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֮ʣµԺкȻԳơϵͳѯǷҪг鿨ȡġ¡
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ġ¡ֱţһ·ɱѣռɽΪ
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·ʱĸ·˭Ҳûа˿С
һһ֮ʲôûеĲݰŮӣѲɻپ𣿼ӲŸĽ֡
ȻǻΪ˲ŷбѵʱ򣬱ǿȴ
½֪ľɫ˿ĲܽĻУܳʮ飬һλһλĴг¡
ϲSSR򣴨ͷа󶨲Ϸ־ŹΣ
ϲSSRϽа˫衺Ӿ
ϲSSR׿Ĵҽȵ٢Żʱ䣡

ϲspر𿨣ǧһٸǧ;
зͬΪƾʲôԿң
£ǴΪûýɣ
ps
1.ġŮǻǿɱϴŮų衣
2.Ը⣬ֻдԼϲĶ벻Ҫ޸趨Ѽл׷ģôô
3.֮ĴҶŮȫ/飬ֻ֮а顣
4.屳ܿգܿգܺܿգĪݡ
5.벻ҪҵģҲҪڱҵġ

ݱǩ Խʱ ϵͳ ˬ 
ؼ֣ǣ  ǣ  
һ仰飺ϲSSRս𡪡
⣺ʲôʱܹŬ

vipǿƽ
Ƴ˱õӵһϵͳȡܳӴһδĵ·ӱ߾ຮ֮ؿʼϵͳһЩʣзչ裬ưͳһ붯ΪһŮۡ
ķ죬Ů̻ͨŮ𽥳ɳΪͳһ¡캣̺ʢŮۣһ·ңˬ·ߣȫ־ϣڶг


1 
ǲݰүżң˵ʲôպͻӭȢҹŵĺһų⣬ˣ߽ŮȹСŵһŹ󲻿ԵĸǰԹš
ǷŮŮ򶨵Ķ࣬ʵ˵ģҲȫǺˡ
ʲôǼɴһ˫ۣŵĿĸףŮ֣ʾŮ侲㣬ȱ֣˵
ǵҺǰЩǺ㱧½ӻ˺ɣ
ŮʱһƲͷȥһŮ˵ģ󣬰ʮŮҪըЩֵؿǰŮΪΪηҪûʶҰСѾͷӻȥ
ĸô˵ҲӦˣסСʳԼĲ룺˼ġŮޣ
˵ͷŮϲɿϻά֣ɵ⡭̫ðɣ½ҲŮء
ŮȴںʲôõģһССģܼ޸үԷǸݰҲ˼Ӹ컯ˡ
˵ţִ̧˴ŮţȰһУΪɵѾͷսһж᳾䶨ҶҲصˡ
ҲֻۣòĻǽղŽӻغģŮȷһ˫ľò˵һŻҲֻ֡ϧôһžյƯǸ֮һǴҲֻóΪİŮ·һ̤ʯˡ
ֻȻݰܻɫʤԪñµĻģʢ賣ڣ׵áŮãҲǸ·һ÷ӡ
ŮıŸϻŮܹļֵȴⲻ֪һԻȻڱƵµĶУſڼ֮ңòŮҧס´涣˳۽ǹ䣬ʱֳһĻĻȻΪῴ۲ѣϾᣬǻҼġ
-
±£ʵֵҲǺӦϤı˻֣õ¡ڱĸӻ֮ǰһյ̻˼ҵС㣬Ҳмҵףδôʿụ̃˵ϲ̨ССҲûʲô
ǰĸĸȥһҹ֮ΪһŮھеľ˸ĸ뾩ǣ˹¶£ǶԾ˸ĸмģʱ仹ͷνġˡ˸ĸʵ̰ͼĸµļҲơ
ˣƺҲǶпţòĿ⿴
¾ѹĻ˰£Ȼ󣬾֮ǰĹܼҺȻ˵ʮǰĺǧү˶ܵҪȥ
ʱڶӻе¶Դ˲δ롪ʲôԭҪƭһʲôûеĹŮأοҲҪǸϢġҡǱѹܼҵĻ棬˺
ص֮󣬺ү򸾱ֵĵȷ飬һɺܻӭ»ҵģʱҲΪ˶ǻӭġ˭롪
ԭҲĿĵġ
´ѻܼĽë´һƬεӰ
֮ԻˣԼŮĹ֮£һεѩĸƷ¸ŮĸŮϵƫƫƽƽ֮£ɺϵĸס͡áһԻ
֪ôһ˵ˡ޴󡱵ġء
֮Լᱻ޳ȥء
ںǸܣձϻǧС㱻ĺܺãڽ˺ͼǧ˵֮ǰֻλŮ˺ĹĹܼ֪Ҳδ׼κŴϲµŵƽʡ
ָ˽ŵʳбžŮҧס촽Լκ
ŬиԼҪ侲ԡԲܷκζҪСĵ͵͵ܳȥ
ȻҲ֪ܳȥ֮һǸԼʲôġҪܳȥֻ
תһ˲䣬ضһϤ
ŮغĹܼޱ飬ƹʵĮС㣬ô
µǼЩҵҡͷܼҵСȻѾеĸŮˡ
ǣŮ߳ſڵ£ʱɫһ䣬˲뵽ոԼŮǷǳŹܼʹ˸ɫĸвſڣҪ˵Щʲôֻǲųһҡֱ㱻ܼһֵں󾱣µȥ
ܼҷסҪˤµľɫŮԺ˱ʾ˷ģմСġޡ˲
Ůĵ˵ͷΪƯûֱˤ϶ЩΪĸҲñ¶̫뿪
-
ٶʱڵֵĽбѵġ
ʱĿһƬĿ죬ְ̧ͷϵĺͷ£һ򵥵ֶ̧֡
ɫŮӴ꣬ŷӦԼƺǱҩˡ
Ӳˡ
ֻܵˡ
ǰָܻԼһͷײ𡭡
ӣǴ
̱ڽУͷɥĺ˼š
֪ȥ˶ã¸ܵһֱߵĽͣϲķַ߳Ρ
ȵñ͵Уźλֻ˾µԼŵĲݰɫүһͬã붴
ڱιҩʹ֫ȫ޷ܵԵʣ±붴֮ϲȰ˵˼䡰뿪Ĵ󸻴ںͷء֮󣬱һҵŮһ徻硣
ȫ뿪֮Ŷ˶Ȼûʲôֶ̧Ѿˡ
ȻҲֻֿ̧֪ʲôŶˣܰѸͷ
뵽ЩͷϵĺͷһѳڵϣĿľԱиʴܣֻͷܻƺײһͷײȥܱɵӵġ
ںԼɵӣҲûҰԴϴܡ
ɫʢŮס̾Լ̫ûϢ֮Щпյݷ
Ҫͺˡ
ܻȸжð
Ҫ˾ȾĻԺһŬһ
ϵͳݿϣϵͳ½С
Ժ֮кȻֳ֮һİģ֣Եûи
²ЩǷԼڼȵĿֻ֮£ʼ֢ʼˡ
ϵͳֿΪϵͳ￨һ飬ǷҪг鿨ȡġ¡
桢Ժ˵
ΪĹŴ²Щţ뵽ԼڶӵĴҲ˲̫຦£ŵӵʵ㡭ʲôˣ
ϵͳࡣ
ϵͳĴڣΪ˽Ұ󶨵С㣬һλϸĶư¡Ϊˣϵͳ᲻ϧһŬ
Уͨϵͳ񣬻ó鿨ȨޣϵͳĿسȡıʿΪ佫̻յˣ춨̺ʢɽ
ò˵ϵͳʵãһ˫Ưĵ۱ܿ죬ŮӱȥǣǸﰡ
ҪԷƱϵͳϿжУųΪһλϸʡ
δջ񵽵Ŀ϶ŮЩۿ΢΢ȣСЩ˼ĶͻȻֵġϵͳ˵Ÿллл㡭ңҲˣӡֱճϵ⣬ֻ׸
´ͷڸס˺ÿеį
ϵͳδʹȰˣĵ˵ΪʲôԳ鿨أ
˵ţϵͳһոյ⡣
ϵͳ￨һ飬ǷҪг鿨ȡġ¡
顭ȡ
Щŵ϶ĻӦϵͳ⡣
룬ѾôľˣһͷײҲĿǹˣҲĸ⣬˳ϵͳա˵һܳʲôתأ
ССĽһȵ°˰Լºǰİгֵ͸Ϸġ鿨
һ룬¿ֱַͣ£ϵͳǵ˵ţ
ϲSSRս𣡡


2 
ϵͳ¡ֻ֮кȻһİˡòʸ㣬Ƿ͸żݡ
俴ȥ˼꣬ϵȴǿңֻһϮ£ȴɪɱϢ֮У·ǧפǰҲһľɨ
ȻɱӦֻоսɳĽŻе
ٹҲܹһ㡣
ʵϣʱ²ûֻ̱ڴϣ˳֮ǰվŵĻôºλֵһ̣ᱻǿϯ
һ˲ͻûκγϢģֱӵȥŶԷһ
ս񣬰
ĬĬǰ׺ƺź֡
ֻ伫ˡ
ֻҪվʲôȻһɿ־壬Ϊ֮е
ǰ޵֡
ˣվԼһĻʵܸ԰ȫء
һ
Сһ˫ÿۣ˵ϣգҲգһ¡
´㶵ţλ鿨ս񡰽ʱѾ䷿ȫһİȻǽĿ䵽ϡ
ǣҴӿػѵ
˵ܺ͵ͳŴԣȴĮȥ·ûκεĸ飬ʵ
ʱ˿̷֮леڶˡĻ𶼲ὫĿµϡ
Ⲣǽ黳ԼδǸСʵϣԼľŮʵûν
ǰʱȻܳŮμңҪԶжɫĶֻ࣬ǡǰСȴֲһ
ò˵ģʵǲҪµӡ
Ůòļδȫչ֮ʣ¼дʻܹݳľպ˼ɫ
ֻߣòʵͲ˼䡣
һ˫Ưˮͫٵӯӯˮ۽ǻЩδɵۣƺǰŸոտ޹
öִ
⿴ȥίʵ¹µӡ
ʻСرЩ޴Ӧţǡǵġ
һӦеϺơ
вŸոȻһ룬ͿСӵĿԼţСسԼʵ㡭ܴӳȥ𣿡
µ⣬üͷ΢塣
Ůһļĵѩһİ׵ʺ£ͷĽҡ΢΢ɢŮķͱЩ˿ϣҲ˿ĹòһݱС
һƬ죬˶ó·ĲõķУŮȴǶûڴܣ֧塣
»֮ҹŮȴԼʳ⣬ڻʲôǲ׵ģ
㱻˱ƻ顣Ӣȷе˵
¶ʱС׵һ͵ͷĿ¶ϣŰ𡣺һֱ±ޣĿֹֿ
Ůע£ؾһ¡
ԡ
õ˿϶ĻظƯС϶ʱ¶ϲЦݣŮЦէƵѤɫʺ磬
ͬʱ¶õЦݵģǰɫ⡣
һ̣·űƿʳ߽·һţ˾ͱĨЦݸƻסӣĿԵڴܵŮС˶˶ĺͣȫȻûע⵽վİ𣬳ֱߵĳڴϵȥ
Ȼ־»һξʱ򣬳շʵӴ˲ͷ˳ȥڷڵķϣӶʱͰľı˸ɢܡ
һ߳ȥˤڷϣԭֻõôһľɫ˵֮ڿŮԱߵĿꡣ
ֵϿհ˰ΣȻͻȻӦʲô˺ȻĿѣָ̧±ƿڴ㡢ˣŵһ͸·͵ˣ
ԲľмȦſҡҡλվϵľʹתͷĺУˡ
ֻŸմ˸ͷҲû˵Ļᡣ
վİķһֻĽ˳ȥ
µĽ׼عᴩ˵ĺһողŴӵǱ˳׵Զȥ
ûм̣һֻôĶûмֱӾɵˣĿʬס
Ҳ֪Լĵӣȥץס䣬СΡΡǽţ㣬ɱ
Ůһ˵Щ⣬ֻ΢΢ü䵭ѾˣţⲻЩС鷳
µ뿪˵Ļ㲻ױ¶١ȻʹıҲǽˣûбҪ
˭޶Լ¶̫٣ҪԼӵ㹤ء
ο
ŹֺÿСţ㣬˲ԩ
ֻûʲôĶ̶һ仰ֱ̻ĸоٿؾ;Լıһ¡
ʵϣĲԩ£ĵȷȷֻڳһʵûʲôһЩ绨ѩµ˼
ǿŮвˣ˵֮оմɷɱ
ǣ֪ʲôӣ˳̧ͷСǵүܵʥ裬ˣһϣǾͺܳȥˡܳȥպٸҲŹǵġ
һ̣Ҳ֪λ鿨ġսĺ徿ʲôŮУ˵Լĵ뺦¡
ǱĽصȴû
үʲô
ԼĴʻİԻʡ
û뵽ʳ⣬һ£صүǻʵ۵Ķѽ
ٶԼδʵİԻ󣬡ʵǸʲô
ʵۡ͡ǡ½ʾ֭ŬŻʵ۵ıƣĿİͰ͵ҳͬ⾳Ĵʣӣ
Ŷ°ˣ¿˵Ļʵۻ㵽Ϥĸ֮Уž͵ֻͬ߿˵ǵͬڡӵʵȨӡ
֮󣬰ž޴£԰ο䣬û£㲻¡
ԣүţµԴŸձʾͬ
һ룬Ϊƽ˵ײеĻˣǾš
£
Ҳలˡһ£ƽķ·Ҫȥţֻȥ˸ˡ
¡Ѿסˡ
Ĳ֮ǰ˾顣
һ̣ɫСֻʣһͷǾǣ
ٻʲôɱQAQ
-
˵Ǿ仰֮󣬰ЯԼһǰǿֱӾͳɢȥȥҪȥʵš¡
̤ż֮ǰٿػͷǽǱԵ˵һ䣬˺
һ仰ע⵽һԸոպͰһֵͬĻһˣֻ̫ǿʹֻע⵽һˡ
ĵۼͦεվǽǵһ۵ʱŻ𣬺ϵͳ˵Ǿ䡾ϲSSRս𣡡֮󣬺滹һ䡾аġ
֮Զ¸ˡ
²еΣҲЩ㶵꣬С̽źк㡢ã
˵İһòɾҪԵƵĶˣ¶һ˫ĻһЦλ߹ѽ
꿴ǺΣҲ˾ḡ
²ҲŶԼѺõЦһ£ӣǰѯ÷֪Ҹոλ˭׳ĽύȻһ¡
ãȻգգۣЩֵķʵ㲻ʶΪǹϵܺáϾǺ󶨵ѽ˵һ䣬Сŵ
Ϊܹһе󿨣һˣӦѪԵ׻Ī֪֮ѰɣȻΪʲôأ
ŮǵţҲʳ
˼·ҲûͬĻΪ½͵˵ļ֮⣬ϵͳĿػһЩİ󶨹򣬱硭ȫȻİʶ˵ʺͱ˴ȫǺϣֻһΪһЩ֮Ĺܻᴥϵͳصİ󶨻ơ
˵ҵĶȻг˱ϵͳص֡һͬˣȻ˿ˡ֮ұ˴˲໥Ӱ죬Ǻͳһ𣬾ӦˣҲ֪պ᲻ֳһƵĵù
˵ˣһת£㻹ûλأ
˶ĽǿˣͿеĺܶ඼ޣǻ˴¼˲һǣǰǶʮͣһԣôһ㽵ģϧžþɳĽ졣
ƾһܶ϶Ȼһλʷ
´𡣡
ͻȻĬ
ô𣿡ܵһ˲΢еҲԾֿİ
˫ȭգֱųû
ǣͻȻ֣ǸùԼѡ
лҪ˵Ӹɱʱȴʧȥ˸߹⣬⾿ǵµɥԵʱjpg
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ϲssrɱа
ò
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ǸĵһСʹǵղأҵĹĺҪqvqСʹǱѼ


3 
Ȼ˵˵ûʲôǿ˲һӰˣµлǲЩǣǲɵùеһ䣬ԡ㻹ðɣ
Сزһ䣬˵ԼʣǺͰʲô̫õԨԴ𣿡
⣬ٴξĬͰ𡭡Ǻֹһ䲻õԨԴܸġ
һ£ǾбҪС֪һͰ֮ġԵǶµҡڰϵİɡ
µԱؾΧڳƽʵòϾݣƴͻΧȻδɣؾҼ֮¡
ƽ·𽲳ĲԼı磬Ǳ˵Ĺ¡
Ļֵ֮³Ĭˡ
ԣԲ𡣡òɫŮӣ۵ָŵؽʵһ𣬺ǸҲ֪
û뵽ⱳҵĹ¡
ڲżδãСĸǻδܹʲôĶŮУгֵŵʵҲڴҵŮ˳˴˲Ͷѡ
˵Ķľ̫ңԶսоЩ֮еСδǹġ
ڴ֮ǰ´ûԼгһտܻЩϹϵƺЩ񶼻
еãȻἰԼ¡̧Ůͷο
ЩѾǰ¡ˣȥƽϣʲôأ
οһ㣬Щ˼ŮЩɬĳһЦ룬ûס棬ʵҡһһð⡭
ʡشĺǴ󷽡
µǡڸղŵʱ񲢲ʶ𣬵ǡ
Щ㲻׵һǡƬ֮ǰ˵Ҫύ˰֮ȴ˵г
ǳ˵ĻΪʲô᲻ʶأ
⡣û̻ش⣬һ
֮꿪ʼΪ½⣬ϵͳ¼еˣǰβ룬زߣߡڱ¼֮ϵͳԶеġ¡ȫʮ۷״̬ʱڡ
Ͼ£Ҳһһյģһ˲ĲӣһĴҵδʼ֮ʣ˾ֱˣʲô¶˵ţͻȻ²һ䡣
ֻһ㿨еĳ䶼ֻµͬģǾͻᱻʮģ
𣬾ǰıȽϾõһˡҳǰѾ£йɵη岻ѵĽˡ
䣬صɴһ˫ÿĵۣһžȾЩĴ㵣㶵˵ţ𡭡ô𣿡
ȻܹܵӦһλսɳĽ֮ǰΪǳ꽫ôһ˵
ָźÿüѵԼãǺܲĻ䲻á͵ı
СȻȻ俨¿ǣҲô˵ɡ
ʵز㶼ǹϵģʷ϶ǵļж
һ˵Ļϵͳеġ¡ڸ˶ʮʱ¼ģֻʷϻþõģᱻϵͳ͸һδġ佫֮ս飬˴֮ļıԡ
þÿð˵ٿô̾һ䡣
仰˵ȫû½ӡϾûǸĴˣʵû廰֮УƯСҲֻÿ΢ЦʾԼ
ûϾ̫ãСתֱһ⣬˵ܲҿҵĿƿ棿
û˼ֻǴһ֡Ҳ׵˼뿴ϵͳж֮УͰ𵽵ײ˶Զ
Ȼ˵ڰ֮ܣ̹˰ɡ
ѽ飬һھʹӦԥڵͷ֮Сգһ˫ٵӣãȻĿʣ˵ƿҪôѽ
ۡʱһҪĵʲôȷ͸ӦҰ
ΪŮ˼򴽣¶ǳǳЦС˵ţ㲻Ầҵ
Ϊʱ̣ϵͳ֣鿨ٻ˰еţͰͬһطͬ鿨ٻҲẦ
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û˻ǸĸҲ
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͵ǳǰĹһݶޱΣԸΪԼȫ΢֮ܣ˺гһգü¡
㣬¿˵ίʵûµǡ
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ָ֮£кϵͳѯ԰ҵĿ𣿡
Ȼԡ
ظĺܿ죬ϵͳص֮һ룬µϷȻһƯڰ֮еĹ׾ֻĽɫᡣ
Ů򿪵һҳߵİҳ׭ŵġФ񻭡ϵͳ˵ĻƬƬ棬ǲӽɫ֡ұߵİҳɰġơ
½ȡ
ƿȥʸУǺڵװ֣׭дšԡ͸һµׯ֮Сǰ׵ס
֮ϣϽǹӺصĺɫ䡱֣Ͻ̽ɫַϵͳԣǱǰ˵SSRд
һмλǰ֣ǰС˵ģŵġսǡǡǶӦ鵽ʱϵͳʾ
ǰĻ񡭡ŶƬ֮ϣźڼ׵Ľ˫Ŀ΢أһѵ̬⣬ʹˣֻͼܸܵɱѹȸСǳ˯ҲȻη塣
Ƭ֮µܡ
ϵ£
޲ʤս޲˵Ĺ֮սɳñһʮೡսۣδһܡ
ʬ֮ս
Ŀʵ˧ͷβſ᲻ѣС˺þãĴߴ֮°ſƷŻؿᣬ󷭵һҳչֳдֵſǰ
ֻаĿǰԱ֮¾ԵĿ漫Ϊġţͨ
ͬ佫ı־ͰSSRͬǣϽɫR
ƬǺܺÿɫ׵꽫ϣᵶϵƬǶȼȳֵԻ
ȻԻĻ棬ſϷĽܣȴģ
ϵͳ֪˵ʲôˣ˵ſǸ룬Լܰȡ
һǰһǸ롰ȡԵԣԵˡ
R
Ŷȷ䡣
Ȼ˵ԼĿʵе˲֪˵ǺãϾǰ裬й׼ԵҲûʲô̫ʧ
ǲ֪С⿨ƻ᲻̫֪ĿͲСϵͳˡ
뵽ʶȥµı飬̽ԼĿֻµĹעصƺȫһϣ󣬷һ䣺
е棬ΪʲôĿϣһȦߣ
Ů̧۵ָָƬԵһȦɫ߿ɻʡ
ָһؼԶЩ˼ԼС˵ʵĶЧңԸڴ֤µı־£İ˹ȥԺͻ֪ˡ
-
Ҹ㽲ʲô㲻ľȥϵͳǧ鷳ЩϵͳܻشģȫÿԼˡ
º߲鿴ϵͳܣһֹʱ򣬰ȻѾˡ
ŴһԴس˵˾䣬ˣ߰ɡ
Ű仰£ֻǰһһӰǰõſڷ򣬳ŰϮȥȻ󡪡
duangһ
ı̵һƤⱻĦڵص
Ůüͷ
룬еʹ
簴Сһѹڵأ˾䣬ʲô
ס˵ĺ󾱵ţ̧ͷݺݵŰ𣬡㲻ʶң
еãȻҸʶ𣿡
쵰ĸݣȻҲͱڵĦĸݡ
ʱµĴ¿ʼתʶڷʲôǸæڳſ˵ķ򺰵ˡ
Ǳˣ
һʱԼҩҩЧûֱվͼȥȰܣȻֱֱĳŵϵ£žߴһˤڵϡ°˰ڵĦİͱ˰ڵĦžˡ
֮˵Ůſĵͼʱ򣬶һϤģɫ
⵽Σʱʼ񡪡£
ǷҪ̽鿴
лҪ˵ãǱqvq
Ҳ벻˰ǡѵұŹ


4 
Ȼ֮ϵͳʱͰһߵİĿȫ䵽µϡ
עĵԼЩĶǣˤСҪŬ˫ʹֻڵţֻĺÿֻ˳ǴĶȴֻʣ¿ɰ
֮󣬻ǿȥŮеģİ߹ȥ·ֻߡʵӦáࡱ׼ȷ
ССֻƯŮèкƤһǣӴ𣬰Ķٶ䣬ȫ¶ûӦʲôԼͱ´صϡ
ڼ򵥴ֱĶе㿴ۣԱţԴ㶯һ㰡㶮ϧ񰡣
仰ѿڶ֮󣬻ûȰʲôӦԼоĬˡ
ΪԼ˵⻰ʵǺܡͦսˡϧʶͰˣȷǲôܹ䵽һȥ
仰˵ϧˣǺҲͲعǸ䰲ˡ
µûոհè£Ͼûʶʲôͽˣֶ˿¸Ļǡ
ǡٴ˰ɣССĵҿ˿ˣʵ
ôһ˵кȻͶһָУϾ¶ģ¶Ҳ˻ôûõģȫڵĦ
ֱǶˡ
ʵ֣ҲΪԼǰǵ£Լİܼܹ̹Ȼ
ԭڸոģĿϵһ仰ʬ
ϵͳĶﶨȻʡ
ļ֮Уһɱ֮ӦҲڴﵽ򣬳ǡڳƽʮԾ
ǣЩ
ܿܣԾǿʮĻ˰
ôܹݵ˵ɱȫɱˣ
΢΢ӣеĸȫ񣬻СһĵĴ𰸣ˡ
ٹǰ£֪ԼԺӦʲô
ش𣬲֪긴ӵеµǼССһ
ƯŮ̧űԼ鿨¡ǣҪڲ鿴ϵͳ𣿡
΢΢ҡͷԼص뿪
˵ز˾Ҫ˷һ֮ǰ뿪
䣬ƶµߣ˵һðˡ֮󣬹Ůļ°βͽ˺ϡ
Ķ·Ӧ֮ǰ꣬СﻹδüԾʱ򣬱һӦǽһ
һ룬ǳʲôأ
Ȼɫ糣Ķ˾ͣڵ״㻻£ֹж㣬ʵ²֮٣Ҫ⡣
ЩոյľٶŵлǶԱԼ鿨İռϷСŬ򶨵ĵͷԾ¿İҡ֪ġ
жĸ¶ȻʶԼҪ֮ãЩš
ָС˵һ䣬Ҷġ
һ˵·µǺȻ֮䷢ʲô
ʱŸոע⵽ԭϵ·ǰʱ²һȻҲǴֲѣ֮ͬǰƽװȶԣ˿ǷĿ괩ŵĸǼҶ۵·
ǰˣɵÿʵ·
մѪŵ㣬ͻһص
شһƲ죬ֱմѪĳ̶𣿿ǱѪϴ˰ɣһأ⻹ǡ»աǻвٱ͡
˵·ôģҪ˵»ǻŵС
Ҳ룬϶Ǵĸ˵ʬϰġ
һԷ۶ʱ򣬰Ȼһ߲±Ǹˡ
귢ʩʵ̫ȻͺµıһһӾͱˣָŰһ䣬ҿΪʲôұ
һ仰䣬ԼĻƺһ壬òɫŮᣬ껹תͷԼСһ䣬ᰡҲ㣡
صǣƾʲôָô˳ְ
жԸͷΪȫûд
ֻ䲻һֱ֮ӳȥ
Ҳֻڱ֮УƯŮ˵һ䡰ã˰Ȼ˴ᱧѸٸȥ
-
·ϣǺȻ֮ʲôʵ˵һ֪ʲôأ
Ϊ£ȴԼֶ֪Ȼ
˵֮ǰ·Ŀʱһҳд֣ܲɣǶԳεģֻ˵ǡǽɼ
ͬʱԿһĵ
⣬ڻеľɫŮСţ¡
ֽԼϲָŮ
֣ɫЩ΢
ô𣿡ȻĻУ¿ɫЩ¶鲻Ǻܶԣ㲻ɵһ䡣
ûлػ˰ϱա
ǺŶ֪ԨԴС̾һ䡣
ֻᡰšһû˵
Ůûвʲôԣȴƺʲô鰡
-
ͥԺŰͣĺԺ
ĿһӾͱеһסˣΪΪ
νӢԣûκһ佫᲻ϲ
ûиΪ˼Ļᣬһ´ϡ
֮Լǰĳϣʱĳ䵱ų򣬱ϾһʵƲ
ʱǲòһ䣬İЧʵǸ߳
ôһĹ򣬲елȫֱ˳רŴϺԣѰɲ䱸ĺ
ϸ緢Ļһ۵װΪαװϳ̵档
ڲ֮淢һЩ鱦ƽȻǸ׼ȫˡ
°ˡ
겻ɵи̾һ
ǶֵĻһ𡭡ĺаȫа
뵽ش˸Լӿǳ˵ʲô⡣
ǲȥæת˼άŮ鿴ϵͳ񰡣ѾܳˣԿʼˡ
ǣÿСеԥ
ѽ֣µģ˵õ
²һ䣬ôҪǶǻʲôؼȥˡ
𣺡
Ĵߴ֮£µ͸ҳҳ棬ڡ¡ġ鿴ϰһ¡
һ룬Щҳչǰ
񡪡£
һӵһԼء
ܣΪµδ۾һôܹûԼأ
ƷӺ磡[1]¹£ʶΪĿģȶһСĿꡪ
óµıȵõһԼذɣ
עҪͶȡɣ˽լȡõֿѸֶͨǲȻصŶ~
ʮ飨سһ￨
˵˵õٰϵ
Ů֮󣬸Ƭ̣ʵɷ֪ʲôɽĴڣ
Բ𡭡ʹĿ֮£»˲ʹͷƯСɫģ˵һ䣬Ҳ֪
ߵ̧Сͷ⣬Ů˵ȷΪˡ
οС֮붮˰˼ԳİǴ㡭
˵Щڳ˶Դ治ĸ֣ռɽΪ
лҪ˵[1]衷


5 
Ȼĸ֮ͷӸոհ˵ˡɽֵʱʹŲµ˰Ĵ㡣
ϵͳҪǵǰĵĴԣһɽûɽͷȥѹɽկΪԼĵ̣ռɽΪΪ򵥿ݵķӡ
ܹѰĵһŵƣѹλãôδķչҲǺġϾӵһСֻǵһϵͳ£¹ԭ
һλҪµȡõĵһ̣ûκģͻǵ춨Իϳδӵ˶ضʼղὫµķչϼҡ
ͳİꡰš½ĿƶߵľɫŮϣԼȫûλ˵ʲô֪ڴʲôյƯСǵһ㡣
µռɽΪʱչӲʵǽŻı¡
˵֮ⷬȻһ⣺Ĺǽлʵ۶԰ɣ
Ȼ֪Ǻ⣬ŮȻǵ˵ͷ
ţɾҪһͳµŮ۵˿
ͻһ仰һӾЩãȻգգ˫ƯĵۣһƬ״̬֮ʡ
ͨϵͳٻ˵ǸԸǿƣֻһ˵Ĺ
ôʱ˿ⷬı󲻾ۣӦжǸЩĶݣͨͨͣõԼı˵Ļᵽˡ
⻰òһеķ˵ĶУŮۡﱻԼһʱƯСֻáЩ̫ʵĸоϾ
ҡôܵŮأҾһѽ
žŮѻܼĽë𽥱С˵š
ȻǰĿп˲пɳһǣϵͳҲ˵һλϸָ£Щȥ
Զո˵ġŮۡг
ͺ翵ģ޵ģƶ˱ֵĶȻ֮䱻κڵı¶ǰ⧲佫俴һ
һֻ֮еʣʱ;ֳʵеĸ塣
Ů仰ؾͳĬһ¡
룬ܡҪģСµһƺ񲻽һһͷô򵥾ݵġ
ΪǡþȱΪҪһʶ˭Ұġ
²ûһǰš
˵̫ˣȫһĶûС
Ѹٵʶһ겻Լɫ̧Ůļ
¡ĻС֣Ҫţܹϵͳѡе㣬ȻûеĹܹ֮顣
ΪֻҪסһ仰ͺá
ϲڷֻܵĳ¡
бһģƯСȭģ䡢Ȼ᲻ҲĲãһŬѧһɽģ
˵ţŮθһԼǿԼһ˵ţңҳ׵ģ
šɽӦҪװͰһİɣ
ֻڴǰĸ˵ɽɷЩȷš
Ůȫûʶǣһĳױ鲻˿ףǿɰĹ֡
ϵͳĻ˵ǾǡҪǾȫǱɰġ
ԭҲǸñԼСɰģֻɰ֮ǰеĲ׽һʡ
Ϊʲôɽʵ
ôһʵǰСˣЩãȻķʻȥѵҪȥΪ𣿡

껺һʺţ֮ЩίҪǵΰҵ˵ôռɽΪ
ߡѵʲôһ𣿡鲢õСʡ
ŬάԼľǿ˼ûʲô𣬵ռɽΪ˵Ƹǿ
ƶǶĵ˵ͷŶ
֮ڵ˾ôһִС죬ڳ֮ϵ겻üҲһССĻȡ

Ȼġ֮ۡϻʤܾԼ˵ЩʲôǸܵصһ֮ʱԷı졣
Ϊģ֪ոһΪԽŵżǵѾʻۡ
ڳ֮ûһ˵֮ڻ޽ɣǳ˵ĴϿɾͲô˵ֻˡһ˾ͼҵǿɾͲ̫ˡ
ҲỨ̫ãʲôҪ˵ȵȥ˵
ţҲ͸ɴѡ
еǱһɱܳĻʼӵƽõĳܣſڵʶ
ʶûнУһ˾ôκı˳ǡ
һմһ֮Ϊùʱ̣ԼϻغŵĸΪ˱ŮȨүĸУ˿
һһ֮Ϊ˵ʱ̣ν·תʧ֪ǸΪ֮ʣˡϵͳĪĶ鿨ٻĹ޲ʤս޲˵Ĳܽӳ졣
µ˳ת۵㡣
ӴԺޱòŮʽΪ桱һսΪۣǻ䡣
-
˳֮һξ֮󣬰ͣҰĳ֮ƿӣѯŮһ⡣
ԽһĹҡݿֲһϵصĶ𣿡
ʵЩʵǵƣ´ơǲ˽ЩµģԾͲȥΪȱĵСˡ
ܵģ֪ͻȻ֮һԼŮһС˷ܣǸæ
̧ͷһ˲䣬ͷͷϷķʵǳأʱСŤһ²ӡ
״֮ǰͿͷϴѽοĸоԼӶ۵æЩժɡ
һ䣬Լժ𣿡
Ӧáԣ
Щȷ£¾;̧ȥԼͷϵķΡȻ󡭡˹һ֧ҡϵķ˿
ͷĳʹʱС﷢һʹ۽ǷԵˮ
һ¿ˣûŮȴŮǼЩң޴벻֪ǸðοûǸøᣬǲûаܹعսͶĿ⡣
ʵҲͬû̵İ𣺡
սս񣬾ȫȻ֪ʶäĵطҲȻܹסĳȿɿһδֱߵµǰʾŮѻڷϵֻ¡
Լȥڲҡϵķ˿һһ⿪ȡ֧ҡֲ֮ͷϵΡ
ͷļᣬŮԭͷȫ£ɢڼϡ
֮󣬸оСôɢͷҲ̫İڳһº˳һµķ˿ʹŮͷɿȻɢ£βǱһô׼ıӡ
ժֻǱͷʱºͰľ붼úܽ
վǰֻһ룬ܹŵԷڸղʱĵѪζ
Īģȴе¡
һְ֮С
ҪҰժ𣿡ߴʻ¸æҡͷãҿԼ
ȻСС˵һ䣬лл
¡
ֱСԼҵڴסһԸɫ֮ͿʼװµŸ°ĿŹȻĿһ䵽ϵʱ˾Ǻסˡ
ȿȿȣͷҲ̫˰ɡ
ļڴս񿴲⻹Ŀ֮£û˵ڡ
ֱһ̣ʶСòжôĺÿһǺεȵľ
ƽĶۣͷַʵǡ˾еһѾ
ҲǵÿһòܹŵסַͣЩҵͷǻĵŮֶص
ܵ仰һ֮󣬰һ
ֱҪڵĦ¹˲ԼϻڲŶεĶæʼ˵ղŰԼǸ⡣
ĹܣΪ꣬ԭΨһĹңԶΪݡ
µĿڣע»ص˾ɫŮϣͬʱһµҲԼɫš


6 
˳ֱǣݡݡݡݡݡݡ ԥݡݡӺݾݡ
Ǹո뿪ľǣӽ£ڼݵķΧ֮ڡȻҲڼݵġ
µ°ͣ˵ǣͺñعԹĽһصذֿŮվŵĸߴ󽫾ǿɾ͵ܵԶһˡ
Ͼô˵³ڵʱҲþ˼ҹƤӵ¿ʼ¡
ӽ£ʳǸϣĵλöԣȻǽ䱸ɭϣǿʢֱŵǰͿʼ£䵽˼ҳ͢ⲻλεĸ˵ţϽɱҰɡ
ǵö̱ܸɵó
Ƭ̣ʵΣ
´Ҷʱ˵ΪϹС챦ÿ꣬ԭݣԴҹ
ʣΣ
⣬ƯŮһ£֮ųԥŻţǣ˰ۿأ
ֽ̧˽Լķ˿ЩǺȷĿڣΪ̻֮Ůһ֮ǰҵĸĸڵʱҼǵһҹ·ķʱЩ˵ٸ˰ּˡ
ҲҽӴЩԾҲ̫
òµŮһֲƺһЩƫԶ֮أʳ²ҲǱȱȽǡǰеһЩ˵ǱԼѾǶڽͷˡ
~һĵӣվһµСתţе㲻ŵ˵ţ˵ĻǵܳҲûȥǿʢô
ǳ˳ӣһ侲˵ţѻʹͷȻǸûʡķɣѾһ̲˰ɡ
˵ġ
ϾϵͳΪϵͳȻĿǽԼһ£ʶ𡣵Ҳһ֣ΪԼĿ꣬˼Һ̺Ĵɽͳ´ҵľĴڡ
ϵͳˣϵͳģȻδǾԶ֮ˣɵ׻ࡣ˲֮£Ƚ½Ūһλ
ܹΪϵͳѡʱٵĶǴŻֻġ
λƳ֣࣬ڳѹбľʡ
µĻУҿԳƶǴ⡣ģǾ͵õȵ֮˽ܶˡ
һЦ֪뵽ʲôһһĨеСҪתµ
˵ҵǺȻ֮һ˼顣ĹҵĹҲܰ
仰̧̧ͷķеǸϸ˼ʵ˼Ĺؼ֣Ҳ
òСƫƫԴĿ֮͸¶Щ⡣
Ӧһ㲻֪ǰʱ¹ĹҲܣλǳ֮ΪӣʵûʲôˣǸ
վλŻȨ߸ǿЩֻܹڼзڽС񻹸˸ս۵ĲŰɡҲ̫ϲֻҪһλ͹ˡ
Щʲôصصǡ
ϵͳдʶ϶Ϊ꼰ʱֹסԼ߶ѻͷص棬ǶڷϤ
˵ţָָ̧𣬲ˣһļüŪۡ
𣺡
ܺãڡԼɱ飬ûʲôӰġ
Ȼϵͳ˴䰲һսҽڻͨʻǶʮİãҰܲڡֵ֮ˣҲۣ̬ĺܲ
ǰɱȻѾܺϰĺദĴ˵̬ķǳС
ԭʱûָԷܴںܿĵƤôһ֮󣬱ԹԵȥ˼ȥˡ
Ƭ̲֪뵽ʲô̾һζĸ̾ôҲʲôΰ̫ãɽûֺõطأ
ϾµԣҵһطΪǵĳչأΪʲˡ
ΪĵطĻʲô鶼̫עĿصĶ͢Ĺע̶ɽǰ˷ˡ
ӪأչҲֱٻһɽͷ
˵ֵطʵеġǡô˵ֵطݺ͡áȫմϱߵ
һŮ۾Ǽһ£ѸٵĴܵǰеÿҽ
ʵϣҲǺȷƺ⿴صɫ¿ʼŮͲøϸС΢
ǰ˵أӺݵıؿǺոݵֵطһЩơӺݶ
Ů˵󲻹ҼȥﶼԲܻصӺݡ
ɽˮƵǱ߾ຮ֮أλûٽˣպȥǱߣ;춼Ҫˡ
ÿ˵һ֣һ֣ԱߵһۣȷǽҪȥĿꡣ
ɽûɽͷ԰ռ
߾ຮ֮أų͢ԶĪ߾ԶʲôʩչĿ
λٽˣÿš
һǣ֮أ뺷պбʿҲȸ֮صǿ౶Ļ֮£ֻвпʤ̭ķ
µĸ׸˵ģԺȥĵط춼һ㣬Ҳܹġ
⸱ò䵽ĻУһġסСʹ°ȥܵʲôĶҲ˵Ϊ֮ҪЩҰ֮˵ʳ
ĻĵȷȷǶĹòһ֮˵ĹѺõĵط
ظԼĿƽ룬ѯ뷨ȥ˵Ӻ֮أԸ⵽ȥ𣿡
òľɫŮգգۣŨ̵ܾĽëͬ˲ĳһƺ˺ص⣬ᱣ𣿡
δһʱӦ⣬ŵʲô
˼Ƭ֮¸ɾγĿע֮£ƯСֻҪһߣһܵκ˺
̹˵𲢲ϿòŮԼġ֪֮һֱƺΪ
һֱղʼӡŷСʵ𿴵Ҫӵ͸
ӵһۼµʱʹ˫ƯĵпûҰһʵ
ûҰĵˣȫгΪһϸʡ
Ա֮Ϊ֮عİΪġ
ԣ׼
ϵͳġǿٻʱ䡱֮󣬰׼»ص֮м˯
ڴ֮ǰٻڼ֮ڣỤԼȳŮһգտһգܵκ˺ġΡ
֮µİȫô죿ȵʱҲӦԱġ¡
ʵڲУⲻǻһԵ̵ı
𲻶ɫһһԵ꣬߱һۿЩСﱾܵĸоЩ
ʱİδ뵽ǰģ·һͻᵹģӳһ۾ͱжʵС
δΪףΪ̤۰׹֮ϣΪԼȫҳϡ
ΨԼѪմȾģϴһԡѪֻΪķһ仨
ϣߵϵľͷ


