹ڶʧӰ١
ǻ˵תûдͷûȫָ򲻿š
ްڵµʮ˲㣬ˮ̶оˮ°ţܵ˼㡣
ʳ棬ΪʲôҪƲ
ڶһԿ⣺Ҳ֪˴ΣգԲŲôȥ
ް귴¶һ˿ЦҲ˵һᰭְţûá
̹ǵˮУоˮеĺûĺء
ްʱҲãˣʱһЩ£붼йء
еʱֲԼǻ˻ǴްЩʱ룬ϲ˻Ǵް˶ϲ
ԽԽֱ꣬ˮ̶Уɺľĺ˼롣
ҪǺŻᶳˮ̶С
ްں֪˳治Լԭ
һգոջ˺Ϊ׵Ů¶ŵЦݣŻ֮ξУºԸ¶ر
ްһ룬漴ʣܴţ
ҡҡͷһ䣺ֱ£Щôᶮ
˵óһεĺӵݸްǲǸ¶ǰ㣬һܲø»ָȫļ䣬㹻øƣš
ްûмŴ򿪺ӣʣҪʲô
ֱԣѰ׻ʹɪĹ餡
ްûȥʺʲôо裬˼һҹ󣬽˺顣
ȼǸ㣬ָһЩ˵ľҲЩ֡
Ψϲ£ִš
뽫ץֻ
˽Į뷨ŵ˴ް
ڶ˵ϱӸ˳棬ⱲӲŻҹҹΡ
룬ܱ
ްЦ˼ӳķֽгһţһյơ
ûκ˽𣬶ǴԼļȡ˻Уξ
ξ֮Уɳ졣
ϢմȾǵԹǲ硣
ɴްȴúϤ֪ôϵʳħ
·Ͼȹ󣬺ʹӸ±˴޸硣
ްûмʱʵóĺøУҲܸоԺá
ǰԸ񣬴ްẬľܾҲκλᡣ
ɴްڵľȴ˱仯һж޹ء
Įް󣬵־Ȼ
Ȼϳʱް֪Լķ˱仯
³ĵһʱ䣬ǳͷҧסĴļиܵ¶ȣôްů
ôްоԼһˡ
̼ĻŭļĶԺЦἵʡ
ռԼִŵĶڴ
ްͷĺоǰδеС
һ̣ԼҸ
εĳԼܱߣȻް߰˴Ρ
һûǰô꣬߿㣬ٶҪʲôʱ򣡡
ްûоȣӳĺжϳѡ
Գˣ̫ˡʵҲ߿죬Ҳ֪
ǰͻȻ·ÿһ·Ķ˶дһ֡
ңǹŹء
ް֣Цƣдò𣿡
ܲ˴ް桱һƺްԴϣе𣿡
ްҲҺʲô棿ţ
˲Ȼŭһȭͷްȴް
ް˵ȭͷԺؼҽӣҪǱȭͷˣɾͰŪˡ
ֱ䳰һ䣺㻹治Ҫ
ް˵Ƥûһ˿
֪˵ľ֣
ް΢΢˵ţڶ˵ҪȢ
šûڣסͣ
治ް˵˵סްͣǰĲ·ҲЩò׼
ʵֵǵͨΪϺ͵£оʮ㣬Ӱճ̆DͼƳɣоŲ㣬ɪ޵ġ
ʵû¹֪һ·ȷ·
ǲصôˣ
˴ްļôް
ɴްǲţ˵Ҫ˵˸ȥһ·ҿ϶ͬ⡣
⻰ţ㻹ܵң
ްſúýѵްһͻȻͼްɿ֣תԼ·һԵʯ촦
Ƕ̻ǵػΪ״ʧǰ
ʱҲϸ΢죬ްڻ˿á
Сſ
ɴްȴ󵨵סͣ꣬ˡ
ȻһЩϸ΢ĽŲԶһᣬͺëذ졣
ûãͿߵ·ڡ
˲ǱˣǴһˡ
ߵ·ǰŹء֣٩һ
ָǽֵдò𣿹Ȼ֣ÿ
Цǣⲻ֣֡統꿼ʿһֿõĿϧ֮ġ
˵Żóһȣһ
һҡֽ̳ˡ
һ䣺ȥ̽·
ֽ̳֮УС
ڲ·ڣȴֽǵķ
Լʮӣ·ֻһֽ˻
ֽҲ˲ӡȣӡšǵ·г
÷ϲһϲ˵ˣ
䣬ֽ˾͵ڵϡ
ģҵ˶Ե·ӻǣ·Σա
÷ϲ˲ûϲɫһȴֺһСģ
Сʲô
÷ϲûӦӾͱһ⿳ϣڵϡ
ɱ˲£󺧣˭˭
µغˣһųشӲ·߳
ҲǸˣغ
л˵
һЩ˼ոһո


133 
13.3
½Ѽ
ǰԲˣյڲ·ڣһ򵱹أĪ֮ơ
е
ް絶ֻʣ˭
ңͷζתǧأϻһ䣺ûϵ
ްüڳϲһѡһ¿ͱѣóֱ˦һơ
һû䵽ްϣȴ˴ްĲϣӲǻ°һӡ
ް˻
סͣͣ𣿡
ްͷ˳ģ̧̧°ͣʾԼ˿ڡ
ɲΣֱԣҪǲֶţһô㣿
ᣬڵڴްϣôްоЩ
ްһӰرų治ٶ˼
߰һߵĴֶʹˡ
ֱֶֻ÷ϲʬԣŵôСС
ϲϲͷ
ϣ÷ϲԴ˹һʯӵס·ûãǣװʲôأҰԴϣ
÷ϲˣŷӦ÷ϲԴ
һߵĴֽмܲסȫֿסǰɱ
ٻֻֽˣһһףźڰ޳
ڰ޳ǰסƣ˷Ⱦءֲˡ
ܣȻװԴ÷ϲˡֲ
ֻºڰֽ˱˺Ƭ
ֽһɱšֲС
һϷۡ
ްյۣް°͵ĿѾ衣
ֻаȻ󣬵һ䣺𣿡
ҲӴްĻػأû
ްһָУʣǶʶǸɷˣ
һް
ͷ°͵ţʶǸǴڼҾٽ衣
ްһе㲻ţڶҵڣǸˣ
ͷţʱ򣬻ǰ̧ĹףʱҺͰһӵġ
ް겻ĻǲӦ޵ˣǻڤ
Ǹ˲衣
ǵǡ
濪ԣҪ̽·Ǿмкˡ
⻰˴ް˼·Ҳ֤ް²ȷԡ
Ǹ貢裬һһν˼塣
ˣ϶ɪ
ɪʲôˣ
ްԽԽ档
Ҳܺɪ߲ʲô
˽˴ԼСʱڿ¥ݡ
˳¥ߣףԴ衣
䣬ȫûȳ濪ڣᵶͿ
һ˴ްķϣӲײ
̶óü
ްǰȥӦԣһʹ·磬̲סваУѷң
ްûطãõĻסĹƣǱ֡
˦ǰѰ׻
а׻֣ް˼ʤ㡣
Ҳһ԰ް˺ѹס衣
豻ѹƣǰסһֽˣÿ
ްͳԶҲɵ
վǰһŷֽ
ñʻ˫ָ߸̧סԼĲӣһΣ
飡
һ졣
һֱͣըһԼըĳֱը˵ذ塣
Ϸŵǵغһ棡
ϣݵĵذ壬ʹްѾʧټ
ֻвϵʯڵ·˵ߵյ㡣
ܵǣֱӳ档
ʱĳ򱻴ްڻȥʯѹ˵Σա
ܵķ۳裬סͣǰһ
һǣ˴ްˣ۵һ𶯣
һ֪ް˲ˡ
ո׹ڼ䣬ްΪ˻סס˴󲿷ʯ
治Ҷſԭʣôˣ
ްһֱų棬³һã˵òǺءҪ
˵Ż˳ıϡ
붯ȴ˵ްֻ˵ѷңұ㡣
ްЦһǣ˿ڣ˻˵飬Ҳ֪飬᲻˵ѣ
겢ûзϣֻǵ⻰ʲô˼
ްسӣв˿ڣĵܿͷ
û뵽ް˵ôأǰްַܴ³ްͷβûнۡ
ްһ߽ųİһ˵ţ㷨ʧȷʵйϵǲ㷨ʧġҲ֪ʲô⣬ҵķܽ㡣
ûзĳǴдĹۣʲô˶ܽСƷ
ްû߳ķ֮棬Ϊʲôֻת滹з
£ֻתķӦûᱻջء
ް⣬͸޷⡣
ŴްĻûзԼơ
Ҳûа취
һͨˣһ·ͨʱѰ;ȥﵽĿġ
ԴްȻ㷨費ңͰԼң
һӺŭĳٴָްҸոսƣ㵽׿ûУ
ްΪ߲ûбʦǵһαϡʦʵе
ָųһ飬ڰϵ֡
һγɹʹûķǼؿ棬ҡҳɹˣ
ָŻѪ˿ڵϹˣгɹˣôôѧ˰һķأŸʲô
ްŴްָԼһ顣
һ֮ǰɹӣôް˿ϡ
˿ϣƻڡ
ްʱЩȡ˳סԼŬڳֺõĿҵһѧһŬ
Ŭ
ҪĿɲŬܶһ档
Ҫްܴ֡
ɼްǸϵģûǸϽôް跨ķȽϺá
˳Ĭһûȵֻ뿪
ںڰһŴް۵ƣǵһԨ֮С
ԨдʬЩʬ֮ϣоſס
Щ׵ɫɫ·һյƣȼźɫĻ档
沢ɫɢŵ㡣
ζѪƳɵ
ףڵˣͨһ㣬ɷ
ɷģǿڹײڰ׻ʹɪͻ֮ġ
̧ͷ餣ૣ磡
ްҲ̧ͷǿʱǾſ׵ϣֱֱ
л˵
ллǣķǳлǣ


134 
13.4
ǰͨա
ɪվǰԳһ䣺ˣ뿪ҲҪ
ɪ˵һ仰
ǰлһ䣺ƨ£
仰ڹײǰʵЩ治
ްΪͻȻŭûüȥ룬Ϳ˦˰׻
ǵж˾ſڹײϵ
ϣײķ׷ء
ްס棬һתɵԶǾſڹײҵϡ
¡һһ
ſڹײصڵϣӲû˿
ƿްǰһȴްס
ްҪʲô
û˿ıܻ䣬ڵʬ
⻰ôްͷƤ顣
ָǾſڹײģװò𣿡
˦ް֣ǵ屻֫⣬ֱװиɮǻƳɵİ˿ڹײ
߽ײģָѪڵΪֻܰǷӡ
ڡ
ӻгŷֽÿһ涼ǵֽɱЩ
ްҲǰ̫ųûдֲ
ްһ䣺Щʧ飬Ҳ׷ˡ𣬲Ҫٸңˣ뿪ҲҪ
ްվԭأĮҪ˦ң
治ΪҪԼһһ˵ţûʲôܸģǷҲǴġҶ㣬Σǲϲ
˵꿴һ۾ǿĴްֲϲΪմޣǴ޼ҵתΪҺܼ㡣
һʡ
ްԼϵһϲԼΪܾĿˡ
ɲ
ӼһΪ桱ˣһǾǶʮ꣬òҵǸˣòϲǸˣֺòǸˡ
Ǹ˻ƿ
ްʣ㲻ָ𣿡
ŷʣһ֡
мǿڹײģްǾ仰Ĭá
ô᲻أ
зҲͲӡ
ɪĹΪߣ˿ڹײġ
᲻ó̼Ҿ᲻ñ磬Բû
ڣִͼ⿪ӡͷ
ôУ
ôֳɹǳ̼ҾͳЦ
˫ۣүӵĻС
ۣ
һѪµмĹϡ
ްŵطһ棡
滺صͷؿڳһѳзմѪ
Ϥģ֣ﲻá
𣬳סؿڵڵϣеһŷҲƮĽ¡
ֻһ˲ʱ䣬֡εг棬һоͺһͷĵӰڴްǰ
ްӸӦ׷ʲô̧֣ȴǳ⣺
ްԭأſڵϣɫ԰׵ض˵
ǸһֱĬһֱͬӰӵŮȴѵ¶Цݡ
ĴްֽŴް˺Ƭ
ް侲һȳ档
ĵ͸ڳĲϣвõģֲۡ
ްΪҪ˳棬ҪʲôҶԸ㡣ֻҪ㲻
ĵѹڳļϣأиƳļ
Ի󣺡ҲףΪʲôҲôϲһ˽˲ǳĻ쵰һֱãΪÿ춼ɱˣˡҲΪʲôϲΪ
𵶣ݺݵزڳıϣȺαӣǲǿģģ
һƺ⣬ְ𳤵µڶ
һֽ˳סĵ
Ӧͱһֽһ⡣
ްϤֽˣ߳档
һͱһֻ޴ĺ˵
ǺԴ޴ſ죬ܽްһ¡
ް˦Уֱȥ
۵ôУ˵һԡ
ްȥҳ棬ȴ汻һ˱ڻ
˲ǱˣǴ֡
رų棬ʣҿû
ɫһףڵϣҡ
ֲϻֱֽһ⡣
ްףԭʹһģ
ŭͻȻﵱߥʱ˵Ҫǰϴ֣Ǹô죿
ްǺڡ
˳档
ּްģЦŵл
һ䡰лôް޵ݡ
̧ͷɴ֣ı㵽Ҫȥʲô
־ôް°ܽȻ˵˵ˣ⿪ӡ㵽Ҫ˵鰡
䣬˿ڹײ𶯣һʱ磬˿ײĸһ졣
ԶϣǱΧĴӣٴηһ졣
ްа˸˴ӹײЩ˳ͬӣ˺Էһ塣
ǻ۳һ򣬷ֻ塣
ްûмǣʱҲ֪˾
л˵
дˣЩждްսϲ͸ǰɣҪȥսˣԵıôУ