7 
仰ûȥ˼Ů¶һĨЦݣһ˫ÿĵۣ˵ǾȥӺݰɡ
ô˵ոմܵŮǰ̽ͷ˵ţôֻʰһѽ
ҵȷǴ򲻹ɣҲر뱣һǿõİ
Ϊգգ۾һ޹˵ţоһᱣҵ
Ȼ˷һ㣬ȫһǴҲûõֵز
ӳʼʱһֱڣܹܵõһֱڳԼͷ⣬չ顣
ȻⲢǾ˵û⣬ͬҲܺã֮оȳִӳ죬ÿǵȫˣֻ֮ǲһġ
ȻĲ𵽵̫ܹ˵¾֪ǰͬΣǾԲ˺Լˣǲһġ
Ůһ仰˵˳Ĭһ¡
Сʲôµֱ
ǰСﻹ˵ԼȻֱôǸﰡ
дźšã¼ֱǰԼӡ
жԴҲͬЩľȡ
ǰַӦܹ³µĿ֮УſѾ˸ԸΪЧҵĽߡ¶»˽⡪ȻЩùԸʵںò¡
Դӱ϶ԣǲһġ
ܹڶϵͳЩضûȫ֮ǰܹԼֱóĽۣȷЩе⡣
Ȳķô룬ӵֱһ㣬Ѿͨˡ
ֱֻżʱһΣڱҪʱҲܹġ
ֻˣҲȻı⡣
Ůʵ̫ˡ
еӦǿһ㣬һ㣬ҰĲڱصõġ
ϵͳġδһϵս֮УôһʹġԼľִصļ䡣
뵽Ӣ㿡ʵ˳ӣһƬ֮ɫǶαڶʵġ䡱ʱ˼ٿرͻȻصʵ
һ
ûòݵһָֻԼ°ͣ±תͷ֮˾䡰ʲôǣȥӺݵĻӦĸ߰
仰֮󣬲ŸձİʱĿĵĿһڿһСɵӡ
ĪĺȻ֮䱻ػϵһۣȻޡȻըëȥǰʱйλս񽫾ͷ֮ǰһ˲䣬Ȼ֮ʲôʱͶΪʲôӿԼΪ
Ȼһ롪
ֻƯСͷţ΢ļŵ˵ţԲҲ֪
ͨľͲãػ֪ʶѧľ͸ѧϰʱ򳣳ģʱѧϰԼܻܹǵһЩ鱾ϵľݱ˴˼λùϵ
Ҳ֪ܳоݣԼҽܼסŸݵ֣ҲټһЩǱȽرģг˵ľ֮µĿ֡
ȥֱݱ˴˴֮ķλϵġ
ο֮⣬лһ·кܲȫֲ嶫ϱ··ա
뵽µɫøɥ̲סҵԼϵһֵñϵͳеģ
ۼžɫŮȻһģڲǰŸµ޴ʱͻŻŵĿ
ոǻСԼᣬӿǱǿ޵ģ
Ŀһ԰οСްﲻ𡣡
ȻǾ룬һİİ֮С
ڰԣָܹܲ·鲢Ҫ
ΪӾҪȥӺݵһ̣оѾȷҸ·ȵ·ʲôСسǵʱȥѰ·Ĵ㡣СߵⲢ
ֻðû뵽ǡĺ̶ȣίʵʹĲ֪˵βźá
Ĳ֪˵ЩʲôҲֻǶµһ䣺ϳɣǸø·ˡ
Ǳڻû׷ҲʹŻδֱڽšϲ¡֮һ£עᱻ̫á
ȵǸеѪζڸǲסŵʱ򣬷֮˱̱٣Ͼ׮ģ֮漰˶λȨ
ԹٸȻ׷Ѱǵʻ˳ǣҪǱ·ٱ׷֮ǰһЩ·
ȵһйĵطͰ̫ҡУܻᱻѭźۼ
ٸð·»ȻĻһֱż£һβ˺ϵļ£Ź鷳ĺÿȥֱʹ˼ӻġ
Ȼ˵ĳµĵȷȷľǴӴ˼ҡӻ顱ġ
šɫŮͷ԰ġ
ʹ˶£˿̾ԱȽϽİͽİС
ڰ·һ˲䣬ǺȻʲôֶ㲻˵Բ𡣡
ŮЩɵգգ˫ۣЩ֪Ϊ˵˵Ϊʡ˼ԼĴ󣬵ԶضԳ¸еǸ
ǳ裬購
Ű󼸸ֻ£΢΢סһ£ȻӦһš
ҲЩϵĻĲĿ
Ȼ֮䡰㡱С飬׼ж¾ε뷨ֻã治ǡľáˣı㣬˵Ŀ͸
ţǼˣ벻ͨĶ͸ɴ಻ȥˡվԱߵڶԼдݲ˰Сݣķ߹
ȥ֮ǰֶ԰һ䣺ʱֻŸϳ
º˶֮ϳ壬Ӷޣһʻȥ
-
ڸϳƥһƥѵһԣͨʻٶҪϺܶࡣ
ڰӿгٶȵ֮£ԼĪʱֵʱг˴Լ·̡
;·һ˿ڲ࣬ȥǷСǡ
һ۵еһЩȥΪ˷ֱüͷ׼һЩ㹻·ĸ
ȥһµһЩݡ
Լڳеʱǵһµȥôߡ
Ŷ֪ˡԣȵȡÿŰһ仰£𽥱װŵװ׵ѾӦĻ֮ʲô˵ˣֻԼһĹˡ˭ֻдǸҹӸʺȥأ
ֱ͵ػ㱷Ӧ˵֮󣬻˲һһ飬ʵΪʲôݣǲҪȥӺ𣿡
˶ĿĻŸմ˸ͷ̻˻֣ʾ֪ˣ㲻ýˡ
ʵǳԣ޷ǾǷδȻ
֮󾩳ǹٸһ£мΪóܹ̽ѭĺۼ׷鵽ĻҲܹһǹһִ
ֻոձʹӼҪֹͣתˣȻûеһʱ䷴Ӧ
һжǰĴ
صĿ˿ںڹλعս񽫾ȻĿתϡ˵ϣʵ㻹ʲôҪĶһ
ûÿСҡҡͷʾûʲôҪģȥأһҪעⰲȫѽ
ͷĺˣ
-
СĸʴСлʱ껹ĴһϢǾǣ
Ҫȥģʶ·Ӻݵĸôߵķ


8 
ӺȻǱ֮Ϊ߾ຮ֮أʵȴǺܾļݡ
ݾӺ֮Ӻݾڼ֮
ݸպǾ֮ݣԱ㣬ᴩĿطǳ֮ࡣ
֮ΪںӷֽߣΪӺΪԽ࣬Խ򶫷ӸܾǱǾڼݵǰ¿ᵽıؿӺݵļ֮ء
߶߶İһѵ鱨˵֮ºͰ˾¶٣æȥջʱһƺǳӺǱߵ̶˵İ
˭ʵģ
ŶЩǱβ͵èһı鲻¸ЦŮֱӾЦһ˫ÿһ£Ưá
һεĶͶ˿СɵӵĿ⡣
ŷֱºͰ˵˫ЦҪӰԼ޵ĳ嶯ԼղŻδ˵Ļ
ո˵Ӻݵ飬ڳʱϰ̵ݵķӦߡ
뼽֮仹˸ݣǾ֮СǸݣݺ֮ĿҪȥӺݽöˡ
ԣҲ˵ȥӺݵĻֻҪһ·Ϳˣ𣿡ͣ£㲻巽²˲Դ̽ʵ
΢΢ףǶСĻʾͬ
곯֮ϵŮһ䣺ָ𣿡
ţصĵ˵ͷҸоԼѾܹжˡ
ǾͰ·һ°ɡ
˵ţĿ⿴ѸոڳΪ·ø
½ӹݸİ֮󣬰£ãСܲ͸硣
˰Լϵһ۵װ͹ӸĽ۴ȫһת۾ͱͨͨĲ¡ƽ񡱡
ȵڰϵһ˲õĻ䣬ļ»Сƿӣַų¡
̫õƽˤ䵽Ұĵϣڰۼֿһסˤȥ¡
겻ɵЩεĵ˾䣺Сĵ㡣
µһļƣЩɵĴЦݡ
һССģΪҲˤġ
Լ֮ǰΪԼ˳ƽصġ
˵ʲôСִǴֿΪʵ̫棬˲š˰㻰ждڣóȥ˵Ҫ˽ǵ֢Ĳˡ
֮⻹һǣҲ̫˼ȥȥ
Ȼ˵ϵͳ˵Ϊĳ¡
ƺЩʲôȻ飬Ƕ˵ľˡ
ҪûѾ
ԣôôֱ׳ȥʹأ̫ˡ
ڰɿֻסСˤȥ֮´˴ԴСһΰллл㣬־һΡ
Ȼǵҵķ֮£ﲻعһ
֮·һСڳʱȺһ
ȥǴӾСӡ֮ȥȡĶһһͬᡣ
ûٰ߹ĸŻ
ʵбҪߵ޷Ǿ鱦롭
ţ

ŸհѳеĲ͵˿֮еĿɿڴĿŰӳ֮óһѵһǽеǰѵԼ䣬ֽһѽݵС
ֱʱȻ֣˾ȻԭȻ׼ˡ
ĴĿ⣬Ҳ֪óʲôһѡͬʱڵΪߣʹõĽ
̲ס̾һԼֲܼסˡ
Ϊˣʵǡ׵Ĺ֡
Ϊп˵ԼǶݵ֮ҵһ¡
ΪѵĻĿֱƽ·ҲҪŬˡ
ĬĬһԼⲻ뷨ǰѽϣ׼ȥһĳ
ʼڵźԼһξŵİʵǲü·𣿡
ûбҪˡ
ԭʼ֮·ԭǱģΪʶȥӺݵ·
ڼȻĿĵصķǱֱȥˡοղСǵĳʱˡѾҪȥݵġϢ
µͷ˵Ӧһ
ǱȻҪҹ·ûеطϢˡ֮еĻͣϽǳһ¡
šÿŮԴʾûôġ
-
ҹӽĸʱ
Ȼһεֻ˸ϳĻ࣬ص֮Ϣɰϳ
ǰʱ˯죬˫Ưĵۣ˯ȥ
ʱľ֮ȴһš
ֻΪ·ʱᵽЩŨѪ
׳ŵȥĴ֮޶ŵ㱻ʱֵֵûУôʶЩԡ
Ϊһƽ񣬲˽ʲôٴĴ˸æȥ˹ٸ˹١
֮ӭıǾеһƬҡ
ϲµʱζͶ볯͢ȨĹӶ
ҲʹСѪɺӡȨίʵ̫ࡣʱ侩µȵһϵعְĹԱȫҹҹ鰸
һʱ֮䣬鰸ĹԱŭʧȥ˶ӵȨǼеİʹ࣬˵Ȳб֮֮˵޾ŭ˾ǡ
˺һ죬¶ǾʿĴұ˴˼ղȴ˸ȵ㡣
űһ͢ӥȮûв̽ϢݡС
ڳ˾֮Զλñ㳹׶ϵǵҲ׳һ׮
һһµǣڷһ֮󡣵ڶ糯֮ʱʵҪмϱԹʹǽʬ׺˶ԡ
֮£µλյĺүȻҲǽϻıŮֱȥ
ȴ֪ʬ֮ûС¡ˡ
үµʵľ˵Ļ񣬴²⣬ΪɫʢòԱ°Ⱦָ
һʱ֮䣬µھ֮мΪˣλͬŵԡ
ƾʲôǵĺӶˣŮȴֻǲ֪٣пܻţ
ү£ԴǿеıʾԼûӲ֪߳ܵŮȻĽѾۡ¸ף䵽ϵ۹΢һЩ
ȻԶھ֮зЩ߰飬ûл֪ˡ
-
ʱ˰֮ȻǺͰһǵĿĵӺݡ
ڵӺݾ֮Խȥ˾ܹܵõʺͶߵ˲һ
֮е͵͵ĳӺݾʱ򡣺Ȼ֮䣬ͻ
һѵѪɱ󿳵뵽ǰĵط֮Уóϵǰһ
ǵ֮󣬶ȻһܳһȺ׳ʵʹ󺺡
ͷǸҲǲ嵶λ󺺣һۺĿĶųϵͿڵ°˵һСֻڻмһ仰
٣
Ӵ··ƣ
һ䣬ҪŮˣҪСֻҪǮ
˵⻰ʱ򣬴󺺻ĿοЩݵꡣѺ߸һͷˮ

Ҳɻʱ򣬲⣬Ҿ⡣


9 
׳ЩһѾ񿴵鼫Ϊӣĵ׵һıߣȻڴǿСĿ֮³塣
룬򲻹ѵ򲻹ǰһȺͽϼէһۿȥЩ˿£˵۹ȫûĲ˼
ҪõôһȺ˶򲻹ϣʲô佫ʲôֱӸɴ׹Сֵȥˡ
ԣǵ뷨֮У֮Լ彣ûõֱӾǳֿȭİǰһȺ˸ˡ
ûд
ûκģԼٶȣֱӸɷǰʮˡ
һʣǱרʹһȺ׳ֻܹʹ飬ͬʱǳʹ໲ҽҲǾе£һ˲СԼ˫ˮͫ
ԼԱ߼Լһλİе𾪵ʵôܴ𣿡
ϵͳ鿨ٻʼһֱڣһ·ϴʼնǿս𣬼̶ڵĦ£һȺʹȷЩɵۡ
֪ǰںܶʱڱţʱеһڣжٶֳЧʡ
ǶڴǰδӴɳĽ¶ԣСҲͰ⵱һλĻ
ڿƺȫôһ£
ֱʱڵһȥڳ鵽֮ʱϵͳᵽһϵĳƺţĿ֮ܵһ仰
֮ս
ʲô˶ʸġ
ս֮Ѿ컨ݡ
⡣
̤һȺſµģ޺һһſſġʬס棬һ߲ͷ׳һʵ˵һ飬˭С
ңҡ˲İϵġƺšԼæҲС飬ú
󺺵شʱüͷȻ𰸲⡣
ǴӵĴбһ۱ԼڽµλǡɽͷͷЩġ˼С
ҲʶȤ̾˳ĻĿڵǣ˵ĶԣҲ䵱С
֮еµǱһйСĶԻЦˡ
˵֮ǿǱ򵹵·ǺģǵһζԻԺ֮оܹճһģóԷʲôġ
ǾɫŮ¶̿Ц⣬ָ̧ԼĴϣŬڸŲЦҪЩըë
С֮ͬİ𣬻ܹõǳǳģ͵͵ģѹŵЦ
״ɵЩΣƯСһ䣺ЦЦɡ
ҲΪ¾ͺġ
仰Ѹٵҡҡͷ԰һ˫ÿ۾
½ڴȡ£ǳĵۿ˿ߵİڶԷ΢΢ʾ֮ƿ˳
еôңǾͱ˰ɡ
²һڣͣ˽ϵĶ
ʵϣΪ׳һʼ˵һСĻŰ˼ûʲôȤ
ڽУĶ־͸ǽС㲻ϵġ˸׳ĺӾǰսھӪ֮гҲֻܻͷķݰɡ
ĳ֣Ⱥ޺һĺǣʱͳԴķȥ
֮׷һͬɵۣ忴¿Ĵס񶼿췢ֱˡ
Ƭ̣֪˭ͻȻ֮˵һ䣬ɡŮ·ˡ
µòıͺãڼһ˵ĵطǾ˫һݵľЩνĿŮǵǰ˲ᱻе޹⡣
οΪ߾ຮ֮صӺݣԶԻҪӵĶ࣬涼ѣ͸Ҫ˵ȥԼˡ
ԵòԣӺ߱һ䡰άȫ֡
ʱ׵ٿôֱĶÿǵ۾
ȻһвʲôãһȺ˵ˢˢ뿪Ŀ⣬ҲҿŮ·Ůһۡ
תͷȥƯŮһĹ˵ʱ򣬲ٱŵһȺ޺׳Ǵӱ˿ʼһ
֮۽ȷ겻ͻȻعͷϳŽʵĺţҪ뿪
ֻǲŸûʱ򣬱̱ǵסվס
ģһ׺תͷĿȻһȺˣ𣿡
ЦһӲӴٲɣֱӾȫˣֺ£
˵䣬ȥǼܶûȥõĲڵϵĴ󿳵а£֮һ֮䣬͵Ľವһƿ֮󣬸ոձγĿֱٴαУҲø롣
ſûµģ١
˲ͷתһ²ӣ˫ָֽȴһڣ·ҿˡ
һ˲䣬˫ʱ
ԭٵСε֡
ӺݣԴһǺ˽⡣˵ʲôõϢ¶ҲˣȻĻ
ûаѺĻ˵ȥĻǱ֮һ˭ܹġ
˵óϢܻҪȻĻ˷֮£ǾֱӼȥɡ
ڻ֮Щɽ֮еĴһ¿ˮС׵ĵͷʡ
һ׳ǳĸɽͷĸկɽϵļֻͨСආӪկܹ֮жɽܱߵشжٸͷӣ
Ӻ֮Ҫĸɽͷĸկ·ʱһֱ˼⡣
ԭǰǶߵȫ˽⣬ܵﻹҪ໨һЩʱ鱨̽ڡȻһԼֳ鱨һӾʡ˲ٵ˼
Ȼһǰɽ˵Ļȷʵе㻳Ϊ˵ľȻǡ
ʵֵܼɽͨ񡣡

Ĵһʺš
Ȼ˵߾ຮ֮أǻű뺷磬ν뺷ӦҲڱ뺷һͨƽܳɴ¡ɣ
׳شɵó˳ǣ껹סҪ²۵ĳ嶯ʵأ
ɫѣһֱӰѵԼ׳ѸٻشһٽܱڵķկֻһкڷկԼĪˣսɱ飬û˸ȥǵ鷳
˵ʱķֺӵȻЩüʵں£
ָ̧ǰѱԼеĿҿ⵶ҲǿжѽѪءѪˣô˰ɣ
һ׳ʱе˼ɶѪš

ɱɱİ
Ĭһͱɱ˵׳ɵС˵ЩӢ𣿡
ûлش⣬ɫ˼ʲôһöŮʳһ⣺أΪһͨƽΪλ·٣
˵ĺȻ֮ӵ¡
Ϊ̫ÿԵʣȥ޺
µʻ֮׳ȻûôˣǸæصá
ĻŸմ˸ͷͱ˼Ļعݺݵĺһ˭أ
ŶŮ ̸Ŀڣ߷ǳ֮죬ŮֵĲʲôˣڴ·ҲȫȻԻģǵǰȥĻȻԤڷկȺɱ˼Ѫ׺ݵɽ
Ƣ̫õ굱Цһԣ˼ǣǣΪǺˣ
Щ˵ţҪҪҹмǵĴ°
еĴû̻ػߵһ˶Щݵ˻صҲͨˣðŵȺɷɽΣգӺݵ˲ҪǱߣһѵһʲôҲⰡ
ǿʶ
µԺֹ֮ļ֡
⽲Ըǿǿ̻֮ŮŮ˴ӣپ٣ȻѾˣֺαظԼһøеأ
ǸͨˣûʸʲôԼ¡۽⿴˿Աߵģֻƿһ˿İĿ֮У̧ۣŶ׳еΪߣڵ
£ֻԽðϵ飬ڣȥǿ˵Ǹڷկ·֮󣬽֮һʹ
仰Ļһ䣬һȺӶʱɫ˵ţ
Ůȥڷկ
԰Ⱥ׺ĺܣ˸ҹȥʣġ
ֻǴ·ôһȺ˱³ģû֮ǿİ΢΢ü
Ȼ󣬺ͨһֻʼͷ嵶׳ųϵֱֱȥҴȥ
ˣԣԸ䣬ǿɷҵֵǻȥָӵһֱңֻҵĻѡ
硪
üغôһ֮վ̲סˣ˵𣿴·ĺƵģֲ·ͰɱҲزһȺ˿޿ĶĲİ
仰֮󣬱㿴Ǹ硱ЦһӢۿܾңֵܸո˵ȥ˺ڷկʣǿţʵ
ǺڷկկǺͱ߾ĺᡪ˵İ
׳仰һ䣬ڵİͳµͬؾͱɫ


10 
һС֮ķΧһӱ
ӢȻǲһƬ⣬һֻ΢΢̧𣬸ĵһֱǳ֮ȾЩŵīɫʲô籩
˫ֽ߬סֱ֮
ǳֶЦԼС¶Щ׹⣬Էâˡҧҧأ֮гŵʹޣ
˶ǶԺʹġ
ǵ磬˷ֱպںˣ߾ȻٲҪͺս
Ϊ֮عȻ˵ĹҶҪͼжԼĵ̣ˡ
ԹͬˡڶսµͬʱҲֳѹЩͼðԭĺˡ
սʱڣʧȥţ˴սϣ˴˹ͬš¡һ󵰸⡣
ʹڲأսٲݣ֮Ҳһδͱ˴˵ܹ״һµĹʶ
Ǿ̱߾ǰԭð
Լ˺ԭڲ飬ɲЩӲ֡Ǹͼ˷һǾʱͣңȸɵЩ˵εĶ
ǰǵļҹԹǿʱǳġ
ԣˡ硱س佫ҲԲܹܵ˺ԭҡ
οҪΪչӪصλҡ
Ǳ˸űܵӪ̫ԲԼĳˣ
󣬰˿׳˵Ǿɽ֮һźÿСͱɷףšок졭¡
̧Լֻû֣òŮͷϣȻǿǴһɱİοС¡
һոձϢ÷ŭͷҲعæοȻ¶е־£ԣǧҪ¡
һ䣬ҧгݣΪܿͲٴˡ
κηԭߣԵ
ͬ年ͽ൱
仰ʱ򣬰Ȼǰ¸ֶһϽϳٵġͨƽеĴ磬ͬԼһϳ壬Լĵָ֣·
֮Ǵ󺺳ԥţòײһŲʱ򣬰ֲһ䣬ĵ
ôһ˵һӾöԷЩţĿİһ䣬áõɶ
ֻ䵭Ŀһۣʻȥ㲻Ǻ𣿡
Ŷ´ˣŵԼһ㰲ȫС
Ȼ˵ֻҪһ뵽ԼҪȥڷկоͺްȫУֻʣ¾ֻ˰
׳ǹԹԵ˰ĻȥԼĴ󿳵Ȼ󡭡
ʱʵ˼˺ü¶ûγ
龰𲻽Щһʱʧ
Ϊʵ󲻳ⶼ˷Ѿĺĳ·ġ
֮󣬶ڴϼСһεһְβʵڿ۵İ̲ס߹ȥһ̧־Ͱǿ˳ݵ󺺵к»ص֮ϡ
󺺸ϽĸϰĽŲԭֵ˵ĵ֮ûȥ£ݲݵ˵һ䣬æ˳һˣҵʱ䡣
˵Ҳ֪ΪʲôҲûдߴ֮ǰλ׵СɾȫһʼնƽоǾҪǵǰλɽ¶ˮ꣬ǺҪԶԶıȵλСɾҪĿµĶࡣ
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ϳ·ϣӸ°һ˽Ǻڷկܱߵڽأֱԭ翤¤ͱؿ
ǰֵڴ·ٵλԭܺڷկȺĿ֮УΪһԱȽƫλãȻҲǿ־ڷկġƽﻹܺڷկȺ
ֻҪԼȥǱȫűϵġ
ҲˣǲŻڴ
ӺݼλõǱؿǺڷկڱؿͬٽļ¤мλáͬʱҲǱǻɽѹӵݵġ
ǣ˵Ӻ֮뺷ԽԽ䣬ΪΡ
ǲķʳƿ׳ܹøһЩϾԼͰˮƽҪһͨˡ
¼ʵңɽ׶ԣغڣعԱѵȫܵ𣿡
ҡҡͷǲ֪ؿжǴǰȷͣǴӼǰǺڷկկϺˣһ·ɱؿУڳСʳ⣬˵ʱ˲
ż֮ԶЩطĿؾͶǺڷկƨҷţ챻ɱֵԼ
ǰ׽Ǹɲ֣ƯСﲻҧҧ´¶ǱƺǻȻɫ
ǵñ˶˰
緢׳嶯͵ӽ¡ֱ֮Ӿһȭҵ˳֮ϡ
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еôĶŵ¸Ͻȥץ֣ûѪ߶Ųϧ꣬㲻ҪѽôӲ˵ô죿
ǿĳԼСЦЦ¶һȿ޻ҪѿЦݣûµģҲۡ
һ뵽Щ˵ͺ޵ҪɱˡΨǵѪܹƽϢԼŭܹ˵޹ʹʹأ
ΪĶŮϺˣΪһ
˺ЧʳˣΪһȣǸ
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Ǹָ·ĺӣһ˴ʻ˽ʱ¤ؿĹ·ޡ
ԭʵǸʱĻӱޣܣǿԽʱġ
ֻӹںķѾҪȥɽͷģ뱣ԲŲȡһ첻ٶȸ
ͣ£ָһǿǰǺܽʵңңһξɽ
ǱǱߴɽɽǺڷկˣڲǳȥӵӣӦ˶ɽϡ
䣬ЩԥĿʵλӢۣġҪȥ
еĵ֮⣬³ļ򣬡ģ㺦µĻϽȥɡ
ϵ²߰ɣϻȥٶȿԿһ㣬ҲܸӰȫһ㡣ңֵǻڵ㡣
ƥ֮ӦûʲôõˣΪԣҲϡٵȫҲŵڶƥ־
֮ǰӺݵ·ϣ͸˵ƥȻܺã֮ǰ֮ңѾٵĸˡܹսӡ
ܹ⺺ӿ㡰ӳֻŵһһĻҲǲѡˡ
һĻ٣ֻ˵֡߰ɡ
Ǳþʹ˸Ͻȥ⿪ϵǣѸ뿪ĺȴû̶ǡͻȻ˳
ûֱӱ˵ĻжĿ˳¡
ֵĺӿ޵øˣң֮ǰǣȴǰӣҡ
һ߲Լᣬһʵ˵Ż
´ûмһֵ˿޿ģҲ֪ʲôûǺΪʲôһӾͿ޳ƯСﲻЩãȻ޴롣
󣬽Ϳӿ˿ֿ˿֮˵ңͬһȥ
ͻȻ֮䷢ԼĲһħһȺˡĺֻöǰ˵Իر
һʱжͷĺͷһȣ˲Ϣ֮䣬ӰԼһľ
ӵʼϲһ仰ɵе㷢¡
Ŀһʵȷ
仰֮󣬰ٿЦһ£ֱһ̣ۿӣ˾䣺еѪԺ͹
ֵȻҪȥǱĵ
Լסһ£Ƕ²֣ı㡣
ŰԼǰɱֽ˽ʿˮң֪ˡ
ƺѾ˾ģֻ΢΢˵ͷҲû˵ʲôĶ
ϾһδմѪˣҲֻܹ㵽
תͷվߣֹʲôòŮµԺߣ粽Ҫ뿪
ԭմǰδ֪ڷկֻǼƻҪһɽկռɽΪʱļƻӦһ˵ǹƥϷկֻ𱣻²Ҫˣúõɡ
ƻб䣬ҿڵ״̬ȻǱ¸ӣֻʣҪɱȺĶ
°½ίʵоò̫ȣԻҰСԼš
仰һ֮û˵Ҳ£ðҪ
ڹؼʱ̣ǺܹӰԼ֮Ĳൽײ˶ٵġ
ˣԤɽկɱĸһ߿ʼǱߴɽȥ
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ʵϣɽ·ϣһ˽еĺ˳
ںڷկٽ忤ġԶƽ˸üͷʵͲ˵ɭϣǼֱɢĲɢ
ɽŵʱ򣬸ҲֻôСèСһֻûжֱ֣ӾǺӰѼ˼ˡ
Լչߵµɱ˳ĻͰ۾ϡ
Ȼ˵պҪϤ־ġ
ɫŮҡҡͷңҲµģ
Ŭ˵ţɱĸͲʲôˣʳ˵Ĺ
һͻȻЦһ¡
ͻȻһЦеţһµ»صţôˣ˵ʲôֵĻ𣿡
񣬵ܺá
ڰ˵˵䣬ѾźӰѼССϺϣ껹йƵʬüţ˲о򷢺
֮ǰȣôѾûˡ
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ڱɽŵֱӾͱ͵ؿûлϻ㱨ɽկԵʣһһ·ɽеķǳ˳
һֱɽկĴţûбկ˷֡
һ·ϣʼûгһ֣ȫ̿ɱɱɱʱʱĺҲϼͷ
ֱ̤ڷկеһʱۿɱЩʳһ˫ŽѾ΢΢󣬰ʵ侲𣿡
ࣿǺԹ˸Լը
ǵһۣȻǻˣڴ˴ɡ
ȥկʣµЩ
ƲƲ죬Ҳ֪Чʵķ
ٶɱˣмеĸ֡
һ·ɱԼĪаңҲɱˣҲͳŴصս˰֣ȥȥɣһ㰡
뿪ʱ򣬻һλӡ
ǳʲôԭֻǾСˡڵĻ֮Ǳ߲鿴ϵͳ
ϵĻžɱɽկ֮еһλɽǱ߾Ϳյϵͳɵ֪ͨ
ߣյźկдֻҪ˱һ⣬ȫĵ£ʬײϵĶѻ
ɱˣúŻ𣬰Щʬȫյ
һߣºǱߡ
ڰһ뿪֮ȥһԼʬ崦һӳ⣬ľȡ𣬺ò˵յٶȻʱͶʱ˸ǽǶ̱αװ㡣
̱֮ǰ֪е﷭һӣʱעԼĳδ׸ɺԵѪҪճ棬ڵ档
֮ɱôʳҲ侲ˣҲ˶˵꣬ûñָǸģ߶š
ã˵Ŷܰʣµȫꣿ
㲻֪ûϵҲ֪ǿԲǱȱ˭µĸ׼ȷѽ
˵֮ҪôأǰĴ㣬ӦֱӱѹɽֱΪ£֮˵һʹˣΪЩ˸ӼƻȫˣһȺɱǧ

˵ôûǲСĳʲô¶ɣ
ੲݵĻ֮Уɫͷʢʱ֣ҹĻٵİʱ̡
仰ո֮ºĶ߶ʱһϤĵ
⵽°ΪµһأǷҪ̽Ȳ鿴
һϵͳ߶ĿҪ˯ŵƯŮһ˲˹ֱӣȴᶨȷϵ
ǡ
лҪ˵е£ͷ°ǿռòŮ
ʵʵ£˴󵱼


11 
»£͸ĴŮǰ¶ҳ
񡪡£
һӵһԼء
ܣ۵
ע۵
ϲӺݱߴɽڷկΪ֣ӵ¹еĵһء
Ѿһλϸ̤һˡֻӵеػǺСģԻŬȡճΪ۰һ
ʮ飨سһ￨ѷţ
ȣɣ
ȫչǰ֮󣬽ϵͳĻеԼʵ
һɣǷҪг鿨
񡣡
ҡҡͷܾϵͳһѯʡ
ڵʺϳ鿨ɫɰδһ
ǣڷկ֮Сɲˡλ֮ǰΪǴ·ĺӿڸŰģȵʱǱƾ޶˵ð¶̫ý͡
Ȼʱ鿨ºҲеģͱ硭ڷկ֡
ߴɽɽôկʵǸһʻţϵĸо
ֻˣºǰһ̱ͬڵãһ鶼òôһֻ飬Ļˮƽͨһ˰Ҳûеóʲôֱ֮ӷԱߴɽıߴΪɽկ
ڶɽկ֮󣬰±ԼСĶãǿһ£ȻҶЩ˸Ƶһײ̫ףҶбɶǵ
֪ԼΪ̫ãںһ̸ֽĳֽ˵š
ǡƯŮĻǻ˵һӷζĻǴµĿ˵ȴֻܹ޵ζ
С޵Ļ̲סһЦ¶һСЦݣ²ҲǣһĨÿЦ
-
ԼĪֹȥ˰ʱº˵Щİ𡪡ѾɽկеСʳ˹ȨȴٳδʵиеЩҪȻһȥҰʱľ϶⣬ŬοԼüͷСнŲڳ
ʱæָ֣ſڵķ򣬶µ㿴ⲻǻ𣿡
еǣЩ˼ڶĴ˵ĻӦҪϰĵԵʡ
Ե̧ۿſڵʱ򣬸պþǼ̤ż
ĿıüϤĿԡѪϵ۲¾ѪȾ죬ҲմŵѪ
һᶼûʲôȥǵ֮Ķɲ
ס𡭡
ȥֵƯŮʱİθߣ𽥱΢š
Ŀ˵һ˲䣬µɫǰһƬ
ͬ԰Ϊλɱ˺İٶ˵Ĳأǰ²֪Ҳû⡣
֪ˡ
ֻ·ǰֱԼȾѪ̫٣ҲԲǺܶ࣬е£ǸңɼľС
ǰĿȴ˶ɺģһ⡣ƽйϵɱ֮ƺҲȫѾΪʵʣ˼˱Ψֱ֮
׻ŵˡ
Сһźÿ˲ò԰ףȥ˺ѪɫвȻһ֮顣
ʵҲʰһԼ֮ٻµġ
ʵûʱȣˣЩֻǣСǷ£¶ˡ
ڿһɽĴ󵱼Һ󣬰̸æɽ֮ǰŪһ·ϵʬ壬֮Ҳ˲ԼݣϵĻصºڡ
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ԣһԡѪµķ򣬶ڻ·ʱѴõĸ壬㲻ء
Ļδ˵꣬㱻һȥ
ȽðȵǣѹƽɤԴԵ׺ߣ΢еݶͻ˲ŵ¡
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ʱڻʱһ·Ҳ˸ɾ
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ԣһΣϡʵҲǷĲ
ŮЩ㱵š
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ڿʱĳסѪȾĵ䣬һӣƯĵ̲סӯӯˮתСȻһŴᣬִһСʵ۲ۣ
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Լļлϵͳһݡδļ֮Уƺûȥ⡣
˹ģ˶ֻʤǸ
̳İǾ͵ĺǰгʦݵսֻҪаڣعԶܡ
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վҲֻһӣȻŲܵİȻսҲͬ˻
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ǳԶԵáСˣôҲǴصǸսˡ
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̫ǿˣǿʹʵҲҲǸͨˡ
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뵽кȻһĪҲ˵ʲôĸ飬ЩµĻš
ֻ΢Ƭ̵İѾǻع񣬶˵ţ£ֻ·˸ӣδ˼Ƥ⡣
ΨһһϵĻڣҲΪһѱɽͷ͵ϮӷڵλӲ⻮ƣԷͱˡȫ̿˵޾ա
ô˵СȴǲȫȻĻ
ǰӺݵ·ǰСķԼˣȴϵľб佫ǶԼ鶼̸ܶ
ŮŰ½ǵֲΪ·߬ס󣬶΢΢ͷսȥƿһ֮µƤһֻȥѿĲϣȷֱ֮û˿һ֮ſԼ֡
̶òŮͲ԰׵ɫӰ֣һδʱϴŵĵѪζһϵѪζŨصʵ¸еʡ
״ɵ̾˿Ǻοࡣ
괹ŮĿֵͣһ䣺ҺԸͬˣ㡣

Ȼǣôоң
һ仰ոջð˶ûеʱ;Լɵ
ڰϵˣΪʲôҪȥϧɱԼġˡ佫֮ϧҲʱġ

Ҫһȫû壬ںʲôֻڳһʵĻƷըëʱִյĽŲ
һദ˼Ĵ׳Ӱ룬̶ϤĴ
λӢۣŮҵˣ
һɽ֮󣬱Ϊ˸ʱӿ첽İŲĺӼĺš
ˣ²ЩãȻգգۡΪʲôûлȥɽկɽյϵͳʾѾȥʱˡ
ƯŮţȻǰ˳
һԡѪſڵķüĿ䵭ʵΪλûȥ
ֻ׳ذŵȾѪĴ󿳵ڵϣصĳ֮ǰദʱ֮Сλߡµķ£ĿȴڿʵΪǿİ
ңӢۻ죡
ȻȫǰһŮֳͬһŮΪϾʲôˣоָо⼸˾ԲһĹˡ
Ӻٽı߾ຮ֮أܺڷկٽ忤˭
ģǰⷽճ˺ڷկһҲͬѾ㹻Ҫȥǻ죬Ϊϴˡ
ǡֵܣǶ˵ܲѽ㲻ǻԼֵڵȡ˺һ֮ȿڵ˼ȲҲǰ𣬶˴˿һξ룬ͬʱҲ뺺Զ
ֻΪĶֻתгƵ껰˵һȻ֮ת˸ΪˣʵҲǺܲ㣬ǼֵĻҲǲܿǣֵһҲԵġ
Ȼ֮ô˿ڷ絹ΪģǾڸոյһ˲Ķϵͳǻеĵǵ
񴥷ʼطΧӵ
ǷҪ̽鿴


12 
ֻ˵֮£ȻǲֱӾʹϵͳ鿴ġʹȫܿϵͳĹǵ桢ȥ֮еȫ壬䵽ԷƺԵúֵ顣
㲻ãֱܾӱԷвˡ
ֻȻ²鿴ҳ棬Ҫ˵ĻʵֻϵͳıѾ㹻ˡ
ʣµûֱӷųݣʵ˽һ֮ⶼǼߡ
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ԣı⣬Ҳ˵ǻҪȥҸɽկиŮ֯ɷߵıʿ
ʱ򣬸ոջ⺺ܻǴܶ಻ʱͿе˳
ƶǼСȵĴڡΪٵɽͷӡ»һȺ˶ѵѵҲܹСܡ
Ȼ˵ǰھãǰѶԷھӪ棬ҲǸͷӰɡ
ǲҲǵÿʲôطǰǻԼĹʹڵʱ߹֮бڶǿԹľΪ׼
һ׵Ļ⺺ȥʮˡ˭ȱأ
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ǵʶԣʵҪЩ˶֮е඼ҪǿϺܶࡣ
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ߵǵȱˣĶӵٶҲûá
Ҳ޿ȵġֻҪʶЩԼеĲɴܵĶǲͬеǰǿʵֽϻ㲻ϡ
ֻһһܹĹ֣Ȼ˶־塣
ӱˡԼɱǿ󡢲սʤɽľѾǲͬն
ЩֵǿϵϧֱɺתݽյʵܹǰҲ˵׼ʱ£ģѵ֮ʱһѲСӾͳˡ
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Ȼ˲£ǴһʼյǾ仰еġֻҪǮơٵ֮˵ԼϵѪɼҲǸﻵ͸ˣȫҩɾȵˡ
ҲеԸԼ֮ıֵǵһ
ԡҲпȡ֮ɡ

ô˵ӶʱϲѣּһԡѪ࣬žյŮ΢΢ͷæӦͻȥѯҵֵǣ
һ仰ȴûɽȥǺܡ¶ķֱ˷ֱߵ˸ͷǰɽͷϣСһݣ
ͷʺΪʲôԼǶ磬ΪĩҪǸڰ淢֮ǰѾѸٵܳȥˡ

˶Ѿˣֻ˵Щʲôأ
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ܣΪһ֮δһ֮֮ôûԼİأ
׻˵ûǺõԣڿŬʱʹӵаŷɣ
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ڱĸ֮ĵ4 ˼ʲô
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ɻΪʲôǲ㰡ѵϵͳﶼ𣿡
ô˵ŮϷʡȫû²ʶ²