135 
13.5
ءԼ֪ԭ
˶壬¼˵ģʩ˸ԼһôȹסԼ˵β͡
÷ϲõصһ䣺ҵĺǺụ֪́ӭӡ
һԵķⲻ˵һ٣Ҫ⣬ҪӸ㷨ϵͷкӺ㣿
ǱƢβ˵ģ
ز̫ϲָཻ˴ް㶼ɱ
һúذСܡɱҾҪֻ֣ɪǸԶ֣ˡ
֣һ˯ŵĶöȥɱˣСӸƵģҶ֣
ؿɲҽѶһָûһŰײڶϡ
ڷᣬؾûϧ֮⣬ɷţϴС
ϣָ÷ϲһ񣬱һ
÷ϲǰںصǰϲϣ߹
ض÷ϲϲԴúӣЩܿˡ
֣¶Цݵص޴ˣҲҪл㡣
óǴ򽻵䣬Ȼ¹Լ
ԼɶԼ̲סսأʣʲôֵԼ
صָ׺ܳץȹڵһ䣺ŶҲʲô£ǴӦõ֮ġ
һüͷչҲɣôõıҲŲҪø
ؾϲӣָŷֵˣҰ㣬Ҫҿɴ򲻹
Ͳ뵽ػӲţ˶ƻ
ҲգָԶĴް޷֮ĶȲ̸Ҫ
᲻ϲЦе˶ϻһ۱ʹסĴްǲץסʲôв
⻰˵꣬ްѳһȭ򷭡
زֵŭĴްһز˲䣬ˡ
һˣü
ԭȫë֫ſڵϣһԾް
ްԸȫŭɶԸʵڹǺ
ֱ۵סĵ˫ۣɴȴްץˡ
˿ںްó
ٿ죬Ҳûзצӿ졣ܿռϷ磬һȭͷ˴ް߹ǡ
ްڵϣ۾ų档
Ϸȭ£ްֱ۵ס
û뵽ްսѾıˡ
¶ЦŵСӣҸȫʬԵ㡣
ްسţһ߿ᣬһ䣺ãֻ㡣
߶һһҲڹĶǡ
ֺͺؿһûб򿪵ĹײģԹײϹص̰Ŀ⡣
ֱų׻ʹȻ鴫
ظɪɪΡɪֻСϻһ䡣
мؿڣôˣ
ֲÿɷ񣬵ײǵȻ´꿪ڿ
Ҳڴ̣ӦֵԼܸģ֮ҲҪ
˸̥Щϧ
Ǻؿһ䣺ȿɣûˡ
׺ص˼潻÷ϲ
һ⿪һڹײĵķӡ
˸ͨײĵķӡҲڻ
սϣͻȻһ죬һд֡ء
еʵ̫ǿֺͺزòͣеܷС
ո˦Ĵް嵽÷ϲǰһس档
û뿪ײϣһ䣺뿪ס
һ٣ǰƽࡣ
ЦЦһսǡ
ûͨķֵܹ˵ŭҪǵȴһ̵Ļᡣ
ϧ˼
ֱӵ޴ˣĶ֡
ε̾һֻôóһǹǹڶ׼ްڵްôˣĹ𣿺αأ뿪Σ
ްų棬ӵ֡ĽŲŹײģֱ۽رס棬Щӵķ
ոĲУһЩѷᣬ߳档
ڣϵ˿ڱ֮ǰ࣬ϵٶҲڲϼ
ްͷһۻĳ棬̧ͷʱ۾һ⡣
֡ˣֻԣΣ
һ仰ôֶŭ
°ӵް
Ҳβ;һڹײް
֮󣬻ƴķᡣѾȫ޻Ŵްȥ
˵Ĺƣ
ɴްȴų棬¶һ˿
򻨡
һڳĶߣȴ使޵Ļ˵Χ
ްû̧ͷתֻء
ϲռħһָɾŸ޴󷽸
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Ҳ֣ʹϵ˿ڵСӹֵĺܣԽԽ
˴ʱֻһͷӣ
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һϤĶ̵˴ֵĲӣŵֲǴֻеĳ棬Ǵ
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л˵
һ¸ҽŶˣⱾˣ顶omegaͽ硷Ѿǰ£ȤСɰǵȥעŶ


136 
13.6
ģ
ʵһʼްӦ÷ģΪ±
ն꣬಻ϡ
Ŷ̵ĵʮĲϵĵϨֻеһӰ
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һŵҩɫݸһԵŮɡ
ŮɴȹÿɰҩʣⶫУƭЩˣ
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ŮһѵӣҲٶʣֱ
׼£ȴڵУҪĻأֱɱ֡¿ܺܿ죬ҲҪܾá
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˵һɳ滹Ǿ̫ãЩꡣ
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治аŵĵһ¾С·ߣѪһ˻
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ȴΪҪõģ㲷һԣĪҡ˷ǳ;Ѫ٣ʲôӣɻ𣿡
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ȴţͷſ˵ľƿɪ˵һʱ䲻Ѫ˵ڱŴС̵ˣǳɴߡߣΪ˱㣬п֮⡣Ҳ˲·
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л˵
ʥ֣ȫԲˡǳɪİƣڳɹˡϲɺأ


137 
13.7
ξûֻ̫һ¸߸֮Уء
֮ϣͨɳһ룬ֻ¶İӣڻɳﴹ
˻գŹϤıӰһʱЩ㱡
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治ִֶš
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һʱ䲻ȥ¥ΪԼұ̫ܳ¥Ļﶼȥ
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˵꣬صһ䣺ոǸץߵ꣬ҲȻô
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µ̧ͷڵҡʲô֪
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ͷۣһ޴ɪ˵ͣ㣿ٺ֣͵ء
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л˵
һ¡еæŬϸ


138 
13.8
ĲɫĺˮһȺֵĺ
ô磬ֻˮвܼ
ˮݡ
УֵȺվһīˡ
˸Ӻܸߣխһзڹϣıݡ
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һһһ졣
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ܾŮǸӻһ京ŵĻ䣬ؿ˵Ĳߢ
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С¶һЩߵı飬ֵؽȵݸϴлл㣬Ҫңҿ϶ͳٵˡǸǿȣϣ㲻Ҫ
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ûһͳһεŮɣߣ㱨ѾͬǩԼ
ͷ豾ţǾͺáˣǸСԱǵɡҲٿԱֵ
Ůɵͷڵĩùһˮϲϲմӽʹĺ̶ϰˮ¡Ҫǲϰߣȥһ䡣ڼĸĺǰһ㡣
Ůɼͷӳˡ˵ûҲ˳
վεصһ䣺֣֮СǺͦģûõ·ϡ
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л˵
ϲСɰж鷳ˣ


139 
13.9
ҹɫá
ľưɽҹɫļӳ£һİ磬¶Ұഺһ棬ѧѧӵ
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ЩͷտƮȻζӺܾúܾǰԻ˽ֽǵꡣ
Ÿβ¶һŰñһǡ
վһޣĳظ㲻ҪͶ̥һضտꡣǻ㵱ֵˡǰһҪ㣬ɲٸˡ
ˣѾСүˡ
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140 
14.0
ްˡ
۾ڲţ˫ְ󣬱ƽһڲ¡
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ʵھԼЩˣǽҽԺǱ˰ܡЩ飬ǰʮ꣬δȴƵƵ
ްǲӦһȥݰݡǵ˸˵ۺ飬Ӧȥһ˻ۡ
ô˵ĿǰҲʱˡ
˰ˣԭȻΪǮͼ
ްǰȷʾҿԸǮҪ٣ǿֻҪǷŹߣҿԸǵ˺תˡ
ԶԷȻȵԷиһٽˣԷһ̫׵ķԣЦǲë˵ɶʲôתˣһλǸǮˡ
һ˻˵ģȫ¶ûӣǻװ첲ûӣͷộĸ
ްҲû׶ԷĻ䣬ȴԷӲ
ģȫû˿Ӧ֮
ް벻ԼΪʲôᱻܣļ֣ͻհһƬ
ʵ״̬ʧ䣬ǰմ
һǰҽԺΧ˼ˡĸ׿޵˵ţ̫ˣ̫ˣˡ
ްҲһƽģ޵ڽĻ
оԼĺۣǺҹƵɤӡɤ⣬ÿһ鼡⣬иʹڰʾһҾ徵Ĵѡ
ɴްȫûμ䡣
ڲһں󣬲Ŵӹܼ֪ԼǿȻһкŮˡ
ܼҶԴްλС㣬˺СѾлˣǶǳ
ﰵʾްԸС㷢չ¹ϵֵôްһЦ
ް˾䣺˵ʲôأҿŮѵˡ
ܼЩ㵣үѾŮ𣿡
ްͷ°㲻˵һŮ𣿡
ܼҵıһްоЩԾҹܼһЩº󣬲ŷԭѾ·ˣֵǣһǮһ
ѧһǳƾɵķӣѾ˺ܶ꣬˵һŶ̡
ܼҼްɻֻø飬Ҳɻ󣬲ʱү˵͸һҪˡ֪ڶү֪һЩ
Ҫˣ
ްһʱû뵽˼ˣ̲סڶĵ绰
ڶ죬һСӣǺӳúܿɰֻǻۼ
ڶһͿ˵ް˾͸֪ͨǰ֪֪ˡ
ްЦЦҲûãⲻϵ𣿶ˣ⺢˭ܵ𣿡
ڶһͷ˵ʲôأ
ްָ޵Ӱڸʲôأôֹ֡
ڶ뿴ްֵģµֹ֣Ǻðɣôˣôˡ˵һǵץˡʱ䶼žأ


λϢ̫ˣݹڷ˼
ްҺһΣһŵģҲȥˣ
ڶоް֣̲סʳôˣøʧһ㲻ˣǰɣ
ްɲῪôĵĵͼЦ˵˵ûӦʧˣʧȥһʱ顣㣬һǼǵõġ
ڶ뾪ȵͣƺһ
ްŪӵ飬ڶ˵ûô򵥡
һԵãллҡ
Ҳòͷû£ǰȡ
ްʰ˭ڶȴסްֵ飬ǵԼҵ𣿡
棿
İģȴ͸¶һϤĸо
Ϥݼš
ް̲סʣ棬˭
ڶʱһ氡˰氥㡭Сĳ氡ˣġɶѽΪ˵ɽ˻𺣣νҽԺ͵ˡ
ôˣ
ްڶʵڿţ˵ôôǵԼСôϲˡ
ˣ
ǻɵı飬ڶǳʧ䣬ұ¡
ڶ⻰ֱӴ󺰣û˵ѣʲô˵ѵģҵ찡İѳˣǿòҵѵÿԽӽһˣ㡭
һźر飬˵ţ㻹۹˵Ҫȥ׷أ
ް׷˵ʲôһû׷ءˣˣԴۡ۵Ҳûоȥ׷ˡ֪Һ·ֵ𣿡
ڶͷ֪Ϊ
Լ֪ȫ˵ްͳҽԺַỴ̂˵в顣
ްһڲϣڶĹ¡Ĵް¸Ҷηػų档
ÿһĵ㣬ͻʵʲô
һԵڳǹʱػᲹڶû˵ĵһЩרҵʡ
ްϲù£ͺǰڰİ˿ɾ
һϲ˲ǡǡ
һˡ
һôްЩû뵽Ϊ£ΪİϤ֣ôްܺС桱ˡ
ްڶ˵º󣬿ʣܺһ𣿡
ڶúбҪһͨ绰ᣬȴ˼ཡһ˽ͨ˵绰
ʲô
ӵ绰ﴫֱֳ绰ͷ˵Ĳͷ
ڶްʾһ£ʾ˾ǳ档
ôްԼһģްȴûпڡ
һӱ
ڶִߴһްްûпڡ
գڶشѾҽԺްˡ岻ǡ
ڶһ£ڶԷûκλӦ˵ʧˣˡ
仰˵󣬵绰ͷԵȻһ䣺ǲǺܺԺҪŶˣҲҪڹ£ЩֵֹԶһ㡣
绰Ҷϣްɿ˱յ֣оһᡣ
̧ͷڶ˵ллӦûˡ
ɲ
ȷʵûлᣬϾڶ룬ڲϺ˼ʱһֵĻʿ߽ĲעֵҺ壬ս˹ȥ