û뵽֮껹ԼԼһӾͳĬˡ
˵⻰ǰôֱӾͶ˵ĳȥעᱻڵƤĦҲȻҪ塣
Ȼڿڵˣ¡ôôأԼѡȻǹҲҪȥˡ
ǣСһʶĻ˵ʱת˸𣬾ˮ԰ʵôô֪öൣ𣿡
ָָ֮£һƽɱʬȥˡ
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Ϊʲôôǣ·һӵĴ¶ˣȻǰжɣ
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Ͼɽկ֮꣬󣬲ʲôùܣֱӾӼ־ˡ
ȻѾǻҪԴͳƣʳƥٻֱկеһЩƱڵǣկûһöȫɱˣʱ䵹ʡȥͳ˿ڵһ鷳
ˣЩҲǲٵĹˡ
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峿³ʱ򣬰Ȼɽկææµˡ
ȥֵΣȻĵͼ飬ʱ̵һضȽС
կзֽʣȥѰɽկʳͽƱĿⷿʼկе
Լϵֽ²˼Լʲôôɴš
ǱߵæﲻϣŮɽկ֮˴Ȧ֮ҵĴʳĿⷿλã׼һддǼǡ
ֻ֮ⷿ·ߵеķǳ˳ȫûʲôҪĵط
ڽųԵʣһḻ̵ĸסԣǱȽġ
Ͼս֮ʱǱδС
Բſ¹ҪԼæһţһҲǺ²С˵ֻ¾ԼûãǱҶߺϤȵһȥͳƲʱٰҰɡ
ô˵µͷӦһá
ʵô˵ҲȫȻڰο£ȷǶͳƲƱ鲻ó
ȻԼݵһΨһһսǴܣǺôҲǽųĸСӣս֮Ķ˵£Ƕ˵Ѷȡ
˭ΪСǰʱûӴֶأ
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ʱ¶ʵĳЩϲͨġǸʱڸûô໨ڵ鱦
˰ԼƱѣʹĲ֪ٴץͷ֮Ҳܲˡ
ӲƱ̽ͷһضµãҾҪһ˷ҪûеĻҸͷʦҲԽ͡ʵҲֶܲˣ
ſհ˱¼·һ䣬ȥĶң
Ҳ֪ڲƱҪɢ˫Ŀųȵȡ
ǺȻ֮ʲô˲ȭûһƣ鿨
ϴεûãڿԳ鿨
˵۾һӾֻҪ˳ʲôܽˣЩһӻˮʹˣ
Ҿá仰̧̧ͷԥ⻰Ƿᡭ
˧ԴЩִ򲻹ң
Ҳ˵˵ƾӺãһһӻˮ
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ŶáºƢӦһϵͳĳ鿨ҳ档
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֤ŷʱ̵ʾ鿨ǻһõƵģһλҵķĻܵȫգʮ˱еһ￨⣬ȫǿտӴ~
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ǾõŮְ̧Ǹʮ顱ַ
ϲSSRսԣ
ϲũĶ4 ޻ʮ
ϲ鼮ĸĲ
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ת˲䣬ŹâȥµĿ֣ϵſĻзɳһһûڿᣬ￨˳ŵһҳ￨Ǵһҳʼſ
ֻȻ˵ſƵֻһ˲䣬Ϊž佫Ǹÿȫˡ
ԼոռΨһһ￨ƵϽǣɵеʧһ䣺Nһͨ
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13 
仰ƯŮ˳䣬Ҫô˵
ʵµǲʲôNNģֻҪǳ￨жһ𾴺͡һġ
ϾǶܹԼʷֵˡ
ʷǺ֮£
ԣСʵ˵ţʲôĿܶܶѽ
ôһأϿܵġ
һʱ죬ֱӴ٣ȻڷӦԼ˵ʲô֮æֹסǡû˵
˵û˵˼껰ٴֹס
ֻһ;ϣ㲻ý͵ģ֪˼
ӵ֮˵Ů΢΢һ˫һ˵ţңҲͨ
ܹڶݵ껪֮Уˣôܻͨմأ
һϻһѾֵĺøٶˢ˸һ¥
ڻ֮Ůתͷ˸ոձԼµġ¡
һϮɫݣЩ
Ŀһƽͣٿ־Щ䣬һŵʣ꣬ű˾λʿ
µĿԼ΢΢֣ʩʩȻһҾţµڼ
ֳֻˣո˵Ǿ仰ԼڼȻֱܹóǰȥֵСٻԼ
ڼôһҲе¸ˣϾ֮ǰ˿ɶû֡Ƚڡ
ֻתһ룬ʿĹƺҪӶһЩ
ڷӦ֮¸æҲͬһʵҲǶûǸоƺѾúİĹ
СֽԼָ֪¡
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һӵ⻰ѾŵڶαԼٻĳ¾Լϡ⡱²ʶ˳һε˼·˼ǶԼڼʵѵǰҲ
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ֻҳԭ磬ʷдģһλͳһµľա
ڼ仰ʱкȻһ⣬ĪһֲõԤС
ϾͳһµվϾ֪ǰˡȺºĹʹԹ޹ϵĺܻԼǷ֮ѪӿȻ
ȻڼֻһšͨͨNȴȻͬš˵ϲ˵һһ롱ȫ˶еͨ
˵֮ûټ⡣
ǻһת½һȻڱģʵȴôô˸еףΪȰ˵ҽܣֻһNѧʶƽƽûʲôŻ಻ƼıȻΪЧͣҲΨ
˵ӣһǫģ˵ƺǰҪõĻûг֮ʲôҪ·ԸĻڼֻġ
ļڼͬΪߵԵʣǾĿǰ忡ӣ˵Լġơ롰ȱ㡱ʱбһĪ˵徿ʲôĲԡ
оڼˣܵġ
ֻоǸо¸˵ԭ򡪡Ȿûԭ򣬼ҲûʱΪ
ڼڼһĻ֮ʱӶ߹ߣ˾䣬ⲻ𣡡
ֱ̧ϼڼļһõ̬һִСܵһǼޣȴµ񽻸㣡
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ڼǱհײӶһڿǰ涼дʲô£ִʣɨۺ㵭Ȼ±ʡ
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עĵļڼʲôأԼûõֿԺֻһ£ҳֳʱϵͳԶǲͬ֡
Ȼ˲ᣬȴѧϰµġֿʼ
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ΪԺûͣ¹ҲǿСɵӶԴ˾Ϊˡ
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뿪֮󣬲żڼһ䣬ӣССһֻԼǽǣ֮ĬĬĺϵͳԼĿٳ
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µдĸˣߵ˵ǡ⿴ⲻ˾ϵͳгҪԶǰŻԵ֣
һƽƽNµƢҲǺܺã롣
ܽᣬûˣɡ
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šץŮͷЩ˼˵ţҸղţûп档
ϵͳĻֵ̫죬۾ʵǸϡ
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ţһʼûӦڼ˵ʲôµգգֱۣӾĿƵݸӣ԰
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˵Խɣ˼֮ǰʱһ䣬С⵹ǲѲ£֪ڵõ׼ǰ£ڳ鿨ʱǿԿõġ

ڼȥӸոСݸԼĿƣǾҪʱȴͻȻ˻ȥ
ŮĿƽͣڼڼע֮£ҡҡԴǡ㲻Ҫᣬĺ͡ҿԺ𣿡ȷԼԷͷ֮Ҳǲĺ㿴ǡ
ǸողŷӦڼſϵĽдôֶƺҪ˵Ļ᲻ѹ
Լˣһ˽һıʿ྿ôǿС
µĽͣٿЦһ£ʵҶԼĿ۶ܹԤЩΪҵǡ
ô˵²С̵֣̽İѿƵݳȥ
ڼֽӹĿֻɨۣ㽫µݻȥ¡
ѿƻԼô죬͵ʱȫһȻڼԼҪģǿ۹Ȼǻ᲻̫ĵİɣ
Сżڼһţûʲô仯ʵȫû仯ɫСﲻͼ԰ο˵ЩʲôȻҲǺȷԼ˵ʲô˵һеݣǧǧŹ絴ȫڳ
СԼ۵ҪӦı飬ڼɵһʱȤζĶŪСϾʲôˡ
ֻģչϵͳϲв֮ʿˣȻܴ
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ȻǣСѾͷ㶥ôһ˵Һÿһѹġ
лҪ˵ϼֲ빤˳Ļ
ԴѰѧʶƽƽûвŸɡ
Դ仡Ҳɻ


14 
ʷͷһΪԷҲŵֻܹòļڼɵЩƿԣ⵼Ĳ֪˵ʲôľȫһɵģҲֻ¶һЦǻӦ¶òĿ佱
΢ЦٽҲ֪ĺ͵ʷģʷкܶɵӣȫűúģĺǧҪġ
ƯŮ´˴˫ˮͫ˲ë´һƬÿӰҲ΢Щȴøᣬ˵ţҡȻϵͳ˵ĺͺͨȴãĺʷϵ֣ʵӦԵĲŶԡ
֪ڼʵϻľͲʲôͬԼ˵ļ֮Ů˵š
С仰ǰ΢΢ĿЩû뵽ô˵
ڼĿԼϣֱֻȫ˵ԭŮ̵ͷԴææֲһ䣺ĺͲҪΪʲôŮӵֱǲԭ͵
ڼδ˼ʲô
ĳ̶ֳС⡰ֱȷΪȷںɵ͡
ڼʱڲֻ֪ʱһλʿзһĲܣ֮ǵ˲֮ʱҲûʲô
һֱͬѾǸϢõ䣬ſʼŪ·ƣԼΡ
˺£չٰ̫ξλ
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˵ʱŵͣҲǷĴܿ˵Ŀ⡣
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ڼȻ֮;ãƺǿʼе˼ˡ
ˡʲôҵӡʿƺĶԽͻԽ
˵ţС̧ۿǰ꣬ҷڳ鿨ʱг鵽һ鼮ҿ԰ĺ𣿡
һ仰СȻǶԼڼ˵ģϵͳ
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Ϳһҳһ˵￨ɲһǣʿһҳֳĵʮӣͬʱʮſ¸ղų鵽űĩҳһſңſϽǷֱдSSRSRN
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һҪǿǣЩʿһԵģ棬ֻҪ֮󣬿еĿƱʧ
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Ȼ¸ʾɡ
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ȻϵͳĿ֮д಻һóܾˮ֮С
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˿ֶΣֱӾһݺ󻼣ֻλʱƽеʷϵη岻ѵɱĳ
ڵõͬʱﻹ׵һǡǡǴϵͳиСġ˻󡱡
ʮҲҪ֪ϵͳʮ֮Իᱸעسһ￨ΪʵͣףȻƭΡȣǹҵ
أʮſƺһĵʶûУSSRƷʵսԣ֮Ըһƥõս佫Ҫ޿ɵģǵʱΪbugսȻ˵
RƷʵĶ4 ޻ʮһӾͿһĶأҲȫµĻڷյļܹӵаǧ޻ٻ֮Ķ¿ԼԼ°չģһࡣ
NƷʵǱҲˣһʱҲòϣټһڼĸεģʮļֱѪ׬
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ԣһȻŷѪͳµѯ֮£Ҫ֤Լǲŷ޻ļ̳˵ϵͳ˻Ӧһ⡣
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ΣԽԽ˼˰
ʿš
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á
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΢һ֮ͣ󣬼ڼµķСҪײͷ顣
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ߵſڵʱһٶȣֱӷɱȵ߽ʱ²ŷҲͬһ顣
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ȵͣʱٶһ²ŷЩԡ
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һ룬еݽµϣұǵݣȻͻȻ֮۵ײ쿴дʲô
ȫûע⵽Լд˶ٲ۵˵š
Ͼ˭ӸݻҪȥ۵ײѲ˻˾ʲô
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֮ǿ·ҳסҳһǵ֣ҲƲס΢΢
ʱ䣬ֻоԼǻ𶯣ָ֪оǷߺޣǲƽǾĶŮڹѪ֮е黳һΪ˵ġࡱӵеС
ע⵽²ԾǼڼȥӼǵһʱͰСеǱ˲˳ɨӼۺɫϿʲô仯ΪֹҲһ侲ĽⱾ˲½ϣա
ԼСɫףѾʶҳĶе⡣
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嶯귴ӦҪĸһЩֻ㿴һҳۣɫ˲ͱüΪѿ
ЩĽⱾ˲˳ȥصӵǽϡʱ˲мһ룬˲Ҳɢ档
Ⱥ۾һӾͺˣôҡôҡ
ͺ˹ᣬѹԭңѧëѪй˿ڣֻˡɹ ΪҲΪˣ
ҧǰôֱӵɱǣ̫ˣ˰ɥ֮ͽ͸ȥعĳ̣֮
һǽڣǽһǳǳӡӣĿ׺ݣɱ¶ҪǶˣ
飬ƢԸ¶ܲˣСҧ´˵һ䣬ܷŹǡ
䣬̧ͷ˫Ƿˮ¶ǰδйļᶨ۵ȼһĨ˺սԭĵǻŴһ⣬һһʳ˺²ɱ
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15 
ǷҪ̽鿴
ϵͳһѯʣȻǻشһ䣬ǡ
һ룬͸ϵͳֻ֣ȴЩ֣ġ
֧һ˲¶1 
ܣĺң밲⡣
Ĳɽ̻֮ģԽ˵ɱʳΪΪ٣д˾٣硣ʹˣҼһ޹ꡣ»ɱĿһͳƣԺʾ
ע˲¶1 汾Ϊָ֮ԶΪ2 档
ÿʮʳ˺˽һγ鿨ᣨ1 汾ΪصĿʮһҲ׵ıسһ￨
ȣó鿨ᣨ0 
ϵͳã˲¶ֵ1 汾˵ֱǰ׸
֧ͬ񱻴ʱϵͳĴݿǻȼʵжϸĸġŻߡ
ڵ״ȥͲֱֹۣ˵ǺᡪֻôһСɽկܱɽΪϼӪأε֮µûмżλϵͳڳġ¡һڣȻֻֿ
Դݸжĵ1 ָ׼ʮ˻һ顣ϵͳݿ͵ı׼
ȻէһǶֻиλ֮˵С˵Ѿܸˣǣɱֵеĸλ֮˶˭
˶Ȳˣֻ˵𣬾µֻһˣ˵Ҳ£ͬëëһʤ顣
Ͼ1 汾ܹҪɱĺֻˣǧаһ˱ӡ
صսʷʤĵ͡
ܹʮоĸأȡôȫʤ˵ֻס̤һԭȡ׼Ѹȫˡ
˵ǰźɽկ¼Ҳöࡣðȥԭ¾ɱ²ӣǹƥչʾΪ̿鼶ġɱˡ
ǳԱ߾ڽˣһֱǷֳһֱر߹ԷðعԺżѿ̽ĳֵ
˵һȻѡ֮Ů
˺ܶʵϵͳǰǵоƬϵϵͳдźš
֮⣬һǣ˵ڲŸոճ˺լ磬δüɳڻŹº͵ԸԣʵǲܴӵĳɱȫѪͳ֧ġ
Ȼƫƫ飬Ǳÿһм䶼Ǳһҵı˲СеĶС
ʹ·ĺԸӶ⿪˻ɱ˵֧
ֻ˵½޶һнпܡ
·һ̣˭֪δᷢʲô顣
-
ȫȻ֪ԼȻһѡ֮Ůǩϵͳ壬һ˫ÿĵͣ˰̣ţÿʮʳ˺ˡ
ӵµϵͳƺֻЩѾ죬ļһǳ֡
ţ΢΢ƫƫĿȥԵ׼뷨ȻʱѾǿʼĦȭƣָһԾԾԵģ
˿˷ܵɫ֪ʲôûˣƯŮٴתͷԼһļڼʵĺͶԴģ
СǰĲƣԼ͸ˣҲЩȤѾʱ׼ļڼӦܿ죬ҡ
ֻŸտһ־ͱ˴ϣ߸׼ȷ˵ȥѹ¼ڼһݲǱģ˵ġ
ĺʲô
һϵͳݣͿʼﹹ˼úôķէһعµһ䣬ЩһʱûӦģԵоͺôһʾ䡣
ֱһ仰£źȻ֮Լ֮ǰ³鿨ʱżȻƳһ۵ļڼ棬ƺ֮󣬾ǻһСĺ͡С֣ŻȻӦǼڼı֡
һ룬겻Ŀ£ֱӲӵĴֿ߶ԺÿŮ˵ţ㶼ûнҵ֣
ǣ仰ÿŮЩãȻգգۣϵͳƵ֮ûѽ
һ仰£һ뻹ڸԼ˵ʱͳĬһ¡
Ƿŵ̽ʵԡ𣿡
ûСĬ̵ĻصνֱҲҪ׳֮ʼһΡ
ȡΪֱྴ֮ǻ֮ս಻ϣ̡
һǸϰģ˭佫սǶԶֱֱӳһСŪ秵ıֳҲ̫˰ɣҾͲǵĸ佫ȡֵġ
Ҳͬû
ŶԣǸʱڳ佫֮ли֮֡λľС
Լһ仰֮󣬱ڼƽ޲һۺ󣬺Ȼ֮һαԼΨһһս
겻һͼתƻ⣬ոռڼƺǱԼ˻Բ¶һĨڨڨǴԵЩɵЦղ˵ʲôţ˵ҡ
ڼҲû̫ľֱ˳Ļ˵ˡ
ȻҪΪµĿ
ȴû˵ϵ£˸ոǱ˲룬ȻܹѰ˻ͨ˲Ƿﻹű°߶δסȥڡ
ڼ˵ٲ죬ȴ˸еż޲ֱӳȥѻ˵
ոʱһʱͷĻּᶨⲻܣ
ֵɽկǶʱиû棬ȫ֮ͽ
Ϣ֮Ͱʵ˯ñȽ˵һʱģڶկʱÿһ׳ӣ
ɽկ֮еĻǼ֮⣬ֻǵЩǾԲģ
߹ȥִڼڼĳζ˵ţ֪˶ر࣬Ҳ׵ĽǶȲɣĪɽկ֮лиصҪõϰֵܣҸ㽲
˵һĻȻ֮Ȼֹ
Ϊˤˡ
ԭվλڼڼм£Ϊո߹ͼڼмλáԭĿռһӾͱЩƣŮһˣڿⷿô˴ôӵ
Ȼ󣬾СƶŲʱ򣬽ºȻ֮ȵһţƺǰʱҶĿȽС㹻Բ飬µĽҲٿش˸
רĵĺͼڼ˵šø֮ԣN顱ҲûüעߣڼȻĿע⵽ˣ巴ӦϣֹСˤҲôˤ˵ϡ
ҲµôһˤŮڵصһ˲䣬ƿڵϣҲ֪ԼǾõ˵һֻৡһ汻߳һǳǳӡǽȻһţ¶һµĽݣһõס
ڼ
ãصȷûУڳ˸ҡ

ȻֳңԼո˵ʲôֻáۡ
¡ȻһĻС˶ˣˤڵϵʹû˵ϣһ˫ÿ۾Щ㶵µʯס
۵ڷӦĵһʱ䣬ʱæȥˤڵϵ£̶һָֻŵĳֻһ˲䣬ոջڷĿʱԾİºͼڼ˶
ͻȻ֮˸ôΪֳΨһ佫ȻҪ𱣻ԼİΣмڼôһʿȫ
ǰȥڽݿ˰̣ʲô֮ŤͷϷ·дˣ˾䣺ãȥ𣿡
룬ǵͷһͬȥͷڼΣС
ǲ̨ף̤˵һξ룬ߵߵǽŻλ֮¶ʱ͸еĿͶߣ۵ķ
ƯŮ̧۾󶨾˳ŲĻ⳯Ŀķ򿴹ȥòɫƺܲ԰׵ĵĹͬʱϻӡ
ܹܵߵĿ֮У˷һЩޡͼڼԡˡķߺޡ
ܵһ㣬¶ʱ̧֣ΪмһڼԵʣСǿǿĳ˳ӣʾͣȻǰȥս
£ŮӲĿЩãȻ֪ôòŮؼǣǱġ
ȵ߽֮ŷ߻м΢Ŀӣȫ̧۵ܽͯͬҲϸӣʱľһ£ӰЦЦ
תͷǱ£ɽѷң˵ָָ̧󷽵ͼڼʾⲻɽկǻɽǣ˺ǡ
˵ţ󴦵ᣬҰǰ򿪣𣿡
òŮѯ֮£һＸɼ΢΢˵ͷ
Ȼһ䣬ǹǼӵҲҪ⿪
šﻥһۣȻ󷢳һ΢Ӧ
߽ͯŵֱýȫնϡ
ҲѾȫ⿪ں˵ŻǶٽ忤𣿡
ǡ
ȷǵȷⱥǻɽȺİպ룬ʵǡܻؼ𣿡
룬ԱߵǼͯӦòصģϾкһҵ𴫳УǼлĺӣǶʧĶһˣӦûиĸ᲻ˡǱߵŮʧһʱպ󡭡
Ǽҷ̵ģֱӱݶпܡ
λոһʼͷĹĿ¶֮ɫ
Ϊϵ·Ȼˣܿóһ£·ͨƽܹʸ񴩵ġ
زȹĹȻصлﵣģһŮ޸ĸҲûгȻûʲôھӣֱӻȥ˵ġ
ô˵µͷֿһλ
עӵĶֻҡҡͷΪûʲô΢ţҲܻȥ
ŵԳĿȴǼǰǱ͵ڷկЩеģ񼴱ȣﻹмҿɹأ
ʵʹ߿ɷȱŮҲʲô˼ҳֻʲôҲ
ӵ֮˵Ůδǰһصĺܿ죬Ƭ̣°κ¶ʲôģֵҹ۹ݣӺݱˣӦǸ֮ġ
ô˵һס˵ˡðһ䣬ɷҪͼܺڷկȺ忤ͼҶܹĬ
һ֪ؿͼ¤ı
ֻ󣬹ܹһ֮һ죬ȥʹѾҲԡһᣬ֪ģȫ߹
Ļȥ¶һ١
ŮżСкɫվԭûйߵļڼҲ΢
һɾԲ˵ķǴ˼ҳܹزģǿɲһ˼ܹݵˣҲǹٻ¼ҵСõ
ǰìܣ͵ȥºڻԵŮ˸ԼСԶһ㡣Ȼȥʲôˡ
ǿˣΪ²ûбĻԻ󣬶ȻĿȻȴѵʵǣ֮ǰܸң㾿ʲô𣿡
⣬΢΢ۣ۵ʱ򣬷òŮݹ֣ΪվĲΡΡƽĻصǱؿ֮Ů
£ʳһ˿ʵȨУȫɳĻ֪ⱱؿĿ֮λɷȤ
лҪ˵ʵ֤˾ͲϹflagͲӾҪˣ޿ޣҲǷʷʵһأ
Ȼʹ˵һⱾҪvһŬ׼εģҲϣҼqvqСʹ


16 
ȴûлش⣬Ǽվĵһ䣺뿪Ұɡ
ֿոѾԼǽһλλҲǣ뿪կлؼ֮ǰȥһЩָЩɡ
йţɫȻѾ˺ܾáһǰЩɽϸǷԣǶվկһˣڼǲˮʳġ
ҪľֱôˣЩͻȻε·ϣȻʲôĪˡ
áӦһֶµлл
ƯŮҡҡͷûµġֽһֵֻݳȥӣｫִϣûоܾµݺ⣬οվҲȷǺѣȫǽ֧Լ
׼ȥҲæԱߵļͯһͬվʵ͸ɴ§ײһģһ§һŴߡ
ʼվԭļڼĬĬתͷ˸δͷǰȥ
ǽɽկŲĿ֮ⷿеģֽѵĵǣǰĸңȻǲʺϢš
һȺ˴ȵȥһΣƺԭɽ߿ķ䡣
ָ֮˸ǳԲߣǰ˵һ䣺ֻǽһ°ɡ
ϾˣûȥŪʳҲôպһ¡
ΪصľãһֱŰԵʣļСڣȫû¶κ֮ɫÿ˶ںĳĸⲻһ
СҪֵĻͷ۵ġ
-
ҳر𽲾ʳ޲ˣڼͯԷʱ˳ĸ˵ŻѯǼס֮ͰǸͻȥ
ӵ䣬Ӧǲڻ᲻ǵԼסηġ
Ȼ˵կȱ֣СŸոնһ㣬ǵҲ䵽ҪСӵͷķϡ
˵Сѵġ
Ϊ˱ҹζ࣬ǸϽѼ߰ɡ
-
ԹһλһȹĹٶµлʾδлһվ֮תͷֱԼɽ
ȥĵȴ͸żֺ÷ǵΣºȻ֮;áϣһһο̫ܲõĹ¡
ǹ뿪ͬʱҲѾͯļͥסַʳˡ
Ƚ˵ǣкǼ¤ʿǵĺڷկŶѾߴկܽߴɽλڱؿͬٽļ¤мλõġ
ҪͻȥỨ̫ʱ䡣
֮ǰҲڣȻǰƥеúˣկһƥ䵽ϣҲȻֱӰѼͯһͬؼ¤ˡ
˵ҪѼͻأԱҹζ࣬Ҫȴǡ
λԳǱؿ֮ŮĹ
ֱܹһ֮أֺοһСɽկͷʼ
漰̣Ҫֵ飬һðѰлһġҲ
ţִ̧˴ڼֱۣԴչȥʿĶֹ㿴ŵǸŮƭȥҸˣܿͻ
Ȼ˵û˱Щġ
ǿǵһεķֻһһһմҾȳ˺üȻ˵˵ĻܸܵһɺݾҪĻƻʲôã棬ڼܹסġ
Ͼ˵ڼϵͳжֻ֮ǸNôҲһܹѡϵͳصĳҪǶĻˮ಻һҲ˫ʮ껪Ĺңɾ̫˵ȥˡ
ںͼڼкõԷӦżԱСܲͷ˼ӣ˯һ֮ԼϽȥҰ
-
Լ˵Ҫȥ£ڼȻ֪ҪȥһλԼδ佫
˵ʵеЩ棬³鵽λSSR佫λ
˱㽫һɽկ¾ΪУ̶ֳܹȵ佫֪ķΧڡʷϵǸʱԼʶ֮Уɲ̫ࡣ
ֻߡҲ֮ʱĺ
һܹӦԾˡ
-
λʵĲһ뿪֮Ҳһոһ㰲ûȥ˵ʲôƻ֮ԣɵĵ˻˵ԼղᵽЩ顣
¿⸱ЩıĽģɵþЩеСȥ˵
Ҳû˵ʲôĶֻǹŮҵ̸ҪôűԼ״̬
ڼһԣǱУС˸еԱҪԼιȥ顣
ڷһЩҳ֮󣬼ڼ֪ȻȷЩףеȴޱȿԼʵõġ
һȥֱһʱĿɫտһƬڣʱԼĪʱʱ򣬳ȥҰڴŰ
ǿ߽ˣòŮһ䣺ȥôã
ⲻ֪Լڵһȴպʵʹ֮ϡ
ʵϣȥôûĲûԭġ
ȥɽҰʱߵķͰλȫ෴ģһ·϶һֱϵĺͰĴ
Ȼ󣬾Ҫ׵һֿ״̬֮ǰҵ˰ˡ߸׼ȷ˵ǺȻ֮ʲô»صѾλõİҵ
ֺԵö˵飬Ȼǲ˵ֳϵġСܡڼءôԼСǰأ
ô˵ڴڼİֳĿƳһۣ٣ҲûʲôȥҴıҪڼ
ɽ·ϣѾ˵ˣ³һĳԼҾ˼ˣһԳǿ֮Ů顣
Իʱڼİ˺Ҳȡڴ˼ڼ֮󣬳΢΢ףλδһʱġͬš⡣
һλϵͳصİֻʱƽɨһۺ󣬱ûзֹȥһˡ
-
ڰʱĵһۣڼܸܵԴɱκһλ佫ĶҪǿҡ
ǰûвµڿһSSRֻҪǵһ棬ͬҲܹƶⶨȻһλʷĲ佫
ˣ˵֮ȻǼĴٶ࣬ڼҲȻûס΢΢һ¡

һ佫͸µĳ޷֪֡
شԣһɱꪰ
ˣƽ¼ںʵܼˣֻļΪأĹҳϣΪĽָеϧ˾бʣӵ֮ϧ
ĻǱģò޿ɱսӵһܵ񻰡
ֱǴһ档޶
ѹܹôĶɽկ
ңڼȻ֮һ£Сڳ鿨ʱһʮ飬ֵûʲôˣɴ˿ƲȡʮһĽ
ҲŸոմ֧һڴ֮ǰܹͰҲ˵ܿСڰϵͳʱ͵һֱӳģǰ󶨸
ǰƶĻ⿴СѾͷɲһ䡰ܹİ
ڼһ߿ʼȻȴֻԼš
󣬼ո뿪ƺҪȫ롣˿һņ̧ۣ̀һȦڵˡ
Ŀע£ڵǱؿĳŮǰԣǱ͵еġ
֮λǽһйڸ׳ޣС檶ɱӣС檷λΪɽ¾ԼͷϣΪŮԴֺЩ˵Ĺ¡
ô˵°֮ǰΪǴ·ߴɽĺʱԷ˵ıܺڷկȺٽ忤ضǵС֮ںڷկ²ѣֵԼɱȫΪ
˵鵹Ƕˡ
ԣ°ͣʵΪŮĻߣҪ
չֵĿһۣʵȻ˳һΪҲʮ壿ѵΪҸŮ𣿡

ʸ𣿸ôףûָ
ſ˵Щʲôȴס֣ʱźȻ֮ƺǼҵСĳ̶ֳľǼ޲ģֻһŮһŮ١
ܵסԼ֣ƺ밲οԼûִ治ΥҪ߱뷨У¿£Ҳɵñֿ˼֣Ҳ֪﾿ǺҲҿóԸ֮أҷģҶԹ޶⣬˵һжֻΪ
һǰ֮Ի˵Ƿԭ򣬡Ӻݿλõ˷ĿرԶ֮أǰ˼ū˷Ȩ˵֮ຮ֮ؾΪʵ֣ۡ˵ƮƮģֳǵ治ϱλӡ
ҼԲ²⣬Ļδ˵꣬Ҳ˵꣬ڳ˭˼
ǳ͢أòŮȻ䲻һ䣬۾ֵʵ͢顭
ô˵ЩãȻķһﾹ֪𣿡
ԭΪƯĹֵŮ֪һ㣬Ŵǰڿ
ֻĻѾ˵ϣҲνԷʲôˣ˵Ȼ̸Ҳ˵ŮĿӦú˵޼
չ͢ǱߣɷģΪͲ߾֮ˡ˵ţ¶֮ɫȻĻݵ˽ͨɽŵɽң
˻⣿
ûע⵽˭ôһ䣬ֱ˳شˣ֪ЩӺݵĹԱȴ֪ġ
ɽ֣ˣʿ֮ʣҸλضа˰Ӽʵ۳Ϲ͢ɱ˷ŵġһȥУ˺ʯ󺣡
˵̧ͷѹѹķЩɬӺݡѾǳ֮͢ˡ
ԣתµ뵱һʵۣؿȷһѡ񡣡
ҲҪʵ͹˵һ䣬ΪǻѾɽկڱؿ뼰¤ıߴɽԺˡʵѳ뱱ؿ֮ÿһʱһСӵңè׽ȤѾǱ߾ˣԺöᣬͬʱҲء˵һ䣬ͷ͸
òŮǼһȻ֮;ãλչʵԵĶǸϣгһں˲١ܡŪֺ֮ǣʹñؿԭְ֮ɡ
ֻȻ˵ıؿȰˣǶڰͼڼ˵ȴû˵⡣ߵ˵ǣǻ״
ʵϣΪһ֮һʱֵľ뷨
¾ȻȺ£
ؿشӽλãҲǷǴˡɱϵǸ֧
ɱţΪԶպ׼б¹ĵȵһϵ鶼ġ
Ҫһǣ֮ǰչ˵֪ؿֲҲ˵бʲôʿԣҲʲô̫ثսصˣܴ򣬿Խ̣ѵͰĺܡ
ԹԴӵξӺʼк֮ԹȫԱаնΪΪũ״̬
˵״ֱͷ·Ϊ׼ѽ
ҳ֮⣬һ¸ô˵أʵµ״˵ʵؿһľٺòˣ£ĻҪĸס
룬Ҫһ»֮ףջһֱؤĸмأǴǺߣֻҪ±Աů׾ٵĵõԴԴĸмӴڶԷŸ߳ĵλ
ֻһ˲䣬ڼи˼µûתô죬ͣչ˵Ȱ˱ؿĻıϡ
ȻӦڻгתòŮֱĬĬ˵ķ򣬼ڼûʲôӦһ˷ûע⵽СĿ⣬ԵóȿɿİһȻûʧĿʾԸöСһ衣
תͷǰĹһԲǺܼᶨ˵ͬϸ˵˵ؿı͸ɡ
áǰ⼴һҲӵŮ֪ôģٿؾͱ˫ٵĵ˸ĹâӦһ
ȵԺ󣬵ʷʼ֮ʱŬĽι޾ϸľݳȻؽʷ󣬲±ʡ
ƣ̱ذܺѣڼڱؿ


17 
չָ˽һЩؿ Ҳδ˵̫ࡣ
Ҵţһʼ˵ʱɫѾ磬 ȵĵü£ һЩȫȻ֪ġ͢šض ѾĺһƬ
ԽҲֻգ顱еʱֹͣ
Ͼ֮ǰôã ҲúúϢһ
ڵչԼҪסķԭס˵ӣ½ɽկ֮ԼסǼ䷿øԼȥǼ䷿䡣
ڰҪ£ ϶Ҫٽ ҲǴƱһ˻סĸڡΪһİסڽе£ »Ľһ䡣
ֻԴչﵹǱĶ࣬ô˵ ֻǳòŮ΢΢һЦ ЩƤĵһ䣺йڣ Һʲô
ܺòĴһͬУʼĹ ˿ûԽð֮١ˣƷɼһߣʲôõĵģ
ô˵ ֻǵ⣬ ûһҲ¶һĨǳǳĺÿЦݣ֮˷䡣
-
´չǰ棬ڼȻĬĬĸŮĺ󷽣һξ롣
Ȼ֮䣬 ʲôתͷڼڵ˵Ҹղžˣĺ֣Ȼ˵졪纰СܵⲻȻ
˵ӣżڼŵǱ鼮ɻʣĺ飿
зֹѧʳѪɽѻԿôоô֮أ
⣬ڼֻƽҵġ
ŶʱˣȻһֱӽгǸǰòŮ϶뵱ذԼ֣ĸĲ
ЩٴһԵİ΢΢ĿüڼɵóĬһ¡
ڼȻ֮;ãˣ֪̫ˡ
ϣִ׵鼮ݵȷǺʵãպлȫԴƹȥºҪ֮以ͻ
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Ѿɵ4 ˵5 ĺ׺С΢˼һ£ϵͳʵ
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ڵ»ǱȽ˵ģһϵͳ⿪ʼĿǰʼնûǾ仰ĺ䡪еϵͳܻش𣬵ÿԼȥ
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ŮãȻգգۣڼڼﻹûԡС˫Ưˮͫƶߣ䵽һĥİϡ
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ŮĿ⣬겻ЩӦƫƫͷĪְеĶ㿪Сֱ
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ҹ˼˯ĺʱֱļڼ
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Դ֮󣬸ûҲڣȻƫƫһ˲Ƶˡ
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һȦȷûʲôΣյĶֺתͷͰѸոĪĸо׵Ժ
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ںúõĴһ֮󣬼СȥöˡҲʹˣӦøϽѼСͻؼ븸ĸžۡ
ӵĻôһչѺջδ˵ģؿʱˣ뵽겻ɵЩԥ
֪Ӧóھ͸ϽżСܲͷؼҰߣ˽˸ֲؿ顣
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˵ţż˵һЩߺ֮ü࣬Ҳܹĺܿ졣
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󣬽˱߾֮ĺ˷ֲ󣬹￪ʼ˵ؿڲı˿Ŀ
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ǰָ˵ʲô¶Ҫ¶ӣСֻܹڳһſޱ飬ʵϺȦɫ
ʱ¶޷ӦչȻ޷Ӱͼڼ۲ʲôֻü˵Լܹ뵽ȫǡ
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ȻµûиżˣڹУòŮȻǴһսǿʢ˽˲ġ
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һ¼еݣڷկɽԼĪˡ
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οҪȥñؿҲȥΪɱʿǴӿȨ
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һĬĬĴͷΪһϵͳʾǸǰ׺ ˫赡
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ڰǡ˫ڡĸֵʱ һͬµĻһ۵ ȻǻոǾ仰ѧҽģ ȫҶѧҽġ
װͰ͵һɤŶȻҲʾȥ ǾͲǣ ôﰡ
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ȻŮʳǲ֮󣬼ڼֻǵЦһûʲôӦǵ˵һƺ޹صģӦĲ󡣡˱ϵͳ¼ʱ֮⣬һҲӦԶݡ
ΨгԺգʱ˲Żģâ¶
ʲôʵ˵㲻һ¸ոǸȥĿ𣿡
ˡòŮҡҡͷȻԷѾֱ׵˵˲ңֺαȥ֮Ͽƽһأ
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С뿪֮󣬰ˡİ֮ǰЩ˵ʬ˳ȥٶȷŻյⷢʬ䡣
ͬʱǴʬĹ֮УмڼǴЩսɣɽկ֮ԭĿⷿһպıá
ôӺжȥɱˣܺ
ڼڼȥⷿʱûк˼ţǺһᣬϾڼһˣЩķ̶ȣӦҲ޼
ˣǻԱԹۣδ̫˵ȥ
ֻöĹ֮УСЩ𾪵ķ֣ڼȻеҪࡣ
ԭΪڼݣģҲ϶١
ʵϣһѾԼļޣڼȴһοɵĴѡ
С𾪶ЩݵСЦŽ͵ǰʱҲžӳһЩ΢Сµġ
ڼԼΪΪҪľıʿĻ赭дݳС£ϰĺƭŵС
˵ʲôʲôŮûκλɣ˵ͷֶԼڼ޵ĺ
ʱ䣬ʿ룬ҲۣһʵСѾͷǺܷʵģǾǣʲô¶ܹԼĳ½һ䣬˿αȫʵĿ䡣
Ҫ֪ʵеĶԳ˵ڵʵһıرܡ
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ȵ¼ڼ߰ʮԳصҲʬˣһ˿⣬ˮ֮
ɫȻѾձɽãһվڰչｲؿЩϵĴ֮ȥ
ǼҲʹ˳Żȥ·ȥڿʼ񣬱Ͼļ죬гӲ̡Ҫ
ǰ뿪ǣ֪ܵĻȥҲİΣʵԭЩǵġСֵʱһ»ۣŻˣͲܹӱϿϰĻϰ䡣
ټҲûȥȥĿ棬Զϵͳʾһ֮⣬ȫһ֪
ֻСݵ֮󣬼ڼͬ˵ˣȥһʷۼߵ
һСɽկȻǲʲôġǺȻ֮ʲôˣҲֻ˱ˣûбķݡ
ˣС㳹׷ˣҲڲȥȥ飬ȫԼûгſ
룬ȥӦþϣӣҪİɣ
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ʱ򣬰ͼڼѾڸԷֱŹˡ
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ȥǡǱʹĵ˲ԵʣȥһǸûü۲ЩҲ͸˵ʲôͳˡ
˵Ļڼߣô˵˵Ľճ̰ŵ£ǺȻ֮ʲôʵҵĿ֮УһƥϵͳSSRԡ
ʱȥ֮ǰ˵£ֻٶ̫죬ȫûü˵ֱܵˡ
Щ飬˭Ҳûʲô˼ȥƥˡ
Ŷô˵һߺС˵ͬʱһҲдļڼ΢΢üֻѰ˱εԼ˶׼ҲԵõһŵSSRСͱúǽֱߵĴײһ׾٣ֿɵá
šòŮ˵ͷѯʵĺҪҿ԰ֳģҡһͷСԵĸͷҲ󣬷ųӰʲôġ
ʿףҲá
ڼڼºµᣬӷ淭ϱߵSSRȡڵ¡
ڿӴһ˲䣬ʸеĿʧһƥɫС
Եͷֳͷ״һڵѴ˸˸ͨ嶼Ĵ죬ûһɫ
˶ܿóƥȥһ졣˵ǧ

ЩϤֻС˺üȦԣڼ΢Ĭһ¡
Ѿ𰸣ǻСȷϵǡã
ףһСãգգǺÿ˫ۣɻʵĺʶ𣿡
лҪ˵տءӵªϰܺ꣨x


19 
Լϲʶõʱ ڼжʱһһѾо˭ĳ̶ֳ˵ͳĻеԨԴأ
ٿһµʿ治ɫĶСǺͬһʱ Ϊµһһλ ڼҼۣ ʶʶ
ͷһؼ֮ʱǺݺݵؽʱ˿һѡʱֻΪԱΪһͬƴһսļƲߣ һʹԼ뵽һ޴ȥľء
һΣ֮󣬳֣֮ٴεüⱻ֮Ϊгáĵһ ʱֻѰˡ
żڼϺںƭ֪ʵС ϵͳɵðг˸۶
ٻ˵ı滰 治ĺ͡
ǻ˵ʵ׷Ļ ڼոյⷬ ʵȫûë־Ϊʵģ ҲǼڼĿ֮
ǰֱӾ۾˵ϹĸԼɵ裬ĻûκһǼ٣ Ҳûпŵĵͱǫѷ赭дȥϸڵ֮䣬Ӫһִƽƽ棬 ͨ ûµĸо
̫ó׾ˡ
ţԴδɹڼʵԵС֮ⷬ˫ĿĿǰСԣЩ̽΢΢̧֣ ͼԴ
ͨ飬ֹ̧ʱ򣬳ԴɵС︧
ˣʱڵĳ˳ڼɵҲЩ
ӽŵǺ£ϣҲ̧ȥһɫ
ֻڼڼÿɾȫˣ̽һ˲䣬С֫ʱ̧һԴ˸ǡ
һϵж֮価Ը߰ٲȻһ˵̬
ڼ
ܺãȻǸѱĳá˳Ƿ˵ġ
˵ôһƥΪʲôСֵ¾ôԣۼµֱȥҲ²֮ǰҲһҶ˸ļڼ룬ܺǿΪΪɡ
ȻҲųСѾͷĶ׺һҲʱȴˡ
ţڼٶ֣̽ǿеͷ״Դһѡ
ǿŤĹϣҲǸľͻ᲻ˣ
Էŭĳ֮ǰʿּʱ֣ԼոշµıʣĹ˵ǷǳĽжȡϵͳʧԭųСܺݺݵһֻϺġ
ʿֺСæųԴŸոձڼǵЩըëԼڼѯʵĺͣ˵Ҫǰѳø᲻Ὺѽ
С˻Ǻдֵļڼ϶ضһ£û뵽»˵ѳø
ǰճ˼άĻƥǻڰġ
һǧ֮͸õƥսĲ
ǲ˵һ䣬һΪὫ𽫾
ô˵СƫƫԴЩֵķʵҪһƥսĲ𣿡
µ˼άʵܼ򵥣ҪǡУԾ͸ǰҲµĻôһԥǰƺҪԾûʲôö˼ˡ
ңòŮַһ䲻֪öٷĻԺǻԼڵֻøȵ֮ٳµSSRս͸𰡡
ڼ
СѾͷ˵ʲô
ڼãȻ֮䷢ʲô˵顣
£õСƺԼĺԶϵͳĿصʲô⡣
ѾֻСԵĳڣӵеSSRĿпĳЩϵͳһӶ鲻ġ
ҲҺСѾͷ⻰ǵ˵ģĳЩôǳһSSRķȻĻµʣڼãСѾͷȻҪġ
ǺȻ֮ʲôϵͳʵϵͳ޻ʲô
ֱոսֻ֮Сǰʮʱ鵽šʿеһţ޻ӿ
֮ǰһֱϵͳˣǲСľͰǡ
췢ĺСע飬ʵ̫ˡ
ֻȻЩʦȻϵͳشٶһѸݣϤĵ˵Ļȴǡ
ϵͳܻش𣬻
µУ޻δھϵͳǲܹشŮġ
Ȼϵͳˣʵ֤ŷʴûл¬ʱ̡
Ȼ˵µĴܳδ޻һ֣ȫ֪һֻǸĶЩ˵޻ʲôǡ˿ߵļڼȴ֪ѽ
ºϵͳԻǡдһʵļڼеĶ̧ͷµʵ磬ԭû޻
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ʿףһֶչʱůĺ
żڼڵĵһ䣬Сﵱǵɴ˫ĵۡ
ԭȻĿðնڶղ֮ܺĺö
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ڼ޻֮òŮԵرܣĺԣǲ޻ĺʱڣȥ޻Ӳȥɣ
С⸱ȻĶûܺģʿЩʧЦ ǵȵñؿ֮ٿ޻һ°ɡɽؿɲ̫ʺֲ
Ŷڼôһ˵ڸոݵ޻ôеŻЩЩĵӦš
룬ڲȥ޻Ļȥɣѳô
ڼףӦţá
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ڼߵǣ˵ʱǱ߸ˮ
˵һʱ䣬ۼͷǣԼССܻ˻֣Цһ¡֮۵ˮų˵ķܹ
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ѯʵŮûֱӻش⣬ǳԱŲһ½Ų¶ոձڵԼͼڼĳԡ
С۾ѽ
һ¶εĳԣ۾ǶʱƲĿ⣬۾һģζŴɫƯС
⣬ǡһ걻øȵ˵ˡ
´ǳã֮ǰʮʱSSRս
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ȵȡղ˵ɶ
ֱһ͵ķӦոԼҵСǺ˵ʲô˵Ļ
ƢСĵĽոյĻ˵һ飬˵ѳ͸㰡
Ѿɵˣңǰô죿
Ȼ˵԰ʼջôһ㹢ڻǴӸĽǶȶԣǱʺõˡ
Ҳѡԭ򡪡ǲ֪õĴڣǰ׶ϵͳ³鵽һƥSSRȼսģаڣûSSRġáᱻɸ
ûĸ佫ǻ᲻ϲġս֮ϣһƥսǾܹ佫սġ
˵ԾǳӺݵһ·ϣʵһֱڶٵĴӸָԳøⲻԼ˱ڰĶĽ𱨡ĸо
²֪еľᣬЩֵʵôǶѽ
ĻɣСﲻɵÿʼ˼ǲԼʲô
ǶС仯֪еļڼȻ㣬°ɡȻԲİСﲹһ䣬𽫾Ǳߣаš
ڼһ䣬¿һ£ǲȷʵ桢ĸҰ
ֲȷãԼҪݲȷСȻĵ˵ͷ
һ룬¾㶵Ŀ§Ŷܲѵĺɫԣһڣ˵ģһúöԴõģ
ӽ쿪ʼþţ
һ˵һ佫˵սȷдǺûʲôˡġǿûţȴûսء
ֱеǵš
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ڷȷ˳õȷ͸Լ֮ɨٳһ鵥ĵ̶Լ¡šֱݺˮ֮ź¼ڼһ뿪ǣȥδͳƵⷿС
·ϣüɫ衢˸߲ҵغ˵Լ¡šļڼһͷʹ
ֱԵСסһʹĶܵȡ
˳СĿȥڿǰǸӰʱ±֪ΪʲôСոջᡰסһ
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¶Ѿ佫СȻҲע⵽˶淽òŮ
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ô󣬾ûסôƵķݣ
Ϊо֮ˣ㾹Ȼںһȥ仰һٴһٶȣЩŵķʵ
ԭΪԼѾǸޣϴŲٹӸϰԵˡȻһȥȻԼС׼ףԼǸԿСӡ
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һ䣬ȥ̧̧۾֮е֮ɫøоо̣ѵսʱ𣿡ڲ̵ʱ׷ʵʲôԣ
Ϊб꣬Ǻܺõ˵һ䣬˵˭
ǵ˵ѧҽǸ˵
Ƕʱ䣬ȥĺøжȳ㡣
ʼԼ֣Դƾ߲ƸŻȥشҽ
һ˵Լ֣òŮԵʿźۼҡҡͷֻذɡ
رָ档
ϾȻʷϻȥսȻµ䲻14ɣ巢ȫأʮ߰ȣȻһơȻΪϡ
һ룬Ȼ
ڼֻСһЩġŶ~Ŀԭ㰡Ǹ̸ֽġ
ʲôʲô
Ȼ˵ʲǵսʱĸֵʱжʱһǰڼ˵ͳһµһλվʱ΢Ĳ֮С
ȥԴԼڵ߰һͷҲԲƣ̸ֽ˼ֻֽϵĹһʵսˡ
ֲһ䣬أǺרġ
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Ȼ˵ԤʷйļأǶȻһƬ˭ܵĲһĲأ
͸Լ裬һгһԼ˵ҲȻʲô
ԭΪԼѾͳ˵ǹͭǽڣȻӻȥ˵Ĵʱò˵һ˲Щоסˡ
룬˵û÷һЩϣǻҪרŴһר̭ˣеˡ
һ˲˪˵һ˵ήɫСʱͰͬʤ˵Ĺһ
ݵУȻǲ˳ۡҧбȥͰ򰡡
ʱڿʼ˰ĺãȻڰǰԶֻܹһԱģǣѰʱôͿԳñԱգ
仰󣬻ȥǼصҵʹص䰲һͬʱԵ˵Ƿһ䳰˵Ѳܱһˣһ䰲
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СͬʱĵһԾԾԡ
֮µ佫˭˲͹ؿˡսʤĴ䰲һϸ£һԵ棿
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ĺֱͣӰû𣿡
СɲȷѯʣڼһЦܷİɣǿڽִڶ֡ˣгġ
ӿȥȥ֮䲢һ˲䣬ڼֱӴ뿪뿴Сӳܡ
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һֱӾͰòŮ˵Цˣһ˫ˮͫĺҲͬгͰÿζԼ˵ġ
С仰ڼֻ¶һĨ΢Цδ˵ܿ죬СҲûм鲻š
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ʿ΢ЦȻûд
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ȷѵã൱ӢֶۣʵҲҪԵġ
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룬һڿȷСѾͷϵȷǱһδھʶ֮ܡ
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߼ڼĸСһ㡰֪ʶһߣȥֹ꣬ͣɵĳΪ
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ѻȥɵÿڵֵطһǲ˵İɡ
С겻ڵǻãûʲôֵ˵Ĳǵȹϵϸ˲øոջڻĻȥһʹΪ㣡ҪǻȥСܰ¼ڼŪ
ȥţⱾѵΪûп𣿡
ȻƢͬе㱩ٴε˵ڶֵĳѭ
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ڷֱȥĿⷿºͼڼ˺ܿͳ˿ⷿе
˲뿪ⷿûõʱºͼڼӭ˰𡣶ڰ󻹸һβ͡һһǿ׳׳
ڰ׳дͷλӣ֮ǰദһʱģΪǴ·λ
һúÿŮһ£ӱ㵱òŮһͷ
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ȻǱһӣҲЩ˼ڨڨӦãá
¶ʵ˵ֵʲô˰ǰ㻹ڴ󡭡ʶҪͷҪĿֻñŤתһ»߰
⣬ڼ˳ظԼһֱĲ棬һ˿٣
¼ڼһλµǰЩ·˵ʱܴ٣ΪҪȻǰһϢҴӺɽ𣬽ҼһԱ͸ˡ
ŶŶӵ˵ͷ֮ٿĿ֮Уɵôһͬ飬ԭ
ڼ̧۴ź󷽵һβִֵͣĹԼĪʮˣһǸ⣬ȫ׳Ǻܻ˵ġ
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ʱоЩˣСΪ֮еǣˣϵĻӦ˶ڡ
Ҳ֪ڻȥ󾿾Ǹ˵ʲô
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ڿΧһȺ˵ĵһ۵ʱһûš
ССܣòǱ˸ٳ˰ɣ
ͷֻάһ˲䣬ʱͱΪڶ۵ʱܱߵĲԶ˰
ò˵Ϊѣصս綨˰ĵĴڣֻҪʱ̲پøеˡ
ڿȥ۵ʱֿһԶԱȽˡǰΪǴ·ߴɽ֮ڰԭڷկǻɽ˰ɽͷԸǵСܣһʾҪȥСҲһǵСܵĺӡ
ʱ¾ԭǺѾСܻˣٶȵҲġ
ϾǵߵʱԼĪʱ䡣
Ǻ뿪ĵ졣ȻʱʱǰȥʱƥǴдĿԽȥʱѹһ
ǣٶȻʱȴǴ˴ʮˡܹʱѹϣɼҲĺɽͷˡ
߽ʱ򣬶ʱ˫һ˫ĿˢˢسͶŹ
ǰദĺڿ󣬸Ͻ˸ӵǰܶ¶˵ţ磬

⼸鷢̫࣬㶼ǰ˰ɽͷǰɽկҺš
˵Ⱥʱĺһٸ±ؿʱ
Ȼ˵Ǵǰﲻʲôæġ
š
Ҳ׼ȥˣΪӵͻȻ֣Ǳ߻еûꡣ
뿪֮ǰĵɨһۣҲû˵ʲôôһ۶ʱͰ꿴顣
ϾϵҪǼǱµİȫڴ֮ǰһж˺
ոգܲ׵ġʱҲС䡣
Ȼµ߻мڼǼڼΣ֮Ѳɻָһʲôս
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ڰ뿪ӣͬʱҲһ׳֮ٵĴǰȥһȸϽǸԾ췣֪С϶ᷣѾиԼ˳ͷˡûҪ֪ˣҪȻ
ʵãղš⾿ôһ¶
Ÿո뿪֮ǰкü׳ͬ񿴼ڼɵøе±ơǺԼСʧɢʱôһͿչˣ
⣬С͵ΪĺͶ˵ڱߴɽʱܺڷկϴ٣һϢֻʣһȻڿʱҾˡ
˵һʱСۿɼЩ˼Ȼ⾭ǼڼԼģʲôġ˵Ȼ֡
Ϊие˼òŮȫûע⵽Լλ˸˵һһ㶵ġ
һԵļڼĬĬĳһԼġƽһʹʧޡ֮ԻΣΪü֮ĺۼ
ãȻǺܶڼΪʲôҪԼ裬Ϊ𺳡
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ڰ˺Ӻֵǲ֮СڼԼչһ
֮ǰʱֻչ߹һСֽţǽ¡쿪ʼ׼ŵܴǰĺڷկȺͽк忤ĵͼͱؿԼ¤еıֲ
ȻеʲôıؿΪϸ¡
òŮнӹֻǳں㿴ۣȴû뵽һȻܹǰʱȫһ
Ȼ֮䣬СһԼƺͨϵĸо
Сȵĳ¼ڼӣѹǱͲߵĿڰڴţĺͣ˻ӱʹ𣿡
СѾͷڴĿ⣬ڼѵõ뵱һغˣɫĻشһĻԣ˵ǻġ
-
űؿصļŽʵõϵͼȥҰ׼ͼһȥĻչǰǱȻ˵ߡȥ˵ġ
ĵͼڼ￴׵Ļ
ҵ֮ûãͿٵɨ˱ؿصĵͼ¡ɴɱϣϲˮӢòŮȥһ±ؿʵء
ûĻҴͶ֡紦ҹζࡣ
仰һСԼ˫ÿ۾᲻̫ͻȻһ㰡
صںж
룬ʵҪһȥ𣿡
΢΢ҡͷءֻȥ̽ʵȥ˶ˣǲж
СƶǶĵ˵ͷĿ¶У˵ţǡһҪСİ
ףһġ
£׼̧ȥ
ʱȻһɫ൫ĵʲô
˵һɫĻȥ
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Ӣ뿪֮󣬺ÿСתͷȥ
ȻòŮȻδ뿪չһ䣬λǣ
һյĹ⣬ոռڼԼǸеΪ𺳣ԶʤֱӾѿڶǼԶ仧ܣǰͶģ
ȥ
仧ȫҶ仧
ҡȻڿֻʮģʵ¼ʱѾʮˣӦǸŶԣ
лҪ˵Ϊ;д˺μǧԸеºܷʣľǿqvq
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ãһƽƽŷ޻ߣ˵Ļ
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ˣǰʹ˵һΪҪϼӣĸ»Ų23֮Сʹǣ


20 
һ˲䣬 ڻȥĺøֵһӾʹ֮ǰһ½ֱӵıɸֵ
Ȼû֮ҳС꿪ʼڷʱ򣬽˵ټ죬 Ҵ˿̻Զ󿪵һ䣬 仧һ ˱ȽϰΪԸϼܵʵ ʼն޽УԸ̫룬Ժ߾ˣҲ
ô˵ չЩĿ˿ȥ оüһƬ֮ɫС꿴Ҳ˵ˣ ڿȥ۾ʱ򣬳⼸ദλûлɵⷬ˵ǡ
 ǽߵĻ ȻҪ⽾Զһ㣬 Էֹײ
´к뿪˴صԼסǸ䣬 Ͼ֮Իĵͼ￴֮ͬ͵ġ
ȻߣôҲûбҪһ֮ˡ̸¡
չǰŲŸһ뿪 һΪв֪ϵͳڵġˡڣ Ϳ˰ĻȥҲҪˡ
С߷ҧгݵغһĳļһ֣ԡ
ȵӦĵСʶʲô֮ѾصĹ˺üغˡ
Ӧ֮Ȼе꣬ ǲҪټˡ
͵ھʱΪҩûȫ߲·ҪȰܵȴԼˤڵϵһһ֫ЭܿصСֱǰȥм䡣
һգԤ֮лµʹȴûг֡
šһòŮͷϵΨһһֻء
Ǽܹʱ̧һֱ۵ġ
ȥûֻ֡⵹С겻գΪСֻ̧֮ȥĹ򡢴ڵĿ߶ȷ仯ǰԭĳָ߶ȣӳȥպô˸ա
ԵҲȥ֣¡
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ˣµһٴ룬ʵЩ˵ġ
о֮û˶ӦѾ֣ͣŮСؽ۾һС죬ĿıСЩɫ
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ò˵ֱв֮Уоܲ
Ůȴҡҡͷ˵ǵġ
ԻȥԼ߼Ҫģֻͣ֡
˵ţƫͷһߵûаֱܹӽס
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֪ܹĻһͣ¡
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аɡǿǿ˵ôһ䡣
ʵϣȥжʵǺġ
ڶòÿ˵ͣţȻóúÿ˵Ǻ
ֻԸС겻ὫԼ¶
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ĳ佫֮ദҪԵøӴһģ¼£ֻҪʵҾʱ뷨ȴ󷽷һ䡣
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Żȥֲһ䣬ʵҲܲԵĿ佱ţٹ꣬һġ
ȥֱӾ˳Ļұͱõʮ壬Ͱ㰴ڵϴˡ
һƵĻȴûըëǰѹעصһλϣʮꣿѵʮ߾ˣ
ȫûʶԼ˵⻰ʱĪ˷
ʱ˿̵УžڿҪҵһĸо
һ仰ȥûػһʮ߾أֻ䱻¼
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ȥʮ
֮ĶԻһԸոջڡȰܡźÿһƬãȻĿհ֮ɫ
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ңбȥˣһûȥء
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ʣȥ̧̧°ͣ󽾰ڻʹﳤģ»Խ̵ӱء
Ȼûѧˡ
СӽСĬĬűԼʡԵĺһ䡣
Ѿµһʱ䣬Ȼ֪ƺǶڻʵ۵ĳƺ仰ĵһӦǣԣΪҸղں˵仧
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ǸϣС꿴̵˵һ䣬Сǰ˵ѧҽġ
±ƣЦ˵һδ̫ˣ
ȥǵʱҽߣҲЩ˵ʱֱӾԷȥҽġ
Ҳ֪£͡˽ҹɡ
УҲú˵Բ𡣡
ȥԸ񽾰ҲȫȻˡ
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ҪĻܵġ˺ǿɱ߶ˡ
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תȥոջȥ˵ĻʵۻܽһˣǲЩǵĻʵۡѲҲǱ֮ˣ
⣬һʱûӦĻȥһ䣺ңʲôң
ʱɻѣӰټҵıҰ
ȥصҳǰǴ󺺣ǰټҶˡ

ɶ˵һ飿
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ԼǱҳԼġϼҡôȡ֮鵱Ǹӵ˵
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˵ǰĻ֪飬ӦҲʲô̫ɣ
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ŮרעĿǼͼСԼո⣬ǲɵٴŵСίһ飬㻹ûлشʲôأ
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һǧӵ˺˳ƢС˹ĴŵӤʵӡ
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¿ʼţͬʱҲԼֽǰ˳һ顣
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Ұóˣڲԭķпɺأ
ǣСϵɫʵСĬĬķһ䣬㲻˵ҵ𣿡
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Ǳ˸̨µС꣬ƽͷһᵽԼݳ̨׵ǶԷȴʲôܡ
ƫƫԷǹģľûʶǸһ̨ס
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´ӷߵֵⷿ˳ϸʳˮԴһһ뷽Ͻᣬһ
һ֮Ů̧ɫӦ죬⼸ġġÿ컽𴲣ڼѾˣǽеİųżڼķȥ
Ƶߵ֮󣬹ȻѾļڼܿ㿪ţűƺʲôСЩɻ󣺡ǡ
һ̣ڼС˵ĺͣ߰ɣ
ڼ
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лҪ˵дһһģһϾʵ̫ˣһС£˯ټд


21 
ڼҲǲ뵽 Լ֮ʱδ֮󣬾ȻܹһҪһεߡ
һǽ˵ôֱ׵ĸߡ
Сֱ׵Ļ忡΢΢üͬҲֱֱʵҪ Ҫڼ𣿡
˵⻰ʱ ֮лһ㱻֮ˡ
Сŵ̸æҡͷ ҵķţ ǵġ
Ϊ֮𽥵ҵԼ˼·Сһ˫ÿĵ۶Ŷ˫ƽ޲ ڣ ʵĺ͸Ͳİɣ
䣬 ڼ΢һ
С˵ţҲĺͿΪϵͳԭŻ¡ǼȻϵͳ˵ҵġ¡ ô Ϊң ӦȨĺɵİɣ
ǰͻȥ˵ʱʶ¡
ȥʼʱȷ˲ȴûֱ뿪ɽկ룬 ߲ˡ
֮¾ͺȻ֮˼ڼ
ΪڵһμʱͶԼ˵˼ һֱûȥоģ ǷҪ
ϸһ֮ƺڼͰȷЩһ֮ġ
ȻںԼǼڼ˵ĸоʵǴһַ·һ̾ͻʧ翡
룬Ӧǲ£ ȴ޷뿪ԲŻٿؾ͸оڼЩ
ȥһֱܹӱһԼ̬ȡǼڼأԼԸ˵ĻᶼûС
ǣΪһ㵣ȥ˱ؿİߵͳ׵˯ˡ
շתൽĸʱȥʰ
Сŵİóݸڼ֪ǿǶôܣҲǿĺ͡Ѿĺ׼˸Ͳĺ֮ѡһԼԸʱ뿪ɡ
ŮⷬĻʿ΢΢˴ӡ
ڼǸ׷ĿĲںֶεˣΪ˴ﵽĿʲôó뷨ģǰĩʱڣˣᳰмֻƽ˵һ䣬֮ʣܳ£
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ڼ˸ʽSSR֮󣬺Ȼ֮ĿһԼΪNļܡ
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˼ˣڼЦһµˣڼδߡ
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߻Է·ϣ²֪ǣ֮Уڼſ΢΢𵭽ɫĹâϷɫNֻȥĿհһƬϽ˲ʱһݺͰſͬһ޵̽ɫSSR
ͬʱģϽǵǸɫġֲ⣬Ƶ֮ȫ仯
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·ԭдŷ·ͼڼгݵܣǳ㣺
һ˰һҹ
֪ˣʧʱƣı󶯵Ķıʿ
ıԵ֮һȦߣԹڡ
лҪ˵ɼƻolرգҼڼʽ档


22 
ʱ ǰһ˫۵ġɤŶΪŶֻܹһ˵Ĵɤš
ں棬¶˯Ůɵþ͸æ ˷䣬 Դȥ
֮߳ Ǳøܹǲŵ˵ţɶǺôԽԽȥˣ
˸Ӧ ȨڣҲţ
߽ʱպþ䣬ȻۼԼڼһʣǣ ǺѵѧĲ˼𣿡ӻȥǸʱڿʼ ڼʱڻȥ֮ ƶϼڼҲǰټҶ
Ҳڣ꿴żڼ ûǴĻ Զ֮ ҵ˵İɣ
ƺ˵ʲôһʱδĿһ¿Ƕ ꣬˼£ֽ˵ӲҲҵ˼ɣδˣ ¹ ֻҵĶɣ
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Ӧ֮ ѾǿʼҪÿɵĿ⿴ԼСܡڼɫȴȻƽⲻΪ˹̾Ȩһֶΰˡ
ڼ⻰Ȼټ쵫ȫ˵ЩǼתͷѰȱһǽİ𣬴㵹˵仰ѽ
ԼһΰûֱӺӵ
Ӣ̧̧ƤȴͬǰԼ˵ͬһڼ֮ԣ⵹Ҳû˵
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겻ɵ˻˽ŲѧŴ˿̲ڳĻС˹ӣܵһԽȥ䵱Ģˡ
ˣʼֻԼԼ˼仰Ůɻʵʲôˣ
ڼӭСƽʵҲûʲôֻڼͬλкȻеһƲߡ
ºʲôƲѽ
ڼص죬ӣ֮֮Ҳ[1]
ڼ֮ƣΪ֮ŮǰƣԵպ򡣡
ǣС￴˰죬˼дЩãȻµΪʲôԱأ
ûԵͷģΪʲôҪһأ
⣬ڼ΢΢һЦȻԭġ
ʵɻǵԼ޻ӵĿƣ
С˵ͷ
Ȼڼˡδ޻ֳ֮󣬱ܹðڶ첻ٱ֮ܺ޻ӱ֤ݡ
ı֮ǰȥѯʹλյĿ֮ŮȷҲȷǴ죬Ȩڵ
һ֮󣬼ڼ̵ȷԼһ뷨С
ǰ½޻֮õʱ˵еſĶİٹ޻ʮ
ҲܹͬΪƵһ
Ҫ֪Ӻı߾֮أƶ񤣬ϡȱġԼǳڶı߾֮ء
ԣеֳܹİٹӣͻӵԵ졣
Ϊµĵһ
ڼ˵ôϸ飬ҲĴ޿ɾҩĳ̶ȵȻܹ׵ģС˵ԴҴŶˡ
żڼ˵һ˼룬һ֮ɫûб¶ģոջһԽ䵱˵ʱǽһ˵ҲǸһ𣿡
ţԼֱǱż
Ҳˣǡ
ЩߵĿһһǽϵİ𡪡Ϊʲôͬʱüʮ˶½ôð
̲סԼС´γ鿨ʲôʱܲٳһһսġֻҪǺͬһʱ˭԰ŶһеġĲԡ
˵ǼԱգôĶ˵Ծ
ҪҸʱȥɱ˰ɣϴγɽկɱ˵ĺʮӦֻҪȥҼͷͿõõ鿨ˣ
ԼǺ֮˼ıݵš
Щеûĵʱ̧濴ʱֵɫСٿգգۣżڼʵЩĺ˯ŵʱ𣿡
ڼ΢΢ףӦǡ
С˵һ䣬ĺͻ˵Լûвܡ
ڼһŸ𴲵СѾͷӦǻûмԼΪSSR档
¼һµʱ򣬶ߺȻԭһԶǽǵɤŴ
԰ǺȻ֮䷢ʲôżڼķ̽Ŀ⣬Щɵĺʲôʱôˣ㲻˵Լܱ𣿡
ڼ
ڼȻ֮Ͳ뵱֮ͥ°¸˵ˣһ̣д㣬ҪǰάN裬Ȼ󡪡Ӳ
ΥָоЩһԵӡ
ʵûͻȻо䰡
⣬Сҡҡͷʾ䰡һоȵġ
ѮʱڣӺߵʱ
²̫ףôأ˵ϰ֮˵ر֮
˼ˣСﲻ̧ۿһǽİ𣬶ʵ𣿡
С⣬ӢǳĬһ£ȻǽǱߵͶȥ˹ػɵӵĿ⡣
֮Ŷµһ䣺
ΪͬΪ佫ԭǽһͱȽ£ĳеͦͻȻġ
ʵҲģǵģΪĳЩʱ̫֣Լһֱǩѡ
ڼ׶ϱ󷢺Сȥ֮ʲôתͷһ䣺Ϣ𣿡
˯ǰȥҼڼʱ򣬰ƺδ磬ŸѾͿⲻɵЩ״̬
ʼ⣬Ӣ΢΢˵ͷǸ˿϶Ļش
ʵϣʵĲ˵ϢСһᣬ֮ˡ
˵Ҳʲô⣬ֻһҹδ߰ˣ¶о֮˵
ֻƺûСֱڼµɴһ˫ÿĵۣͼѧżڼһڰѰŰҹۼȦδ֮
òŮԾͲƣֱߵŵǸǽߣֳס䡣
Ҳ˵ǿӲؾֱȻԼС˵ڸߴķȥðȥϢ˼ȷ
겻ɵЩΣҲûзŮǰǣţͻ˷ſڡ
վڰķſڣСﳯҪ߽ȥһĨǳǳЦ˵ţ簲
-
󣬵ȵ߻ȥڼǼ̤֮ŵһ˲䣬Ǽᵽһ
̧ȥǻȥ
֪ʲôʱСоһֻ辴ĿҰá
µӰС겻ɵû˻еӣòŮһ䣺𣿡
ҿһ䣬˿ߵûסΪʲôҪͲǵСȴҪҪ
˻ȥɵ̧ûԼٵ꣬ûÿ

ڼ̱֮Ҫò
ʵƽĶۣģĲֻȽϵĶӵžֵʵֽά£Ǿֻܹͽһرˡ
֮²ûоܾһ˫ˮͫСллȥ
ĿһȦʵĺأ
ҡҡͷȥæʲôȥˣҲû˵˵кȻһ㲻ޣ·ʵ˵ǲ̫ˣҿ磬СܣȻӶң
ǣС̵̧ĳ˵ţĺͺûгϹ
һαһҭ
ȻתͷԼ½СĻȥȻ֮ʲôģʵ˵㲻ǽôܿ⣿
һ仰Сϵɫ̱ЩԹеƲֵʾԼ·
⣺·ôˣⲻҸԼû·𣿡
ȥȴҰ£
б²Ҫ·Ѿ˵Ļ
˵ⷬԻԱߣĳȵ£ֱӾЦ
˵˭ܹȤء
Сǵš
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ֵʱܿ˲ϢԼĪδʱʱ̣ǰв֪ٵļڼ»صߡ
ͬʱ󻹸յĹóǰӦͬ˵ȥˡ
ڼһ䣺ɻ֮ǰͼоȳСӻؼң·ӻˣҲɴֱӽ˵飬Ҫȥؿֻܹˡ
Ȼһеѡ񣬵ʱʵʱ֮١
ڼ⣬Сһҡͷ
𰸵Ҳе̫⣬Ǳתһ⣬ɸ
Ů΢΢ҧҧ´ǵ˵ͷҿԡ
󣬼һͬȥǣСѾͷǵһڼѡһƥº͵ԡ
Ҫе˳Ķ࣬Ϊƥǣ֮󣬼ҪֱӾǸ㣬߶Ƚͣ¿ֱ§ĲӾ
żڼƤдܹȷ֮ǰô˳żȻŶ׺
֮֮츳ҲжЩ۰
ɵ
󣬼ڼŲٿϼٲһʱ䣬ȷСȷûʲô֮
ʿ̧һߺƥȻԳһλãֻһֻСԵķ򣬳һþʹױͬԳúܸȤĻȥ˺һλˣѡһƥҪȥؿˡ
һڼô˵̵УѾţôȥأ
䣬ͬǶԳ÷ǳĶĻСֱӼ룺ȻֱӰѡšңͿȥˡ
ƴڻ¶ڼȻ֮;ãԼбҪʼһδùˡ
ܺӲʰͲ᳤ѵ
ܾ佫һֶصСֱڸԼΣʱٻôһָӦ
ڼڼոҪ׼һӵ뷨һոջ˵ššĻȥʱͼġȥһߺͳ÷뿪ź֮ܶУƥԹԵ̤
ˣһҲͿʼȥĿıؿ
-
ߴɽ뱱ؿ֮λòԶȻҪչѧߣ;˵ҲѾܶ겻ϹչԾǷٶȼʱҲǵˡ
ݼڼԣӦѾ˳ǣʱҪ磬ٶҲǶȻҪǿ졣
Ǿôֱӽȥ𣿡ǰĳţʵ
չҡҡͷҲСָָԵǼ⼸ˣҸ׵ţʶҵģһұȺɽ֮׸˵飬ҲӦ֪ġ
ˣڼͷˡ
ʿתͷ꽫üĿȻһº֮ɫ˵ĻȴǲôƽͣͶλǼˡͨͨɱ
˵ؿҪ½һȫȫġжٱͰգµȻжٵıؿ
Ȼαؿص֮˲ΪڴС
һǱҪġȻĻֻƽ谭
ڼô˵ֵһ䣬ھͶ֣컹ûȫڰ
ڼ΢ЦȻɫ̫ڼ»һȦδҪǻǳǣɫǲҪˡֻҪʬ崦Զһ㡣
ΨһҪעľǣҪеʶʲô
ͷˡ
-
ͻȥ˴Ǽĺƽ֮һм˱˳Ľ˳ǡ
չǼƵ˿ظһעĺţߵӦź궯Ѹݵİ˽
չԣֻǽǵʵ⿤ظĸ֮ˣһҲ
ȥչˣĴ·֮ϴһȺûһܴ÷ͰȥǸºͼڼʿ⸽ʱİΣ
˳ֵĿ·ļūӶˣСԵЩɫ
ڼͬ˵Źڽҹϴ꿤ظͰǱ߸㶨ؿصһЩ֮İţգټؿİգԿ֮Ů˵ıؿػԸλ͡
ʱҲ˵ʲôֻҪ΢Цͺˡ
šС͵͵Ӧš
Ȼ֮䣬ڼɫ΢䡣
ΪڸոСһӦ֮ǰһ
ϲһ鿨ᣬǷҪڽг鿨
ϵͳѯȣӦںԳ鿨
һ̣ڳ¼ڼͻȥ˶ţڸոµһ֮ϵͳ͸Ȼ̶֣֮Ȼͣ¡
СͻСвɵõһϾڿɲʲô鿨ʱ
Ҳ֪ϵͳôˣСﶼѾܹ˳ֵӰϵͳʾȴǻδ֡
㶵ĿֵŮӣǺÿģǱòϸΪرָʫԻ֮һۿȥͷ·ǻ߳Ů
ͬʱһ¹˪䣬űЩ˾Խӽ
ֻǷݹ¸ߵĺ˪ȴĿⴥµһ˲䣬Ȼ֮ɢȥϹճһĨĻȣͺǶյĺ÷˪ѩ֮ʢ
Էź͵ͻ˵˾䣬ԭλð
ͬʱϵͳĳĵҲ¡
ϲĴŮ֮һ
лҪ˵[1]˼롣
-
ΪдһСӣԽҵʱ䣺ҪҰζҪҰζܾҰζ
-
¿Ů


23 
ڿʱ ºͻС˲ЩȴΪԷһŮӣϵֶصʵ⣬ Ϊ֮еۣ ˵עĿ
ʵҲʮͷŮȻǻ̲ס档
һֱڼĿڣ ŽСеء
һϮʿ˹֣ŶʳڵŮ˸Ҿ ̹δ
ڼһ䣬ԼעСϵĿƶԱߵϣʱЩ ڿƬ̺ ǺȻ֮ϳǴڼе˭ Ǳͬһ񣬵һ䣺ԭǲܹµļڼĺ
ףʱڻعЩɻһ䣬 ĺͬλʶ𣿡
Ϊʲô оڼƺ˭ʶأ
СЩš
µ⣬ ڼڵҡҡͷʶҲ㲻ϣ ̹ͬй֮ԵˡĻ˵Ůӣ ˵ţ Ĳ̹Ӧǲʵʼҵġ
ǳӵһϵͳһδ䣬Բ֪ôһˡ
Ϊǰ֪ϵͳеĿƾǴǰ۷¼ δһСͷʱ˼ڼĻ˼
ڼѾ˽ͣԲҲûټ⣬ǶźÿСһ䣺ҹøո¶ɫʱֵʱ䲻̫ԣ֪ÿɷ˵һأ
ڲɫع۲һȦǸ˼ҺԺ»Լڳ֮ʣƺСĳǲǵĶ·ʳ
ֱֶЩóȻʳȻǱ˲̫ÿѯʡ㶼Ѿ֪ⲻԣҪʣⲻͽͽø𡪡Ļȴ˿Եð
ƽģȻ֮еһַİ֮УĪƽľ
ԣƽ͵ѯ֮£ոջеĻŲѣ֪֮ҪνͲڵµľ
С͵͵ĺͲ˵ʵĵҲûʲôҪģΨһһԺȫ֪ϵͳڵ
µĻֻ΢΢һЦкѣ
ԣⱱؿĿǸôλδı˵ǱþȳġǿļͥܵĹŮˡ
ңɸмԱ˺ߡ
ڲ֪֮£ǽԼų˺ǰԼĹ滮һ·ߡ
ǣ̧ͷǰ׿ԽŮӣɵ᲻̫ίˣ
ϵô׿ȺܹλҲǳŵ֮ңȴҪϰһǿȡҵ
£Ȼμ棬Ҳί
С⻰Цˣ͸ոĨ嵭Цݱģʲôίģ˵̸֮ˡ
һȻ길׳谮籦ȴǳġ
ʱ֮ʣԭΪԼһͷɪྴٵ˵˷Ǳ׳ųģȻߣԸƽ޹ǵԱ˼ҡ
ȥԭҲŸЩӣϧСС룬Ҳʵ֡
ʱ³ңūô½ӣ°ߣϣһֱڱʱʮȫ䡣
ԣı°߶ҶūֻǹһˡҵͷΪԼѰһ˼ݣʲôίأֻ
뵽ᴹ˴ӣ£ţ
ǵȷϲСˡ
䣬һزʶİ֮˻ϧۣ˰֮飬Ǹúúϧ
-
һߡ
ڶ⿤ظΪϤչĴ֮£ЩеӶ˼ֱ֮ͬײˡ
ڣһһԺӣѱΪ˵λ谮С檵⡣
ŵһŮ˵ĻЦɵ̧ۿ˿չϵ顣
ϵһƬɫڵҪȻȥˣ
ܾ飬ҪŮôġһ仰£ɴһ߿ţ˽ȥǣںĬĬϡ
߽ȥ֮ڼչһɲǣ֮ԭڵЦһŮʱʧȥϵЦݡ
顢̴
һԼɽʱ˿Ӧѱǻбޱȵĺ˵ĴŮ˵ɤӲɵöѾʼ
ڹɢһȻ⣬ԵúԵʣ˾Ȼʳһ㡢㡢ǹ
ͷԩͷծʲô޲ƽȥﰡû뺦ģ
˵󣬲˶ѾĲӡ
˾ʱȻǰνֱӿ˸ոջںǿҵŮˡ
ˣҲʶԼŮûƺǰ˺ˡǺˣһɱôգۣƺոǿأ
ֵӲɵöĸлڽƣ̴̴㸸װ㲻ɱңѵҪ߱ǧ𣿡
ô˵̴ֱӾЦˣ˵ţûʲô£Ҳʲôɱһξܹǧˣǧţûõ׵ʲôΣ
ĵ˵ţҵȷɱ㡣
£תͷѡȡ˺ͼڼһĳƺڵԽɷ轣һã
仰ǽеĳݸ˹ȴھ˵ð³ҲͰˣ㻹ɱǰڼⶣĻȻ˵ɱ⿤أҲܹʱ¾ˡ
Ȼôôĵİȥأ
зִġˣӹǻص
ͬʱ̲סǰʱڼ֮ʣͬ˵Ļ
οΪһȾѪȻ֪Ҳǵĵȷȷ֮߱ʵأ
˻Ϊ⣿
ڼ˼ǣ˻űȥҪʹķӣԽںʲôԽʧȥʲô㽫գһʱ̲ĥ˷Ǳʹȥһ˰ĸӿգ
̴ۣԡ
ڼһƣֻǹĸͬڼƻһУڴԣЩô
ΪʲôҪϣӦ֪ʼĿģҪؿһ²ǸͷûôƵġ
Ϊ࣬Ѿ·ˡʹеȷⱱؿȥñ𣬵ҪذյõŵȴҲġҲӵֵ߱ǵˣľͬǰ˵ڴֻ֮ߵһͨŮƾʹ
мȻӵ־ֺοֻһһϦıأصͷգΣȻɹġ
ңﲻҲϲҼѵͲ뿴պܹߵһ
˵˴Ѿʼ΢ѵֻһ֮صʵ𣿡
ʿϼֹĪ⣬ദﵱ˾ã
ԼǵĻصӮˣ̴ıˡ
󣬽Լ˼ӴǰĶԻг룬̴¿Լ׵ˣģ˵ĵȷûҲӦñϡ߱ͷҵȷɱ㣬
Źﻰת۵£гػ˵˫֮䡣
ҽеһ˲䣬վڹɵƤҲûסġ˻һ
һĻκһ˵ɱǼġ
Żء
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һﲻЩɻ󣬡ǡڸе£Щȷ˵֡
ǺǡôʣǼЦһ¡˵ȷµġ
Ȼţ˵Լըѵһ仰ǣĺҵİ