141 
14.1
ްļҲҲܷḻȷʵбܵķգô޼ҵİʩԼްúܶ಻Ӷ˴
⻹Ǵްһα˳ɹܣһҲԼϾܶΪǮ
ɵȵľӣԷ˵ɫãǮʱһЩɵۡ
ԭЩ˲ͼǮͼˡ
ްеһҲģϾֻҪᣬܴӳȥ
ľҡҡĵ˯˹ȥ
ʱŴӻ˯ѹ
ް䣬һŮ˵ţٶˣǶôˣû˵Ҫǲƨɣʱ˼Ҽˣ⻹⣿
ܴްЦ˵ţ裬ǳƽĴ֮ף˭ֵ֪üûˣкãһ㡣
ɲһףŤһˣǲʹЩϣôͷộʲô·ҵģʲôֵ˰ɣ
̵ǣǣ϶ǡ裬ģ¿׵ˣ˰Ȼ󣬵ǳúãǹϲģ
̸ˣһڣߵĹūǰ۾Ϻϵĺڲȡ¡
ްؼ˹ͻȻֵ۾ǰ˵ģ
Щ˶Ŵѹʱ·ǴĳװƬԱ
ǿްġ
ɲ
ôɾһϾҲôĸɾ
ˣǼ۸ѹһЩӵĵͼ˴ް
ްȫû뵽ԼᱻֵطҲû˵Щ̬Ⱞõˣϲplayʵĳǰķ飬Ǵްɵۣͺڶᵽجһ
ԼجΣôجأ
ް˼ʱѾ˸·ͣвҲ֪ô쵰ץסģǽҵƮԺͱӳȥеǸ֣Ҳе˵ϾҲˡأԹԵķ̿ˣȹ꣬Ҿ͸ǲɢѣϼȢϱģû֪ĹȥδӶأ
˵˴ްȥްȰûиĻҲûзԣŹū뿪һ·ϼܶ໨˺ܶ֬ζص˺ƯŮΧż󸹱ͷߣǶ˾Ƶ̡
ްúϸؿЩϵ·ʺʹ磬ȷЩ˲ִ˼ٰ硣ߵĵطѪɫʱȷӦþڶ˵جΡ
һ۴·Ĺūʣã֪λʵ۵
ūǰ棬ھ۾飬ͻȻްŵֱˤڵء
ͷ˵ţңңŹҰɣ㣬ŹҰɣ

ްץס˹ū˭
ūͲϳȸߣƽʱҲǵСµԸҪ֮ǰĹūڷһʱҲˣҲᱻеߡ
˼̧ͷֻдްʳ˿µĻϽסް͵˵֡˵ģĻģ
ް˵ͷ֤Ǹūȡơ
ūްҲ˵ʲô˶һȺˣ˭Ҳ˭߹
һ͵û֮ҵĻǧҪƮոǸ֣Ļµġ
ū˵վָԭһԺӵ˶Ҫסʱǡ
ްûãǼԺӣͨͨӦú׾
ǰȸĹūǸսսģϢ
ްܾӦø뿪جйϵ˵جε
ڶ˵Ҫ뿪جΣַֻһǴһǽʹȡ
֪᲻нʹҵȻԼ뿪
ްһԺӣţҪǽƻἤ˰ɣϾϲѵʷˡôزģΡ
ȥǸúоܵ·ߣû߶ãͿһѾߺţĹӣ¡
ް͹ūûֿã˻ǸѾ߲˵Ҫȥӿ͡
ڣ
ƪ ½ڣ2022
01
ƭˡ
ڶ꣬Ҿͼ޸˺
꣬ұ
02
ʱԺӣˣ̨ĸ˵Ǽףⳡ׶ͺ
ĸ˵Żȥ׼ҵüܺĸңǲԸ
ҡҡͷĸױңʣǺ£
ҡҡͷĸ׳Ƭ̣˵ѵ㻹˺㣬ôִԲ
Ļ֪ҹҺ󣬵ڼἰֻҪʱͻ˵һ˵ѶΪǸĺһҡ
ֻһ֪ɵֶαҪۣѾˣҺ㡣
Ҵ÷Ρ
ĸѾ˵ûؼң˵Ѿɴ֣ı˵˻á
һᣬԼԼǸˣǱĺŮӡ˵Ĳǰһĸһ裬Ҫ˵һᡣ
03
¥Ͼҷ
ĸ׼õϷԺ¥齣ʰһ׶档
ԷǸĳһӣǹ塣⵹Ǻͼ޵Ӽҵıࡣ
ԭڸſڵһؾ뿪ȴû뵽˺ɲŮò࣬Ӧĸ˵ǳϷ
Գһԩ·խתӾ׼䣬̫ϳҡ
㡭ô
ҪҪһǹǰġͷ⣬룺ô߰ɣ
һ䣺ô
Ļδ˵꣬һ䣺ʿС㣿
£Ҳơһ˫һƺǵһϧвȱһ˿ζ˫ǳ۾·ǶУ΢ת䣬١
һع񣬲Լλ֮ˡҲܲ죬ң˭
Ҳ֪ôشﵹǳʵ͵С֮ˣ֪λǺˣ
һ仰ҶʱϲΡ
04
ǰ
ҲԸôĻӹĻصһˡ
Ŷȥ¶ĸɣϷҪˡ
Ӧ䡣
ȴסҵЩǳ֣
ƺ벻һ˺ǳҵֻ
ڼʱһ䡰ɿ֡
ȻϣֻȰ
ҿһƺû뵽ңߵַңŭҡ
ֵϻϽʱµİ̺ۣҿǣǸˣת뿪
04
ʱ̨ϺϷݣﻹĵرϱӣѡ
ҵһҡϷڵĸ͵һնáϷ
ԼǺĽԸһֱܰҳ
ȴ
СʱӼҡͼؼҹϵУϲϲ˽֪
ؼѣ䲻ʧǣһֻѰµʼҡĺұƭ˵ۿˡ
ãշ˲䣬Ȣҡ
ĺһֱܺãļ尾βѡ
̫ƽ̫꣬ӣͬ죬ˡ
ҵĻձؾȵơ
ѣձƣЦǣ죬Ҿ֪Լˡ
ҲҸߺ±һɵֶΣúӿԭ¡
ԣʱҳĬ
ΪѶˣȻḶ۵ġ
ңճİ·
ҲļԼȥϽϢһºŷ֡
ֹ˷ԣڸС
ʱңΪҲˣҲͻԭҡ
ĸ˵Ů΢ͻܲҡ
ӣΣ֪үڴ¡
ٵȵȡ
͵ȵڻ԰зһ̸˵ء
ɱԼȻûУҹʺͯʲôʱܼ
ȴ֪үԭǲԸҡ
᷿ң˹ȣӵĺұ΢İһˡ
Ҳڿ˺ĸױҴޣ˵Ҫȥ¥롣
˻Ƶɤʺıɻ⡣
εǰŵǽ
ĸҹк󣬱̫롣
05
ĸټޣһαˣһαҽƣһΣĸʩѹҲҪҶϾϵ
ҿ˿ߵҲȷʵһ˲ģϷСԼⳡҲ޼գʰʰˡ
ϧԸΥ
Ϸһ룬̨ϳҡϷͻȻðһɰֵ̣ζߵһá
ұ˹ȥ
ʱڶŮһ߻֣ƺǺ¡
ʱĸ˵ЩţŮʧ٣˿ΧϤףԼǹӵܼҵŮ
Ůʧ٣ʧڡ
಻ţҲұٸֻ˽Ѱҡ
ʹЩ޼ɵ
ҹԼǱϽجܾ壬ڻˮ߱ס˸ľһ
ı¡
ΧһƬԶмӵĴͽʱŻǡ
ҵĵܴ󣬴ͽһŻʱץһѵϵ˵۾ϡͽԼΪС㶼ȺܵŮӡ
ĸ׽ҵķһͽϧСĿ޺̫󣬾ͽ
Щ˶ţ군ˡֲ̽ڹŮУ¡
Ѿ˾׼ֻþĴͽ󺰣ٸˣӰ
١ٸĺܼʱı참λ׶
ֻû뵽һĻλɫһʼͱˡ
ּ㣬̱˹ȥ
ҿ̸ֵĻҷһԼǸлչá
ʱ˵ӼСȻͬһ㣬ⳡǺ⡣
һҲ˵껹ңϲʲôʽļ¡
˵һĸ׵İš
ΪҴӦˣõغšҡ뿪
ֱĸ׵ĳҡ
ϳʱѯߵѾߣ
ѾߴԼõĸ׵ǳˡ
룬ĻǷˡ
05
ĸ׶⣬ҡ
Ҳ˼£˵ǴڿʼѡһֱӦΪֹ
ҿżϵ£޸ʱ飬˷ǡһɫļ£ĸҲῪģѡõˡ
𣬴͵Ϊֹɡ
ߴŲԭΪѾߣԸ¾װɣҴӦˡ
Ӧʲô
ϤתǰǱĺ𣬾̾ôҵѾأ
棬Щ˵
һΪѾ˵ˡҿƣӣղ̣ʵ£
һڳЦ˵Ժ÷һˣӣ˵ÿ۾ܿҺӣ㻹˵ϴδ͸ģ˭ҲܴҡǡҪ޸ˣ㡭ƭӣÿ˵һ䣬ǰһ
ұĺŵԭء
κλػĿܣ˵ҴϽﻹЩΪȥϽ·ϣĶ㡣
Ͻõ㻳еϢʱ˼ˡֱ̻Щ˵ֻסϽ֮¡
ҹⲻ㣬ΪҷԼѾ㲻ˣһıȥ㣬ϲӣ֣յǾ˵ˡһ񣬵ҿӣѾԼˣ˵ɻʱҾ֪ʲôˡ
ûнǵҲĺ룬ȥҲãҲãδҲã㣬˭ҲҪ
ţ˫۱ң˵ҡ
06
µףӼҴ飬ʱĸ׻Ըұʧ
ĸ˵˵Ҳĸ׵Թ˻ȥ
ûвĸ׵ԭ¡
ұ뿪վ̣Ǹֻĸԭ㣬ּ̫ܲŻ᳷
Ҳͻµ·ϣҵľãһ飬ⳡ
Ϊ˲ĸ׻ģæϧĸ֮ջ磬ǰǺӲĳЩˣҲá
֪ĸװʹ˺ܶӣѾ߰
ҿʰһ
ҹĸ׵Ļĸױ˵Ҳôԭ
ЦЦ˵֪ˣĸף


142 
14.2
Ϣŵްأ
û뵽ԼôҪȥϸڡ
ѵһûʲôǰѵ
ްǰѾߴӦصܹġʣλ㣬ȷԸ֮ǰ˵˵ѧϰѧϰ
Ѿؿڣҡҡͷûʱˣп˵㣬˱ʱˡ
ް£ָԼ·
ѾҲûôֵ·òײ࣬ǱߴߵҲܲ˴磬ֻ˵ˣȥɣ˵
ްûгɹֹѾߣڵֻͨˣӦֱӿ
ۼѾƺ뷨ֵ㲻ܰɣ뷨Ҫá
ҡҡֻһȺ󺺴ްΧס
ް߽άȣһʱҲϵҩЧûȫʧֻЭѾȥ衣
ߵúܿ죬ȣһٺС¥ǰ˻Żŵ衣
㣬ָС¥˵ôӿֲͣ㣬ټϿҪھȥɣסҪʲôʲôǧҪ˿ˡ
´ްڳһɷı飺Ҫ֪˿ˣÿ˲ˣۼҵƣкùӵԣ
ްеصͷС¥ٺ˳ˮӦȥ
Ƚӿ͵ȥ취ڡ
ް˵ע£߽С¥˸ս룬žͱס
һްӵķֻǶ¥̨
һ߹۲ΧһҪӦȻֵġˡ
ްڵſ˳֣ǡˡҲڵŴްĵ
˶ڵŶԷڶ¥֮С
ҹɫϰϰС¥ϵͭ屻紵졣
ʫ˴ʫԣںŮҲŶ˳ҹͽС¥С
ްȷ֮УһλĿˡ
ǿ˴һϮư˿ۣĵҪ޵һϣŻּȵı顣
ްû뵽ôˡ
һ̤գˤϡ
һ˹ġ
һ̣ްֻ뻯һľ壬ذΪһ塣
̫ˡ
ô˶ˤֶ˵龹ȻڴްϣֱεڸضԼȥ
ްúǶԲˣֻӲͷƤ̧ͷ¶һʧòЦݵλˣð
أ
ԷƮƮ˦һڴްϣôް˲оԼԴȡ
ԴһȣӾ͸оһů¡
һΣһΡ
ްıѪ䵽˵ϣϵü
˵йһ˿漴ܿʧӰ١
ǴްԼѪʱǸϺӡ
Ͻ̧ͷ˵ţԡԲסǸˣ
벻Ҫ˵Ļǲ²⣺Ҳ̫ÿˣαˡǱΡ
뷨ʵ̫񣬴ްĬ
꣬ȥʱֶԷѾߵǰ
˸ֺûԼߡ
һ֪ްԾ˵ţˣ˼ҵһθУû飬ҪͰƽʱϲ
ްӾãҪǿҪһЩŵ飬ʵҲǲܽ͡
˵ıʡ
˭ǵãС¥ǰްľͺݾ
ȫ˶˵ϧ
ϧ˲ûϧġһקסֵްŪʲôã
ް˻֣ȻܼǹֵʳǸ㣬ô֪ҽдް
˵־СĴްЩۡްԻ󲻼һʶģʧǷꡣ
ڵʧˣ
ް⻰뵽ڶ֮ǰ˵飬󵨵ز뵽ѵǡ棿
һ˦ް֡
ϲްôģͺԼûгڴްйһ
ްҲû뵽ǰ˾ǳ棬ڶУĳ档
ͻȻЩڶ
䣬ô˻ѳ
ްõԼȷʵ̫ʧˣôܰѳ
ųžµС˵Բҡȷʵʧˡ룬ԵĻǿ¿ʼʶһ
֣󷽵¶Цݵã棬ҽдްϣܸΪ
ž
һ˴ްҽܡ
治˦˴ް֣˵ȻˣǾˣ㱾ͲóҲãԺҲáް޹ϵ
һ仰ڴްϣĺһʹ
ްøоʹǵóˣǵ飬ɼЩڹӵĻϲķӦڸߴްжôذǰˡ
гˡ
ɡ
ˡ
С¥֮Уҡҷ˵壬ű˺ʹ֮ת
գǴް̲סʳ̡棬ô
˦ӣصϣһ˵أ
ʲô𰸣ǿ϶Ϊ˾ȴް
֪õϢʱжྪȣ·ҽԺ塣
·˲㱻ץֵɪɪİ½
תת˴ް䡣
֮£ֻðˣ֣ôްӿ͡
ɶԷԼʱ˫İӣóѪ
ǣް֮ǰҪȻûԼǾĬ죬ſڸ˵ʵûô޴⡣
ãʧĴްûʧĻҪ
ӣʵ㻹ǵԼô𣿡
ްҲʧǳεץץͷǸҲǵˣ


143 
14.3

ֱӱްЦˡָŴް´ǲԼôĶǣ
ްķ̣ﲻ֪ΪЩϲñ治ǣϲ
̹ɵҡҡͷװźûõӣ˵ҲǹģġʱͷεģЩǲˡ
ɫԽԽڣϽιȥǰĵǿŵģʱڷһӾ硣
Ӿ磿
Щ棬סްް˵ȥõϢ
û뵽ްɵɵһЦǸҲ֪ŵʲôӾ硣ҲôϲӾ硭
һüëһɼǵõްӾ顣
ϲ
뵽һްĲϲֻΪԲš
ްĬˣΪˡ
֪ΪΣ³һͻúܲ
ްϽԼһЩϢ˵ʱһֵ顣
ҲӣϽѵԼǸСūĹݸ߳棬Ҹո룬᲻
Ϣôް˻еӡ̧˴ްԴ˵ﰡҲµĲجεӦò
ްЩ⣬ţΪΣ
治ɫֻǵؿһ̨Ѫɫ˵ΪǸѾˡ
ްһ漴뵽̲ͣסޣ
ɲ
ްһٲʺƨȴ
ЩǳԹˣ̫ûá
ҡҡһȺ롣Щﶼһױݣɫڡ
濪ھǣƮԺµСģ
˼㡣
һϽѾʹɫȥ衣
ʱͷ϶ҡӣʣô£ô£ϣλӣǲźĲУҶ˵ˣû̺á
ްһ⻰еʵоûӵĿռ䣬չźˣҲˡ
Ҫͻ˳档
ɳأ
̵طһЦϣһ裬ںŪҡҿ˵ԺһرˣŸ㻹˽ͲҪҲˡ
ޣЩجеѿࡣ
ֻҵǸȷһ¡
ģôҪĻҪء

ǲƺӲģҪ˵ûˣϣҵĳүûƭ㡣Ժеˣˡûˡ
Խô˵϶ԽֱҪ»ɡǵ⼸ҲһЩ£ȷʵҪȥҪ죬߰⺢ӵ̺ãʱ
⻰ֻһ䳡滰
û뵽ͬ⣬˦һӣҺúõؽ̽Ұˡ
⻰һı̱òãæصͷ˵ţģһúý̵ֹֺá
߳滨ǮǱߴް״⣬һץסʣǸ㲻ߣ
ôĿŵضԿ˲Ҫȥ
ĻЦ󼸸ʹѾǸϽǰ
һһ߻˵ţԲס̹ӣģһ̺ãʱһεһõˡ
˵Ѿɡ
ȷϴްİΣ˳̽̽ƮԺʵ
񶼴ﵽĿ꣬Ȼ˾͸ˡϾĹأްôãܹһѴް񫡣
ӻֽȣڴްļϵӽҰˡ

ҪǳЩ죬ƵǰԵܲ÷
ɾôŰԵܲõķôް
󣬻Ǵްָ£˳档
˷ֿʱް̲סʳһʲôʱ
治ȷʱ䣬ƴްǸģ̲ס㱻̺ðɣܲһҲûУһѪ
ô˵飬ôֱ׵˵
ްȵöտˮˡ
֪ԭҲ֪νİȨ֮ơ
ɴްΪĹϵ÷塣
ͻȻ֪Լʧȥʲô䡣
һкܶ۰ɣ
ǣ
˭֪أ
ݼţ뿪ĵϣް͵õѾߣһū
ˣǼġ
һǵСĹūϲһǸ·ѾԪΪָɵް߹Ҳʶ֮ˣ㱻谲ȥչ˴ް
һѾ߲ϲ˵ǶŮ
ŮһгΪ˴ްˣòôްп˰ô
󣬹ŴʳסǱȲִ
ټϣްֻܴߵ֡
ֵĵһˣȻǵǸ©˷Ĺūϲ
ްѡһϴʱѾ⣬ֻϲһź
ϲ⼸Ϊ˴ްһֱսս´ްΪ֮ǰ飬۸
һˣϽ¿ŵǸСİɣ֪ˡҵôԴ
ްʵϲУȻ̰һ㣬Ǹ»Ǻ
ϲһϲû£Ҳ⡣οҪ㣬ôôõأ
ɲ
ƮԺˣȻûгֹԼ޳ԴԴϵͽԺϲ޲ðѴްԼڹ
ްܴ󷽣ԴʹӺܺáϲǼ
ϲްҪͷϲްͷ˵ţлӣлӡҪʲô£Сĸǡ
ɲڵϲ仰
ްһЦţҪЩ£ֻ֪£


144 
14.4
һ£ƮԺĽɡ
ްΪ£ƽﲻҪˣҲҪСһȥȻټǡ
˽Ӵ٣ܴϢ١
ΨһѡľߵѾߺʹӡ
ްϲ£ŵϲֱ
ϲûˣϽӣ𣬱˵Ǹ֡һɻ䣬ɻ䰡
ްʣɻ䣿ʲôɻ䣿㲻˵ô֪ƮԺ˶֪Ҳ֪ҲСķˡ
ϲϽǰסްͣ˵ţӣӣⲻܿЦңġ˹ӡҸ㣬ǧ⴫򣬷ǡ
ްĿĴﵽһϲ׼õϲ˵ţġǲԿġҾ֪ʲô£Բ˵ȥġ
ɲ
Ҫ˵Ҳֻ˵򣬳ˣҪʲôȥ
ϲӣһҧ飬ȫͱް
ԭŮˣԭһλС㣬ɫϾˡ
ϧ˵ļѣͱ仨֣ΪƮԺղġ
ĵݣ˵ɫȻڶ׷ߡ
ɾô׷ߣһλк꽫ӱΪĻ֮
ϲ˵λٽԭ÷С޲¡ϧѣļָס
ôõһ׮Եôɢˡ
ްʱøȤôֵľ飬С˵д
Ϊǳ˱Ȣˡû뵽µ˵һת
δˡ
ϾӰ
һ죬ôɣδǼĵط
²鰸ֻһʧˮ
ʵϡ
ϲŴް˾䣺ɱġ˿ˣｫλδƽ˺ˮС
λδޣʵϲ𣬵Ϊԭ򣬲òס
ʵδ֪Ĺϵǵ˽ᡣ
˵ްҲ˼İʳ˵ĺìܰȻδ޲ϲ𽫾֪˵ĹϵӦøûκγͻΪλ£ѲδȻ֪飬Ըȫ
ϲЦҡҡͷҲҲô򵥣Ҳɼɻ䡣ķ飬Ŀ¡
Ȼָ֤ɱδޣȴҳ֤ˣ֤Լף˸浽˹ٸ
ٸȻץǸˣȴûϵǸԽΪʵԣɱС㡣ԩꡣ
˵⻰˾Ѫ
ǲ࣬û˲¡
ҲΪ˵Ļجج˶գֱϾһ²꣬·ϳܿȥ֮˵Ļʱǲʶԡ
Ҷ˵ɱ֣Ҫɱ졣
˵Щũ񣬲˺
Ҳ𽫾ӭؼУҪʱδ޴ڤˡ
һҪѰﱨ𣬶ΪԽԽأʼҡһЩҵ档
ǶĺԽԽأֱһ죬ﱻͼͻƮԺ
һʱ䣬ǶƮԺ
ΪƮԺȥֻȰ
ڵ裬˵ˣûкˣ
ģջǽϳƮԺ
ϳȥϣ˺ôꡣɾô꣬ϻѪɫʵ˵
ϲ˵ôƮԺţһֱãõûϢ
ɵڶŷȴ˵ûſڣѾˡ
Ĺ죬ҶΪ뿪ˡ˭뵽󣬴Ǻ﷢˵ʬ塣
ʬǸϣͼҳ˴£˺öˡ
ƮԺ˴ʦǶʱ䣬ݵøƤһֱƤƤĹ
鵽ҲǸһ䣬µǣʦķûиסƮԺ
ްɵۣ˵סʲô˼
ϲʱڰҡҡͷҾͲ˵ˣĲ˵ˡ֮Ѿ֪˹£ԺǧҪǸ֡ᷢõ飬Ļᷢõ顣
ʱްûзϣһúѯѯϲסʲô˼
ɳϣڴްµĵڶ죬ϲˣٺС¥ĺ
һʱণľԱ
˶ɱϲϲǱɱġ
⻰ްһҲš
ްβѣϲʬ壬һҪǸϲ׽ù鰸
һʱ꣬ɾôʱĽڴݹˡ
ǻѡٺС¥Ķ档μްûڵӣһذ鵽ȫ߸档
һ˿Һϲ̸ԲŻᱻɱ
˴ްĲ²⣬̰ѻɵĶŵްߵŮԪϡŮϲʲô仯𣿡
ްҡҡͷʵҲܻˣûȷе֤ݡ
οҪɱϲһ꣬Ҫһ
ϲʬ壬ϲжദ࣬ԱŹ
Źȭӡһֵָܴˡ
ѾߣֵָܴģӦòǴϲ
ҲѾûɣڴްƮԺ˶ɱ˵ɡ
߳棬ȴ˵ȻҲסˡ


145 
14.5
ҲҪסƮԺ
ްõϢֱӴǻϲ޴˵ţǸҪסƮԺ
üôԣ
ްҡͷϽ̬ȣôأסֱǡ
ԣ
᲻̫һ㣿
Ǹĳɹâ᲻ԵԼ̫򹷣
ްĵĻϲ˵ţܺã̫ˣ
ŴްĺҲһϲ̫ûлϲˣԴӴް뿪Ŷ̺Ѿܾûôϲˡ
װޱģ˵ţҲҪһĵ̣ûа̺á
ⲻʹްε㡣
֪ްʱ䣬ĵ̿ΣϵжΡ
֮Уһ˿ҡ
ԭ˺Ҳô棡Ǵ۽磬ѧ˸ź˵ı¡
Ȿ£ѲҪڳϣ
ްһ룬Сʱ򿴵ĳЩ޻ʱİպɬ
ɣǰ˱ɳ棬ްֻûϲޱȡ
Լĺϲϲ档
ϲĳ̶ȣԿԴﵽνİ
̸ް־Լе٬ֻһγ棬ôϲ϶Էǲ̫Ķ
᲻ᣬֻǳᣬֻΪجϣһͬˡ
ް˼⣬˸ֲ롣һ˲䣬Щɷֻ³еģȻҲסƮԺˡ
ˣ
̫ˣ
ްߣţǡҪסҡھȥԸǣҪȥ˵
°ͣ޴ĴްһʱеֲްʧˣǼٵʧ䡣
˵ʧ䣬¶ĻϲͶԳİôҲβˣ˵ûʧ䣬˫ЩİȷʵóЩˡ
̲ס֣ްöȤ˵ţô鷳Һһסͺá
ʱ󣬳ʹѾԲĴް˴ްķ䡣
Ĳú٣ֻм򵥵Ĵ̺һЩ鼮
ʴްĶôûаϣ
ް͵⣬ɵɵգգ۾ʣ˵ʲôԲһ𣿡
ôްѾûа취̸ʣǼһС
ʵô򵥵Ҳܺã̫ණײɹ
جֵĺܣ滹֪жΣաô򵥵װΣ˲˷ַǷ͹
ްڻϲţ˵ʲôһʲô
ֱʱްѹһʱҪź
ͻȻްһǶħǵĺڴްڹĶȥȥ˵棬ʱѧıºͼɣȫõϣкúѧϰ
һŰɫĴްҲ˳̴һ޴Ĳ棬˵ţôأֻڿЦοɲΪ˼ѧϰΪ㡣Ͼϲһ
ɲأ
һӰʹްȰ˵ţһӺڶħްźš
֮ⷳʱڴϵĳ棬ɢ˳£ָŴ齵㻹վŸ˯𣿡
ް˿ˮԺʹްħްһƴߡ
ںתɻܿļɫ˫
ް룬һ䣺⡭һ˯᲻᲻̫ã
⻰˵ʵûеǴްɫģкһ˯ʲô̫أ
ȻЩŹֵЦŶһ˯ʲô𣿡
ް֣ްеߣеػӦţǣǸܣᷢõ飡
أ
ԼƲסɫĴ𣬴֣
ǱԼʹ˸ɳ۵飡
һ֣ްó濴ϣԼڳ𣬸ϣԼᡣ
룬˱Ӷϵ˯°ɡˣ˯ܲҪ˯ʵ㣬ɾͲ̫ˡ
ɲ
ҪٸɳЩøɵ飬ٲ
ɳ겻ûзԣ˵Ŷǰ˯಻ͦõ𣿡
ǰ˯ࣿ
ްӣϳЦЦǰͬѵ𣿡
£
ͷһ䣺˵أ
ްȻϣ°Ͻ˵ǣ¶𣿡
¶̵ЦݣɿްſһʱýԼֻˣˣĻ˵
ģɵذڳ̬ȣǾǣòǣǾͲǰɣ
治ڸް̸⣬ڵ˲ͱްݺݵرס
ްһ棬˵ţǣǿ϶ǡôϲ㣬ǰ϶Ҳϲ㡣ã¡棬¡
ǰ
ã
ɡ
ܾĻû˵ڣʵûôҪجν
۽ޣۣŴްļˣˣ˯˯
ް˷ţ˯šӣ˶ƲסĵĻϲֱ˳Ĵ
Ҳû뵽ްô󵨣ոջ˵Ҫ˯ϵˣѾʼ
ЩϲִްؿڣоԷǿȶƵ֡
ˣˣ
ۣɴްԨС
ɫĴϵ·ҵ˹;
ްһǺ̧ͷЩߵ˵ţԲûסҡҾǡ
֪Ҫ˵ʲô״ްꡣǣһްô㣬ػӦŴްǡ
ôȣôʵڵ̫ˣ̫ˡ
ڴ֮£ڰ֮Уһֻ԰צڰ