ĺСôµ
֮ǰڼţԿʼԶ󿪵Ѿ̲סٴοʼԶȥ˼ڼǷʲôνġ¹֮󡱣Բܹ赭дĽ̵һֶһ˵п顣
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һߣСѾϸһЩĺͲ֮
ѾηǸˣҲᵶսɱˣֵֹǻ¹֮ݵļڼͬ˵ŸոΪϵͳȻ֮ѯ˳鿨µĳ˲Իû˵հš
ǲǲСĺʲô
˵һ֮ʣʿ
תһ룬ܹԼӵԺһʱ벻ģȻʲôҪĴ£ԼڼҲԸɴӣĽһЩϸڡ
ڼ˵ţСнÿһĬ飬󻺻ĵԴҼǵˡ
һ£ֶСˣǱؿĿؿɲ򣬶
ǰ̸ͬԷһ˵ǡһֱ˵Ǹ򡣡
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׸ңǰֱ֮űؿɽ·ԶޣǶɱӣŮԵݶϵѧѧ
ֻϧڹ˽ҹ֮󣬴ûˡ
ȻΪԷ֮ҪĵطǿһǱԷ߶ӣĿɲһȫȫһΪˣֽŽȫϣ󲻵òʱ̣ء
Ϊ˱ǹֱƢС֡Űһ顰ͨˡĲ֮ӰչôѰ˵ֽŽ֮
˼ˣһº֮ɫӲɵҡҡͷ̾˿ԼǸ̫ˡ
Ͼô˵վһֻһЩӿõ
ڼ˿ʹš
˵κʿҲûʲôľˡ
ʿ̧˿žգгƽ޲ٿȴǰӿ
ҹעҪѪƯơ
ⱱؿصһĸ֮Ѫ춨δҵ
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ظۡǰǰѲ飬Ĵ֮£Щ˳Ȼ޷ֵĵطҲȫȷ˴ʱûκһеĻ֮ͬչһصǱߡ
ڿԼ뿪֮ǰ˼ڼͻȥֶ֮һİŮ֮ɱһϵĵһӦҪν֡
Сˡ
󣬼ڼɫŵĶŸոջ˼򵥵һ²ġݡȴûϸ˵ֻǵһ䣺ǴӸоҪѰĹ
Ϊ貹һݴʣֱӱǽ˸档
ѰúõΪʲôҪѰ
ڼ仰ٸ֮Բһŵȣ仰ĺԶ
ֱӾǰľԼԺɫֻ̫ˡ
ͬʱɵЩҿò˵ôԸԼĸףǴӿ͹ʵϣǾǳϵġ
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˵ǰǱɽկоȳģʱѾм죬ֹȥ죬ΪպͬŹϵĺؼʱһ䣬δʲôԹﲻΡ
ڼͲǰ仰Сһһ㶵ģɵŴ˵תĺÿ졣
ͬʱһ㶵ģһȫ̶ǴһĻС꣬ͬҲǸоЩҧĽֵı¿ǡ
м飬ȫûܵڼͲ˵˶ơ
ֻһȽʵ飬Ǿǣ
ҪŻʬˡ
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Ϊʲôֻ£Ҫǰֱаһ˵ǾС궼оһûʲôһ˴֣ǵİЧʡ
ұһߵжҪüطİһɻҲʲôˡ
ȵȡԣӦûЩͶߴկĺӣӦöǷλ˳СһһȺˣĸɲʬӦҲ˵ġ
һ뵽˵ϲЩߡ
Ȼڱ߹󣬼լбԼµʬĻˡ
Ͼƿɲܹӵġ
ͬʱģԹŻƵ˿ĵطлʼȼܻ⡣
һҹҹ˾֮ʱؿ֮УظڣٸӪһϵйŹ֮أȫˮ
ȼհҹʱ̲Ϩǣȴûƫ֮ء
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ĸʱܼڼͽŻƵͻȥλѡ˼ͷСһ󣬷ֹ۵ٳڰյ鲻ýеСӴ
ӹոջ˼ԼԷȡһźǻȹȥϡ
»·ڼ䣬̴Ҳǻǰһûüӵģڼõõ˻ģڵʱ·ץԼͷץĨϣ׾¼ɫ೾
ȵΪ˽ϷԼġ͡ȻҲ·ƽǴһ¶ŮһòŮڻһ·͸Եӣ󲻿ԣ
¾;ãʵڼŵ籾ĺܺ
һ㡭ۻ˻ȹװӮºְ̧Ūһ·ͣ˺ü֧鱦λ
ʱ¾㱸ֻǷ硣
ﳯӮ֣Լ֣ⱻȹܵ⣬òŮЦЦ̤ŵһ̣ӮϵԵù͵Цݡ
һӲ̡Ҫ򰡡


24 
лҪ˵[1]Ů
ż֮ ؿ֮ڣ޹ıͬʱŽҲͬ죬 һ뻽˯еıؿա
ŽǵĴټĺ壬 һ㲻׵ã ˯еİǲɵѸٵ𴲴£Ӫ ܿѹѹľۼһƬ˿ڣӵҼػš
ظе¼ˣҲڳõķȥ
ʼʱ򣬼ڼȥԼ˻ǸС ֻھԿҪӽõʱʱ Ȼ֮· һξ룬˿һģ µֻʣ̴һˡ
˭ Ƕʺͬһͬȥ ǻĽ
Ĳ𽥳ýӽһǰǸ΢΢òŮֵĹӰ ֱλվλܼİбʱһƬ
ǴС㣡
Сôһ磿źǸոѻƵġ
ǿСøŮһĹ˭
찡 ϵŮ·˰ɣ
˵˴ŽǵǴС㣬 ǿ𣿡
ӵȺ֮һڱؿǵ֮Уǫ֮̃ϡռݸ߸ߵӽǣ·ˡ
ֵ·Ƭ֮ ̴ֳ̧޹Ǳߵķ˻ӣͱʱжġһؿٱ·ʮеļλʱͣסùĵĶ
ͬʱһҲͬĴŽǵһٱļ׳Ҳֹͬס˴ŵ
ﶨ·İǣڵλ̴ǲ޹Žǣټˣл˵
֮ʼԼɽ°ȥʼ˵𣬡ǰգ̴ΪǺڷկɽ°ȥЩͳΪҪͻʺ֮ڵ򣬾ɽͻ˽׵ǰϦҲǰգ̴Уε˴ȣ̴ˮ֮С
ڶ죬ҵǻȡ
ռڼķԸʱȻϸ˼֮£չȥȻ磬ʵǴڲ֮
ҵˣߵλ
˵ƶһ½ŲԱվһ£ԭԼס˰ӣȻҲǿյ³׵ı¶·ǵǰ
ʱ·һƬ̨֮һ·Уûпòǲɵ
Ǻεױȵò
·һ·
̴ոջѾʾǸʾһֵİֱӱֱӾⷬ˵ǡ
Ȼı¶ڳǧ˫۾֮£Щ˵עĿһ˲䣬ֻԼһĶԼͨͨ
ؼֻһƬļžͬʲôĵбÿãһƬ
ӵ֮ˣŮ˰ޱ飬˫֮ޱϲԵԷ䣬˼ֹ¸ߵԡ
ϷҪԤ֮иӳɹСڼȻ֮Լǰǵʲôˡ
Ҳȷͬһʲô£Ҳ첻ʲôӰ죬˵ʵм΢ΪӵĲǱģǣ
ΪʲôǰϵͳѯСѾͷǷҪ鿨ʱֱӾĬһ￨ʼΪ˽أ
ڼãϲȵ˵ʵڲǸͷ
̬ôƮˣǵüѰײźá
ʿš
Ȼ˵СѾͷʵǺõԼ˭
·ѾһֱӾǱµò𺳵ٽֵͬʱҲһȵĵյ磬һΪΣУһλ԰ףɷǵ˵Ҹ׶֮£ؿϽβϽǶڱһԱĳͷԵģҲΪұؿˣ˺µ
˵˴кȻȾһ˿ʣ̴ԭвԸţڳŹر֮ǰظ֮󣬷Ҹ˲ءؿʱ֮ҲȻȼ𣬽ֻ֮йҷΧ֮أȴ漰λǡ
ɫݣʵڹԤ֪ξҸϸ˼֮󣬾֮λ֮̴ڻصк·δüһǲʿ޹Ĵţټңͬ˵һ¡
ԴǿУ̸׵ʱ̾ͺ¼Т˳׵ТŮһи̾Ůĵ溣룬ɲ⡣
˵СպòҲɣ
뵽ش˸òܼϹ룬ǿ̫ˡ
Ȼ֮䣬ڶݵһƬĬ֮У治֪˭һһǺƵĴС㣬£ǸҪ㰡
һЩϵɣ󣬸һ̴֮΢΢һЦʲôҪƭأǿ֮Ůƽ޹ʽ֮λһ֮ˣʲôô
οںڷկ˷棬ȼ˹֮棬Ҹڼ棬㣬мѭʱȥ֤ʵѵһ֮𣿡
̼䣬֮е֮һ롣
תͷ£ɷڱؿǽһ¹е֮
òŮף»ЩŲԽ֮ԼؿڵпĶٹ޻ʮ޻ɷ޲鲼ʡƳޱɵֶպ䡣
˵Ķѱؿİ˵һʱ侹ȥ޻Ǻεģ
ǡճʱ֣ճعӫӫâϣʱӳĵŮޱҫۣʵʵƶ֮ˣɽӽʥޱȡ
ȻһƬž·ߵæץסᣬؿİһҩǴоòԸŵģηȵһ֮ٿǱؿǺξأ̴ͬҲǶܡԸԼ׼֤ضȻΪѾ֮شµϣ
һ仰£·Ǿþõļž
Ȼ·Ⱥ֮еһʱ֮£ȼװԼɵİվ֣˻ֱۣѧǶĳƺ󺰵ãǾŴСһΣزҪʧ
֮£ЩİҲһ
ˣ˰棬ܵճϣѱ͢ıؿ֮λҲĵµС
-
Ͱǹϵ㲻ĿؼҵĴСı֮£ԵúúŪúƵİǶԣؿĹԱߣȴǶ֪Ѿˡ
ķ涼Բȥɣһǡٸ֮УԭĿصȫϢһҹ֮ʧȻǲԾ
ڵǷ˲Ծȫ˵
Ϊıϸ˼ּصŲر࣬ĿҲԲ˵١
ô˾һҹ֮ʧĸɸɾûЩ˴ڵĺۼһⲻие̻ѰһʧľԼ
²ɵţҪȻԼϽʶȤλĿʵĺŮءͶϡ
ȻڹٸһȺԱŸҪ򼴽Ҫٸ±ĵʱʵϣ½յгȴȫûнٸճ̱ڡ
õ֮ºͬһȫԭ·صĿظ;ǰǷֵļڼһϡ
лصظϢһ¾֮ȥִؿˡ
ظ·ϣСﲻɵЩżڼԼոյıô
⣬ʿ΢΢һЦ޵ܺáܹһֱסͺˡ
ԭһʱЦݣһʱͿ
Ů˹ӣګګ˵ҷţʵǻҺµʲô֪ˡоĶҪһŻԼڼʳǸ⣬Ϊ±Լˡ
Сô˵ڼֻЦŴȵպĶˣͲӳˡ
ڲֻǸʼء
šô˵С̵ĵ˵ͷʾһŬġ
̾һմǷųȥˣɣһ֮Ǵﲻͬǰ龰ֻ»ӭؿյļɰ
ûȻ̨֮˵ôĵԴǿСʵϣڴ£̴ʵûκε׶ġ
Ϊʲôȫûе׶ȴҪô˵ǰڼԣû·ˣȻѾҲֻһ·ߵڡ
Ȼ˵ʵһڴؿİĲ׶ŭȥܵĸŹġ
ڼȻǸڵģİգڼ׼̡֮
ڼô˵̴΢΢˵ͷ
Щԥһ¡
ڵĲ߻ⱱؿһţ˳½ְܿλ˵ĻǾͲܹ¶Ϊƽƽһ𣿡
ڼһЦ֮лһºƽصû񣬲ֻһϷʱܹת䡣
Ź԰һ֮ڣڼͬˡһ䣬Ҫģʵֵġ
һ֮ⱱؿգȻȫġ
ʱ͡Ҳͳûʲôôˡ
»һӣû˺һУΪðֻ֪Ļ̡̻ΪԼԼŮܹͳȥһ͵ǲǾˣ
˿أ˵ƽݽÿ֮λ£ؿڲղҡֱӿųͷЩũߴɱظǶǺõġ
ʿĬĬƻš
-
𣡡
ߵظſڵʱ򣬿һû뵽ˣ²ʱϲغһ
СϤڰ뿪ŵĸϵӢ̽ĿһмֶһİĲҲûȥѯݣֻǳµͷջԼĿ⡣
ֻȻûйעǺ֮ȴòԼעһǰλ
ŵŮӲɫԵʿѯŶԷǷԼλ
ڵõڼһ϶ش󣬲вɵÿʼ˼ʲô
󣬼һ߽ͬеԺֱ׼Ҽ䷿ȥϢ
Ȼ˵ңҪ˵ĻʵȻµķΪĵġ
ϾİΣǵһҪء
ôʱˣûй˼ɹʲôŮµҲûҪͻȻ¶
Ĺؼڣûʲôʱ˸ֵŮ˵ɡ
ѡպҪסԺ䣬룬ʵҴȥĸǰסԿɺãǱѾкܳʱδסˣҲһֱǴɨĸɾ
Լĳƺˣ²һ뵽ҲûʳʲôֻҡҡͷҲĳƺ˿ڣˣסﶼԡȥ̴ĸ׵˼֮оҲδ̫ˡ
ô˵΢Цһ£ֵĻȥԭķ䣿
֮ȻҪסĸ׵ķģķ۴СĻ⸮Ӧǵλ
ڵڶǸǰסĵطȻԴȥ£οǻһڵء
áûپܾ飬΢΢ס
Сȷ֮󣬲Ŀڣʾסٽķ䡣
ܵ˴˿һ֪ǰڼͲ˶ݵǷ˵޻ɵķԣ
ȻĻŸմ˸ͷͱһˣĻСһţʾѻ̻ȥ
ˣ˲ͬڿء
ڽǴԭķ֮󣬸о֮лҪ˵̴һطϢͷȥˣ뿪֮ǰﻹʾ֮ⷿежǶ㶯á
뿪֮󣬽һֱ׵ǳһ䣬㻹ȥϢ
ĻȻôʵģֳ˭óĻ⣺ôߣ
󣬻СҲ̲ס̧ԼϣֱСģ
ôͼ˸ôСһˣŶ
ڣӣСʾʵ㣬Ҳǿ

˵ֱ
һ֮겻֪ʲôȻһ仰ѿڶǺŮӻٶ
ŵŮ䵭ֻһˡ
ڼ̹δٳǲѧͨ񣬶־ͨɡ
ȵȡԼСܡ仰꿴żڼɫ֣Ȼʳ֮ǰСǸ⣬ôʶ
ֵĺ㵽Ժʱڰ
˵ЦˡڼȻ򶨣ȵһƽ̹ͬһʱڵˣвȻš
ô˵ƲƲ죬Ӧ԰ĳ鿨ģ
ǿص֮ʣ˼˰ɡ
СŲ²⣬Ͼ֮Ҳûܽˡ
ô˵֪˲¶һ֧ĻСֵһ䣬ʲôˣ
ֱӵڿ˰̺󣬻ȥ£ʳһ䣬˵Ҿʮ˻ģǲţСԼر͹ˣ
ʮ˵Դܳˣսնǧū׺
ô˵СҲֻ΢Ц֮С˳ë
֮С߷ħʮģʮء
߿㣡һ䣬ȥֱӾǻȭͷȥˣȻһգۼ䣬ܵԱŤһš
ڼ£ŵĶСʵ񱱵ؿ£ڽ˰ţкδ㣿
⣬С˼һ£̽ˣ
ͷֲҪ޻ȥӵĻҾͿԹһöˣ񱱵ؿôֻʮ޻ֳͲˣ
ңʲôԼڼʵ˵ĺΪʲôҪ˵޻Ķٹﰡ
ڼٹڱؿ˵ѾһΪɹ۲ˣ˵еĵƣܹܲڿ˾ֱȫȥ
޻ֶմůⰤ֮֮⣬ɻоüֵ
ĵš
ڼ¶СʵȻģʲô˵𣿡
ҡҡͷ˵ţ벻ˡ
˼ڼ˼ʵĺʲôҪͬ˵𣿡
仰ʿ΢΢ͷãΣ
һڼ仰òŮ̿һźÿСøͣ͵ļڼֱҡ̫ϲ飬Ҳá
شѵøеһҭļڼ΢Ĭһ¡
һ£֪ʲô̶С̽ʵڴǰƽĶʲô飿
ڼ⣬СЩ鲻ԸıʱڻܹѿڶݣΪŮӣѧ֮Ωꡭ죬ᡭú[1]
𣺣

ڼ
ȥ



25 
Է˼붨ɷ Ůںܶ෽ɷͬλعİСﱳⶫʵһѾع˸ȥ˼ۣ ²˶ֱӱǸ˺ˡ
ͻȥеֱ⼸ͣڵĶ ϵıһƬհף ӦƬ֮СĶɫСʵԣǡ˵ģ Ĳõġ顯
̲סʼ
СѧĶʲôöңѧĻСĲã˵ʵеһ¡
ȻĻ Ҳʵû˼ݱ ȫȫ϶ֶȷŮӣ Ҫȥһ·ѲҪȥҸȼˣȻϵͳΪԷã СͷΪıһ
šʻ СɫӦţ ɡ
СѧŮΪ֮⣬ ǱʷԼһЩĵ־ҲѧһЩ
ż˵ͷʱҲ˵һЩʷ֮ϼصǰ˵¼
ࡰࡱݾʱҲŸĸ취ŪһЩص վ̫ˣ 鼮󣬼ĺѧӣҲԸԸ鼮ݻýġ
Ҫ飬ȴѰҪ顣żʱܹõһ һ˹ۿҲѽ⡣
Դ˺Ҳûˣÿ찴ͰĸѧŲϲĶʱļ䣬ѧ鱾ģ˵ǱСʲôõķһСðοÿжȹ
СﱳǼģò˵ѧϰǽŮԵ˼ļڼͻȥⶫе䡣
ϾȻ˵ǵ˼뻹šΪ޸١ûʵϣʵŮӵĵλûе΢Ǹӡ
ǻȥڵǼڼĶȲᣬֻ˵һŮ£ǵʱŮӸļʵ̫Ѱ޴ǰӵŮӻʺأӹȥɷŮӵİҲȱȽǡ
˵˻Ƕ±ݴһɻ״̬ĻֱĬһֹ״̬
ȻһСѧϰֶͬΪŮӣСĴܸͬܡ
׾ܹʼжʷӼΪڵʱŮӶôʺơ
ʵǸʱڣŮҲûģǿԶ飬ܶҲֻѧϰŮ̵ŮӸ¸Եȷ顣
ֻǱȽˣǡĸǵ壬۰Ը̵жϰ徭գʹǿʶ
Ů룬ȻҲģֻ˵ݲҹֻͬڿʱԷһôҽ֮ϲΪҪŮ
ʹĳֻǽ̵ԼŮӡ
뵽ԴɫЩήҵСĿ֮в˼֣һŮ㾿ҪٵĲۣٵĥѣмڼ˭޷⣬ֻͬΪŮӵס
߹ȥ̧ḧ˸Ůķ˿Ỻţ£ԸҶ飿
ԭʵǲöʧǵΪģ˵£ʵǸп࣬Щʧ̬˲Ϣ֮䣬ŵŮ΢΢ۣС˵ոǾ仰¾䣬ǹѵŮӵ֮˵ѧӺľġ
ִǶأǲԼױŮԵ˼Ͻơڲֱ쾭顣
οСѧϰ֮£»ûȫǰ˼ʴʵѾܼǿˡ
ʻ㶵ĿŲûһʱ뷴𣿡ȴ֪ôȴѹסʳ
κСصĵ˵Դȴᶨ˵ţѧ顣
ѵеƵĻº󣬽СִԴСĲһ䣬Һܱ㲻Ҫҡ
Сô˵Цһ£ȻٶȵͷȻδжȴ˵һС
˭ŮͶУԡڴһ£µδ
һĻССѧľȻֹԻлعļڼ΢
Ҳ˲ʶġͨŮӡѺõ̶ֳȣǰȻ֪һ£ò˵ܹõģĹƾԼ˷谭ŮӵǿӲɱһԼĵ·
£ʱĻԻ֮·ңңһξ롣
ˣ֤С΢ĩ֮ɵۣ²ŸսԲ
οСѾͷŮ֮ȷƣʱֺγأ
㿴ʱһ̣ϴȻó۽ԼѵΣͲ׼Ԥ˼֮£ֻһ֮ڽػؿس˯
ȴڼСһ˲˪ʡͲΪ±ˣΪǸҵݡ
ΪΪŮӣͲڳκһˡ
Ͳͬһʱ֪һļڼȻǴ֪ԭ򣬵
ƫƫ¾ǸС²
ϲٵĻڸողʳǾ仰ʱ־ѾľҪˡ
ԭӲ̬ȣΪСݶֱӵ
ˣΪģĲʶ벩ѧļͨ鼮Եѷѵãɶ£ܹĲ顣
˼ˣڼɵöԲʵ֪һǧʲ̹ܼ¶٣
ļ֮Уǵԭ磬ھֽʮΪĬİƪ׵Ĳ顣ʱȴū°ߣڱʮ꣬ڼҲûԿ֮¡Խ֮λһƶĲȫ֡
˵ļʱԵģǰ״£ܹĬİƪίʵڴᣬһûбĿ˪ĲܹĬ鼮
̲வĲ飬ǿɲʲôֻ޲ḯд£֮鰡
⣬ŵŮǻŵ֣ȫ
һ֮ͻȥСҲǲɵõ˿ͬǲϲʵûа취ܹȫȻûвĽǧĬдһʲô᣿
ƽİЩĿһ۲
˲ܣķͬһ㡣
СŮ𾪻㽵Ŀ⣬еûʲôĸоֻǺƽĶԼڼǾͷ֮󣬹ӶʶֵĬˡ
˵еݻᱻڼ͵ѧȥǶԷŹĿҲ˼ҵı¡
⻰˵ļڼһ㶣ЦڼΪ˼ŮϾҲܾˣѡԼĬꡣ
ҲֻƽѾһεˣֻʲôù˼أοǧ飬ֻԼһдǵȷһܴĹ̫ķʱˡ
¿ÿСĿᣬͻ֮󣬱Ǵ鿪ʼͬ½𣬿ɺã
µͷġ
ˣÿ鲹֪ʶһ˱ȷ˶¡
Զӣպбīֽ⣬ŵŮӱֱӾ˹ȥ̧ĥī֮ʿʼĬ飬ȽҪոСｲĶдһٳ
-
ڲȥĬ֮òŮתͷһԵİЩɵĿ˿ǰȷʾǺָ˵˴ĻС꣬ڶԷ˰ͷʾȷ֮ƫƫͷ֮£Ͱаȥˣ
С䣬΢΢ףȻһĳĬҲӦһ
ţʾ죬İɣоģȻ˵ԼûԼھӪס˺ܾã̵ıľ顣
ԹһҲǳϤѲԼģ˵пǶ֮ȥڴĺأ
ô˵СǲϷĿһۣʾı϶á
Ȼ˵ǰʵûֹɣ̵ֻġ
С룬úܺãȻҲѲס
һ˲䣬һԸغϵС飬дһ΢Ĺʶ
ô˵֪ʵΪĺͰһ׵СҲһӡ
תͷȥͼڼ˵ʱ򣬺Ȼ֮һȵȡ
ôˣһСʵ
Ȼ󣬾ͼյǰŵĶ˵ţ㾹Ȼֱӽ֣
ǰڼҲˣϾ˺ģûС
Сֱӽлȥֻ֣ûأ
һ뵽ɵЩί˵ţ㶼ûֱӽҵ֡
÷ȵ˵ӿհһµ룬̽ĺһ
ǵֵԭԸоֱӺֺܲԾСһ£ԼǰڹʱһˣСǵһȻһֱӣӱÿհ׵ͱ
С˵֣Ĭһµ겻ɵûҪȻ㻹ֱӺȫɣ
ʲôġҲ̫߳ˡ
ֱʵûа취Ůӵô治ɫľͽгʣһ˿ģҲ̫˰ɣ
ոձἰĻСǣһ̶ʼĳЦС飬ֲýС
ȥһڣֱӾ˸ոӻհһƬĻȥ
תԴʲôҵֲýУΪ֪֪
˰֮ԼǲҵһеĻݵ䣬˵˾Ļ˵ĻҲҲ֪֪[1]
ȻСֱӲһʱҲ֪ıа秵ĻֱӷŴֱ׳㶮ʲôҵǱ´òã
ȥ˵ҳõʱ򣬱Ƿһʱ¾ͲˣԱ´ȥΪ
ĳ֣ѾŤһҲûһ£ϰ߳־±ûټעߵ
תͷȥ˼ڼķ򣬼Ÿոջûü˵ĻʵĺͣǲӦȥ޻ӣ
ǰһСɽͷ׳֡
С仰ʿ˼һ£صҲǲСڼΪӶеũһҪʿҪѵñؿũֲȥĶٹġ졯޻ӣɣһС
ڼô˵Ҳûȥʲô˼ֱӾ͵̴ûʲôƼũ
Ͼվڱؿز죬ǹӶũĻҪһһ˼
ڼͷҲá
ºͼڼ˵µʱһ߸ոڳְе겻֪ʱʼȻֹͣ˳ܣתһعģ
§ŻȥĲӻǽǣɤŵ⽫С΢΢˸ŸµĹâС֮Ҹȥ߾֮Ⱑ
仰֮⣬ڲŸոձչʾ˲¶֧С˵Ѷȥһ˲ͷӦ˵
ͷȷٶѹѹֻҪʮ˵ͷþٶ˸鿨ᣬ㲻Ľָʱþ͸Ҳһء
лҪ˵[1]Ҳԡ﹫򴫡


26 
ò˵ ȥ仰˵ķǳġĸ佫Ҫһ䣬ϲǧﱼϮūԭսģ һƥõսҪѰ佫ĸҪ
ҳ֮⡭Ҳȷе Ҫȥɱˡ
ӦҲǳһ㣬 ԲŻ顣
겻ɵһļϣཻһҪµ űؿԺһЩ֮ҸܳȥɱˣС׬ϸһ鿨ᡣ
ڽ۸ʿã ׼Ҫʲô£ пһǽϵӢĵ۶Խǵӵ꣬ վҲûȥںͼڼ˵ʲô
ΪⲢûʲôҪ
ģ쿪ʼ֮ µһʱжʱ侫ȥЩеûģ šҲܰһ°ɡ
ҲûбҪȥС Ӵ˿̿ʼƽˡ
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ͬѧһʱ֮·²ĬǷּΪÿѧϰ٣ ǰŵŮӴк֮ȥ̴׼ѯһĹӶũ֮¡
Լ⣬΢΢һЦ ң ɵҶˡ
Ҹպ֪мֽɻڿ죬ƷҲũԺҰѵַдȥǼˣ ɺã
ԭ˵Լǲȥģ˵֮ǰ⿤ظողű꣬ǳ֮⣬ȫȻûб˵ġ
Ȼ˵Ҳûа취£ϾԭеЩˡ޷á
ֵ»ʮܹʹڵʲô鶼ҪԼܡ
⿤ظҪһµ˰
̲סš
áô˵µͷȻС룬ʵ˵Ļ¼ڿµؿɻ㹻Ŀ޻
ũʱڣЩģѾʳҲհ׵ĸ޻
Ȼ˵һְԭӻµѡ񣬵򲻵ѣ黹ǲҪΪ
δҲ֪ʳ
İɡص²õ˷ʳӻ磺ڱؿĶܲ˵ǿֵǿǾԲȱ
̴ô˵µǲˣ˻
ʳ⣬̴ɵЩɬǰ꣬ںڷկǻɽԵʣͻңʳջļǻᣬҲһȫװΪ˼£Ҳźũ£ÿÿ㹻ԼҼԵʳҲˡ
ʣǹٸĸ˰
ͷҶֶ٣㰴ջٵĸ˰Ͻٵġ
ղɻٸȻǲߣֱ˰յͶɹҸһͱ
һ굽ͷȫǽϸеĸ˰ֻһ㣬ǵĶǲڱմʡʳԭͲʳĴ󲿷ֽڹٸ
ڰǼǼĺ͹ٸڼ䣬ҲˢһվڰյĽǶȰ˵Ҳڰ֮лܻӭԭ򡪡ǾС㡱վǱߵģʵϡ
겻ʳҲʲô취ѽĿвЩǣռû֮ʱ˲ãĸ꣬ǿô죿
û仰̴ͷ͵⼸Ǵûʲô֣ÿֵЩٵӶܹʳһܹڣʲôʱֵĻ´ҾֻܹΪ⿤񣬻ѡڱˡ
ɰǸδ֮£ֻǰĹҡ˵ΪأΪԼڰ֮иˡͷΣԴڼӺùЩˡ
Ǹͷβߣе֮󣬲ֵܹõǡ
ˣСһĶʱ˳
һ£ղʳΪ˴̴ַ˵ȥ԰˵յļڶȻٷˣǻԸȥũ𣿡
̴Ƭ̣صܹһĸ󻼵ϾȻǻԸġʵҲţֱؿ֮мλĴڣٷǰð֮¡
ԿҲҪʱģũ½󲻵ãٹЩʱգǰҪҲˡ
Ǳ֤ǽԾɷǰ֮ԸɹٸҵȫʧأòŮٿ̧۾пȥǶ˷ּǿǣʵҿͬǩȯ
⻰һ£̴̲סص˿
˰֮ͷҲ˵徿ʲôеĵһ䣺
ǰʱ򱱵ؿİŵʱһ꣬ɴӴգֻаʱ䡣µĴ˾٣ǿ˵һ䡰µʱ䲻ˡ
Ҳոһ˲ͺδڹһ㣬һ±ģ˵ţֻǡǶѡ
һʱͷȵ뷨ײֱӾôȥԺҪһ¼ڼ˷ɲвźá
뵽ڼ֪ũ֮²ܹӵСȻ֮俪ʼճ̰ţԺҪȥٸôһ±ؿڴڵԱʱΪáĺͬ˵Ҳһȥ
ͻȥֽѾֱȥãȥȥˡ
Ϊڼ˵ܹסӣʱûȥӪǵź»мڼһȥٸ
ռڼ뷨ǣŰȥٸһȦһ£һɱֻ֮΢ųһ㣬ܹñؿȺ͵ĹԱŵƨӴ˶ΨǴӡ
Ȼ˵ЩһﵱҲʲôв֮ôҲǶ顢ʶֶģȴպá˭ȱأֻܽһˡ
Ųһ½յʱĿ̴Ǻ裬ʵȻеڿʣҿԺ𣿡
Ӧһ䣬΢ЦȻǿԵġ֪ȣҾͻһһĲҶˡµֻǵڶˮζЩࡣ
ûϵġСҡҡͷȥ
̴Ȼеɵһ⣬ѾáҲ֪òʡ
ţոߵԵ»ͷе֣ʲô
̴ֱͬ˵ѽֲ
ʵľǣ룬ԥ˰̣Ǿ˵ҪҪ˵ҪƺҲҪʳ׽֮䣬ٳ֮𣿡
̴仰֮ʣʱ¸պ΢΢һҪ衣
һ仰ʱһֶûȣֻžડһòŮиոıӣ৵һ¾͹䵽ϡ
ڵǣתһȦ֮ǰͣһɰʹȱʧһӡ
ʱӮ£ȴѾעⲻˡһ̵СΪ̴ոտڳľ֮϶һƬãȻ֮ɫ֮ǱÿհһƬ
лҪ˵ã˭Ҫʲô
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27 
 Ӧ̧ӣŶ治֪βŻ˾õĹЩŵʵ ̴ô룿
Ϊ ̴صܸоڰ׽У ֻһˡͺǣ֮⣬ ʲôںһ
Ͱ٣Ǵ棬ڵһۿʱ򣬾ܹܵԷĿ¡ǶԷԼ ȫԼʱֱһݴ
Σգ ҪԶһεͻΣաʱĶۡ
ǰģ ΣǿĸоȫƷ˵ģ··ȫûһ̻ˣ ȴԴеļİڼ䣬 ǿԷֻ¡
ͬʱԼͲҲǴʼʼעһۺ δһʵǺѲ뵽֮ĸǱ֦֡
ˣ Ųٶ࿴һĹ
˵ǰǰˣ֣ ƺҲ¡
ȥ ̴ǸоԼĲе㿿ġ
һֻԼѾֹͣ˼£һźÿĿɿڴĿֱ鷴仯š
󣬸о˼΢ָЩ֮ òŮæʸڷһڶԲǿͳĴǵģˣ
ѸٵĽ˷Ůٿس˿̧̧ͷŶ۾ٴķϵ̴ˣҺͰ֮䲻Ȼ˵еȷЩӵĶ޴˵𣬵ȷĸ顣
ǽһΣ˺ӳ֮һŵ
һΪڣ֮ʣᱣܵκ˺
˵ţҺϲ𣬵ǲŮ֮飬Ǻϲһϲ
ɰȣľһ·Ȼһ֮ڽ֮뿪ܹͬʶҹͬദһʱ䣬оѾܿˡ
ܸлӦǿҵĸмŶԡϾǰѾˡ
̴˵İԸĮ⣬ʵֻЩԴǶѡ
֮ǰͷˣߵԽԽ֮ԭżʱԸ˵ϼ仰İǱԽĹԡе㵣ǰϲˣʶƺ̫óദ
ֻǿЩĮ£ʵȴǺᡣ
ҪҲȫûбҪʲôŵȻŵ˻ᱣ֮⣬Ҳ֪ǰָ顣
Ĭ٣һֱʵ˺ܶණȫмСԣϧһܹʶԵ֡
λվûжͳڡ
ǳڱԭֻǵΪð𲻻ϲο֮뿪Ҳûж̴ӽһıҪ
վº͸ոǸ᱾ʲͬ
˼С￴̴£̴֮ĪҪˡ
ֲһ䣬ǲСĴǱߣӰҲ̫á
ˣˡ±ƵĻ֮У̬̹Ȼ̴ҲֱӾ£ֻԼȫȻû˵ԼεĻ
ȴںģֻ˲ͱ˷ϵһʣպĶתת֮󣬵һ档
Ȼ˵£лǸоƺ̫Ծһʱֲ˵ڵڡ
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ڲ֮󣬱̴һͬķ䣬׼ȥҪȥٸļڼа档
ʱ䣬ڿʼĻȵǱߣٸĹԱҲӦĿʼîǩˡ
֮ΪողʹǸ⣬ڿʱ̴ЩҿΪСﵹ̹Ȼĺһͼڼ֣ϾڰûǷ뷨вʲôڵġ
𱾾ͲעȻû˶ȥˡ
ڼԼԼоƺһϵʱ﷢ʲôԴ΢һ֮ҲûóȻͻȥʣֱӳŸõķȥ
·ϣڼһϵ¶ʳĲ⣬̹Ǳ߽ҪĬ飬Ҫʵһд֪ɷܾټˣ
⣬һ㶣ѡȷУһȺӺͲ̽ǲǲ̫ã
ʳ⣬պмڼ»ֱ˳Ļٶȷʵ˵кʵĶʶֵŮѡ
һڼ⣬̴ûʶڵؿеĹԱ֮мλ˵Ů
ֱ˵һʱźȻӦڼǲ֪кʵŮѡֱӵԱ
żڼŹϺ΢Ц̴ؾͳ˳顣
һڼǶƱҪˮֻܹվµһϣԾһЩؿԱʲôµĺ·ɵǡ
ƫƫĻıһ㶼мĿľôֱ˵
̴ɵ̾˿ʼĸڼʱҲӦڼ̲صһʲôˡ
Сͷ󷽵İڴӢõȷϺ󣬲ɵţĺӻʿϵͳĿֵжоȻֻĩNSSRıʿǶǽʲô̶Ȱ
һֱûȥᣬȻҲ֪ڼſѾȻ仯Сš
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֮ѯĺ;ã˾ٿ
ô˵ڼЦһ£ȻС
˵ʵ⵹Ǹһ֮ϲ
ǱؿĸǶľϲͬʱСѾͷҲһ
˾ٲʧΪһ֮
԰֮Ƿ֮ûкʳȻǺһ׮
ǲұһգȻһٴѣɿسǮ⳥ʧ˵ͬ׬
ǣŴǰλΪյ£ӣա
ЩǱϵģʵ׬ȴ¡
ΪǶȻַĻᡣ
Լгɳø죬Ҳ˵ڴ֮ǰǵСѾͷĲа
ʿ
ɻ˵ȻǵҪʲôͻʲô
飬ֱΪһ㡣
ڼ˺İҲǺͼڼͬ뷨ʵЩѾԿʼжϡոڼĻ֮⣬˼·
ڵȷԼ뷨ᶨǾǡȷ
Ҫߵ·ܳԶ
ڼֵԺôЩԱ֮ȥӶֲ޻ӵũͬʱͰἰʳ£ͽڼɡ
ʵ˵򵥺ܼ򵥣֪һϢѣ˵ȴҲѣΪҪ䲻ǿⶼǡءƣðʶǵ¿ǶôʴȣӶʼİ֮顣
ǴﲻǰЧܻ˾¿ءǸԩͷ۸ڱ߾ɽˮ֮أһɾͲðˡ
Ҫ漰ԵĻˣȻдһݸӽΪסԼϱȽϺá
ƻİ˵ʵҲϱˡ
Ͼġľ֮°
ڼô˵СƫƫԴֻĺȥҲ𣿡
΢ЦŽͣΪأæʲôС¶أ
һǣջô˼ΪӮƣȻҪһظвźá
òֻҪˣҲ˵ֿûôˣڰбסأͬоˣŻŹ⻷ԣð㽵
ŶСƶǶĵ˵ͷ
Щ¶ģڼҲûа˵̫ϸڿɲ˵ʱͷϻһ¶Ҫء
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⧲ĳʵǰѹٸһȺɢɢ̬ΪɢȻһ
쾫ĵһ춼ûӰ֪ǻڳְ
½ûмΪӪΧĻȹǸǿģ켣ٳĶóҲûҪ·ĥԼ
ֻһͨȹȴҲǿȺԱĸη
ʵЩȻ֮ʧĸɸɾġǰοءŰ
Ա¾ʲôɱ˲գ۵ŮħͷСߵ˼ȴȻûһŵġ
Ÿ֮һٷļԲͣڼüλ˿̬Ӧӹû
ⲻǺòĿڻһ¾ˣʱֹԱߴǰλһĿ޺Ӯ£ּǿҵİȴһԴĸһһ嵶ӢֱӰεͿ֮˭ɱӺ
ڼЦһλ˲ˣҵֲǳ˵ĺˣúܣԸλʲô
һ仰££˹֣һС
ڰ̴ȥվС֮¿ǼֹԱҲǺЩʲôǵļֵûߵǸϣֱӾǿڵ˼˵żɽ˵ϼλ˼Ů鶼ĲҲдƯ
ڼ仰һ䣬ļʱŵĵϷվòŮ̴۹ܳˣȴڿŵӮºվһߵİ¡
ˣ⿴޺Ůħͷһɱ˲ʵڿ
лҪ˵ã´ȥ԰Ӱ첻á
̴˼ﲻԣ
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28 
ѵлӵкٻ֮ƣ ⲻ̴иоͦģǲɵó·ļ΢΢Цһ¡
ЦݻᱻǾͲˡ
Σ ̴ԻʵЦݺ һȺԱ㿴ң ҿ㣬վһȺеĿͷĳػ
ǼΪʶȤسϷλλһ ȻſڼСĶʵĳ޶ۣ֪λǺ⣿
ڼֻǵȻһЦ˲ؽţ ҪĬдһЩ鼮 µλ λн˺ǧһãڼ䣬 Ȼܵʲô˺ġ
һ仰£ ƽһ䣬 ˵̹ѧʶḻ λ˵ļҾȥͬѧµ֪ʶǺ°
Ȼĸ֣̫ƽɫҲûʲô ЩԱĶʵ˾ï}ûţ ֱëȻ֡
ҪŮļҪ¸㣬ҪҪϷϼڼų˿˿ɱİѹ֮£Ҳòʶ̸Ŀͬ׮ǿڡ£ ϷòŮ׾СŮҲͷش˶ˡ
û취ٲӦҲ˵һ֡һھ֮һֱӶô죿ǿ˭뵱Ǹɱġ
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һ̣ŮҪȥĹԱУλ޺¿һֺƺ֮
˺ǶѼҾȥУȻҲֻܹһ˼¿ظɻ޷ȥ
ͬʱһٴҲǻһûбŮĹԱĹϵγȻĶ棬ǲҪĵĸ£ͬʱü˹עͬûµĳ嶯з̻㱨ȥ
ͬŲؼͼ£һͻΪ֮ջһʧȥֻʧȥŮجˡ
֮⣬һϸ˼ּľǣڼǻ֪ʿĳƺǻġǡء
¼ֱǲϸ京塣
ŮУͼı
һֱ֪ӾʹͷһҪͶϣһҲδˣвɵԼС˼ֿʼһЩԱϢģȥԼС̡
Ͼʲô£Ҳڲаɽûˣѵָв
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СȴȫȻ֪챱ؿзЩ飬ԼЩĹԱУѾһز¶ĸĪˡ
ڷôЩ˶ǵûǷġ¶Ҫ㡣
ʱЩԱҲȴδ뵽֮󣬵ΪѾµ˲ţԼûʲô¶̭ڹٳƽ滻λǻؼ֮󣬷硢ĲѵȥǸʲô۶ӵġʡӺŮʱڹٳ֮һΪһȫһĵ·
ڵǻֻһߵֲòǰʿȥѯʣͷǵļҾȥﱨ
ڼֻɫȥظȷ˵ͥԺѰˡ
ǲô˵޴Ͼټҷ֮ҲŽʵġ
ߵ˵ǣ⼸λԱķ˷ǶλñȽϤ
ʵҲȷˣڼڼ仰֮Ǿ֪üҾȥ
ӲҪ˵ĻǼڼһ䡰±һȻŷӦؼҵĴŮտеĴС㣬ȷûд
ϷӮ¸ŵһȺֵĹԱǰһǰѱؿ˿ڣأٸвƲϵеؾȫ
ָڼһĹ֮Ҳûٶ˵ֱӵ뿪µʱЩԱԼӦ
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ǸµһǰѼһ飬ڵõɺ̴ʹ뿪׼ȥɫһ
뿪֮󣬼ڼתͷ԰һⱱؿ֮лǱŲٵĺˣһ»ҪЩ˼
֮ǰĳ鿨ʱѾܹ˵ˡ
ȻҲ˵׼ǾǰǱɱĻȥиպþǿ˺ˣصĸлǿص֮֮жѾ˺ˣ۱𴦡
Ҳܸõ˵ΪǰЩǸֵʱ򣬶ܹץסԾ׼ջʱǰ١ΪӦ
˺ЩˡؿɸӣҲǵٵʱ
ڼ˻΢΢ףӦá
֮ǰǴѰһ±ؿڻĺˣڽЩҳ֮һɱ
ͻȥѾֱȥ˾ӪʱڴֻںͶȻ֮ս˾˱ԡ
֮䣬ûʲôǴһܣѶԷ˵¡УǾܡЩϴѱ췽ʽ
δдݾߵľٴ룬ӦҲ㽵һЩǱеĺ˵ķΪʹɻ˹ȥ
ڱؿڲĺ˴֮󣬳ҲʱҪǿˡ
룬Ǵǰǻ׵ؽ
ţӢֵһ䡰ǻȥ󣬱ٶ±üĬԣظʿ
Сǿʼͼڼ̸ոշ飬С̧ӣʵĺʹ˾٣һ˫񣿡
ʿ΢΢ͷҲСŰĵ̷Ӧĵϸ˵˵
µòֹԱļҾظĬ飬һչ飬ǶγڱؿеĹԱڲγɻල̬֮
ǣҲȫǡڼǿСＸ䣬̶Ų֮⣬ڼһ⡱
ʵڼͲȺ͹ֹԱܹʲô¡
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˴һ֮⣬Ǹóʲô顣
֮ҪĻһڲ
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ܹ£ȴк⡣ȴǳŮĽ⣬˵˶˵Ľ⡣
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˲֮⣬һԭǡ
ʵڼǱһЩܲԵʲôӵ̬ġ˵
ǱߵȷֻҪ鹤ˣ˭дһȥһŮӣʹܹ˻䷢ҵԶµĹôһǳ׵׬ˡ
ȻΪŮӣȻҲҪƫһЩ
Եľ֡ش֮ҪŮ֮·ôӦһŮ٣ˣܹڴʸ֮ĵľ֮£õЩϢ
˵ԱļҾ֮Уûܹϴ֮õô죿ҲûϵؿֻǵһûеȵպȥĵطѰұˡ
οҲǱ̫ߵָһξܹʲô԰μĶ˲šŮǿģֻҪܹﵽߣã˵Ҳ͹ˡ
ԣһǿڴһµġ
˵ĲòһǾϵصĻˡ׻˵ġ
ӺǱ߾֮أطΪɽˮͬ뺷
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ڼڼͬ˵µʱһҲͲ˵˿ظ
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С仰ڼ΢һ£˼һ֮󣬷ʵ˵ˣ
òŮͷӦţ԰ǰֵ֧ʱĺôĺͺûش
ʱʼڼԺ˲¶ô֮ڼĻشֻ˵˵ʱķûֱӴ⡣
Ǹʱ򡭡ĺӦڻرܰɡоڵĺͣӦǻԸ˵ԴµĿˡ
ǵţ£ҲԼڼʳ
С﷭ˡˡڼЩʧЦȻҪɱҲܹȫɱ
ڼһشµȴе̫⣬ϾĴôȻϵһɱֵĻôʱӦҲûʲôܼıҪֻ
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˵ڼȻ֮Լли佨ǲɵҲԿ޽£̱߷
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񱱵ؿİ˿ڲֻ򻧣ע⣬ǰգǧȻҲǰС
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С׵ĵ˵Դڼ֮⣬ºʵһá
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Ϊ˼֮Ȼ俴ͣ˽ŲСһźÿǴЩ˼֮ɫ
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ȡ֮ں֮ںӺϴȡٰ޶ëԸˡdoge