146 
14.6
ƣ˼ơ
ް
ڰ֮Уһֻ԰ĶִӺڰ˳µգĴ
֮ϣһ˰һ֮У֪ôԼ뷨ȥһĿ䣬۽ǵ⣬ֻͼĶ֡
ůͺ͵ķ¯һ˷ֲζֻ˵ĵ㣬˲ѡ
ްų棬ų淢䵭㣬̲סͷ㡣
⻰˵꣬Ҳ֪ΪξЩߵ˵š
ɲ
㲨ǴްԼģôܲϲأ
ûпڣһֱֻ֣뿴⵽Ҫʲô
֮ǰ˵ƮԺ⣿
ʲô⣬ûһ˯Ŀӣ̾ʲô˶С
߰ĵط׾ۼЩֵĶ
οﻹج֮С
һҪȴް뿪ҪŪ˭ⴴجΡ
ɪ˵ֲһеĻ֡
˵һظˣһֱǵ鷳
ͨȾҪɵǸĻ֡
Ȼɪ£ɪĻ
ϣɴްް뿪һؼһ˺òãü˼㡣
ް˵뵽ԼҲӦȥļˡڶ˵ļ˶Ѿ
Ŀǰֻʣúͱ磬һһЩŵ
뵽ڶĻòȫţֵ棬ǸҲȥݷı硭
ݷı磿
ɪŲŵĻ۾ûƿֻ֣ȴȷʾá
ްóǲԼɪ̱ʾԼԲ̫߶š
ԼԸͻȻٯٯĳ棬ɫһģһŽް´
ް˴ﻹЩңʳΪˡ
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Сġ
Ѿزڶϣڣ
仰ֻ֪ް
һʱ䣬ްҲ֪Լòǰ
ַֻֻ֣֮ܿ⡣
ɳĽſûаϧ񣬺ݺݵزֱϡ
Ŷ϶֣ǽȫʤ
Ŵްһ䣺ֻץãǸȥץˡ
ްӳķԸǰץסֻѾû˻Ķ֣룺ֲǡ
İɣ
ް³ѵõصһ䣺ţµûֻλ֡
ްŶֵ˿ڴںۼԣһЩϸС˺ۣȫһλӵ֡
Ҳ˴ްɻ󣬽͵Ǳ˿˫ֱ֣˿ݾУֻ˫˿ݾ
جεӣجεĸԴ
ްе죬û뵽ʱôЩܣԼûãûаϳ档
Ȼôࡣ
ϱδ䣬Ҫл㰡
ްʱЩ⣬ָԼң
ͷӻгһֻͼѵĶϣأţԣ㡣㵱ǷⲿӾҿ𣿡
Ӿ磿
ްԺļ䣬ûеӾһƽɲῴֶ
˵Ӿ磬ްʧ飬ֻܸΪˣ㲻ǵˡ˵ӣⲿӾ硣
Ĳ
ţҹ紵ĵĳתͷްһ䣺ѺΡ
һĹӾ磬۸ӵĸԼܲζϲ
ް̲סһ䣺˼ǣұӾج֮ˡجΣ
ҡҡͷȻûУجΪġ
ްԽԽͿǵڶ˵جǹΣӾجôһ¡
Ҳ̫˽ԭҲڵ飬ֻܸߴްû£ˮڡֻҪجΣǾӲˣҲ䲻ˡֻҪɱɡ
ɲ
ɱɡ
ǣ
ô
˴һȺͷһȺӵ£뿪ƮԺһֱﱻľ
ãڴްҪסƷſڣҵһڱʯѹסڵĿݾ
ͬʱֻڴްĶֺȻͼѴްĻ
ްѹƵúܺãЩͣһǰȥ̧ʯ
ްһǰΣգһ䣺Сġ
ǰĳ涨ӦҲ֪ʲô̬λӦһ䣺޷
һ䣬˲ôްļ⡣
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棬ϲ
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ް𵱳ҽԺʱڶǳʱĲ⡣
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ôǳأ
ôϲôİ
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Ǹˡ
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ӹ֣źľڣڵǡڵӾǱԼɱġ
䣬뾮
ľ﷢ָ׹ʯڵ޷Թޡ


147 
14.7
ѺΡ


ڶʮһ °ƮԺĻʧٺ󣬹ֹӰڳƽҶһͷţ˭뵽ǴСүҹƮ㣬ɱ 
СүһƮԺʥϰԴһıϷĻ
Ͼﰸı
ްĽͣЩɵصһ䣺ǸСүǡ
˻ͷţԣ
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ް꣬±׫ൽ˵ͷϣò˵Щ֡
˵仰ο³棬ȴû뵽ȴҪҲΪˡ
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ްһʱ䲻֪˵ʲôֻܳĬشһԡ룬ػɳе硣
ɲ
ܲ
Ҫɪ仨֣ƲŪΧ뿪ƮԺ
˵ףɪûߡɼҳ󲻿Ҳ¸ߴް
֮ܶվȻʲô飬Ϊ˼޻ӾҲǴϴ󽫾峾
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ǳ棬ҪǰĻŵ
֮УŮͬһ޴ͭ಻ϵڴްͳ졣
һĿ޺ŮĲԹޣǱѹھеκ;
Թʵ壬ǺĳЩ˳žܿ˾ڣͼӾͻƶ
˾£ͷĿѣĴް汧ڻУоڴްĶһ㣬ͷ۵Ŀ޺˲Ӱ
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ôϣҲʡܶ¡
˷ʱ䣬ʣ˭
˫ľд֪ūһֱھУһܱ˾ȳû뵽ҵãѾˡͻȻһ죬ֻ֪ܹܹҾУ˱𡣡

Ҫɺ
ްǵⲿӾ飬ֻֻͨƬ֪µľ顣룬ʣ֪˭
˫̻ش裬˹ū뿪ƮԺвңǲ뿪Ϳҵ֡ҵʱܺ£Ⱥˡ
˵ˣһȶһؼҡû뵽ĺĿҵ֣Ҷþʯסҡ
˫ԽдԽֶΣǲд
ް˵Ӿ飬֪ʵǱġ룬ڵ֡һôĵ𣿡
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ݺԭӾ鿪ʼͬʣ⻰ʲô˼豳˭
ūҲ֪豳ˣֻ֪谲ЩŮɣʵ⣬֮áҪЩϢ裬ȻȼΪǹūʶܶٹ壬Ҳ̽˺ܶϢҵղĻ
Լ飬߸ްͳ棬ܽһ䣺Ժҵ˾裬ƮԺҲûдô򵥡λūҵ飬ɷūһ·ңֻΪԼѩޡ
㱨Ҳ˷
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148 
14.8
ֻһ˲䣡
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˵껰׼ӦĹ˶ִԲŮκηʽҪá
ް˳ĻҲû뵽ΪԼδɱ
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ڴްߣһֱھ˫Թ֡
ЩȻǵӾľ飬ڵӾһţһ΢ľ顣ֻݺ峾һڡ
ج֮УɵĹǱһ
ӴԹ֣Թ
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Ϊ֪˭û뵽ʵ̫𶼱ˡ
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ɲ
⻰˵ʵģ
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Թްͳģ𵱳δ޵ദ
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ƫֱԹһֱӷ߿գʧڳʹްǰ
˵ǰָԼͬ뵽ȥҺˣ
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˶ɵһԵĴްɵۣǵһοģǲʶֵܡ
ҲǴްһθеİ׻ʹɪ档
ò˵һڴ۽磬ںɪô ¼ûа취ֱɪ
˿̡ɪҲǵһμްһ۴ްƴްӣصһ䣺Ұѱ͸㣡

ްһһ㶣룺ǲ̫ˣ
һԵɪްû˵Ϊ۸񶩸ˡǵõӾﶼôݵİ̵Ҫۣİʮ򣬲ˣұòǶġֵģ㲻ҪĻҾ͡
ްһϽҪҡ
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ްȺ˿ʵںѹЩ³ļǡҪúñ֣ͷţԸ⣡
˵꣬ͼɪóһѶ̵ֱӳ


149 
14.9
̵ѩףϻһͷޣϸǵ۴һͷ
ذףްڶǴܹɱɷı׻
ɶǬǿ
ѵ˾ǴУƴİ׻ʹɪ
񣬴˵ڳްûκζվⶥü䡣
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ް𣺡㲻ɱҡ
ɪ⣺ţ
ް̧Ϊǳı硣
㲻ɱң
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һ仰ɣɪģ̺ɪڣеϸˡ
ްһشһ䣺ллԺһúչ˳棬Բһί
ⷬܰġԻڳһ䣺ֹ𣿡н
ոҪˣԾһ۳档
ɪһɫĳ棬㵽ްιܷܹϱ

ϱ
ްϲʣô˷
У磬ҿ޹ϰ
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һ˲䣬Χȫճɻҽ
ɪأ
˫涣󺰣ܣҪ㲻ҪộЩﶼҵϣҵҲհ³
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ɪһϷϽ˵ɶհɣհɡҷûģաɱģհɶܷȾҰ
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ֻζ˼ֻɫĻ
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ǣĴްҲһԱ֤ԺԲܺɪͬۡ
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˵껰סްͳ棬һߺ޵رʾҪϽ⣬Ȼ󣬺ߣҲµ
ɪԽ˵Խߣֱӷ߶ϯֻĳһ޴Ĵް
ްϣЩصǸⲻӦȥҽ⡣ôоԼд顣
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ްɪһЩССĻɣȳ氲ɪһȥҽʱްףΪʲôôɪ
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͸֮ڣղķһŮӺڰ˫ۡ


150 
15.0
͸ͨԺ򵥵Щѫ֮ҡܵӾӰ죬Ժ͸Ż˵ļª
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⻰ȫɪҲ磬ͣȻǳؾܾСүǼӲڣţҪȥɣ
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151 
15.1
Ӱ٣
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152 
15.2
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һҡŵͷײԷؿڡ˷סڵɫĳգմȾ˫ˮɫ
һͳģСġ
ô˳ȥֻԷĵ˫Է˵ţڶϲ˭
ھͷd˼һ룬³һ䣺㣡
ԷԼû뵽ػشĵһ˿ȣתŴڵͷ˵ţڶҵ𣿡
⻰һʱ֪λشû֮ǰ䵼룬ȫ֪ġڡdʲôϵ
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⸱ߵģڽǿķǡԼܵܡڵӺһķǡ
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ܿû˼ȥܴްϾȸĻʱѹ

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01
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ĻǹΧδϨǹ£ҹеıʯһԡĹâѷɫǹ⻹Ҫҫ۵ĹȦǵĽ
ЩһһǶӨӨĹȦУܶʼתţһǡ
Щÿһ㶼һλҳϵʿЩʿǱ¹ǹӦǵ֡ʥʿӡµѪΪģ̷ǵʿɫףѪ硣ܴս۲죬ܿ°˫
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Ȼϣ٩ǣȦѾ㹻ҫѶһ˿һӵѶңҹɳץߣһôɲڳ߿еࡣոϣǾ仰·ǿһóȫµʬѾƫˡĿȫǡ
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ܱһ
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ڵѪ˲䣬ذ׸ߵĺѪҺĳһ˲䣬ͷζѪµȼů塣
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ǣ֪Ǹ𷢵꣬ӣ۵ɤţҺ£ҡһҪԶһ𡣡
Ǹ꣬ˡ
02
ǵʱڷīǳؾ鱧һͰâ¶ˮԵĹȦϣȦ£âεĹһһҹʿǣڿѵصĿףƽϢѪ嶯ѹסһȺƵķЦ׼ӿ¿Сƹݣȥңն˵̫ˣתۼţʱһƣһλŮɢʱ䣬һ̣ҹ٣ǾҪףսеģվڹȦϣڵѪȼȦĹâһеˡ
Ͼ˵ŮĻֻ̫ͣһâ£ǰ֮ҹ֮ŮĳͷϾöһӣҲûͽ⣬ǵ亦Ůǻʹҹ֮Ůȴڵ۹˵ϡ
ڵֵ𣬷ǰһͬ˵̫ȺЦ󣬽ڴеĽҶѵУ˵ƹݵľǮȫˡ
ڴѿգڷŹ˳棬ؼҡͽڽֵһ̵࣬飬ʼӴһյĿˡ·ϣոĳؾſˮſĳ⡣УħʦѧԺѧǰչװΣһֵɫͿĨڹϣԶԶȥǴһɫñӣЦñӡ
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״̾ȳӾδһһɫĽ£նŽ׳ʿԴǵغȻЮŮȺɵˣҪ̻ǣ
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ȥ齵Ĺ·ϣͿһֻҹ֮͵СľͰϣ̫ͻĳϣոֳֻؾռһͰڳߡ
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ֿһ۳棬ԷıҲأһʱ밲οԷ
վǵ͹˳ɪ顣
ȴްڣѾֱ³Եʲôҩ