29 
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ԭֻҪɱڰ˵Ҳһе飬 ץġѶȵȼ鷳ȼһӾͶȻ١
С仰 ڼЦһ⣬βȵϼλ֮ʣǵ뷨أ
áµͷӦ¡
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Сʼ⣬ڼһЦû϶ҲûϵĻشһŵζģҲô˵ɡ
²СѾͷҲĹľ͸ȫȻһϵͳΪNǰһٱʾԼûʲôµ˵Ļ
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⣬ǵͷҡҡԴ
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ԼĪʱҪʱֵʱ򣬳ȥƻģŶȰοսдļڼȻǴŻδʽȥñȥԼų棬ǿƣðղĶʮ׳ƺĻСﱨһĽȡ
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30 
ڹƬ֮ ˫˫ĬĲͼڼСﲻɵСʵĺͣ㣬 ǲǡ鵽ʲô˵Ķ
ĿǰΪֹ ¶ڡ֪Ҳǣ ͡Ρһǹٸר Ⱦָ
ǿڼͲɫ¾ãγĶҪԼҪࡣ
ⶫֹһ򵥵ġˡܹ˵İ
֮ԻᱻٸԳ¢ϵ̬ϸѿأֹ˽ ΪԴ ֮ ܻһЩ֮ˡ
ںٵЩҡ
˱֮⣬ֻս ҪͿ֮ҲǲԶ
ճе;
ǰ³鵽һű սʱڵң ȻǰذԵģͬոճȽϣ ôЩԵòֵһˡ
ذͬԴȣҪ˵ĻӦǡ㣬 Ĳˡ
 бҪȥұؿٺú̸һ̸˰
̶˲䣬ڼ˲Ϣ䡣
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Ȼͻȥ
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һ⣬ĻϻӿɶʱֱӴˣߴһھ˦粻һֱѰ˳ɱȻڶֵʱ򣬲С˼
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²һ䣬˵ȻѪ飬ۼԼͬһɱܹȫ޶ԡ˵ţ껹һֱԼ֮顣
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һ仰ڳļλʿɵöĬһ¡
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һԱ֮£ǰĵ1 汾ҲԵöλѺá
壬ڼͲ϶һƽɫ֮п˵뷨緢ɱڵıʾҪʮҾɱʮҪٸҾɱٸһգȻҪɱЩΪ˵
ȷ˶֧֮һСĬڰյĹı䣬µ鿨ҳ棬׼һ顣
ĻϿֵַĿʼϵͳʾҲ¡
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Сﲻ̧۴³ֵꡣ
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׻רҵģܹסԼı顣
󣬲֪ʲôʿĿȻԱڻСԵüΪ˳ĳԵ˼СѾͷɵʱٻǷֻõһ㹦͡
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˵вۣСѾͷӺ֮سļ￨ȷǶܹӦߵġ
ˣݱǱ߾ຮ֮ءȥȻǸ֮ҳ֮ӣóˣʷϻġūδ𣬺ԼΪءū°ߣڱʮꡣ
³ĲϼҺԼݾһѵܣҲǸūԳֵġһū㲻ūū͵ô㡣
ڵټһĻӲͻһĺ˵ļƻȷǸӽӽһ
ڼ˼ţڼܹ֮ʹԭԤڵʱǰã
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ͬʱģµʣҲͺǴʲôĿء
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ڶĳݺݿӹļһֵ̫ߣһʱȻСߵĳԶûע⵽ڴ˿ֻʣһڼšѩޡ
Ѿʼ˷컭ꪵڼͬҲһԵ꺰һλң
ֻȻĻȣڼȴȫŲæȿس״̬
һСһĶʱͱ
Ͼ⿴ȥʵ̫Σաڼһˣôһ׵ĽĶ֡
SSR佫ֱӽԱʵСһźÿҪʧȥɫˡ
ЩվסĿʼҪǰȥϵͳ˵˶ܹ֣ȥĻӦûܹڼһġɣ
СŸոŲ˽Ų㱻ץסһ
ץס²عͷĿ֮ãȻ֮ɫĿŲŵŮֻᳯҡͷʾСûµġ
ǰյսʮڼһǾͲ˵ġǱӣۿسĻʮҲֲһڼֳɻͻȥأ治ڼ˵ġ
ڲסСһ룬һߵߵڼǰ
ҪһصĻС갺˰ͷڳװ˵ֱӾǿʼ̵ǲ֪֮ʲôԹһ佫۸һ㶯ָܰˣҲ˼
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ԣɱ֮󻹵ü׷佫۸ĳҲ̫֧ˡ
һڰϵڶÿ춼ںͰƽദء
ָָ㣬ɱȴ˵佫۸˵Ķ֮ǡ
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ǰΪӿл֮󣬾ǼڼڳıߣöԷʵǻ磬֪ڼƽԶüڼNһ㡭ŵħá
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31 
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Ȼ 仰һ֮ ϡ𡱡ͷӻҪһ֮ԡ
ֻĳλҲǱҵˮƽ֮ߵĵ¶һĨЦݣЦеĿŸߴڳѾأ ȡ
ͬʱ仰һģ⻰󣬵Ǽ͵վڼڼǰĻСװͰ͵һ䣬 ҵģʲô
һʱ֮䣬 һֻã Ե˫ֽ֮ơ
²ĿŲںߵİο֮Сﻹǰסӣ ʱ۲졣
 ֻȥʱܹΪ˳ջˮһսʱ ڼ̩Ȼ··һתͷ ĿÿСλڼǰᵽģ Ǹʱ ԳΪΪµһλˡ
һز죬ٲȴ˸еż˵ţҲšгã ʵΪһλһ¡
˵ʱ䣬׼ͨ﹥ưѵƭĵϸ佫һƭ֡Ȼ˵ĶȤζѾǡ
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쵰Сĸոջû̫עڼϸڣֻƮƮȻʱʿŭĿӣһ֮Ļгãڼǹİɣ
СǺȻʲô̧̧ɤŴĺеһƴ˭ҵֵģҸ㲻죡
ʿȻ΢Цڲ죬찡ԺͶͬˡ
һڼ仰ʱǷԵĻһ䣺˭Ҫ㵱ͬŰ
һ£͵תͷֳΨһһѡڼոǷҲȷ֤ʵݵӮ£ڵǰٻɣҡ
֯һ´ǣǷԼҲղʲô秵Ķֱת˵ԼóĴ׻мڼûңҾͲмڼ
⻰ڼʱҪɵġ
ҪȻô˵佫ıǸоԼءȫͲ·뵽ʲô˵ʲôҲȻ䲻ʲôơ
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أϵͳеĵȼһӦǾͣ¸ϣֱӾ͹Ĳܡ֮Ѿλ佫ǰ֮£˵Ҫէһϡٵĳߡ
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µһλµƿԣ˵ǡ㰡ȻֱӾ˺
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Ϊűֳ̬ȣǶԼڼǿܣڡƺģ
СϵãȻ֮ɫڼº͵ȷɻĲ²⣬·ǲ뿪ɡ
ܹ֮ƶһΪԼıô׿Խ㾡µÿһҲжôδദ֮С˸ܰжǵΪͬҲûûʲôźԼһǣ
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Ϊ˷ֹԽԽңһڼסĦȭƵĻС꣬ڵĿʼչѾˣȺο໹ҪƽЩǰأڼҲΪѣԷ㡣
οһתԼΪڵġ硱ʬһѣҪ۳޵ĻҪб֮ĶԹ̵ˡ
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ߴҰް׹עĿţʿֻǵȿ֪䰲Խ֮ĳƽ֮ս

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ҵһص㣬𣡡ʵҪһ
ֶ佫˵ǺģԹ佫컨壬һƽްܣֻضʤ
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Ȼûй仰ֱӾµһ䣺ãҾ
תͷһԵƯĹֵСĿ⾼ر˵ӽҵˣ
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·һŸո˵˾ԺͼڼƲˣһȻͱ˿ڷ磬ܹܵ˼ڼ
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Լļ䣬ϵͳġδ䡣ġϱӡʵ̫ʲˡ
ǵġСＱæӻ֣͵ûкӽ˼
ǡû뵽̬Ȼ仯ô죬ȥͲ˸ġ
ʵҲûôϸߣЩӦǰûСԸˡ
ҲúҽֵģԼδԼʱֵ֣ҷȾУֱӽԡϰֲ֮Щ秵һѽ
ȫûʶһȺˣţ׷ûŵĶµָһǧҸһ֧룬ս
⻰üڼֱ桪˵һ佫һҪȻǧʵĲ࣬ҪǻԶһֻѾʼôˡ
СѾͷӦǲʲô뷨ģĶ˵ڻûⷽʶֻ
仰òŮ̧̧ͷĿŸߴ꣬Сǡûжѽ
˵ţĿһڼȷǰɣĺͣ
һǧıȷǻУƥ
ؿߣʲôȱ٣ҪûˣҪûҲȻҪûġ
ӲҪ˵Ļǰɽկ֮еһƥ˵һǧԣԵˣȻԶõġ
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ͬʱһĬģиոһ˵ʤͱĻȥСвסʼңҺûüѻ˵ȥȻεľҪټһˡ
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ǰܹٽ豻ǺɫΪԴ̴һʱ䲻ڸеʱϢظǱ˸ɾ޶֤Բصı𴩡
ֽ׶εȻǲʺһ㣬㱱ؿ˿ڶһ˵ȷٵģվҲ˶ӣ˵Ǳؿˣȫûһ˼ˣһͲԾ
С仰ٶȵĴһеʱͿڵҪȻɴͰĺһɣҲǺĺһʱˡ
ΪԲ֪ڼʲôСĿ֮£˵ҲǴӱߴɽġɽŵˣΪ֮ԾʹӴ׷汨ˡ
ȥ΢΢üξô˵
ϾΪ佫պ϶Ҫսģɽż˸ѵģǲôװ
롣Ƭ̣żԼͶעĿĿ⣬̽ٶȿڣǾټһΪúã¶Ĳܺ㣬ԱѧĹƨͨүʰòӳ죬һĲݣ
ƢҪȻȥĺϺܶࡪҪûүƢҲԶſࡣ
֣ɫ죬ⲻǼū𣿡
ȻʺԽ͵ͦģǷŵ仰ﾳҲֻô˰ɣ
䣬ڼЦһ˵һ䣺ݣպٶ֮󣬷ŸԵô
Ȼ˵ʵͦ©ʲôܱ׷ɱ֮ܵı߾֮زΰô㻹ͦ˼ģָպһͻȻõˡ治ʵĲҪصۿȥɡ
šϳˡıЦģʱǾеķ컭ꪣݺݵŲҴ㣡
ۼûеĻȥôƣڼԼһθ龭裬ֲҪټһ׵ĵܱܵҲɱ˰ɣѪ͸ˣվסһ㡣
˵ʱ̲סֵĿⶼʲôֵֹӣ
Ȩ⻰ǿ佱һһ§סСܡĲӣǫıʾĺͽ̵ĺá
ԴӱڼĴ֮ͲŹˡ
һĿⲻɵþͱøӹˡ
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Ҳǿǿպϰɡر𽲾ˣԼƾðĺڻ˸Ҳֱӽˣǳһ㡪
͵鲻Ըܲܲ۰Щ츽ӹŵ˲Ƕķء
Ծģֳλ佫ԭһͨһ仰ˡ
Сûҽ仰ͬʱȥҲ졪ոĿˣڼԭһ˵ӮĶġ
Ƭ̣ѡʧȵɫһʱעһؿһȥɽկǱߣȻǱ߹һҹĴӳſڽݾ·ˡ
еԼšãԼ̫ˡһ߽ݵ⣬һܹһĳøӻֱһʯ
Ȼ֮䣬˼ոռ˵˳ñҲȷǶԻȥһֻе뷨顣
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ʱֳΨö˵ĲʲôҲ֪ͬ߶űΪĲĵһۣŵ֮˵ţţָһֻá

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òŮתͷһԵͻȥʵ֮ǰķµ⣬ȥǾáץĺ޳뷨ʵеĿռ𣿾ǡĺˡǲץĻ鷳
ˣ겻ɵñ仰ˡ
ʲô֪޳ǵĿΪҲá
ǡץĺ޳ǣôѼַһһʱأ
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㲻̧ͷȥӮµҲȷһ㡣
лҪ˵ϵͳ壩˵ʡģƥ𲼣ƥأǰûгõأ
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32 
ˣ »̧ͷˣǸֻҪͻ˾ðĵĴڡ
ػһԷ֡
߹òŮ˵Ļ ǰ׼Щպʱ ǡʺץڵ£ ͽ²ūʹá
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Իǵ٣ дǡ֮⣬ Ϊ˺ܹӳȺҲĳһЩ
µʱ һԵ¶ԾԾ̬֮
һ𣬹һصʣʱе˷ܣ 컭д˸תǰɣͬҴ򡪡
ȻĻδ˵꣬ 㱻ոƵס졣
̧һֹֻסļ򣬵жֳո߽ķԺ֮ߡ
߶߶߶ţʲôݻ·أ ʱܣִ˷ô죿ϽߣȥǱ߰עĿ׻ˣȻȥɽկǱ߽š
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СʮǵչʾԼĿƵȻкӵȥ֮ϣһȦĽߡ겻̿ʼС鼷üŪۣɹĳ˻СİԣֱӰԼϡ
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ڴͷβ޾ϸɨ֮ĵͷͷϵᶼһһε˦һҾ֪ڼһӻˮļһһǸSSR
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Щ顭
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ѧʶͨŽһշת룬ȴȴ¶δӰԶĴƷԼ͵ĴŮ
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ҪЩ鼮ˣҲǡһ׮źɡ
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ڿ˿Ƶ֮ǳ׵ıߡĻǡٲʱˡ
һȥʱ򣬸պø̴ظײ˸ô죿
Ȼ˵϶ǲţҪǽڸг䵱ŻЩӰɡ
뿪֮µǰǰذס
͵˶Ѿ뿪СҲͶ԰ͻȥһ䣬˭ذ׵
Լ֮ǰԼȡ鼮ʱпSRֲһ䡣
գ˵һȫС֮ڵĴ𰸣µôذԷ
һ䣬ڼͲвɵöе΢֮ɫ
ȥһ䣬ʲôְ
ȻԼȫòذףSRʱ򣬻һ档ϾܹϵͳSRȼıҲˡ
ȥСصذס
һ֣»С겻ɵҲЩ΢ˣȥĬһ£ڵҾáⶫĻ㻹ٿһ°ɣ˵һ£̧һԵİ𣬱ʾ̫
𣺣
ȥ˵⻰ʱΪʲôҪ
ʵذԭҲǶôĶ˼սʱ֪ʦⲻаع
ذסרŵĴɱĳλڱɱʱ
ôһλعİġȥذ׷ġ
ţŻȥĻСתͷڼͲͬ׻СڴʲôӢһԣ˫˫šżĸо
Ҳټ㲻飬ΪȻһ
һ̣ᱻٳ´ȡſһŵݸ
Ů˾٣Ӣһ£ң
ţСԴֽӹڿ忨ϵݺ󲻽һ˿ǰòŮСֻǳ¶һĨõЦݡ
ɵαѾ֪µ϶ķѶأ
̾˿ǿŮЦݵҲ˵ʲôǽ¸ոոԼĿڵ£ֳ
һǸλúͽǶȸպÿŮĿƵʲôĻȥţȻڱֳĶһ˲۾
ۼһƥͨ崿ڡڶа⻬ƫƫֽѩǿĳ֡
ʮģʵҲֻʮߵĻȥ̲סһεĶˡ
ֻжԼյõġǼᶨģź󷽵ĳõķ߹ȥõĲӡܵһ˲ĳãͨԵתתӡ
ڼҲǾֳ˸ոհ˵÷ذףԺţڵذ׵ᣬʲô˵ɺܴѡ
-
󣬸÷ֵĶˣ˵Ҳ඼˵ˣͷɫҲѾˣҲʵɼߡ
Լڼ˸ͷΪʼȥһʿ뿪
ڳ˲Ժһξ֮󣬿һǣһֻСԵİͻȥڼЦѵҲ֪λǷڼǶһ䣬ɲҪҪΪѰһĺ
ɲǴҪͣҲиɰ
οͳûΪǧǷͬһԡ
֮⻰еСǰ˵Ϊ뿴СѾͷŵӡҲǸģֺαأ˭ս˭Լȥ
Ժ֮Уڼ뿪֮µнߣֺͲ˵һֱУһ°ĹΣֱҹĻʱŻ˸ڵԼס
-
ա
̴һ»㱨ʱ̣Ǳ߻˹ѡѡ˺ܾãʱѾһʺµʱ䣬Ҳǰšô˵µͷǱʾ֪¡
ŮͲѧ˽յĹκҪͼڼһͬȥٸ֮ʣɵľڸмЩĹԱҾ죬ǽ
ȻǼЩؿֹԱŮСҲδ˵ֻòԵĳ΢΢һЦʺ򣬶ͼڼһͬ뿪ȥٸϰ๤
ȥٸ·ϣڿҪŵʱ򣬼ڼȻ֮䲻ضСһ䣬ѵͲڼĿƱ仯֮𣿡
⣬¼Ҳ̾ͻصʲôʵ𣿡
òŮɫ䲻ȾЩãȻʵĺͱSSR˵ѵǺ𣿡
ʿȻСЦһ£ҵǾĺ;ͺڡòŮ۾Цģⲻ֤۹ʵõ
ڼҵ˼˵
Ļ˵֮꣬󣬼ڼĻϹܶΣܵǡһƢõСѾͷĻ
֪ĺʲô˵ôΪһе𣿡
ŮеȴڼĻش𣬶Լ¼˵ţұҪ˶Եѽĺ͸ȫޱ
ҵҲĺͲ˵ȻԼԭ򣬲ŻԵ⣬ֺαǿѷҪȥ׷ףܻ漰ĺʹµأ
Ů̧һ˫ÿ۾ͷտһƬ̿ϴգ˵ţϵͳңһ콵ܹʶÿһˣǾҲã뿪ҲգĪˡҡ
˵ʱضסһ£Ȼѹ˲ٱͲЩ˼˵ţԭͨͨңΪǶЩòôͨء
ֻǹȥ˶̶̲һµʱ䣬ǰ붼飬Ҳһ֮бκλķ羰ڳһ֪Ƿߡǰй߹ҹ˾֮ʻعʱܻееһ·
ܹȥͬʱǰһǰķ羰
Ȼ֪ǰʲôĶڵԼҲôãǲǿԵźˡ
С仰ʿЦһ󶨶ͷһνС֣¡
ڼֲʧĶ㲢ͨ
ϵͳھŵĲܡȻͨ
룬µվѾͨ˵ķˡ
ǿԣȴǣʵòҲһŵ㣬һơ
ң룬ַСѾͷϵһŵ㡣
Ϊ˳ӣ¼ɡҲһáıԼƲ߶ԣóģǶϤԣģ֪ˡ
£κεĳɣκεķӦȫȻΡ
ԸĻʩչʱ΢ٷŵÿһ㡭
-
߽֮Ϊڼոһ佱ߵĵһʱĻ˵СԼʲô˵ꡣ
ǲɵûͷ˿ڼһСĿ֪л˵ʿһ䡣
µ˵ʵ֪ĺSSRһġ
ţڼһʱЩ⡣
µǰ룬ĺܵˣҪϵͳ֮ΪҩɾȵĻôSSRȼʿǻεȶǽˣое˺ء
һ仰£С͸æܽ˸֮УԭطӦ˰̵ʿɵҡҡͷԼĽŲ
֮һţͿһǺޱ飬䵭֮˵Ůʵ϶֪˵ȴ˽Ѿˡ
ڼЩڴ˵ȺµĵطԱȥ˾ְʲôʲôڰɢ֮Լ߹ȥȷ˼ۣСοڽγڣĹǻЩصġľҪȫ˽ⱱؿĸŪˣܹƶƵߡ
ڹʱ֮ˡⷽĶҪԼŪģȵЩµÿһ޾ϸԼ֣ȻҲ
żڼ£̵ĵ˵ͷȴǼᶨһŬģ
-
һαǰµʱ߹ڼ䱱ؿһжǿʼ졣
죬ж˴Ĵͼġëëߣְֽ֯ë¡ҲһʱļڼһëһĶСڼŪ˵ëˡ
̧ͷëһź治ѵʱ򣬶žڼĵֵһ䣺Ըڼǲ𣿡
лҪ˵[1]Ͽüﶼֹȷעһң


33 
żڼĪɢһĪԹŵ Сﲻ̧ȥһҲʱͱһ
ֻǰһȦŨѬŨŨɫӰ ˫ƽ޲۾ҲЩʧȥɣ һȥ ˿ȥедŵƮƮĻꡣ
ʱ¾סˣС৵һվ һ˫ÿĵĿ¶УͬʱЩŵʵĺôˣûϢˣ
֮ǰڼ˵оë߾ͿɹԺ˼٣ ʱôû뵽 ֮ڼ⸱ӡ
Сʣ ʿ΢΢˴ӣ·ĵ֣ڼ¡
Ȼ˵ɫ ⻰˵ȫûκ˵
ʵϣ ڼҲûϢˡСٵ ûкϹۡ
ԭڼʱΪڶ͸Ǳдģʹ˰ȻݹëëȤܹﵽ޻һЧĶ
ǰ³鵽޻ڽ ҲؿյĹһֱæʵ飬ûа취 ˭ûкʵĽȥأֻԼˡ
¸ٵʱ ʵڼڽгԵһεëѾҪƷˡ
дһëһɱ֯һԼڼɴ٣ԼԤһʱ֯ë£׼ŪһƷʱһСϲ
Ȼ һŵ˴뱲ҲȻϹñ˭õͺȻ֮ܵеش¬
ڼæһһҹҲû˳İдźܼ򵥵ë´ֻܱƬƴղһĵƬ֮󣬼ڼʶһԼ㲻Ķ
ʹ鼮֮Ժ֮п԰ϵÿһıĬдĬǵԼʵʲʱ򣬾Ǹоϵ֪ʶʵȫ
ԾЧȷǸɲ֮ȨסаĴκʿϰԼķѴʱɱò֯Ƭë¾š
ŻǾͰѾëŶСѾͷĿһˡ
ϾͷϵҲģʵû̫ʱϡ
ڼĺæķæ̶Ⱥ͸ڼ佫Ͳһȼġ
佫Ǳĸ˸ǧʿԶԹɣ´࣬ÿ컹ǲĿпСֻûǸǲĻˡ
ڼͲһˣΪΨһһĳһҪ˵Ĺÿæת
½ֿ֮λ֮󣬱ؿĹŻĿǰæĲÿҪͲѧϰҪ˽ⷽ˵СǼڼβŵ¡
ǰ´·ϸ˽걱ؿ˿״乤ֲַԱȫɸֵּڹٸȫĹҲƲЩؾ֧ЩĶȻǿ˺üŽϢЩֻһʼ
ȴЩ¸еĶ⣬µȼСһһֲôһĿȻϢһԱ²鿴֪¸
ͱͷڽеĽʮ֮ǰδΪһЩɽ˴ƵľöԱȣ˰
ֱ֧ǮٵǱΪʲôְװ޷ʵ֣һǮ˸ǰλ⣬ǷлڼԱҲһ󱭸
Ȼˮ㣬ǰصѾȫ紦ˣʣµЩǿôõġ
±ؿľ״Ͳ߲˵Ƨı߾֮ʲôʱ򾭼òÿһԱҪһµĿһּû¡ﶼǰ̰ۣб˽ҵˣʵûбҪų԰׷
ǰһֱδ£ΪԱǶ°ǷɡɱôһȺûõĶֵõл԰˵Ǹʱ򣿲ֻǵΪէһжİģ󲻺á
ڱؿߴ嶼ˣѾȫȻλ¿صĴڣȻҲҪǵֱӱԹȥ鿪ʼˡű·ٺ»֮ǰһȺͰϽ
ΪΨһһԸɻĹٵļڼæ
æϼæʱԼһëߵ
˵԰æģԵĲΪʲôûߴ֣ǲ˼Ǳ߻
ǧ鼮һЩĪøĳ鹤ÿųʱʱ䣬ҲҪһء
οǱ߻鼮ճĬ
ͬʱЩķСҲǵĳ鹤ˣڸ֮жЩԱ˵ģܹͲѧһЩ¶Ĳһ˵
Ǳڽ£ֻ֮ѰüλõġĹ١
۲ǱڵĽȣȵܹٸ߱ҸְҲҪһ֮ˡ
Ĺʵ̴ôûбڼץɻʵĲǼڼץץ׳
ʵϣѾǱڼһЩˣֻڸſظ˽˵ĸˡ
ǳԿءͬʶʱҲãԼڼûð۵̫ݣȴѾʵʵڵٹЩӾͿʼɱ족ء
ϾʱڣϡеġŵĹľǿשҪᡣ
-
ѸٵزԼǱ֯Ϊѵë֯ëµ˲ٹԼڼҲֻôҴҵٶͨﵩȻ˼١ҲûǰҪĹؼңҹµľϸһβ̳ٸ¡
һҪǻ㱨¾÷һǴСԼŮ֮ë¸չһ¡
ڶȥôãͬѱؿҸʲôļڼΪʲôԼȥӶô򵥵һڵСǰǻΪûǮ˰£ûٺ»ʱء
һ˵һڴ֮ǰڼҲʵδ뵽гһգԼΪ֮еš
ǵʱ⣬Ҳûɵز
˵ҲǶڵᣬҪȻһ˼ңܲסֹǿȡ
ʿĬĬ̾һġδչڵˡҲ˵ǣδչڵıҵˡ
żڼ̫ÿɫȻͲһʱϢܡ۾ÿü֮ǲͬУĺھͻȥϢҲһҹδȰңɵԼôͲϧأ㲻Һþͺѽ
˵ţСֱ߹˵ӣҲһĵֱӾ͸ſȥ󣬱ʾȥ
òŮһһ߿лСţЩǷŻһҲûϵֲż˵ĺ͵ҪԶҪĶడ
СЩ壬Сз롱һҲֹܹһ̼ڼܹǰɽկ֮УСǿСŵΣıһ·߳˸һСξ֮󣬲ŶµְգڼԼߡ
ôȻ˳ģСѾͷҲߵеҲߵĺܱŤ
ŮžĻ֮£ʿĬĬĲһ䣬Ҳ;ܻعٸġ
գСԥɿ֡
󣬻صظһε·ϣڼҲûţȻΪڡ½ڳ֮˰ϵıãϾǲŸոĹҲֱӾĬʼС㱨ϵľϢ
СȥϢĿ⣬ڼֻЦеıʾһ·Ҳܹϯض˯署£ɹ˵˸оﲻԡ־üڼĻеӮ¡
ڴ°ԼܽϢС˵֮ʿἰ𷽲ŵʱͬӮ˵Ҫ顣
ڼ⣬»ʵĺʹҪˣĿԶĻȥһŸʾؿΧļһ
Ȼڼ˵ǡȴûĵҪˣĻ˵Ǿ˵ǡСһ¡
˵ļ顭ΪϾŮ֮ʵǹŮǵı޿Ρ֮УȴΪ󸻴ļͥ±֮첹ʵ˳̬ԳȴԴΪһСˣҲֵġ
ȻǲСзĶҼ󣬲Ǻܹˡ
С仰֮ʿ΢֮ҡҡͷصҲءĿǰڳԽ׶Σֵ÷зЧﵽԤڣá
Ȼ˵֮ǰ֯Ƭëҹʱϣȷȡůĸоֻë¡һ﾿Ρܹʲô̶ȣҪ֯˳Թ֮پǷҪ
ҪëµĻëӺδҲһ⡣
ԵһëߣǴӱؿеļũͼչë
˵ȥ˵ҪëʱϳǵաƻġȰ˵ҸֵǸ˵ļũʾֱ͸Ǯȥ򡪡ⶫҲûҪȵëܼһϲжëҲֱˣαػҪ˸Ǯأ
ڼϾҪëоȻǲܰáǼ˼Ҷ˼һǮͰһëƸǣȻţٶǮ
ڼڼǰǷݽڹ֮ǰ˼һĸ̾εĿشǴˡǵ߼ģڼǿص£ǺˣԿҲǺˣϾͷǹǸϹ
˵ڼǰŰǰԵʱǿ£ֻǰ¸ʵһ¡
֮ԣƺڼڼȥչë֮ĵ죬δ仯ǰһأһ㣬պþǼũ˿ڡ
ļڼɵø̾һ䡪ؿطȻǱ߾Ƨ֮أġ˻ͦġ
˵ǲ̫ˡһ쵽Ĳ¾СѾͷʲô߰Ķأ
СոǸʶķӦʿٶȵĸһˡ¾ǾЩ佫ɵ̫ˣҵʲô
-
ڼڼܸĳЩÿ׼ʱϰ׼°ı佫ŵʲôơҪȻɴڰзų˵ʱ˶߲̫졢һ·Ƶºͼڼ˸պ߻صظſڣȻɵľʹһֻͬҲǸոմһ߷߻ſڵġĳ佫šӾӪ
еϴүĲڼвɵĽˡ
ǸϴүˣˡȴΪϴүڡ
ͬǵ￤ظſڵʵײϡ
ԼС壬Լ㱻˾ֵʶֵĳӮºһͬҲûԼץСҲǳ΢Цһ¡
֮ĿһڼϵȦǵɴ۾Ȼһ룬ߴ˲乪ŶӾ͡ЦһЦָ̧żڼЦڼ㾹Ȼӣ
ˣһƽ֮ɫʿĬ仰
Ҫ򲻹ͷȥ
ʱ򣬼ڼСȻУ˿ӣ꣬ĪľáҪù
ĬԼƢܺú󣬺Ȼ֮ʲôļڼٿ¶һĨº͵ЦݣЦкȡ
һһԭվֱӵĿЦеʱЦݣһҲվֱͦ佫Ұްֱľе㲻̫ãҪȾܡֻڼڼġֵ˷ֱܡ
Ȼһ̣ڼȾͲ֪ڼô𣿡
һڼʻǳԼܵĵ˵ͷ佫ֱܵѸٵҡҡͷ
ڼͷҡͷֻȥ֯ë¡һ£¡
˵֯ëܹܲ֯ʲô²ҪҪܹ֣Ȼãǲܣǿ̫С
ͷҲһץĥһĥԡ
ڼа԰ŲҪӰͬǣݺݵŶһ𡰼Ӱࡱ
˵ôæµǹôɣⲻڹ
ߵڼԺʱʿ˵һţоŶӦòʲô塪ŵüڼԼȫûֱӾһԵĳȥˡ
ȫûע⵽ļڼĬĬĸСͶһ񣬱ʾһЩ
Ȼ󣬽ţǰһžͱһЩëƮһ
˿ûκ׼ģֱӾǿ
ڼһǹİɣողųЦڼȫռ
ЩƮһĶбߵš
ڼ߹ȥ̧ЩΪʱûɨԺ䣬ƮëȻתͷòŮʾ¿߽ˡ
֮ڼ߽УƬ֮ȡһǰȥⶨķ֯ëµĳ룬ͼűǰµĸһţԼǱϵͳƷĴͼ鼮
ǷŵԺ֮ϣȻЦСо¶ϺЦݵĶԣ
֮һͬΧԲڼͼ⣬ͬʱԼΪֽ˵һǳ֪ϲ飬һҲԼ飬һִֽŵ۵ĻԼ
κ󣬸оԼ඼׵ͷе뿴ϵŽŽɵǡԣ
ʿͬ΢΢ף΢ЦŲһ䣬ֿһҪһ㣬ëǲġ
ڼȻô˵ӲǱһ֡ҰҷŪë߳ΣͳĲӡȴǲɵһȥЩëߵĶҲɵñСֻ
һ̣ԼЩϣĿ⣬һʱеӢȻץë򣬶ָɣѸ룬֮䣬ǰ봩ܿ죬һӾͳˡ
֮껹̧ͷʶһ䣺ɣ
ٶֻܹȥֲУǵİɡ
ôһ䣬õºͼڼ˿϶شٶȵͷеŷܶһѡڸŮ˵ţڼãȲˡлΪʡһǮ
ֵҾãȵַԽڴҲдܡ
ڼô˵Сһĵͷֻã佫Ȼֵģʵز¶
ȫûע⵽ᵽ׽ؼʵʱ̧ͷЩ˵˵ΪʲôͼӾƶҾͲʾСƢˣ
ȻֻʿĮģŶһֵ֮Ժͽ
ƣڵġʵҲǺ뺰ԻǾ仰
л˷ǳĹס
лҪ˵
ʲô
-
ǹ㣬ֻϼֵ996 
-
ּĺͣ佫顣
-
ڽβ͵ʱʹ˵һ䣺ϦѽӴӲѧܽx


34 
ڼôһ˵ ʱ˵ˣֻܹļ֯ë¡
ֻºͼڼǿԼַˣҪ԰һԼСϰĵָȵеٶȴ˲١
佫Լһ˶Ժմմϲ֮У ȫȻ֪Լ˿̾Ǳˣ ҼҪץȥ׳
һеռظԭ ΪڼҪʡôһǮ
ûа취Ϊ˼ҵĺӣ ǵܹ¶˼Ҳа
Ĵż֮£ԭŬĿеֵĺͼһģһëµĳ֮ʣ СǺȻ֮ʲô ʱͲ˲Դ ĿĵضżڼҲ˵ һȦ۾ һоڲС
˵õľ·˵һ飬 Ͳأ
Сûг׺Ūȥʿһ ̵ڼȥϢ
ȴԼСһһͺãǲС˯̫ãİ칫ʱò̫ˡ
 һ·żڼ߽У ӦȥϢ֮СŽԼĿǱ߾ϵķλƿ»ص֮УȥԼδЩϡ
׼뿪ʱ ĿⷶΧ֮ڿڱ֯ëµһ£ǶԶһ䣬˵ȽôôˣǱû𣿡
⣬ΪСʶǹʱ¶㣬ľͻȻ£һʡ
ϾȻҲ֪佫ܿ죬Ի磬ǺôҲ°ʱˣڡŲ簡òŮ̧ͷϷտһƬգʱ򣬾ƢСҲ̲סĿʼĽ佫ˡ
ҪǰҲϰĻǲҲô°డ
֪ΪԼƯŮ뷨СһʺҲڵĴţΪǾӪ֮УһԺһıʿû˾ܳ͸͸
˲һרڴһϵȷǾḻѡʱ˶ȵѡ
ϾִһԣȾҪܹ֤ⲿֵĽʿܹͬλڵһƽһҪ߱Ҫء
ϾЩڵϹ˵ãһ֮Ͼ˲˰ˡ
˵ؿûжǿУѡǧϹ
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Ϊ˿ȥʵ̫ôǸ״̬ڷԼ佫Ĵ֮£ɴڵϹȦĨ˼ͷɢŪһȽǱģȻװΣ˻
˵֮ôȰ·֮Ǹδ֮ա
֮Ҳǰմǰļƻ˵Լ֮󣬱ʾԼԺԸڱؿһСҲ˳Ľȥ˾Ӫ֮ƾԼѸٳͷ
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ֻߵʱԱ֮£СоеԲڼвļûԼʱˡ
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Сһ䣬˵ǰ˵ģùôˣⶼüΪʲôҡ
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¶ǰ쿴žӪ֮ʵǷѾʱȻԼﻹô
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һشʱǵɴ۾ʵڼΪĹ֮ԽӵأϾġԭҲ͵ڼǱˣֲһֱڵȴһֱȲˡ
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˵ǻлȥ佫ôҲھ϶װɣ
ָæһ䣬һԼȥǹУ鷳һˡ
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ֱһëµİӱ̧֮ͷɫоԼӦȥϰ³ëߡ
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ȻıˣԼͶɹ˵һڼ֮ôһ¶ĻɶԷͶõԼӲա
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ϼ֣ʽҳ9 ʽɣx


35 
ҡʵҲҪʲôӣ ڰĿ֮£СΥٶȿİϾ ҲԼмＸ 񼸸佫ˮƽ 붼ģСл׷Сϰǣ ҲδԵ̫ƽˣֻǡ
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Ů̧ͷ ǰ۾ ȴܼᶨ˵ţ 룬 Σѹͷ֮ʣ 롭ӵ޵
ȻǶᱣ ܵ˺ǣ룬 ܿҪǲߵʱ ԡֽ㽣˸еδ֪ǰ·ϣһ˱֣֮ԼܹĸɾһЩ
ڰעӵĿ֮£ СݼҲûг̫ãܿЩ˼ͷСС˵ţȻ̫˲𣿡΢̧̧Լָæһ䣬͵ʲôû˵
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36 
һڼͰ˼·תˣ ʵҲһҪѳһճ̵ģʩȥлþļ㣬 ҲȰѴ¼ӽƻ պɻЩٿʼбӡ
һǳǸ󹤳̣ ֻ޽һطΧڵҲҪãοЩͻ˵˿ȫץҲõģ ȻǲðǸһǱ޳ǣиʵҲȥ¶Ǿݳǽ
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ڱڼë±ĵƬ֮ʾͦȺġ
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ڼؿҽĶ
δˣСŲӮֻЩƮԶС̲żǵҲѾϤĸߴӰֻ֡ȻЩһ
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δˣСŲӮֻЩƮԶС̲żǵҲѾϤĸߴӰֻ֡ȻЩһ
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Ҳͳһ㶼ΪȣѮôҲһȡմʲô߶
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ڼ׼ѯ֤ʵԼ²ʱ򣬺Ȼһ䣺˶ȦѽͼתͷС˵һ䣬´һܰʵһܸʮȦҲͦõġ
һĻСʱͿһźÿС
ڼĵĶѵܵһȦ
Ҳ̫˰ɡ
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һ˵һû뵽ԼгһվȻҪȥҽݵʱ򡪡С嶼õúܣӲ
⻰ڼһ飬Ȼʳ˸ովĻҹǲǺ¶˯ģ
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˵ĻëµЧǿԲѰ˽вˣһӾëµĻơٺҲ㹻ˡ
ѸٰȾܡһ˲ѾӰ뿪ķ򣬼ڼ˼ŵȵͻ˺ëµƹ֮¡
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뿪֮ͻȻʲôڼתͷ߿ųСڵ´γ鿨Դ뵽ʮһ顣
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⼸죬ڶ̴³˴ټż֮󣬿ʼһЩ𣬶ڵʱǰϢͳ֮⣬ؿʵҲ˲ٵ׼
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һǰ׼ڵ֮ʣҲȻ˶ֵӡ
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С״̬ڼֱӾȰҪȥùϢһ죬Ҳ֪ԼУȥ˹ٸҲǻǱ˯ţҲͰֹɵ˻ڸдţԼżһ졣
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гһġȥʵҲͺ̫룬 ҲǴʱڵ˵仰ʱ²Щ˼ĵԴСССֹһ䣬 ԭҸողС˵𣿡
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ˡͻʼ©Сֶӡ֮ԼĳµļڼŸմ˸ͷոպһСΪһžͼİӰȻֹɢ
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Ȼ˵оҲеֵֹģ褣ȻʱȴΪߵİ󶨸
˵һʵ֮ǰʹģSSRɲԱ󶨵ء
ϵͳô˵С˼һ£ȹرհɡ
ڵǲϵͳ˵ĹѪ׬Ѫ׬⣬ǣһڸ鿨ҲûбˣֻȥһΡ
һΣǲСڹٸ֮أ飬ǲСı˿˵
Ǻðȡ
ڴԼŷŷԼ۽ϵͳֻʧʧİ֧ĳ鿨ʾܹرա
-
ص£ȴûм٣˼ʲôģ
ͷƮµ֮УòŮͷҲ֪ȥ˶ãСٿƣЩȻ뵽ˣ
ˣ¾˵ԻҲᱻɵӣϵͳҲͺһ䣬뵽ʲôˣ
Сص뵽˰ʱͻս޳ǽ֮⣬ϻʵǵļֵ
ϵͳ
ʲôƷֵħҵǸ˵һ㶼ẦߵСɰȥˣ
ϵͳˣǼڼɡ
лҪ˵ϼ֣褣㡣
ţһߣҲһ㡣


38 
Ȼ ϵͳŭĳϵͳӻʱ򣬺Ȼ֮䣬նĳˡ
ڰúߺ֮ ڼ»һСԺʱ պþСͬϵͳ˵ţ Ϊ֮ǰΪ˸ǴԭӦʿǴıؿԭеõ˺ö࣬ Ҿͻȥ󣬰ѱõԴ
ǣΪ˷ɻԸЩͻרŶƵ⽫Ӽӳģ ҪͨĻѵĸࡣ
С仰 ӭʿǼһ䣬 ǰ󿨣Ѿֳˣ

ͻȻ֮ͳֵļڼ ϵͳһʵĵ
а²һѵǲκ˶ѧԼ˵ܲٲܲپ͵ļܺ ڲ뱻ĳ˿ܸĲоƬ ϵͳĬĬѡ䡣
ڼ֮ǻصûѽ ȵ֮˵ķ²ץ֮پֵģҡ˵СһźÿģЩᣬ Ҳûðֵָôܹ˳µİ
ˣ ڼڱñߴɽΣ
䣬֮ѰȥɽկǱס죬ٻʱͿ˵ƺ󡣡
Ϊʲôúõȥɽկס죬ҪڵشӶ󡭡飬 ˭֪ԭأ
ϾһЩˣܻһЩΪ֪Сá
ڼûκĸֵֹ趨
ǱؿѾȫԱˡ
ߴɽܺðڼԼһϤλãЩ⶯СЩɣڱؿѽ
ߴɽĵλ뱱ؿͼ¤֮䣬ǰĻ᲻ͼ¤ʲôȨľִ
С˵Լĵģڼֻ΢΢һЦΪ˸еǡ
ҪĻ¤ĿؿδҪȱؿԭλõȥԽ˵ɱӣͬΪֻԼİȡɱ֮ǰɽկоȳǼӱǳ
ĻʵҲǱһŮġѡչ鱾ͬǰһ֮ѡ
˵̰С֮ڼǷ˺ˣ۵Ĵ˾֮ǲôȻġ
ˣӲǵıܡ
ӵĻ⼸ͰֳȻЩͻȥڿ󡣡ڼ˵ԼģҲİڼһǺܿ׵ġСҲʹֱӰöʵ
ʲôԼڼʵ˵˰޳ǽ֮⣬ĺ;ãֽ׶λʲôЩͻ𣿡
С仰ʿ΢΢һ
ǰòŮһƺصĻʵǰ˵Щͻȥʱڼоһ磬ܾЩ
ȻǰںͲһŻܹѺ˵ʲôáڼԭΪСڶԴ˵ʱ򣬻ᱣһʴȡ
Ȼ˵ʼҪץȥɻľСѾͷš
һڼ䣬¶ʱ˵ʲô
ĻĵСܻһʱӦڸոϵͳŸ˵Եʣתĺܿ졣
òŮ̧ǰʿʵĺǵһ𣿡
ҲԼһ仰֮Сʱֱӵķ⣬Ͼֲͨ塣
һֱǵôǰڼ˵̻˵飬ʱڼº֮ʵͬһ뷨ԾɽеĺȫһӴֻЩͻ˲һ
òŮش۾Ҳ˲٣˵ţǳ˵ġ
ĸ棬ǲֵµģԾܵش»СС»ˡֻһ㣬Ǿ޷̵顣
˸Ͳ䱻ƴõΪһˡĴȻζԵЩǿСʳͬأ
ǶԴ˱ᣬǶԼԭĻ̫ͬˣ
󣬾ڼڼлδüʼοС˼ʱ
ּԼͰ͵˵ţ֮һøǷԣҪöʳǲﾡõĻҪ
ܹȷСѾͷе㡰ѧˡ
⣬ִŵɷֵСԹʿɵ
ֻ˱ϾҲʲô£׼ȷ˵Ӧǣ
úˡ仹ǲ˵ʳõĺ¶Ĵ¶
¹ܺοڰյУһ·ȿѵ͹ˡ
˵ԺǻҪ̻Щɸɾĺˣ֮ǲǶδӰ첻̫ãôأһڼǰĺū֪ܻ϶ٲ磬ͲһˡһǣЩֳɵġδԱ̻ĺǵ̲ĵĵͰ
-
ڼֶʵٹЩʱ̣ȺӦҪˣıؿֵĺܣҪȥߣ
ųɳһӵڵ޶ëСֶȥԭ֮кͰ𡢻ȥǻ֮⡣
һӣǱ˴ѹס˱յߵͻϢ֮Яȥæ²ĺڶӡ
Ϣ֮ȻҲǰĵͨ桪ǰ԰ǷԤȵġƶǵݽȵľһ̡
Ƕôĵ˵ǣԶۼ֤Щͻ˱²ֽűΪҪʹūһ˲𺳡
ѽݼڼҵСһڴӦ
-
ͷһڱؿпֵĽֵƽߵĶϡٺϼ˵ĵ·
СеЩе档
ǰڼеʱҲѵֻһЩضĽ֮вܹżȻһֳġ
û뵽Ļں棬ںͼڼһڽֵ֮һξ֮Сͷ֡
ĺ͡ǲڿѽܵԼźܶСֻǺ棬ûһŶĿ⣬вɵЩţһ˫۰׵Сֲ߬ճȭССԼʿ
Ȼ֮ǰڱؿġ֮ҹڶʱҲǫ֮̃ϣؿİǴ·עĿʱǲһġ
ʱҲǰԼ׼ȴ⧲
ܵСѾͷĽţڼ΢ЦŻصµֻжѡ
±ؿ֮󣬳˵һʱ̴½ĸףΪ¿֮²δЩǵǰֹ
ƫƫ±ؿһտʼϾʹһη졣ͬʱڼÿ¶ǶȻҪ԰ǹĴһءʱʱ̿μµĺá
ԽС⡰ͷһءڰǰȻǻǵĺģҪټһŮʲôġ
ЩҲзִ磬Ȼжλغ棬ҲߴСۡ˵ʲôڼҲûЩ佫ַͬѰĺþۿǵ֪ʲôûóȻšشˡġ
ú󷽸ŵЩһ͵Ĺ
Ŷԣʵ󵨵ĳºͼڼ˷ܹʵһ˵ġ
ĺ
ڼ֮±ۼһλϱһ¨Сź˳ǵķ
Լڼʵ˵Ŀش˴ؿΧƹëʲôʱŻῪʼռ
ˣ˶ԷСƬ̺ЩɵĿʵǡ򣿡
Լ֣ע⵽߻һɫĹȻǴ˵еġ
شˣɴ۾Щŵ
Լոձº֣˶ʱȻɫЩش˾Ȼʶ𣿡
һ䣬Сﳯ¶һĨòִһеǳ΢Ц
Ǳؿеһ֪Ǵ˷ҽõĴ
ǰë˯Լӵʱ򣬱λҽҩ
˵ĻؿУܹеʵ࣬ǰʵҪһ
ᱻϵͳۼȵԭ򣬾֮ǰӵǼë¡
ԣʱڼǼë£Լһһ֮󣬶ʱǶǼë׾Ϊˡ
֮ظҩʱڼ˵Ҫƹëº󣬵͸жʹ飬ش˹Ůơ
Ȼ֮ҲǷԼĽ֮ǰһ֡
ͬʱҲΪԵʣ˿̻δʼëһڱؿ֮УҲЩ
΢Ц֮£ڼɫƽĻͲǵһʳҽĸ֣½
ֻŰͻȥǱߣɳȥ޶ëСֶһͻ˵һõġƸ򣬾ͿԼëԤëߣȻë֯ˡ
²·ݣȫҪκεżϸ
йëߺëµ飬ڼǰ½ȫûбҪ¢ϡ
Ӧ޾ϸľ̸գ˲ܹʹðǵȫ
Ȼ˵ëֶõ׬һʣݺݵ޶ë²Ԥ֮еļƻǱؿشƫԶѾǼ֮أԾڱع㷺Ҳͨȥ
룬ڶ֮ڣҪƾ˵׬Ǯʱ򣬲ĳȥ
һ£ڿǰСչֳҳ֮󣬼ڼо͸Ǽһ㡣
ҪһؿİգԼ֣ʳ
˵ĻǹٸôӶҲδܹڶ֮ǰʹÿһ϶һë¡
ʹؿ˿٣Ҳ򻧵˼ҡ
֮ڴǰʵԵù΢졣
ǰµݡ
ʹطΧʳ
ܣΪһλϸȻҪԼԱůʳǡ
ʹԼµİգʳ֮ӵһճɣپܲ±֮֮ࣻϿڶյõů²壬ܷ˪ʴǡ
ע°շΧ֮ˣָĵ
ʱޣɷʱ𣬽ڶ괺յһ졣
ʮ*2سһ￨
ȣ¸µΪ׼
ȥѣֻҪĿǰĽΪ׼ӡܽȲٵĿէһͷ⣬һȴ⡣
һǣؿڲϷչŵģҲȻǻ᲻ϵµĹĵѡ
ԽܸͲ֪ϱ仯־ԴЩˡܹܲΪ˭ȥ˼ҵĲʡ㰮شˡɣⲻҪѰǵĺøжȸ
һܹҵóЩ˶˭ȻǾ仰ؿ᲻ϵӵ¼ӵĹĵİգҪеֻ˴ǰһˣôҪʧճ
Ψһһ׵ķӾǣһķչؿ壬аյȥˣȷ
Ǹֵʮʱ񣬲ô׾õġ
ң˵ĻСҲܿͻ˲Ȼ仯ˡ
˼ˣһ˲䣬ʿĿЩԶ
ڵõڼĿ϶֮ʱͷȻæǡҾͲſش˺ĺˣ
뿪֮Ѿܹ𽥿ʼӦԼЩĿĲ˲ͷżڼȻ˵һ䣬ôЩáĺأ
С䣬ʿʱ޹ڼôأЩ飬Ƕ֪𣿡
СͷȻȷе˵ţȻң
ڼ
θĸ佫ȽϺأ
СҲûм飬ڼֲẦڲ֪ԺҲ綼֪
²Ÿհ¸µʱٿضߴһȸԾ֮
ʱߵʿǶӦǷȺǻˡ
ǹȥֻСȻţʵϽŲѾʼŲ
Ͼ飬˵ڽϣųſȥҲûжԶľ룬ʱڿظҲӦóȥӭʤıʿˡ
ȻڼСĽŲͬʱӦһ
˳ųȥ·ϣֵѾ֪ʱģڱؿǲֵıʿĿİգǰ塣
·мߵһʱ򣬼ڼСС˵һʲô㽫Լûߵ˳֮С
𽥵سŹĶ߽ԭֻŵİҲɵͣĿֻһȹȻÿŮһǵΡ
ߵĶǰԹЩѺͻĺˣԼǴһֱʿԺ֮Ҳʲôһ¡
üۣһԼŴ̧̧˵˾򵥵ȴ¶ȵĸ֣ӭؼҡ
òŮ仰£İ֮УѸٵٴαըֻһκȴ
ǡشˣĺ֮УһϤĵҲͬµĶ𡪡
ɣǷҪг鿨
һ֮еĵһӦԼСĵͷǲСӦǣţڴ֪ĺʲôˡ
鵽˻δţǵϤĵµһ䡪
񴥷ʼģģ
ǷҪ̽鿴


39 
ϵͳһѯʣ һʱһѡĬһʱһߡ
Ȼ˵Ѿ𽥵ͳ˿ԵŲϵͳڵ˵棬ڵһ¹ֵĸ߶λú治ɫȥϵͳ壬 ίʵûбҪ һ㣬 ҲȷŸҪҪ
ðЩ׽ĺսͬʱҲǱؿδعҪϧūźá
ǣһ죬 ڼЯǴġϢյ׽һӱʿѺ͵ЩץĵһսڳνһȦðǹͣԶйߵ֮󣬱ؿѾá˾סηӭһҪڴ˰ҵ¾
Ǳŷԭ ڰһĺ˷²½һη֮ ˴˼ɨùȥЩͻˣ ǰηɨһ¡
ڱؿοõʱе㳤ԵʣЩң ڽȥ˵ʱ оЩ̫
˵ҪЩͻ˲Ըô죿ҲûʲôӰ졣
Ҫǻҳгھסֲ Щͻ˸ǺʲôֱӾ͹ȥתСĳ鿨Ҳ
-
佫һһ׵ߺЩͻ˵ʱ ºͼڼǱߣòŮʿǰվһˣɫĵȴ˵ķԸ
С΢˼һ£ վڴͷλõ䳤ǿغ֮⣬ ͷ֮УҲشЩˣˮظĥһĥǵԣһЩԼĴ
ǰкͲȷϹ 첻ˮʳһǿ׳ĳ˵ȫܹܵ˵顣
Щͻ˵սʳٷһʱҲڻ£ˡֻϾҪǸɻģʱѾԣǶ̫ˣʱ򻹵öǻͻָǵòʧ
ô˵䳤æӦ̲סشˡǿԴЩ𣿡
⣬еǲô⣬˱ؿõˣЩΪЩ¼֮ŭաˣЩ궼ܵͻ˻ıؿأ
ԶԴˣòŮǻһ䣬Ҫ̫־Ϳԡ
ֵķǾͼʼˣȥֻػūֻҪнţȫͿˡ
һ£ֲһ䣬Ǿ֫ӴԱԼΪȡ
ǣһ䣬һ˼ӦţشģһῴغЩͻˣκεܻᣡ
ˣ´һĨǳǳ΢Ц
-
ںͼڼһͬؿظ·ϣȻ֮䣬С䲻Ķһ䣬ȣûˣ
Ȼ֪ǵնܺãҳҲȵ׼Ӧöû¡
⵽ҲڴսһһԱԣͻ˵Ҳڻ֮л᲻᲻С˵˭˵
»Щģ᲻˵صĿ϶ǲУۿɼĸûϸС˿ڿɾ˵̫׼ˣѼӲԸ񣬶ŶҲǸģһСȫֵһĶ
˼ˣ¶ʱͷȥҽݵķҽæһȻãʲôС˵ĻҲܹʱҽΡ
´ʿһᵽС˼ļڼɫĵͷ
֮òŮʿ֮ĸ˷򣬱һȥҽݵ·
Լȫ·佫ԴǺʶֱҪսͬʱŷֺﲻ̫ԡ
ǲʶȥĶ·ڿͬʱʶܣȻ󱻲ԵһѸץ˻ʲô
ҲǲɵǰºͼڼعͷĿͶעĳҪܵʿϡ
ֲᣬ粻ܿʿĿ֮д˵ġԭˡʱʹķûУ
ڼȻûˣΪҪмأ
ʱһҭȻŲӲ˵
Ȼ˵ĺսȴĺʹ죬ǺȻ֮ʲôš˵֮£ֵķԼļƣˢһͨɵġ¡˵˳
ûˡ˵ûˣûˣ˵˰ɣҲȷˡ˵һ󴮵ܰεġˡ
ű㿪ʼϵףµҲ֪֮ǰʱǿһЩ򵥵ĻȻôһøպþûбЩͻ˸أǵʱѾȫ֮ʱ򣬷ȺȻ֮ͷɵȻǿˣȻͱˡ
Ц֮󣬻󺰡˭˭ң˵ǼֵʱģһʱȻҲƲסЦ˰ֵ֮һ䣺ҵʱҪЦȥ
ȻҿѾҪЦȥˡ
Ѿ޿Ŀģʱ˿ֻ̣ԼǰսĺսѸ
ս飿ڵģս˻̸ʲôսѡ
ڼǸ򣬵ѵܺ
ڰ佫ͽҽݣͲ֮ǰŸոռȷϹһѹۣ˵ϵȷǲ˿ڣʺǵЩӡ첻ʲô󰭺
ûд佫Ҳֱӱйҽݡ޿㻤ôʲôҩõĿһ㡣
ºͼڼֱӻ˿ظлһЩİҪ
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뿪ҽݻظ·ϣСȻʲôʿһ䣬˵ΪʲôͺȻ֮ѽ
֪¿϶мڼز棬Ҳǰڼ˵ЩÿһҲΪˣŸӵ벻׾Ϊʲôԭƶһ˲ͼֱһԾɡ
С⣬ڼڵ¶һĨ΢ЦʾʵڼûʲôֻֻҪлǿšشˡĺãǱĬֲ֮˼ڿŷȺѺֽŶͻսڼһһ˲ıŷ
ڱؿİ˵ȻǰŵǽճȻҪӶߣٸ⸶еʧ˾ٵȷǺǵĺøУλ¿غǣıӰڰǵжڴ¿վһЩٸΪǮ
ڲһˣ۵ļ֤ʹ֮еܳɷʱвŻδĴһõڴͬʱڴ֮жµİһµķֵ
Ϊеһֱ֣ӵĽϵͳжġġΧ֮С
ڼЦһҪ˵Ļ֮УҶͻ˵ľ޲Ǹء
ҪȻǰô˵Ǳؿҵĵطź£أ
ݻңֲġ
-
󣬼ڼҲȻʲôɫ죬Щȵ˵һ䣬ѽԣո˸˵˵ˡ
ֻǶԶƽļڼֿ˾ôİ˵ģ
ڼ仰֮Сʱһ䣬ĺͰѹ課ŵĸԺˣ
ʿ΢ЦɲǷȺͻм䣬Ϊ˾סԱ䳡ǸԺ𣿡
ûа취˭þסλ·ٵԺأٽſظĺţߺ褻û׵Ĺ·Ի˶ĿһıȽϺãѰͷǳǰٻס
һڼ⻰СʱͷĿĵ˵ǹģҪǻȥȻڵİԼĵ̶ͻȻˣһ
˵ߺ褵ĻС룬ʵĺͿ˸Ҫ˵빫誵һóǶһ˵ǣ
Ƕһ˵ʲôȻԼڼΪˣǽġڱߴɽһεˡĲģҲϸ¡ôҲһ˵
Сô˵ڼ΢΢ҡͷʾһ׽̣̫ʺǡ
Ȼ˵ͬΪ佫ߺСӱϾһòǱáȷǷøڹ˵Щ̫ÿ
ʿڼ֮룬ǴǶǻҵû䡯֮ǰϵ㲻ľʶ˵˻ڵĴ֮󣬱Ҳ˽Ͷıһݲ
ȷϹ֮趨ֻŻȥ֮󣬳ʱǵһЩ˵ǰתһȦߺ褵Ҳˡ
˵ʲôʱؿģȻ죬ڸ˵ʱ棬еȳעǸ˺ˣû˻ȥעʲôµ˽˳ǣԾôŪһ°ɡ
ִ©˵ҲһΣ󻹻иΡںҲǾôϸĿڱؿû˻ϸֻҪĲܻ˾ˡ
Ժ˸ر˻ô죿˭Щħֵ뷨°ղëˡ˵δезȥȴ޴׷顭£Ǻ˼𣿻ܸԷһֻţõ¶
ȥȷûʲô⣬ǣżڼĻСﲻЩɵʵȥǱ߻Ը𣿡
ϾСǸԸ񡭡˳ֲ̫ø͡
ڼֻڵ£ġ
ȥǸְԸԭȷǲôϡڶϲϡѾûа취ı裬ʱҪ˳ë壬ڼߺ褵Ļеϣġ
ڼǰʱͷˣСںÿ˵ȻҪ߳Գ˵࣬ƫƫߺһһÿ
ߣԷǴǰѾԼȻ˵òڼԼӦǻΪԷòһµġ
ʵ˵ĻǱؿںȦļòǺÿģеĿúÿеĺÿݣߺµòǾǺÿеļÿ£ֱܹòϲ㡣
֮⣬ڼҲ˵ˣ佫ԵҲǳãַͬһĺã忴ûġ
Ȼڼô˵ˣҲûмᣬڼĶ࣬ûе˶˱Ҫ
ڿҪߵظǰʱٿ˽Ųڼ֣ʿתͷԼʱ̵˵ţĺͣҡպȻһ̫뷨
ô˵ڼЩɻʵʲô
󣬼ڼСŴ˵ѧã
󣬵ȴĪ
ˣڼһʵôȻ뷨
ǣСصΪںÿ쳭鶼࣬Ҫܳе飬Ҿ룬鼮ܹ֪ܶĻԺͲٳˡ
ĺ֮ǰ˵˿ãؿԱҾ룬ܲԼѧãԼѧȵ֮ѧѧɺֱͨӽٸ
֪鼮󡭡Щ飬Щûлһġ˵СصЩȻ֮һЩѾ¡
Ѹٵʹ㣬˵Щ鼮֮ҪǸ˹ۿģҴţܹȥѧϰĻҲδһ¡
ԣΪʱ仰пʼĲ˿ѧõһ뷨
ȻҲ֪϶ҪѺܳʱ˵ݷݷѧʮ꺮Զڿ϶ǿʲôرԺһŬһᱻ
Ӳôʹӵһ뷨ĶҪôŪҾͲˣΨһһܹ뵽ѧõĻȥҶһܴ⣬СС
˵ʱºȻЩ˵ȥˡ
кҪһǡ
ڼڰʵߣ񻯡ݣȴ˰ѧãǣ֮䱾㣵ġ
ϾڣʵҲ֪Ǿ仰ڣ̫Ļˣ
ϰգҪһźýй
ڼֶģǶ˵仯ΪеˣȻܹܵСһ˲õ䣬µ˽⣬ҲǿóСʲôǲɵЦһ
ֻǸСء
¸̾һ䣬ŴͷԵеòŮΪ˲СѾͷ䣬ʿæһ䣺뷨ʵܺáϾĽҪ˵ġ
Լһ仰ºһ˲ʱ̧Դ۾Ůڼɵҡҡͷ󿪿ڽ͵ֶֻΣĿҪյİĿȻﵽ֮ҲδɸıЩֶηʽ
¿ɲܹ̫壬֪ͨ
Ǿ仰ֻҪĿĴĵֶ⡣
ο졢˰ѧҲܹȫȻͬڿǡףվ˶ġ
ЩˣԸͬѧء
˵Ļڹ۶ϣС˵ҪѧõĻʵպû˳Ƶġ
˼ˣڼС˵ѧõĻڼкһ뷨
һ仰òŮʱãȻգգۣЩһӼڼо뷨ˡ
˵תĺÿŶ
Щһã״̬Сǵš


40 
ڼ̬һ֮ɫС ЩεҡҡͷҲӣֱӵڼǣ Ҫѧã ھӪ֮мһ涨 ɱĽʿǼĶͯҪѧ ֱ͹ѧӷѣɱеĽ͡
˵ûкӵô죿ǾͰտԼٵѧֳɽǲȡǮ ҲԱᣬ ȵԺкٰѺ
һ뷨Ҳعľƶȸġ
ò˵ عһƶȣʵһΪʿԵĶʱĪиеʹʱ Ψع ֵ̡ Ǵ˸ı˵Ļ֣һϣ ǸС
ΪϲЧΪԼһõδʣ ܹʿԡѪսǺߡ
ʵǰҲȥҰֹ̽عľƶȣ ϾһƶϣҲûκһ˻ɴܷ䰲Ϥˡ
ֻйƶȣǱؿ϶ǲеģʺϡ
һ쿤أ ƾʲôΪ˷أȥ˵Ŀʷ⣬á
һķˣһؿطľλ˭ֻ£˲ǷʿǵĻ԰ˡ
»ݱһ£ʱʹŮӵнѧѧϰʸͬʱݾѧӷѡ
Ȼ˵ϵȷôһѧˣǶھ²İնԣڡ顱޲ġ
ʿụ̃Ľ׼λˡǴ󸻴̼֮ңУҲԶûʲôλġ
ʲôʱܹܲþƶȣҲҪȵ֮𣬳˺ſ˵Ľˡ
˵ĻʵڼҲǺԼ񾿾һʲô֮УȫƾŴƽʱСﻰемԼ̴˵ļӺ֮أѾΪ͢ٹܹ˵ĻܿĽһֲ²⡣
ҪŪԼĲǴҪµĶ˿£
Ȼ˵ǰĳӴֲĶϰնŬԼӣ֪£λ͵֮Ů
̴ȻΪ֮ŮǱؿһ߻ʵԶ˵ԶĵطҲṩʲô̫õϢ
ĪҪ˵λڰĿظףʲôϾؿܱߵļٽѾܺᡢüˡ
֮ϣһ춼һشƱ仯ѾʱļǰϢʵǲο岻
ϵͳһ̺̫ƽʢŪúɽһ㣬֮֮ǰѯʹߵİ˽С󶨵ϵͳ
Ȼǰɰ͵ģԺ֮ҲĹճһ˷ĳΣ
һ𽥱ûӹʼ֣ݵĹҲȻɫȮȻϻһƬʵѾһҡҡ׹ʱĽɽ
Դ˾ҪҲǵȴѡ
ǽװȻȴľ֮Уһĺƴ󶯵
ʱǾһ˭ȭͷ˭˵ˡ
żڼ⻰СǴһѰضԵúɵ̶ֳȵòϳȴ˷ݿɰı૵ذԼո뷨˵˳ĺ͡תĺÿ찡
ˣʿֻ΢΢һЦ㣬Ǻܺˡ
Ÿոͬһѧϰ徭ӴЩã׵׵ǴһƬհ׿ʼܹʱ뵽һʶĽ̵ҪԣίʵѾܺˡ
ڼ֪µһЩͬ˵츳Ǳܣڣ룬ҲҪԤ֮еĸߡ
ԽԽڴ˶ŮķСĺլػ֮СѾͷܹɳΪεȵģˡ
ֻһ㣬ǾµԸ⣬̫ˣҪѧûҪ֮ߵΡ
ȻԼǼ˸ɫ˺Сܿɼ뿴δеʱĲʲô¡
Եĵ壬ǺˣǲʲôĴޣСܹǺݵģδսվҪع鵽ԭڲģǸʱ򡭡
ֻȥ˼ȷЩˣδ̫֮ңԶȻع¡
С˵ţӶ°ɡ
Լ˼صʿصˣڼһ£ġ
áòŮͷӦţȻеʲôڵҵˣһʮĳ鿨ᡣҸʱȥߴɽ鿨ϣܹԼһλʿ
ȻǲܹȷĶģ˵ĻڼͷϵĹлġ
һ֪ĳʿѾ³ֵ佫ԵľССš
һСô˵ڼкȻ֮һİ֮С
ǣڶԶǳ˵ţԼһζȻܹи׵ͬŵļڼСһ䣺ǿһҪڼһͬȥźá
Ҫ۵ĿԼӭλͬţȻŬİѶԷԼһɻ
ܹ鵽ģĹˣǾٺòˡ
˭˺áɱأ
ʱټ褣ǿǿʱһְߣڼԼǿչһ°δġ
˵ȵٹһʱ䣬Ǳ鳭֮Ҳٸء
ڼ˵ҪԼһȥµԴȻһ£ֲһ䣬ãȥߴɽĻҲ԰ֳú˿ԸϽȥڿ󡣡
ôŲɻԷĺÿġ
ҪȻ֮ˣɲÿֻЩͻ˳԰뱥ɣ
ܣԲݵСš
-
ºͼڼʣûжԶĻظ·һֱ˵ѧ֮£ڽ˿ظĴ֮СͻȻ֮˵һ䣬ʵѧ֮£ҲǴһЩ˽ĵġ
Сô˵ڼͷĿ¶⡣
¼Ϊڿѧõͬʱһ뿪ŮѧϣؿŮҲԶ顣
ŮѧѧϰŮ飬ǿжһѧϰ徭ϰա
òŮ˵ţĿҲЩƮԶ
ѧЩŮ飬ǺܲϲģҪĻЩȴʵʵĶһݡ
ΪЩֶʶãڻɵĶͯһһѧǧġ
Сⷬ˵ǣڼЦˣһ䣺ʲô˽ģ֮ˡ
µ˼άûдλıҪߵ·ϣŮӣŮӣŮӵλⱾȻ顣
ڲҲڵŲǱ߲ܹ֮ṩһԽٸµŮ
ڼ˼һ£СֻΪĲηηšֱ׳
ʿɵöǰòŮʲô;ܷΪͿԸһЩġ
ʣµģͽǺˡ
ΪıߣҪΪԼĺʰ̯ӵ
½ܹľ©ȱҲ̫ҪıʿĴڣֻҪһЩܹԸµ˾㹻ˡ
ԣűԼ仰˵˫ÿĵۻ£ȻǻЩĶСʵŮѧʲô뷨𣿡
ڼ仰֮ǵͷ֮ҡͷ
ȻС̲ſڵ֮ǰʱҵǻһ뷨ѧ»죬Ѿֱӷˡ
ڼʵǺ£
ȻʣʳͬʱѾһ²⣬ŸոС˵ŮѧӦǡ
ŮŮ¡
¼뷨ͳһҾ֪ˡϾƼˣûǵĻ˭˵ȥӪȵطŮҲǲҵġ
ȻҲܹ˼ҾӪϵİɡ
ص㲻ǾӪ֮أӣмֻȥأ
ŮѧͲһˣŮּңͬѧԴһΧŮӵĿռ䣬ôҰġ
ô˵ڼһ£Ů֮£պҲδ齨ֻûа취ʵˡ
Ȼڱؿ佫ܳ꣬ò˵ǣûкʵ˿¡
ѵһ֧ŮӵľӣҪһλŮҪһ㡣
ŮھӪ֮鱾ڸοӪ֮ӣŵЩ컬ࡢڻӵı˵ɲһĹܹܵ˵ģûһλ㹻ǿŮ˾ѹסʵʵסбǣô齨ŮҲɲʲô£ƽ޹ʵĻһȺڣǵϸʲô
šµԴʾԼ׵ġ
òŮ̲סĿʿĶʵ˵ĺ͵ʷŮ𣿡
еġڼûκγɣʱͶСһ϶Ĵ𰸡
Сﾧһ˫ÿĵۣ߳ϲȤζ۸˵ļĳҲûȥ֪ʵСѾͷǲλŮ¼ֱӽλʵͬڵʱѾңԶˣʷϼأԷʵȺ佫һλܳμҡ
СӣڼɵţӦöԼһЩŮԵ¼
вŸոԺ֮ͻȻһֵļڼֵ˵ȻڼڵʱûսŮҲԸҪǿĽġ
ţº̧ȥһʡ
ֻһμڼȴǰڶ⣬ֻ˵һ룬ʣµľͲͬСｲˡ
ŹӵòŮЩĹĵĹյʱ򣬼ڼֿʼ˲һ䣬ڼԸֻͬڿظи˽˵ڡ
ˣСĵһӦǣȣϾͬһʱģҲֻˡ
ȻʿֻһصҡҡͷȻ˵˽³˵֣ﲮܹ誡
ºֲһ䣬λﲮá
˽Ŀ϶褲ˡ
Ͼ뿪ʱûСŮء
һڼ⻰СʱԹôȥ
ʿֻһ޹֮ɫǾҪжˡ
ʵ֮СȥߣĻǡϵһ¸顱ϾҪĻλ˵¼ʵıߺ褶Ҫࡪ˭þã
ֻǵãԼԼԼ˵ˣ۰ãԣһ˵˵˾ֱӾأ
ζϾ¿˼õģȥ
-
ͻȥڵڶʱġ
ԭǵٶȰ˵ǲӦôģǼܲסĶࡣ
ڼƤߵոʽǵʱʵǻڴͻϣǻ˴߸սƷϡ
ҲԵͻ˵ձһ
ΪЯŵĶʵ̫࣬ǴӲԭдսϣÿһƥ϶ŰһЩҲУԶԶĿȥһƺƵĴ飬ŵǷսʤľӡ
ò˵ӵشӾ֮£ǵĻ֮еҪ˻ʱߡ
ͬʱµϣ½ĵĽҲҪøңڰͻȥǵֱӾǷһ
ڼʱȴûйעС壬ǿǱǣеһֻֻëʺ̲סΪʲôܹߵö·ǣ΢
֮󣬼ڼ˼еİϵĶȡ£Ⱥߣ˸㹻ĿյĿ
ϵʳԼƱıǸĺ˾סձжºƥЯ˴ߣȫǣȥáʳ㣬ǱԾĸ
ʣһжȻڴȫƲ̴ߵǼǡ
ڶѺдսūͻˣʣǱȥ˴Σȵһġֵܡȥˡ
ϵ
ڱؿĴվǴСޣЩסѾǳˣеľȫ˼˵ӵҼ
ǼһѣҲˡ
˵ΪսѵʲôõĴдǽбͣū
ˣӵķ·ܰų忪ľ俴ЩĻţǲɵʾ
֮СֻǱʾüǱ⼸ȷѵĿЩȵ֮ٿʺϳ䵱Ѻ˵ĵطġ
ǰʾ뿪֮󣬿ϵɫ˿СߵĻȥʱ̲סô˵ǲѾ뵽ʲôõط
СֻЩѧ˵Ļ֣ѽȴ˵
-
һ̣ѰͻȥҲȥҽݣһм顣
ȷ˶֮Űģ֮Ÿл褵ûʵصİҪһõĻСظС
·ϣ˵µʱ򣬻ȥ۵ĿܣһֱǿţҲŲҪ
ȻڼҪϵλ󣬻С̬Ȼ˲١
ڿߺСȻһ£ϲÿˣҲͺÿˣߣǡǡǳ⣬ƽ֮нÿġ
߸˵ĸоһۿȥԺֳĵһ־ȴŮܹ֮һۿóһˣҲǻ
ǿūĴӢۣλｫȥ𣿡֮ǰͼڼԹ籾ҲԷСģڼȥߵ۾ҲȻһ¡
ߵһ䣬СȻۿɼڱã˷ǳ۹⡣
Żȥ飬С¶ʱ֪²ǳˡ
-
ڻȥ߱㶨֮ͬߺ˵Ҳ߸ôϸ顣
֮󣬱ؿĿظУҲ˳µֶ˧ˡ
Ȼ˵֮ǰڼ˶趨ͶҸ⣬ԻûиǰŹֻĺóԺúȵģ˰λүš
ת۷ڵ졣
ڲŸոմͻˣ˼ң壬տظ⼸λˡķæκһڸ֮˶ܹܵõġ
ߺȻ⣬ǰ;õСӱɳ˸磬ǰҼڼ
ʵԭӦȥµģʱ䣬ȥһңʵǲ̫ãҲҼڼˡ
ڼڼԺ֮Уǰʿ褿ڵҶ֮һֱϣڷæµ֮лҪ벮ԴˣʵǸеѰ֪⸮пɷʲôܹæֵģǿĻԸ
һ⻰ڼʱ¶΢Цص಻˼ôأ
ȴȵľ仰ء
ףǰˣ¼ʱ䣬̫ᰡ
ʿĵš