155 3
15.5 
滰һϵ¶˲̣Ǳһ㡣
ڶֺܿ죬ֱӳųԴȥһϸ䵶ּ񣬿˲佫˵Դ̴
䵶Ϯȴȥ
ͣ
һѪڳ׵ļϣǰǴްơ
ֻƵ䵶
ıûб仯ȴ
ô˰
ްһ˫ǵӣƺû¡
ôأ
ǳ氡
붼ûֱ˦һָзڶסްֵǲɵˣֶô˵ҡ
ްֺۣȻ鿴ƺɣд̴ˣлҪء
ûôֻ࣬ǾҪ䵶ó档
۳жôް뱣
ްЩǵģϽҡû£ҸովǾúΣգԡ
ɫúܹ֣еǴްڡ
Էŭȫڶ˦ָû˵ڶǸڶؿڵ½
ȻţһɱڶȴСһ䣺ҩ¿ˡ
ԼĻŮ˵Ŀ³ڽܷ羰⡣
Цܣʱֵʢꡣ
СҲЦŻأǰҲ֣ʱҵĹùûû
ǳָųʱûɣ
ɲ
ǼٵģֻһجΡеʱҲã߼˳Ҳãƿء
ˣȴͬʯ㣬޷ҡ
ʱ仯߼˳ı䣬ǲḴñ¶Ҳᱻڸǡ
һҵ˵һбĿˣе㺦£̲סʳǡɱ˱𣿡
ôһɪԸԵİɣ
ѡȥսȥС
һԵڶ˵˴治֮Ҫٴɱ档
һжС
Сڳǰ˫ʣɪҲǰ˵ɪ
ЩţΪʲôҪɱ£
СʣЦʣɪ𣿡
ÿһ仰ɪ۾ûκι⣬żһ۾˻Ұ
ɲЩֻ֪࣬˭ɱġ
ִСΪʲôҪɱ£
һΣһΣ
ֱС˷ǰ⣬ţҪҲãҲãʲôϵ
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һƺסʺ֪òøǰ޴ŮˣΪ޴Լɪһ
ȴһʧȥԵ֯
ǰŮ˿һƯǣƺȥһʬ⣬֪һҲκαı仯
ɾô޴һˣˡ
ȼŭ뽫һжջ١֣еŭ棬ȴްס
ްĳ棬ʹصѹϡ
ѣȴ˽⣬Ϊʧȥļ䣬ۡ
סĸ첲ûκαСһ䣺Ϊʲôأجΰѵ֪ܲشô⣬ʮȤҪϵɪˡ
ɪˣ
Сɪ
ް֪ɪǴСﻰϻӵȷʽ棬Ƶı¿Ҫˡ
ֱӵ֪ɪ
Сҡҡͷ
ްȴսŶǺ峾һһ֪ʷȥܻ峾һս֮ϡ
ϾⱾǱɱ峾ĵص㡣
Сһڻţô峾һ峾
ްС˵©죬̵峾ʲô
СԼ˵©죬ɻȥȴһԵĳ濪ڵ˾䣺Ŷѵ뺦𣿡
С̰֣ôܣҾΪɪš
ɱı£
仰ʵ̲ס֪֪Ϊɱ˱£ɪ㵽ڻִԲ򣬵Ҫʲô
ҲãҲãڻС¼ٵ
ûĵ˵һУָСţ֪ɱ֮ͻᱻѳᡣеһжᱻٵ۰ɪΪȥѵһл˵𣿡


156 
15.6
جļô֣һ̻췱ǣһ̾ͱ˴ѩ׷ɡ
ַּսƺѩӵϣһӢ۱ķΧΧڽʿǵߡ
һ֣׳ʿһȥⲻı׳
ô׳ķΧȫӢ۵ˣΧŻ¯ŹǷ
ˣһǵùһеɪȻ˶ƣܿóΪ¶δϢõƣɪȫĶĹǷ
˱׳սǰϦ˲Ľ죬ǶЩ١
ɪһԻֲ̿һ䣺ôţǴûɶµģ
ӣƺеðˣصؿڵⲻǺµ£֪ǱĽ֣һ޷˵սͣⲻǺɵ𣿡
ȷʵˣ
Ȿһ֮սôı䣬ҲĲ֡
ǻ֣̿Լôսϡ
ֱһǺܺڣûкݺݵؾܾɪңҲս
ڰԽʦҪһʼųʦ϶һҲûС
ţԼĸĸֻԼľ磬ЩûסֵԼ֧ܶܶķ˿ǡ
ҪܶǾͺˣ
г˱ڡ
һ仰ƺҲɪģһ̣ɪҲ˺ܶˡ
ԼĸеˣԼĺѣԼһֱסİˡ
һжѾʧˡ
žеվ̲ס˵ûµģűսʼǰجƳ
ͬ뷨Ĵްǰ״Щղס
û뵽һȻǰ²С
ǿ޳˵ڵصǱȫտʼʱŮģ
ƺԼǲǿˣô仯ô
СߵڶһֱοС˵ţⲻĴҲǱɱΣĴ
С޵˺ѷΣϵ˵ţҡҵġҵΪẦ˽ǣΪɪɪҵĵܵܰԼΨһġ
˵һУ˵Լĺڣһжڳ˵ôֵһᡣ
ʵһѹȥСһжĮӵ̬ȣͺų̼ңų档
ôļ벻ôĿѡƺһ̵õ𰸡
ͻȻЩлجΣܼСܹ֪ࡣ
סӣٴСΪʲôҪɱ£
С̧ͷòţΪʲôɱµ顣Ҹûɱ£Ҳûк֮ġȻҲ֪ϵұﳼ֮Ůڹ˳ˡҲ˵ұѳᡣΪʲôҪɱ£
˵һУϵ͸
ûбҪ˵ѣʣǡҩô£
˵ƺڶ顣
ڶʼնԳǱеӣ㿪ڵǲǶҩΪҩǻ֮˴ҩ
ˣ
濴ްȴûӴްıϵõ𰸡
һ̣ްʧȥһּ䡣
Լǻ˵鶼ǡ
˵ˣǵúǸʱ򣬴ްһֱסڻ֮Уûг֮
ҩһ˵ܳ
ڶʣȷǻˣ˿֤𣿡
ڶóƲѡǣȻȲϰ׻ʹҴʿҲȷϹλִһյƣܹΣȻĻˣ
˿϶Ļشȴóһ
棺ֻεơ㾳ӵд˵Ƶ˺ܶࡣѲǶǻˣҿ޴
ڶˣһ䣬Ǹʲô
ڶ˿̲ʶԡʧ˱¡ﳼǧˡ
ʱŹڵأһ䣺Űߴһȫ׵ͯӡ
ͯӣ
ֻȫ飬ڶǰһ䣺峾
ڶ⣬Ȼҡͷ峾ʱһδ
ԭˣ
ͻȻһֺ⣬ţ峾ԭһжù
˾ܽ͵ͨΪʲô»ͻȻУҲܽ͵ͨΪʲôͻȻ
һж峾Ĺ
ǴӹŹĶҪº临Ķˡ
˺˳ˡ
һŭ𣬴󺰣峾һҪɱ㣡
ĽͻȻһ磬һסްǰСڶһ䣺Ҷ֣Լѡ뿪
С˳滰е˼ͻȻһɫĹ⣬ųǳǳһЦǡҲ֪ôǸҺǳ˺ܶࡣԲܡɪܰ
Ļû˵꣬һԵڶҲһ⣬ǹȱСϵ̫࣬ůĻ¯һΧСûʧ
ڶСߣ˵ţҪҺòײҵҪ£ֻҪͿԶҸҲ˻˺㡣
˵ĻϷĹ⣬ôްס
ǰڶ
ǿܹСͬһʱ
ʱСϲĹùá㣬кܶˡ
جξڶΪС
ɪ˵ڶĽС顣
ֻû뵽˳ԡ
Ѿڶ꣬ĽС
ϧ仨⣬ˮ顣
Сڶҡҡͷֻ˵ҪһΪѡѾ֪ˣôû㣡
һƿڶөۼĲϵĹʧ
ֱһ˿Ϩʱ滹С˵ģɪԭ𣿡
ô޴Ůˣʼնһ˿
ڶ޴ˣɾû˿ģֱӵԼҰ
ڶۼСʧҲû⡣ֻǺ棬ô³ǼڶϣجΣ
һһľֿʼʲô𣿡
ڶЦЦȷʵ˵û
濴ôʶ̫࣬أֱԣԼҿֻء
ǳ潫ƾֱɢ
ڶСʧʱѾûռ⡣վۣ׼뿪ʱͻȻųһ䣺£һҸķأɩǲǸΪҸ¡Ҹ統ƴԼ
û뵽ڶ˵ЩȻӦһɪ˵
ڶͷȫ뿪ڶǰڵڶ¾ǣ峾ߣ


157 
15.7
ڶĻһ䣬Ŵͽһ۾ڶô档
˵ʱ٣ʱ졣
ֻһ˱סһϣɵؽ˳汻ڶҵΣգҲÿڶֱˤڵء
һ졣
涼ЩĲ̣˵̫˰ɣ
ɲ
ֱӾͽڶˤѹʹ̧ͷŶˤͨ죬һϣҵԴ
ڶԴӵϳһ̧ͷƼʹްֱӱŵһ󺰣Ҫ
ǰˣҪҵĴްͳʱ˶ţǸңոձڣǼڡ
ˣ
´Ҷ֪ˡ
ްΪΣǰڶļţǶ֪Ĵ
ڶްĿģж˵ް
ôһˣ˴ްˡ
ް۵÷һ˻
ڶһް첲˿ڣѪֱԣֵܣզˣ
ް˿̣÷ǳ䣬ôڶ뿴
ڶܵ˴ްѹͰʾŵָԼıӣңҸɵģ
ް˵¶ЦݡЦҪж顣
ڶˣ˵رŴްĴȺţԲҵֵܰҲ֪ԼΪʲôҪô̵顣ҡҪȻɡ벻ʲôԲˣ
ް߸ڶ˳Ƥһߵ ڽѵûƻξֻһš
źܰףɾĺƲһ㡣
ڶ룬˵ţ˴ްû˺ˣ
ڶΣŬֺŴް
ȵɪõʱڶѾ˴ް°Ļʳѡ
һ룬;һյƣ뿪ξ
һ·ϣɪ˵һЩ¡СиĻڶ¡
һɪŲõ
ɪС鲻ȶԷ١ֻܿЦ˵ΪҲȥΪʵԼ̲סجζ
ɪ˵仰¶Цݣ˵ţڶȻҪҸĹ²˵Ҳɵģǵģ
ô˵ţﵹǺܸлڶ
󣬻Ϳؼҡ
ˣްڶȻųٴνҽԺ
˶ˣصĻǴް
ϾǼǵˣѵҽŻˡ
ҽһ»֪ͨ˴ްļˣϾҽԺҪĿˡ
Ҳôɺϵһ죬ްĽ㡢Լܼңлλ˴ްģ˴ްĳ档
ֻû뵽λްСĳ棬ȻһŹֽ޵
ôһ
ްĴŮʿ趢˰Сʱ
λŮʿһλҵĻңôˣȻ̲ס͡
ڳԴ͵Ůʿһġ
һԵĽްʱʱ¶ӵĿ⣬Ŀ̽յһӳԴյƨɣŸûзŹ
ôʧΪûóôްܲ
ްֶֻżֱһһ´ްͣʾԷҪ̫֡
ɴްȴܵܣֱʣˣС飿ʲô
ôһԶȫ˳ްһ䣺㣬ʲôأǾ𣿵̲ˣ㡭̫ʧˣ
ѵe㣬عͷ棬˵ţǸǸǣǸ㲻Ҫ⣡
û˵ֻǶϵĿȣһھ̫࣬΢ü
ް˿ȣæǸǲ̫ˣѽȥЩ
Ͻȥˮȫһ˶ԭء
ʱŮһλܼңɳϵ궼¶Цݡ
Ůʿȿ˿ڣãһֱǼҰ鷳ˣ
Ժһϵ鷳飬ϣΥĵ˵һֱչҡ
ް˻Ҳ֮ǰ֡šģ˵ţǸոǲŵˡҾ۸۸ǸСӡ˵ʵһǵһοǸСôţ̫Ȥˣǲ䣡
ŮʿҲ¶Цݣͷ˵ţţȤģ
˵˵ŻһЦóеһЩΡ
ʵó˽Ҳϰ߸ŮӽӴеŮӣӴǳ㡣
Ůʿʹްͺᣬûʹһ˽£̸ֻ˲ᡢ̸Ǽ¿Ĳݡ
ްͻ棺Ǹ棬ҿҪʱĻҪҪǲݵĿҵкܶȤĻŶ
ŮʿҲһ˵ţǵģǵġʱչܶƷҪϲǾ̫ˣ
šóе㲻þܾ
룬յͷлǾʹˣ
ŮʿʹްһǼػǴŮʿ˵ţ̫ˡҪǿԵĻ棬ϣܵǻģأ
ްһĸ浣ģأҲţ̫ƻĸףġӦμҵ鷨
Ůһһȫûиһ㷴ӦĻᡣ
ȵްزˮʱѾѧ˺ȿȣ˴Ůʿް˵Ļ롣
ôըϢôްе£
ոջΪῴ̫гĻ棬û뵽ǼѾһš
ްĸ档
ϹܼҼԼүɫ֣Ҳ˵٩ģ˵ţô죿үԺҪˡСүˣҪŬ
Ϊֻһ٩
û뵽Ȼ档
ھ벩ݿҵǰϦ档
治ǱŮʿȥģأǱȥμ鷨
ΪҪǣģصĳڳߵֵϵĶһ˲²дŮʿѵķģΪ˴Ůʿ罻Ȧķ
ްһߣ
Ϊ鷨ʿĴްȫ˳鷨һ鷨ֻᡣ
ްĽҲʱްԹȫˣǲǸΪ¸ΡǹϵǼĺг
֮ܶڶ̶̵ʱڳΪ˴޼Ů˵ı
ްأ
һʹţһϲš
ڴް˵һֱ¼˲ܽܳ棬ֺų治ܽǼ塣
ڵ治ûзУǳԽܡ
ңԽԽ֪ͳͬһĹϵǰŮҲʣͳһ𣡺ðɣϲǣ
ΪϲĴްȴţûиףҲûеõĴ𸴡
ްҹʱţӦ
ԽԽͷۣ
һ飬ڲݵĿҵף


158 
15.8
һѩʱڣ޼ҵĲƮѩ֮м˿ҵĽ˶ۼҫ۵ƣýǵУͣ˸š
Щҫ۵ƣƺûиʵĴ޼˿˺
ɽ˺޼μվڹǰŸԣڳ˲ʱع
׶һҵĻ
ӺĹϵҵĵһ죬ݾʱţֻк޼ҵ˼μĿˡ
ްõܱŮʿָҪ䵱ްĽ˵һͺڵȺŴްһȴ档
˱Ƚϰԣʴްͱ˵һÿģǶûÿҲţ
⻰ǵ٩ȴôްе⡣
ѵװģͬӣȴСͰ͵һ䣺ЩҲͱǵĺ˺ܶѣ
ŵ
̰Լģһסްļа磬ģұԼᣬһ뿪ڣߣҪọ̈̄
ް⻰ҲҲѧűһаֻҪϣ
һֱвݵĹԱʾˣ˲Ŀۼſڡ
һѩ꣬˵󣬵Ҫһֽɡ
Ŀ֮ѹѹɡУһѸֽɡ˵ǰ
ֽɡ֮һĨ޺ɫĴκ֬ˮۣں촽ԵɫʶҪޡ
ǵȺˣƺݵ˶Ŀۼֽɡµ޴
޵Ĵɫ
ܵһڴŴްļ˶ҪȺ
棡
ްϲؽһ
Ĩ촽΢ֽɡ΢΢̧һЩ¶һžԲ䴽ɫһΪ˴޼ҲݿҵĴ档
˵޼Ҳݿҵգһλˣͺǲ˾
ѩ֮죬ֽɡ֮£˿˿ƮѩǾޱؿڣţˡ
ϴһϯɫķ£ްͬװվһĳʱ־Ҫ̨ģء
ܱǰλɫϹۣƣ͵رʾԼڳ䵱˵ҪȥķԴ
ǻӭĵǰĴްļʾҫһˣ
ôĶȷʵֵҫһӡ
ްֻЦеĵȫС
ʵȸոջҪţһԵĳȹֱȥ᣿
治̫ϲ˶ĵطеӦñȲڻҪࡣϾкܶಢι۲ݣ޼ҵơ
룬Ŵްڴ۾һĵطɣ
ް߰˸һ򣬶ų֪һط
ڹȥ
涢һ۴ްԼ֣ջǷ
ڴް·һ̵СС֮ϹһЩҰƬ
ް棬ָżƬЩǴ޼ҵڡ
濴ˣƺްüЩڴްһ·ƬǽһҰչ
չ֮ڣʱڵ
濴ЩԼ͵һЩл֮顣
վһչǰ񻷣ڵҼ
ް濪ڣҲչȥԺǼλµƷ
ҲûһԵĳǴѩƷ
ްЩȣһ۳棬ͻȻӿֵ뷨
ڳֽܿһ䣺͸ġ֮񡣡
ްЩֿʼԼʧ顣
ͼȥ䣬ѹԺΣҲûлظǵ䣬ԽͷԽۡ
ȥʹڶ룬ڶ֪٣ûµϢ
Ψһ֪ǣʧǰʧ֮ǳ档
ͺڷ׷ӵ·;֮Уʧٴңͨĵ·
ްߵĳ棬Ļϲš
ϾҪȥ׵ˡ
վڳǰһǸңһط㡭
ްĻû˵꣬㱻ϡ
ްһ̬𣺡ڶ˵ô𣿡
ްͷţ˵Լ̫ǵõʱ飬ֻģؼǵãǻһ˴绰˵ʷ֮⡣
绰
üͷ˵ţ绰¼ˣ
ްͷ¼һһȥ˼ңǻļ¼ֻ绰ͻȻεȻһ˾ʧˣǻӦǽج֮С
ŴްĻ˼С
ް˼̲סǸһطǳȤ벻һȥһ
ްɫЩţƺ³ܾ
ɳް˵壬
Ǹڿеë
Ʈ
ްҲΪëƮеֻӲͷƤĺܺÿģ
ǰίȫģƺӲĳĳ档
վǿ˿ڣã߰ɣ
ްӦ˲件ȸԾų⼸ղõĵطȥ
Ҫȥĵطǲ޽Ĳ沼˸䣬صһɽ
֮У㣬ÿÿͶʳܿԾ
Ŵް߽֮УܵĻܣŴްܻܵƷ֡
֮䣬һϸĵĽܣһĵƺúǺг
ްԽӽٱԽ죬ǿҲԽҡ
ȵ˵ʱеĲʵްվڲʵ֮£Žؼ䣬ųһ䣺棬ϲ㡣
ûмҪ̻ظԼǼ˵ţʧһμ㣬ϲ㣬Ҳ֪ʲôԭ򣬻ʧǰļ䣬ҲΪԸأʲôԭ򣬶ٴϲ㡣
ҡ
˵껰ֱ۾ƺԼеж档
һ˲䣬ͷĲʵƣеζ˸еԻá
ȷʵǱ׵ĺõط
ò꣬һݣһƺⲣбֺг
վڴްǰкܶ㺣һӿһӱ
Щļ糱ˮӿԺһĻһĻ
ſֺϣƺʲôſͣվǺϡ
ްֹĳ棬ΪԷܾԼ
ɲһôˣҲһöԷˡ
ްЦ˵Ǹܸˡ
仰ʼ޷³
ްվһ˿һֲƺӲĵľ
ʱ˵ĶӼʣգ滹ڴްڴ¿˿ڡ
ҡ


159 
15.9
޼ҵͿڲݵڣɼ֪ʦްСƺʹ졣һνƼ
һ˶ǵšְеĳ͡ЩǴ޼ҵĺѡʽżЩףҲλʽѵ㲻İ
ʳ֮ңȦӱСȻҲ÷ɿ졣
ֻó䵱˵Ĵޱܻصϣ̾ͽԴŴ÷з
Ϣ׼μĴŮʿҲϢױĴް˵ţûУڿÿ
ͺڿŮʿĶһ
ްͷǳĸף̽رʾǵȻҲ˭ˣ
˵һЦ
ĸŮ͹ڳ谮ްһֱϣްܹҸڴްϲˣȻݼڡ
˵˵ţް顣
ĸŮԽԽģֱްͳһġ
Ůʿţ˵ô࣬ҪѡСˣҪʼˣû
ް͵ױɻãĸ׵һ䣺Ѿȥˣ˵ڻ
֮Уʵ֮¡
꣬ü续ǰĿݵҡһ£

شеôް벻ΪԷܾû뵽Է⡣
ͻȻת䣬ôް˲ּͬʱҲҡ
Ӧų棺Ȼˣ
Ҳ£ʣտҵʱǼ֮˶˶𣿡
ްͷԣ˽նˡ
˵ͷֿڵûԼΪʲôʧ䣿ѵ̫𣿡
ްһʱû˼ʧ䲻ǽجεµ
濴ްɻּڶجҾһֱһ⡣һжһıôǵǺ֣ǲǶǸ˰ţ
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ް֡峾̿ڵ˼ǣﳾһеĻ֡һֱǵߡ
ǣ
ԣ
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ް͵̧ͷܣ޼ˣҴСʶǾԲ峾
ڽտҵǰץľˣݾԣǱһ˺ƣźجС
Ǹ˲֪˵ֻ°͡
һۿ˰ղݿҵĵתУѾȷϹ޼û峾
֪ްһʱû취ܣָţ޼˶μ˵ôȷʵųǡųǣôֻʣһֿܡ
ĿſڣǸվڻǳЦ꣬һ䣺ǾǴ޼˵żŮӵɷ򡣡
ްҲſڣŵغ򣡡
ǰ
ʵܶôɺϡ
ѧĽڣһֱް̽вĽڣСѺΡʷʡ
һеһоǸ廨룬һһš
峾
û峾̲סơһ̤뻨֮У̽ΪجΡ
ǰʵѾݴް磬ʵû뵽ԼֿѣԼĵʦȻ峾
ްҡͷ˵ţģġ
ͻȻ뵽ԼĽ㣬ʣҽ㣬ҽʲô
峾Ӧôһģ
ڳӡУӦһ޳ܵСˣһļƣƭŮ˵ĵˡ

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һƺҪ㷢ǧԷŪڹ֮еԹ
峾վԶŴްû˺ͣҲûҪ˺ǡ
ôûʵһ仰ƺ峾Լŷ
Цһֻһˡ
ص˭
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мĹ峾ﶼΪ˾ԼӣǸĹ¡
һ̾ʮַ̣ճ׻Ҳ˵Щϻ£ֻҪ
ЩجеˣЩˣгЩİ֮ˡ
ڣܹ֡
Ű׻ָŷ粨ֻһ˲ȡ峾Դ
峾ŵĳ沢ûоɫӲû֮ս
ó԰꣬ԣ𼱣㲻ҽҪʲô𣿡
йȥ峾ҪʲôͲǽˣȥ峾ʲô塣
ڳšճǼǡĶ֣뵽ľǸ¶ԷԴ
ڣһĴްԷһ峾Ļڶجеֱ֣ԣѵ޼˵ʣ
峾ȷĻشһʱ⣺ǻˡȻҵ֪һܶˣֻ֪ˣһĵȻҵļıУԼİι¶ҩһ˾ްĺܸл㣬ҲҸĻᡣ
ҴûҪ˺㣬˺޼ҡҶ㣬Դ޼ʼձһ˿ж֮ġ
˵˵ţƺԼĸж
ްԼҸжˣŶʧ䣬һظ˻˵ļ䣬ϳļƻʧܰɣ
2
εķ2
01
ŮԶһ˿ڰʧ󣬲Ը⽫̫ͥʱæµһҹĳؾǣǶԼĳ򣬽ԭľͰϵļñӴͷϣҹѾͺõĹâ¶ˮյĵط
Ĺâڽ׵˫ʱްͣɭܵӾѾΣǻҪͣСʱܽǡ
ָδ֪ǲҹ֮Ů䣬ͨ޷˿ڡڵʮʧܺ󣬴ްҲص£һҹֽ˶ƣ
ҹǲóȻǣҲҶڸɭϾ֮⴦ΣգЩɭҲаŮҰޣƶѱĹӶЭᡣǺߣСñЭᣬǳɭ֮Уźҹ¡
û˵֣ŴްգĬĬ˵ţллһֵֻĳؾΧų˵ָת濴طУָ𣬷ǰؾ˿þȫγǸ¹ȻöСЯľͰ̳һ㱡Ĺ֮¶ˮ˿ڴ
濴˿ϣ˵һ䣺ллϧûͷؿЦЦʣĵķƺϲ¼ñӻת˼ȦľͰȥ
洹ҲۣҹѹѪ嶯̫ϵԼָڷ⣬ҹ׳ǡ
ⲻǺͷÿ˵д·̾һסԼ۾
Ҳ¼ʹȥһְȥһʿ̹١
ʿٰ̹
͵̧ͷ˯Ĵް
ϸ뵱ǸĹСȣͬµգ߲ͬʵĵλԸ񣬸СʱһѵʱĹ꣬һްǵһ̵ܽʿѧͽɣ
ͣǾ䡰ƭӡ
ȷʵǵãʿѵʱһλܵͬ͵ĹСǸСΪԸǱѧͽ۸濴ȥͰΡ
һͳΪ˺ѣ֪Ǹ߲ʵĹʱ޺ҪԶһ𡣵ʱδΪĸصʿûмƻܲĿ֣ԼãΪʽʿ󣬾ȥķʿֱսҲᱳ
סͷ˺ܶ飬СʥѡߺԼͲˣû뵽󣬻ټ
ɲ鰡
ްʱ滹ڷ̱ߣָ˿Ѿϡ
from Ԣ
˿ˣ
ţ㡣û˵ʵԭ򣬹ȻްЦݣõĸлߺ
ΪԼϲãɤӣʲôǸϽǰɣ
ӻóڹʮСʱ²˳٣ʻǡ
02
ǻڹϲѶУĴŻֵաеɫڷѿɫĻ䡣ħʦħʺȪ޵Ļ䡣
ǽӾӵļȴ֪ӾתƵڣϾӾпЯ߲
Ҳȥȷ˵״ʹްӾ͵˹СӾͷ·̹У汣
壬ϵţ˻ˣ˻ˡ
˭ʡ
ӾסͣȻ¶һ˵ǹħޣѹ¶Ժеĺӵƭˡ
¶Ժĺѵ㽫˽ӱΣްĵشӾĽƱ硣
ӾûлӦް˵ţˣӾҪңˣҪɱңԣҪɱˡ
ͻȻվšԵĴް򵹣ӾϵغʻҲ޷ȥȵ˹ݣͿԼĸϣ
ʱϣüЦѾεӵ˿ˡӮһҸо޵ǶôįĴڡ
ЦŶԳ˵С棬ұûҹֵ඼ġ
ӣòÿϣӵӾͬʱ㱨Ӿ
˽һᣬϣ˱飬ӭʱң˵ӵĲˣܻš
Ϊʲô
ϣصҼǵãʮǰˡ
ΪΣ
ϣ˵Ϊ˾ٱٻޣߣӶĲ
˵꣬ϼٱ˾
ϣָӾ˵һΪ֪Ĺ¡
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ڶĽ£ͽӼλˣŵܽǰĿѣʹλϧ˾ܾ˱µֻҪǮơ
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ްһ䣺ѵƲɢҥԡ𱨣
𱨣ӾЦǸĲ˰ǽޣȴҪͷеĶͯǵȻܶ·ֻý赶ɱˡ
Ц˵ˣѾɱ˵صļˣͲһˡǣҲ£ܺһΣɱڶΡ
ݶҪ̻
濴ǵˣԼ֮һԭѾɱˣôһĿѵǱ¡ϻ𳵣Ǳϵ˷֣˻𳵣ڸɭ˺ܾã߽ʱЩһŲ֪
ϣҲ뵽˵Ŀ᲻Ǳ»߹壬ԸӵĶԱҪǿѲߣزҪŹһ˿䡣
ϣϹѺӾĴţһ뻨԰ѯȴյһ鷨ʦı顣
ƵζŨأ뵽ŵħʦǣϣεҡҡͷ򿪱顣
ϣûиӵĴʾ䣬ֻ֡˸𡣡
߾ȻҲϵ̬ˡϣ˵ڴ˵شˡҪӳ¡
صõģӡ
03
滹ϣᵽܹõࡣϣ˵ͷԻֶΣĳħħʹѧԺĽڡ㲻ǺܾûмˣɿȥȻ̸ϻ
ްҲЦ˵ĵܵĵħʦ
ЦֻܻصûȷֻĸΪһλʦϣܹת⡣
ϣ뿪󣬳ٴοˣǱ⣬ŮЦ棬ƺת廹ûȫظΪӾЮ֣ķ˴ĻױƷʧϣȥһƿˮصдڷɫֽϡ
ްһɫֽɫͱɫʿˣҪʲô֪Լȥ𣿡
λŮ治ɫ˵λˣǷûˣֻϣܹˣϾ˭Ҳڹʧɫ
۲ݣ浹νҪȥħʦѧԺĽڣʲôˮ򵽣ްӦŮ󡣻صطԸӶԱˣκη紵ݶȥħʦѧԺ
·ֿʼ˴ްħʦѧԺſںЦ˴ް³ʱֹһ䣺Сʱ޿䣬Ƣ꣬仯ôô󡣡
Ȼ仰ԲҸްһλħʦ£ҵһλھƹݡûкȾơ״̬Ľڣ˵λΪͲ˹Ľڣǿʦ
ƿ칫Ҵʱħڽţ̣ǲ;߶ˣֻħ档
ҲԼҵĸ磬̾磬㾹ȻħʦѧԺ
ͲϸڿʦԵøõĽŴĸס
˵⣬رᵽħʦŵΪϣܵܿ;ֻ֪Ҷһ룬ʹ󺰣ҰոջڡͲ˹ڣͲ˹ڣϲȥĶˣ
ް˿üһεĳ棬οͻ׵ģ
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Ϊ⣬˵Ҿƭ˵Ϊǵķͥ㣬λʥʿ㡣
ʥʿ֣ŵͲ˹ɲϷֻͥǴް죬ץס
濴ӵܵĵʦŭȼգҪֻޱʣͲ˹ڣֻ̣ǵһʱ䡣
Ͳ˹˿ǰѪ硢ʥߣӺʿ֪ӲǾûк³ίؿһĵĵӿ˵ȿȣҵĵӿʰɣ
űӣϸؽ˲˵Ĵʵʲôħƽķ𣿡
Ͳ˹Լĳӣҡҡͷ˵ʲôħҪħЩʿʲôõľ;ħħǺܸ߼ģͼĴħ֡
ܣͬʱʥʿĴԲܴڣް
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Ͳ˹Ļúпܣ˵Ļһж˵ͨʱȴߡȵﲻܶٶ֡
ް磬ȴʣƽ֮أ
Ͳ˹óħٻһֻҹ֮飬ǰ죬С黹ڻ˯Ͳ˹ؿԼٻľ飬ųǽ͵õƽ֮ˣǺҹʹߣáһֻߣСһǵġ
滹ܹҹ֮ġʵ¹ɣ
Ͳ˹˵ͷóƿҹ֮ƿУ˵¹ԳʱʹģѾԸʱļֻʹ㣬Բ̴㡣
뵽ָϵʹ˵ͷպƿӣܵܿ˵ЩͱҴҸӶԱϣλԱˣɫֵ˵˲ˣȥݣʡˡ
ˣ
û뵽ôˣţӦڹݲŶԣ뿨ɣްϻعݡȵʱɫɵգһ˸ǶûС
ڹ⿴˼ӶԱʬ壬뵽Ӿ׶༪١ȻϵѺӾķӾʧȥټ
һ·˵ӶԱЩˣ˼Ա˵ûпŮʬȴڹݵˮҵ
ʱЩļ٣̱ӳڳˣӶԱ°Ӿˡްų棬˵ҷȥҷƶѷӳϢ
״˵ã鷳ˣް
ް˵ͷſ˫У濴ŷڿеĴްްʿˣҾȥķʿ
ȴްĲ죬ת뿪ԭء
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ٴεõŵĴްϲʤӿ׹䣬ﶼǣǵңǵԼ̷ɻسӵ뵽ϵΣ̷ƶѷӳ
ɿһ㣬ٿһ㣬ȥҳ档
ٺܿ죬ֻڵʱһȺɫͣͬżĶͯע⣬Щͯٶȼ죬˾ɱ
һȺͯƺƵʹȥްڿֹڻʹӵĶԱɱǰĶͯ ǱΪѾֹ˶ͯǣȴֵط֣ЩͯǽʧĺǡЩϤ̸Χԭֵﱬһ޺ҵĺӣҵĺӡ
ӵĶԱǷµ޴ؿִĶӳӳҲܵ𺳡
ϣ޺һƬͻȻһ׻صЩѪеĶͯӲ֫壬ȫ壬ĿͣϵصزΧ˵ϡ
ް򵹼˶Ķͯŷ㶵ӶԱʲôˡ
ԶĹҲ˵ذɱӶԱ ҵƥ˳ŵȥ·ϼѲĶԱǺ󣬼׷ϡ
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һϷ̵Լָ˵þò׳ǣ߸˵ˡ
һжôĺǰѵϸƽ̹زͷںڵĳ׳ЦЦûб𴩵ľȡ
¼ٷָԭɫ̷Цʣʲôʱ׳ǵģ
ش𣺡һμ档
׳ǿŵ˵˵ѣǴԲѰ
治ͣһαסʱ֪׳ǡȻͷɫһԱһòҲı䣬Ϸ̵Լָǰ˾׳ǡ
ûʧԼֻǸãѪܣƵѾˣǰһŭ޵׳ǡ
ӳǺϼƣ׳ԶʹĹУӶԱܣԭΪ׳ֻߡֻ뱣ס
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Ĭ˺ܾã׳ȳסʼǲ룬ôû
׳Ǽңȥǣʿ֪ôǺ㣬ġҵʦҵңȻҡǽӵĲˣ³ԸҵҪЩͷеĹ¶ԺĺǣЩ˱壬ݺʦס
Ǹ¥µӾвˣӶ߱ȴݺҵʦ
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㡣׳תָųߣʲôʸΪһʿ
˵ţĳ档֪κηģȷʵҲ޹ӹĹ˽ĹͳĺˣﻹŸ޹İա
׳ǵĽ˵Ҳ˺Щ޹֮˵Ľڡ˺޹ˣھͺЩú˺ͯкβֶֻͬβһˡѾ˫ۣסְɣǡ
죬ʲôʸҰǣƭӡ׳ǵĽض׳ǿʼгĹơ
׳ǵĽձؽϣѵضĹϺ̶¥Ķ¥ȥҲ׷ȥֻ׳ǹ¥ϲ壬谭Ĳ
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ںƽĽӴҰ޵˻쳹գԱѩħһѣǿ纣һѩǰܣ޷Ƕǵ衣Ҫҫ۵飬Ĺ
Ȧ棬ӻƴֿűˣЩ˴еƽͺӡȦ棬ʿȼڵѪֵħĹϣҲոսӵʹϢ嶼ڵʥʿͨħתƵǧʥУԶǣ԰ȫ
ħĽк̶ߵѹǻŪ״ֻһֻ޴צƹȦʱžֵĴӴܡ
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ЩСħСٶȿ죬ҧӵĶԱ󣬾ͿʼȦϵӶԱϣһСħȼѪڹȦڡ
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ǰħצӣ۾ţԲЩħ˺ĶԱǡ
ħ˻һ󼤵Ѫʧϣ˷סϤķ˵ţҵĸӳʱҵֱϣȥԱǣЩסˡȥúõ°ɣЩЩ׵Ĺӳɡ
ƶѷӳ뿪̸ϻعȦȻԱƲأȦƻֻȥƹЩħʦǽѣϾġ
ϣǰķƶѷӳеĴʯ£վƶѷӳ̸ϵ֡УһȺħʦڿ޲Źżֻħץǵ壬Ҳ⡣ϾЩħʦ鷨ʦǻ塣
Ͳ˹ڴھͰеУ֮ĹļλսشħʦѣּۻУٴǩ˲ƽԼҪȥͰƺƯ
Щħʦ̹ɾóеħħʦŻ¸޲ŹȦ
06
ڵһħȦʱڵ¥ĶˣĿ꣬Ĵս׳ǴЦţ水ڵأֿʼһⲫ
׳ղУǻ˳վڶ¥ıԵһֻ޴ħͷӹ̾¥ˡ׳ҲΪħ˫ķȥ
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׳Ǳץסû뵽һֻ֣˵ָң졣
׳ЩȻҲץס֣ȻЩק£ʵûбҲ֪浱ʿ󣬶λ³
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һֻץ׳ǣ˵ץ֡
׳һ䣺𣿰棡
ͷϵħڷǵĴڣһֵβɨǣ治ҷ֣һһҪץ׳ǡ˵ָң׳ǡ
׳һֻ֣ץħβһɨؿβµķһ£Ի
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濴һ׳˵ڸʲôȥˣģһֱ㣬ȥ㣬Ҳ㡣֪ûΪԼָûа
˵껰ħƵ׳Ƕ׹ȥ룬ǰ˵Ļ˵ˣҲ޺ˡֻǣްԼҪʧԼˣ֪᲻
۾ȴ˻Сްų棬Ǹ˱һñӵ˽סߡ̴ų¥жôǧܻصսҪȥĿҪȥҳ档
սһ죬ƶѷӳ꣬ͱŻͱһǰʥӵռڵסһں󣬾ǰʹȥ׵Ĺ¡
ǣһսҲأǸ͵͵ôļ٣ûгӰֻװƿҹ֮ҵ˳档
۾һĵĴްʣ׳ǡ
ްɵһͰ¥󣬻صСñĻ᳤ˡ
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ҡҡͷ˵ǣĺܿģոΪҪˣҪǰټһͺˣٸ㣬ԲʧԼˡ
ްʵأ
ŴްϵطģҷĵⳡսˣʿˣҾȥķһʿԶ㡣
ްųĻ˳ѾܾûˣԴ֪Ҫ¸Ҳס֮˵֣Լϸص֪˳䣬͵һĵ
ڵóԸ
һߣ׳ڴñӵӻУɫ԰ףʹø߼ƣȥȷϳ
Ȼñӵ˸ѻˣǲġȺñӵ˴ȥȦԣֱӰ֮뿪
׳վϣųȼѪǹ¹룺Ҳһλҳϵʿá
ڹȦ޲ǰ뿪ǣԶԶȥħһѾħʦܣֻǸñӵ֪Զؽ˯ںµ̧˸߹ͷ­
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16.0
еʱ˵һ飬ܱ滰ʻ١
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