41 
 ڼڼ꾭һ˼ǡôܺ˼һɻһֱ׳԰׺ǵʵǸеʳѰÿ׺ڣʿһ˼˿ڣ ʾǾǾˡ
ȷԼҪй֮ ߶ʱ˼ڼһ䣺ȥӪҪͷĺͰæָ·ǡ
ڳէԴ˼ҲԵʣ ԴӱС鿨鵽ӿлѺ⼸ ߺһֱ˶ûĳȥҲڿظתת
Ȼ˵֮ǰǺͻȥһȥˢ˸ҲҪøе֪⿤ظֶλˡһЩֻ֪СľʶǰͶ ıѡ
仰֮ ڼʱЩ¶ɫ ɵʵӪ֮粻Ǻæ ؿȽȱֵǹٸߣ ˿Դ ԣ֪ɷԸȥһʱĹٸ
һڼ˵Ҫȥְְ ߵ϶ʱʧȥЦݣȻÿ㶵˵һ䣺ǣ佫Щġ
Ӣ·ս ԡѪɱԳڵһߣ κȴǡְܸɵ
ЩȴĻʿֻ΢ЦĪҪԷƱϾǵˣ ȻͻûʼɣǲϵͳĴ˺
֮ڼһ̽˵ţǲԸĻԺڼһͬȥٸΣպÿԴڹٸһ
ˣҲñؿЩԱ֪һ£ǵ˾ˡ
ڵȵԺ󣬱ӣҪߺҲȥӪǱ߱ʱôŪ˵佫ݣǾҸ佫һȻ̾һۣԭǵôãߺἰһʵҲĺܶ࣬ⲻ˳µĿתְ
ǱؿߣѾ˺ܶĲĵĹˡĿֻ֮ڳ˵ĵ·ԽԽԶҲһֵֹ趨
Ǿ仰ֻҪǱ˾ˣħȫվ
߻ΪԼһǹս佫ȻҪͶִӱʵ±֮еʱ΢΢ףӦá
-
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ЩСܲʱ䣬ҲǻܣŶ׼ȷ˵ΪСٶȣǡߡŶԡ
ʵԭ֮УӦиʵ̫ޣС˵ġܸʮȦҲһСҾƣһȦĹܹȫǸй˶ˡ
Ȼͱ˲ˡ
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֮ȥǱߵԭ򣬾ǰžֵ
ԭСǴԼҸʱȥߴɽиʮ飬ͬʱ˳㽫󿨾ֳġ
ֻΪŸոճͻϼҵĵףе࣬ûгĿ
Ҳֻȥ֣Ͼʱ䣬ѾЩͻսסؿεĵ죬Ҳ׼ǿʼϹˡ
ʱеһͻˣ԰͵ɽկ֮е̴Ǹʱڵ֮йѺһ±ؿεѹ
ԼѺǵġΡ֮УЩͻлкθܣ¾ûˡҲѭǵıӦˡ
-
ڿڼߺ߹һ˲䣬¶Сʱ̧̧֣ͼ˴˸кֶòԼ˼ꡢʵȴ˾䣺ôˡ
ڼίıʾ쿪ʼϰ֮˲ȻĻСʾһֱӸһ߰
Ȼͱʿĵһۡ
ȥʲôãò׼ְǰ;̹СӣǴȥ˷Դ˵úǱжٱѵƵġ
˵ûаǽڵھйְ佫ϣǿɵãŴòˮĴײ˵ˡ
ڼڼĿ֮£СٿؾʹһȻ֮͸оЩ䡣
֮˵ȥٸʱ򣬻ȥ̾ˣΪʲôոռڼҪô
С겻ߺͶһܻ֪ͬ𣿹ٸǱߣȥ˾ҪͼӰ໭Ⱥŵġ
Ȼ˵Щ벻ͨΪҲһڼץȥϾһȿǶ˵ģߡ
ѲʶС黹ʲôز¶Ĵѧҵ
С겻Щɻš
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˸֮󣬼ڼһǴߺӢСӣȥЩѾ˲ɻ̰صķͰ֮ʣµĹԱǰˢʾ˵ĻҪʲô飬һҪ
ߡڼԺӵûôߣԺְߵ˶ԺҪ׷ؾӪġ
µλ佫ʵһǶûеļܣ
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ʵԭյһǧģϾʼС˵ʱҲǸ˵Ҫһ֧ǧ˵
ڱؿЩʿ֮Уʣµʵǲѵܹ֮ﵽֱ׼ģҲաһôţȵԺ±ټ
ԱؿıԱҪ˵ĻЩȱٵģûȥٿٳһѵı֡
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ڴߺˣˢ֮󣬼ڼµĸ褽һЩԼͷڽŵĹͬʱЩֻȽϿʿдһݸʾȥѰйС
ڼڼĶֻǼ򵥵ɨһۣԼĿشӡ
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ڸԼӡº¿ڵ˵Щ֮Ҫôڻûжðɣ
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µ˵ͷ룬ȺĿڶ࣬ĻҲ̫ͳһɱһ֣Щ˷ѡҾţɴཫЩַա
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42 
ںһ Ƶظ˺ü飬ҺûҪͣƵϤļΪ߰ɤڼ֣߬߬ վҲû˺Լеᡣ
 ʿתͷ һòΪԵСӣһ䣺ɷȥһ¶ԸòϤԽˡ ȥǱߣ
ˣһݲӵϵĿĬĵ˵ͷȻæľ˳ȥ
ߺ˵˼ڼ֮ϽȥߣֹǺ ڹٸ´СԱǰˡ
ҪȻĻ · ˭Ҳ䵽ֻǵһٸ
ڿ걻ɳȥ˺󣬼ڼֿһ褣 һ Լһͬȥ¡
ͬʱ 뿪֮ǰʿҲǶͬһʱδ°ĹԱǵһ䣺ʲôŵλ˵ģ ҾԽڴ˵Ǹˣλ˲Ҫ⡣úõĹڻûе°ʱ Ҫ㡣
ڼĺ仰Ȼδ˵ ѾһʱʣıؿԱܹеǱ˼ǲ۹۱ǱǹĵĽոձȥעͶصԼϵĹ֮С
һĻڼĴȥԼˡ
ʵĻ еȨҲδǲԸŪһ乤䡣ǺЩԱһңܹŵûлˮġ
ϵļӰЩҪȥĹԱǿ󣬿ɰĹȴɲŪġ
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Ȼ˵ڼҲЩ벻ףΪʲôĪԼҪĲ⡣
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ȻǼϣһСѾͷ´γ鿨Գ鵽һԼ˰ɣ
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43 
һ仰֮ ϵͳٴεعһļž
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ȻŵֲһΪλĽͣϵͳڽг㣬΢ȴһ¡
Ŷ áϵͳô˵ СֻǵͷӦһ ûʲôӦ
һĳ֮ϣһ˺ü鼮 һǰδŹʲôЩͷԵȴһֱûˣ вϵųã һ̣ ȫȻѾܺĳᲢۡһϸˡ
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Сͷ̫϶Щеʱ򣬸ո˵šԵȡϵͳ˶
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µԣÿŰʱҲûж̫ʵһʼҲ̡
ֻѵĵһСͱǿޡֳ˶ܲ˶ܵĿޣҧŴϷŰ֮½ıڼڵļĻˮƽʿ̸似ܵļֹʾСı׼Ӧٵ͵ÿҲһʱҵʱ䣬ҲǸָġ
ڣȻ˵ҲǻޣѾתܶˣڲȫ̶ǿżġ
ÿնֹĿƲסĿʱ»طϴһ£ֻ·ֹ֮ȥûãԼʱڵʱ䣬˵ˡ
СҲڴĸˣȥͥʱ򣬼Ѿ˶ˡŶһˡ
Ψڣ²Щɻһ䣺أ
Сſֶ̽һ£󺬺ıʾ
ڣƫƫͷڼϢ𣿡
ʿͬɡ
Ȼ󣬾СŸոǰµʱ򣬸ոһ˵ſڣһĬϿϢˣֻĳдһ߹С￪ڵѧá
ȻĻŸո˸ͷͱһԼæң޴룬ֵ̬ĵļһˣɵ̽һ䣬ǡ
Ȼһ仰£ϢȻᵽζʲôζ
ãȻĿſ߹ͻŻŵĽ𣬵ζƮ㣬ʹԲʳζסļˣɵЩһ䣬ǡڸﰡҡ
ÿĵڳΨһĳߣŸո˵ĻãȻⲻΪʲôǺ˵ѾϢ˰
𣺣
С仰£ʱԭ򼸸ֵĶԻĿøԻ
֮㿴ż佫𽥻ָ¶ǲĶǼ뷽С뻮һűζޱȵʳ
褵һ䣺ѵǴ֮ã˼
𣺣
һ⻰¶ʱ̲סţԼǰЩ˵УǸʲô
Ȼƽʱ佫ڵĳ˺Լദ̬֮УܹܵԼںĵλܻҲԼȫǱλ̳۷壬Ҫ˾Ǻȷ¶ɡ
ѾҪ̲סĿʼǰЩġ󱲡ǣѧĵͳ˼
Ͼʵ˵ʳᾫڲϸĻġ
˵ںѾʧˣ
̲סһɻ󣬲ɻܹΪ
лҪ˵ں̫ǶǺȷ¶¡byⱻĿ


47 
仰֮ ֳͿһеЩԻȻֹһˣΪ͵ľǣڼӰ֮ ĬĬĶľ͡
ΪͿͬһʱ ϵͳļ֪δкܳһʱԼΪʦʳסеӹ ҲǷǳ⣬Ϊʲô̸жȣ СӻôȻľʦⶫڡۡ۾
ѵǸʲôɳܵ
ӹҲʱСѾֱӿˣҪһƷһⶫ𣿡
ˣȴ֮ˡµһ䣬 ף ӦһȻĿЩĵһںļˣ ƤЦⲻЦ˵˾䣬ⲻŵǰɣ
ɨӹȥļˢˢ΢΢ҡͷ ¶΢Цʾ ᲻ᡱ롱
 ڿŵǱڿõĵϣ֮ ڿʥ˵ȹ̡뵱Ȼʥ˲пڸ֮ļ˻㿴ңҿ㣬һĻǶѡ
ߵ˶ûˣ ĵط һȴķĵ粨
ϵļ붫⣬ϵͳͳż֣ץֻһΪʲô鿨
ѡ֮Ůŷ޻ߵĳѳ˵ ϵͳãʱԼҵ鿨Ļֱܾӵĳδˣ飬ֲܹʾϵͳҲֻܹߵĶԷŵ粨ɺӡ
˵´ʧܲеĻᣬΪʲôϵͳҪôʲôѵû˵겻ϵͳصǼҪյİϵͳǰһøʽļҲµϵͳоƬϡ
ԣܺòˡ
-
ʳķȥոʱ˵һѧã²ʵʱҪ˵ʲô
һ䣬ոձԼµǱᣬݸ£ⶨѧõĿʱα뿤عġ
ֵίľƴѾϣǰӶҲѧǳҪϰĿαдϣϵĳﱸѽϣֻ֮ҪٸǱ߽ԴȷϺãѧʱԿΡ
ô죿Сﲻɵþһ£ѧǱߵķѾü֪ҲþȣϾΪ׷ЧʣȥǱߵĺūĿȽ϶࣬ǽ̲ĳдǱߣΪٵȼġ
һ䣬ղһֱڿۡĲǿڵҵЩˣҪʲô鷨ֻһּӡ
Ͼѧ֮һѧǣ⼸ȫԱƽռҵĺӣҪġټաǧġ鼮ʶֿʼԶ鼮ҪҲѧϵôдͿԡֵʱȻġαϵЩֻǿùȥּ
ҲǱؿһѧԳеһ˾ǼѧȻҲƣͯŮ๲һʮˡ
Ȼ˵鼮ʶֿʼ̣ҲҪʲôĻˮƽ㳶һЩһӵĶ˶Խ̣ǵѧҲѧټաǧġ򵥵ʶ־»ؼҵģѧԵĵһ껹ʱסĿԷպ󿴹˲
οһʮһոտѧöԣҲһСĿˡ
Ȼڵʱ򣬸˷ֵɽĹҲһҪ˵ģȻԺѧʱҲûôˡ
󣬸ոաᡱʦүȨ֮һСһգ褽һѧõѧݽ
ǰڼǷݾѧ򷢳ȥ֮Ȼһδͻ˵ıʿԼҵĺӱ
˲ѧѧȴޣǶԽųһѧĺ
ЩΪӱѧıʿľȺţȻһֵĺͯҲǳΪһοأԱ𡪡˭ŮѧǱأ
֮⣬ԾӪߵѧҪУ֮ͨҵҲҪšϾǿֻܾþӪıʿҵĺѧռҵȥ
ϲ˵ˮԾԵһƽҲǵһԷ֣ԵôסҰֺͱʿЩ̫һûмѧӷѵİ
ȻܴڵĸѧأڼʾʱѾ˰ѸôԤȫãҲصĻʲôóֵӡ
˵Ļʵȥ֮ǰΪֳŨŨͬ飬ڼרŵȥʹؿĹԱǵļǷͯҪѧá
ǴҶ֪߸ͳӻٵĺϰռҵǲһģںʱͻῪʼˡ
Ȼ󣬻һԱʾҪѺ͹ԴǿбʾҵĺӱȽƤʱܻҪЩ˼˶ô˵ˣʵļڼȻЦűʾһк˵
Ļһ£ʵǾͶ֮ʱѧÿΰɡ
죬̫Ҳ̫ڼŮѧܸٸһһͬʱҲǸȷҪѧѧļҳﱸһѧ׼ϾǰǶֻǸӱҲȷǷڵһͱѡ
-
ڶϵʱСĳܹ󣬼ڼȻ֮һ⣬˵˵ġšָǺ⣿
ʵˣֻʱڳ궫⣬˵ѧõ֮ʱϾѾˣԱݻڡ
Сﱻʵһ£ǻش⣬ǣĺ;Ȼ֪𣿡²ЩãȻķһ䡣
ʿصڼһֱΪ磬Ǻһʵвơ
ǰǵٸĿǰΪֹһĶľͣҲһƶȡ
䣬µͷȷǲûдǡ
󣬼ڼСǵѡٵƶ֣ǲƾƲУֻ֮仹ԲΪ
һֱڶµƶȣƾͨѡιƶһεӼλġ
ƾٿԹΪļֱһ֮ɿس졢֮ͨŵԺԣһ֮֮ͨƾ˵ԣֱһΡ
ھ֮ɻʵָɹԱٰ졢֮ͨƹʿĻԣֻб칱ʿԲμӵʥϡ֮ͨƽʿĵԣһΡ
Ȼȵ˿ƾƣƺǲӦõĸࡣ룬ԺԣǿظĿԣҲÿУҵϼҾûУҪμӾֻȥĿš
˵Сֽ̧˽Լǰķ˿Щȷ˵ţҸоǱؿΧڽļӦҲǶûеİɣ
ϼҿػǴڼݷ֮صķΧҶеĿԺԡӺݣΪ߾֮أԺԵĵطֻٰɣ
Ҵǰļ֮䣬忤Ϻ˵ɽĸš
˼һ£Сֲһ䣬ڲƺͿƾƣЩǰʱһһСõĸ˵ģʱ֣ΪʲôҪЩǶֲȥƾ١ڣ
˵ʱÿ۾Һõ˵ЩҪȻĻҾֻܶĺ˵֪
µһ󣬼ڼ¶ʱȻΪʲôӦֻ˵ƤëСԶԴ¸٩٩̸ԭǴǰи֮ⲻھƵˡ
˵ԼŻòôûһ
Ů˵飬СѵֳȻָСŮȥʲôƾ٣ڴӮµ⡣
֮Ժ˵ƾٵѶȣܾԼ֮СʲôӢȻ˳װɡ
˿̬ȣ֪һûᵽ¡ֻ֮ʵڲǸʲôö
Ͼ˵ڡ顱ʱʱŶ󣿾һԷС󣬿оʵ˸еܡ
ԼȻΪĿĲֶΣҲûյַϡ
֮ҪûµˣҪһСŮСƭԴöԷģ
ʿ̧Сͷ˵˾¶ЩĪĻҲǡס
Ҫ˵Ļôһȫȫô󣬻ԸʵҲǴһ̶˵ȷܺˡ
ڼһСʱһ˫۾ͷ
ʿֱ仰˾䣺µ飬ڼˣʣµģͷȥ̴
˵̴ǰٸǱֻºͼڼʱ˼Ӱľ̫ңԶڹٸһֱһ־η̬ȡ
ǰڼڼҪҪٸְʱֱӱʾȥѧõļ๤ʱ̶Ǳ߽ݰָļڼɵûѵٸʲôˮ
ΪٸҲȷûôȱˣԼڼҲûзǿźٸϰ࣬ŴǰԼϵһŸɻˮײȥˡ
-
ǶڱؿٸſµĸӱѺĵʱӿǱڵˣЩֺģһһ߸״߸Ͻˡ
ڼԭû׷ˣҪթһʣλӿصʹţҲֱſھʨӴ󿪿ڣҪ˱ԭԤƵ嵥ӶĶƫƫǡòһԷܹܣֻǻеʹߡ
һڼ⻰ʹŭڷĸǿأؿҵȣͲҼҴ˲죿
䣬ڼЦˣ˺ǶԼȥķ͸ӿŵĸӹȻǽӽӿصˣɵһ磬ǲ֪ģ
ڼ˵Ҳ̫ºˣֱ˸ί˵ǱʾһȴôίĻһССආҲǿأ
һ仰£ʿֵһ䣺ǻҪˣ˲ȻĻʱ˭ҲѱǷȫȫϾ˵һ£ȻѹѹŵǱؿΣĸͬסģŴǰĺüλɷʳĺء
ˣͿ͡
ŵӿʹ߱Ǹ֮͡ʿҲûٸע˵ˣֺٻ߹Ͳֵȥǳ𣬷е˶λӿϾˡ
£иҪҪء죬֮ǰ˾״ʾһϳӡ
-
ڹٸ߶Խ֮µļڼ֮ǰڰ칫µյһҲǱȽϺõϢ
ոտʼʱ⼸ѧ֮󣬾е̴һϤֲĶ˹ٸѰӮ¡
֮˵ϤΪõëߡǲϤǣȴֵǷëȾɫġ
˵һũҵĹŪĲɫëߣŻ᲻ʲôõ̴˼һ£ȥڶ˵ıؿԱǵİ칫Ҷľ͡
Ȼ֪ⶫ϶ã漰Ǳؿ֮ĲƸëģСãֱӹϵĴӣѯҵֵλĸӾ׼ףϾҵר
-
ֱ°ʱǰһ̣˾״ʾһó˲ŴĿƷٸ־Ŀ㣬ʿɵó˳ǡ
ڼȻѾ°ʱ䣬Գһֱڹעµºͼڼְ佫ǱץٸְߺҲǸһȥӪϾ£˵ʵҲйϵ
˾Ӫ֮ȥǣ׼ԡ
󣬿űǣƥĿȴɵЩȴСԼʵ⡭ҪĽ𣿡
ƬҪǶȥһֱһƥ˶ϧ
⸱ɫڼʲôǶʱǸһǱ֤ҪԣҽδԭݣɹİٸΡ
ȻͬҲǶǱСĬĬĸڼλܽ᣺ĺ͵˼Ǹǲеʹġ
ˣٶʱһȻ褰æ֮£ۣݺģһȥ
˷ֻ㶼ı֮£ι󣬸оһʱûµ͵ϣٲСۣ򡢴𣿡
һ⣬ֻ̧̧֣ʾһߴ֮ȫûκβʣѾˡ
״ٲɵһ䣬ǡǣɹ𣿡
һ£ص΢۲ɣ֮ҲûʲôӦͿ԰ˡ
-
ڶֻĹ۲֮һתۣܿıӭ˱ؿѧõĿѧʱ䡣
ѧһ£ҪԷͬһ㣬һʱûȥٸǺͿͲλѧøһͬߡ
˴ӿظѧߣʵѾǺʱˣкܶնҪǻ硣
Щ֮ЯԼҺӵģҲһûѡϣڵǰģ֮⣬ǴΧ۵ġ
ڶ࣬һδй־ˡ
ΪѧߵѡַʵһЩĽļӡ
ھ֮ͨʹøӿѧŮѧ֮Ǳһǽ
˵Ͳòһ£ѧѡַǱȽϼȵλú󡣵ʱľͶʱǱʾϣԽһǮϢĸߵҲνҪѧ򼸼̡
ڼ˵֮ҲǱʾԼҲǮӣ֮ԶľΪ㣬ڼΪҲ𽥱ʾҪҲǮһɣ
һȵĽֵѧõĵǹڹҹٸ£ĶظڵһȺ˸аˡ
ڼӵȺ֮ҲΪ۵Ӱ֮İǶʱʺãôҶĬĴԭأûгǰţԴˣСǳ΢Ц
ߵѧſ֮ºͿûзֱ߽ѧŮѧĲͬڣһͬһݣڰųǰֱ
֮֯ԼҺӱ¼ȡİ˳߽еǼǣʵĵǼ֮ǰѾ¼ˣǶκ˶ԣһԼҪǷѧϰõ顣
Ҳɵ˳߽ò˵˵ϣҲίʵǸ˺ܶ鷳
½ĵǼ˰λѧ֮ŵھλҳǣźӰ߽һνһλʶĹ
ǸһڲֵĹµļ䣬ǵλҲһŮѧ߼һ顣
λƽʱԼһֵĿؿĿ⣬Щ˼Цһ£ָָԱֺնյΪ׾ĲԵÿɰСк͵ҵܵܡΪڹٸǱ󲻵ãĸ岻̫䣬ֻҵܽеǼǡ
ԭλΨһһԱĺӡ
䣬¶ʱȻԼһֵСԿҵƤԺ»Ҫģ̣ܽܵŮѧңһúýѵ
Ŀڱ˵Ƥʱк˹գе㲻ģڽǾܾȥʱСкʱǶһ£ȻǺ½㣬Ӯ¸оС˼ġ
ǲɵó΢Цһ£ʲôѽ
Ӯ¸Լ˵кʱͻصŮĻҽС֡
ɵĻشԼССﲻЦ׼Сȫʱ򣬺Ȼ˼˵һ䡰ˡ
֮ڳº͵Ľһľ̵дֵСƵݸкӮµĶߺȻһϤ
񷢲
ʼ֧Ľ˹ǷҪ̽鿴
ǰС飬룬ĬĬشһǡ
ϾѾͳ治ɫϵͳ
֧֧-Ľ˹1 
ܣʹ֮ʹ֪֮Ľ˹֮ҷչȻ벻˲š
ΪδԵ춨̺ʢȶСĿ꣬ŬλҵŮԱޣɣ
󣺣۵
ѧСټաǧġӡˢ徭ذ壩ӡˢ
ѧ顱Ǧ
ѧͨ徭īīĶƷ֣
ѧóաֽ
λѧɹҵ󡪡ʮ飨سһ￨
ע1.Ľ˹1 汾Ϊָ֮ԶΪ2 档
2.ϵͳĶ岻ֻҪѧݣ֪ʶŬ
ȣ0 
λҵ˿仰ƺ֧ĵ1 ѶȲ󣬵ǡǸ۵Īֲ̫õĸоĬϵͳ۵չ־Ÿ֣ǰ˸֪ȻǸոյǼǱϵİ˸ӡ
ھŸȻǵһμǺһֵĹһģӦҲǣǰСк֡
ϵͳֱˣһҪǰŸ˲š
С￴һǰĽɫǺֲһǱ̽Ƶһ£ţ
±ϵͳҳϸļ;ã˵ģĪӡˢѸٵġдһ鼮㷺֪ʶֱǰһζĴǰߡ
ڿӡˢʱ򣬿ͲҲǲĬһ¡
ӡˢⲻ󱻺ͬʱҲڵ
˲ͷļӣٿǰװֵСкĿⲻЩӡ
ڵļѾͨĺˣȫҵϣ
ϾԶĿҪһֺȤõ徭Ҳ̸ټǧĶȫвְɣ


48 
˵ ѹ￴Щ£Աɻһ䣬ô𣿡
΢΢ҡͷʾ ûʲô
ô˵ Ҳûٶ룬 ˵ͷ뿪һλѧ Ҫ˼ҵʱ䡣
뿪֮ǰкƺܵǰļλ˿ԼĿЩĪġԡŽ½ǲߣΪԼҵСĹͷ кҪԹԵ ֱ뿪 ȥڵŮѧ׼Щʲô
ڲͿΪѧеǼǵʱ ѯϵͳ ΪʲôǾŸˣ
˵ǵ1 汾ָ ᲻ᡭ̫ˣҲ֪Խٶ˵ʵԽãǾ벻ף Ͼǰ˲¶1 ܹҲҪ˵İ
СϵͳһһأֳҲõŵص ϵͳϿʾ Ϊ
ͺǰᵽģ֧񴥷ʱϵͳĴݻֽʵжϵ1 ָһڱؿĻˮƽ̫ͣ ĽʼֵҲǰݿ͵ı׼
ΪʲôĽϵֱ˾ţʹǰĻɱôȻΪԸƵΪĿϵͳ˲ŵĻ׼ɱ²ӵı׼Ტ𣿶֮ҪͶľĽԶԶǰ߰
ܴĽľŸ£ϵͳǲʲôϾһûġ
ֻϵͳֵǣΪʲôӡˢĽ̵1 Ľǰ棿Ӧ˵ΪʲôӡˢĽ̵1 Ľ֮У
ϵͳܲԾϵͳǰǼоƬ֮УǵĽ̵1 ڱīֽ⡢ķıĸŻӡˢӦǽ׵2 汾ŻֵĽŶԡ
˵ΪˣϵͳǰһֻߣҲܾǴ˵еŷʵس
ͷԵϵͳĬĬš
ǰ͸С˵ߵ·ϿҪ˶ǧָȻǲӿʹһƽϡ
ҪӵĻϵͳã³ưָտɴϾŵʱӵһ仰
£վŷġ
-
ѧǼǣһֱ磬ʱСŴ뿪صԼĹٸȥһ½챻ԼʱõĹ
Сصõʱ򣬸պǿǰǶٸǰ£Ϊ⼸ͺ˹ѺһѹȽϴ˲ٵĸӱӿصʹߴߵһĻ
ʹȻҲǿе£ڼòŮһʱԷҲǲɵЩݾһ¡
ŷӦ󣬸ղڼڼһ˱߷ߵسһ˻ˮɫɽؿٸƣؿʵ̫ˣ
ǰ¶ʱ򣬲͸С˵ߵ·ϿҪ˶ǧָȻǲӿʹһƽϡ
Ҳ˼ҿǸողǱؿһǮĴˣʵߵλĸ˵С￴̶ֳҲôϾ
˼ˣ˲֮ǰòŮɫ񾲡ƮƮĶԷųԼ˵˵һ䣬лл佱ĺÿǾãܵˮˣ붼ǵһźÿаɣ
һ仰ʱ˵ɫŲ˼Ȼ֪Ůӣؿٸֻˮ͵ų군ɣ
ôȥòŮԴ˾Ͳ֪ˡ
ʱ˿̣һ˫ÿü۵Сֻ㵽°ʱ̣Ȼȥ˴ġ𡱡
Ǽǵãǰ̴֮£ڼгǷ嵥֮УǻҪһЩôѰ˼ȫûл߹ġպþǶǼġ
ΪʲôֱȥǵȻΪֲŰ칫䣬ȥŹԱǹ
-
ϣԱǶ°֮С˶ڵİ칫ſûļ磬ڹ֮ڼ˵ѾȥӶũȥˡ
ʿô˵²ɵô˴ԴԭһΪܹ˵еĲݮʲôء
СЩʧģʵǺ̴ԼҪĲݮΪļڼ԰οӿǱֻҶӣũ˵Ҫٹ²ܹʵ絽ʱٿ
ڼô˵Сһ£ͷӦá
һ˵ϵũ±һ䣬Ǳߣȥôˣ
ֲԼĪǷ³Ѯ飬ǻڼڼͬԼʾҪӶһϵũ֮ĲãԼٶڱؿ͸ڵļ¤һḻũҪֲȥ
ϵͳʿǡ޻ڡһֳ֮ҲǿȥġӡҲȷǺءҪһſ̺ˡǧⲢһСĿԼڼҲûôóȻԼѶһ
ڼڼԼ׽ḻũĹħצ쵽ԶĿصʱСĬóһ֪ʶȫ
ûҡŶ鿨ˡ
СﵱǴһ̽ʵĳԳһ£ȻֱһⱾȼü֮顣
֮µҲ˳
ѧٴʵѡ֮ŮݣȻӱߴɽһһ顣
ò˵ĶȻߣһĶҪµġӡҲһ֣߰һĶҪٽľ飬NֳҲĶضѡ
ǵʱҲȷգպøʷʱβͣʱһЩ궼ˡ
С⣬ڼصѾ¶ˡ⣬Ӧǻᰴԣ³ѮʱԴջ񡣡
ˣµͷʾԼ֪ˡ
󵤷ĿⷶΧڣȻ֮俴ڼϻЩӣСﲻЩɻ󣬡ǡ
⣬ʿʱЦһ£Ƕĸ⼸ڱؿĻʳѡ
ôһ˵òŮ϶ʱһƬãȻ֮ɫ
ηյʳ
ʱӸڷպһĵʱͼڼһǿڵΪǸӿʱڼǶĸӺҪ˵ǿǡȻĺͷѲɻָﷸʲôõĴҪ֪ͬĺȣΪɻķ˻пڳԵģѾǺܲˡ
ȻǸ±ѺһģҪĸӵ˰⼸յķǮˡԷѾôˣĺȻҲȴ֮òհ
һ䣬Ǹ̵Ըƣթ˸˵ĸ޹ܺƵġ
СѾ˵ĺϸʿҲ˳ĻͷԱȷϣֵȻڶԷѾСˣǲ͸ɴཫСоʵˡͽͽ˸
ȻǮĿǲܹ࣬СҲ⣬ҪײҪ
ô˵СͷӦһߵĻ⵹Ҳ
ֱӺӼڼո˵ģ˾˾񡢸̵ĻǷҪǮĺͿ϶ܾ
ֵߵƯŮ˧֮˵˾һһͣüڼ˳Ĭһ¡
¿˿ߺ褣Ȼ˾䣬˵ӹǱ߻ڼӰ𣿡
ЩӣȻ˶ڵһ칫仹п࣬ڹٸԱ࣬λó綼᲻õĿǣϱߺ󣬼ڼҲֱӽڿŵ󷿼ʰ˳
ֱɶľͺһֹԱһȥµİ칫䣬Сﵹǲܹͬʱһڼˡ
ˣ΢΢ףʾԭ֮ǰļ㣬ӦģΪǰɫëߺȻ֣ӹƺ׼ʲôµĶ
ôһ˵СʱͶˣӹڲ߻ʲôҵͼ
Ҳһͬ°࣬׼ؿظ
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ؿظ·ϣȻ֮ʲôµˣȥ˵ҳӪǱ׼ļ죬ú
Ǳ׼ԼĪĩҵʱ䣬춨飬ԴڿʼӪǱ߻æڹٸߵְԱ϶ԣ°֮ӭ佫ǵļӰӵ㡣
ڴ£ĳ֪ߵĶʿǸе˵ġ
ɣˮתŶģʵսǸ顣ڻս֮УԸ˽ԼսѣͬʱҲܹõĬȡ
ѵòһε飬ճѵ֮УʿǻҪ¼ԼõΣҲһԵķӡ
ŶҪ׼䣬ûʱѵһ⻰СʱŷӦһʱӦǲÿˡ
ͷ԰ȥ˵Ҵȥ
ҪȻȵһ½֮¿ճʱÿ¿϶ҲЦˡ
룬̽һ䣺벻ȥԣ
ԣƫƫͷȻָָԼɻңҳôֻһ
϶дšҲȥԣСĵͷűʾͷİɣҺдСŮȥľģ϶ˡ
ⲻǻй϶ܱ㡣˵ţһѳڸո˵дСŮȥľǾĬĬ꣬Ѻˮ


49 
仰֮ ڼҲĬĬ˿һֱĿ̲꣬ס˵СŮò뵽λɣ
ǰܱΪСŮѰƺҲֻλСˡ
Ͼϵͳ¼ȥʱ ӦûֶСŮ
Ůأ һ˼ֲ㽫ԼҵСĵĽһ޹صУ ԿȥΨһһܹĳҲˣڣ λС㱻ԡһʳƺڼá¶ܳ⡣
ʿ뵽ʱ򣬽űСͷߣһ䣬 о飿
ǰ䣬 ͷ Ӧţиã ǰȥ
겻֪뵽ʲô ٿ¶һЦݣ ֵʵ˵Ļ ǼҰ㻹ͦģ˵ţֱ̧ȻһԼ֮࣬ Ȼ˵ţ ǶССģģһ
һ˵ã֮ǰϡڼᵽһСﲻɵúһ䣬 мѽ˵ģǺڼᵽĽһ
䣬֪ڼǱ߻С򵥺ᵽԼõ¼ߺܿصһ
ֲǼҰʵҪСһ㣬СܶءҾԸҲš˵һ£żԹԵģرɰСһ˺ܵһͱӸˡ
⻰һԵʿЩ̲סǳ鴤пʼãܶԼֳ˾Լ˾ʲôλС˾ĺû߶
˴Ůֻһ׾սĹ߸˵ɣ
˼ˣڼĿֳһλ֪ߡĬĬ褡
ˣһȵֻǳһĨò΢ЦϾȻ˵߿еݺδСһ㶼ϱ߶ϾҲڹ۾˵ϹǵȷͬʱҲеСõģ
߼ڼ˻ššʱԱһСոյ⣬Ҫȥ𣿡
Ȼ˵ڵʱڿûʲôҲǳҪջٶĿȥҪɢġ
ô˵˼һ£СͷǾ͡ȥһˡ
Ȼ˵Ǹ߻褳ȥһ𡰴ԡʵϿ϶ֻܸǼֲ͡˵һɢĿ羰
ҡҲһֱҲͳˡ
ϵʱûʱģ࿴һʲôģϾĸӶܲҪʱҲһЩġ
СĬĬš
-
ڶ֮°֮ȥҰԵг֮һ£ѯʵʲôϲС𣿡
һһ䣬ͺĬֵ߶ʱ˸ָʲôĵһ䣬ԣԸץֻĿɰÿһС
ԼСϲСõĿֳòŮʵϲ𣿡
ϲġһѯʣСȷϵĵͷ
̧ӣźÿЩɵǡҰú඼һҵģֲ̫ÿ
һô˵ʱĸĿڣǾͲˣֱӿԡ
ĬĬŲ䣬Ƥëë졣
òΪÿСӸţû

˼̸ܸо֣ԼһʱЩ˵֣Ӳȥ佫仰ļڼѡĬ
ڼ˽ڻڵСֱӾʹŵװ׺ǺȻ֮ʲôʿĿ⿴òŮ
ڼڵ˵ĺ˲¶ǱӦǿҪµʮˡ
СԤ׼һ³鿨ˡ
ף
仰һ֮󣬱ѵĶǶʱãȻ
ԴӹرϵͳǱߵ֧һĳ鿨ʾ󣬳ЩսҪ֮⣬ҲûȥעҪϧūġġ²գգ˫ÿĵۣãһ䣬ôҪչʮˣ
Ȼûйע˵ҲǵãʼһʱһûôӲмԱȽϸߵĺȥ֮⣬֮Ҳû˵ʲôū鰡
Щ˴֮󣬳һֱȥڿ֮⣬ڳеʵҲǽѧãһϵ£ڶѾԴϰˣҲںȻ֮ܲסô࡭
ϾҪ֪֧һĳ鿨֮УȻǰȥߴɽ鵽Ͷľ˵ʱʣǾţǵʱ̽ҪáսδʱΪֶഥһ³鿨ֱȥλᡣ
ǳһ֪ʶʵֻʣεĻˣں˲¶֮ҪһȴҪһٸ˵Щ벻ͨһôǺȻ֮䷢ʲô
ԣȵȡвֺµ񡪡
˼ˣ¿üĿ䣬һº֮ɫʿЩɻ˾䣬·ԭô޺˵𣿡
ǰڼҪǱϵͳ鿨޽·飬֮ԼĪõǱʮ֮ҪһεūʹȨޡ
¼ǵüڼʱԼ˵Ҫһʵ飬Ԥ·
Ȼڡ
ò˵ԱǾСˡ
µΪһӾôɻĵĺ˶ʲô뷨ΪٵĿ๤еϧʲôġ
ϾЩ˱ǸģǶһġšѾǶЩ˵Ķ⿪ֻǵıݸ𺳵ҡ·һֿµʣЩȫġû֮Ҳ޷Ӷս¼ȥ
˵ĺˣҪۣǰվͲһˡ
Ҫһδ֧ĺˣµĿūټУ
Լڡ㵽Уʮ޺һһĹ·һϿĶšҪ·˺һ֤ݵСɫЩԥ
СݣȻѾԶ󿪣ᵽ֪Զȥı飬ʿæڽ͵ˣķѡĲ޽·⼸ڼúдļֲϡ
ǱᵽܶཨĲϣڼкʯɰЩгǵĽϣоŴɰˮ࣬ȶлһָֽ˵
ϵļ֡ҲͬдĿԱĲϣǿЩǵʱܹŪĶˡ
ȻҪôȻҪпŪõĶ
ԼڼҲ̽ȥˮͻԭϸǣеĹ漰ٵĿʯѸĶ֮ںǱߵҪ׷һԿٳЧʡֻ뿴ˮͻĳƷȻ˵ĺһʱĿЩˡ
ڼֵİգǳγԣЩͻʯͷӣһǵʬԴܽЩ󣬾ͲڻԱˡ
ϾȫЩ˵ãǱǷ˭ҲҪǴοƽʱҲܹԱģؼŻĽԺ˹Ӷ°£Ȼ˶Դ
һģļڼôƮƮ˵Ļߺְ佫СӲɵĬĬССһ
һµĶֻüڼ治һˣƤ֮赭дһȺˡ
ȻĶȫֵͬİɡڼ˺η
Ȼּɫº͵ʿЦ£ƽ˵˾䣬ⲻҲûô࣬ڼֻԤȵͬһ¶𣿡
ȵҪ㹻½µһʮĿŻҪϸء
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ֻȻ˵ǶҪԵճ̣˵Ҳûȥô졣
ȷ֮ߺĵһȥѡֱڿ칭һ˲䣬СвŶʱһһĶŵһλ佫ʵС
Ϊ̧̧ɾöĹ
˵ΪʲôСô벻ȥս칭Ȼ飬ǻ׷֪Сһֱо褺Щһ佫佫бڵĹĶ
ĽǵµʱĹĵ˵ҪľӰ
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ڱߴɽʱ鵽ֻ߲ѵSSRսӰڵʱ֮СһչȨ
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ǸʱСﻹһ䣬ѵҲǲܡϴνвΪĻͲ̫òСֻ˸ձ¼ʵг𣿡
һֱӢӻʵĳ˼֮ǵ˵ͷһ䣬ɡ
Ȼǻϵͳ¼ʱԼδ飬ܹ顰δļҲļ䡣
źȻ֮Ҳ̫ýͣڹٸ߹ӣһʱ֮ӰҲûбֳһֱµĿ֮з档
⼸ʱСȻ֮ǿԳԵʱӰȥСҲҪһʱ䣬֮ǰûֱóţʵԭǲý
Ҫԣһôͷ
С￴ԵʱһƥСԣʵҪÿһǶܴӱߴɽ¶ġðɣʵǰһǺа顣
ԳŴԵʱѾӰ͵ɻͶˣȻ󣬾Ÿն֮󣬽žͷõĲѧҪżĳѧ۸С顣
СԤʹԼԼգŰѱС׼ܡߵľӰ
Ϊʲô˵ԤʹȻΪŸնûµʱС
Ҳôֱӹȥˡ
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ֻһͨĴɢģȴ͵˾ӰһƥԵĻھӰŸոպͷֱȥֻһڿظ󣬼ڼǱߴũϱĺϢ
ʱʮ֮³µռĶصѾȫ硣
˳첻ɵС˿ϾġӡԵ̫ˡȻǰ鵽Ǳϼдиõעĳ֮ǰⵣǲһһ
֮ں֮£Сڵ°ʱ򻹺һȥ￴һ³ðͷ磬ȥѲһȦѾٵ޻ء
һ˳أвɵһݶԴճʱڵڴ
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ʱ䵽˱·ĩʱڱʿǵ䷢֮ǰڼãҲƽĵĺǱ˴֧еʮ
ߺͼڼԼһλʱ䵱ְ߶ȥߴɽжʱ󣬾ڵ°׼ʱ򣬺Ȼ֮һλ֮ݻǵж
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ڿһ̬ݵĳ߽Ų֮жһַζʱСовõԤС
Ȼ˵һѾѧһʱѧǱǶԼǶ˵ǺܺõϢ
ǱϵͳĽ˹֧1 汾ͯŮͯƾŸУѧϰǺ˳
߸׼ȷ˵ֻһкѧϰĲ̫˳
λԶԣͬӵģΨһһλԱؿԱͥСӡ
Ļſ˸ͷº˵ģסԼĻת˾䣺׼ȥ
ôʣС˵ͷӦǡ˴ȥߴɽ鿨ġ
ˣˣȥæµ°ա
ǡſСﲻЩԥ⡭
΢΢ҡҡͷʾߵ飬Ҳֱܹ˵ġǵȵػϸ˵
ô˵СҲ͵ͷӦ˾䣬á
ͬһ£±߼ڼһ뿪
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ڳ˳һξ֮󣬳ɫѾ𽥼ϸ۲˺ֱӾ˸طͣȻֱӽг鿨
ϾߴɽǱȻԶҲǺܽҪߵǱ֮ٻȥǶҹˡ
ͻǾ仰ֻҪû˿õͲôԶĵطܡ
ڳ꿨ȥ֮ô¶ˣǾֱӶ˵·ϼˣŶԷоǺܺãǸæͳ
ߵ֮£ڡˡҵ𽥱죬ҲӴСѸٵĵϵͳĳ鿨ҳ棬Ȼǡʮ顱
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ʮİȥ֮ڹϴ۸ӵַ˸ŵʱ򣬰Сı֮Ȼᵽһ󵭵㣬¶Ƣ޶˵˸е泩²ɵСǸ̾һ䡣
ͬŵѬζļڼЦˣΪصζϤ
һΣǳ˰
ʿš
һһλóֻҪԷԸٸôͿӭˡ
ڼڼŵʱ򣬽ϵͳʾȴһֻԼһεĳ鿨ʮֻһµʾΪտôҲﳬֵˡ
ֻΪϵͳʾʶλˡˡ
ϲSSR֮а󶨹ϷңעλΪʱʱѰҽΪǧıʿΪһغ
ˡһλҲĹʶдܡ
һλϵͳ˵һԷߵ磬ûƾ֪ĶԷõ¼Ϳ֪ҲǸвܵˡ
˵һֻҲѾһ׬ˡ
ڼãÿζˢ֪Ѿû˵ˡ
лҪ˵򣴨ͷ


50 
ڼڼһεĸԼױȵڼ ϵͳʾڽӶļš
ϲũĶ8 ʮ
ϲ鼮Ҫ
ϲũĶ8 Сһٽ
ϲƷضǣ
һһ쳹ĵʵʾţŷǾԲʮ֮г־ſտġ
ֱǸضǵʱ ʿ¶˼֮ɫ
ضǣ Ȼ֪ʲôġ
һλʮĶĹԱԤ䷽λĶ
ֱǸʱҲȻã ˵Ǻ֮
˼ˣڼ̧ ǰİ֮е͸ﻹ˸ſַҲǴš鿨δ
ʿ̧ۺ󣬼仯ַ˲Ϣֹͣ ͬʱγ鿨ϵͳһ¡
ϲSSRũʥ˼ģ
֮Ϥ֮ǰʮһĽڹϳ΢â ̶ǿڹֶ֮ķ棬 ſû뿨ᡣ
ȫ֮Уµ Сֻüſ汻ŵġ롰š
ͻȻ֮ʲô ϵͳѯһ ϵͳʮĻЧܹ֮ܲǰҹرյ֧һĳ鿨ʾһص
ÿοľۻң ̫Ҳ̫ˡ
֮󣬺ܿĻеĵӦһ䣬ԡ
ڵõϵͳĿ϶ش֮ Сʱæ˵һ䣬 ӵĻͿصɣ´βҪǸǰʮֵ֮Чٳû۾ġ
仰˵ıȽϼԼ˵һĻϾҪۻЧԵʣСҲҪԵñƽҪӵ͡
䵽淽ųֵļ һֹɵСŮ
ӡܹ˵ǲĳֽǶ˵ʵܼӺøУδԣȴҲԲܹ˵Ǻá
ĿⷶΧڿֵļ˺󣬼ڼ̽λűλӵ꣬һ䣺ò
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뵽ʿȥĿⲻ˲١׿Ѿȥ޻˵ոСﻹг鵽һǺİءҳ鵽СĶȥҲܾˡ
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һѯʣ΢΢ףڼ΢Цһ£Ĭϡ
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ԴǳżڼȥģĺУֻõء
һһ͵ģߵһλͬҲЩꡣֻ̾һТѹˣ㿴ҲҲǱ𣿡
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ľ΢΢ҡͷε˾䣺־űˡ
߼ĩʱڵ֮ڵʱ򣬷űκϷ־˸˵һµСȻѾߵļ˼˵ˡ
ǰδŹףԼͬҲǽ³鵽ϵͳĶ8 Сһũ˶ʱɫЩ֮һҪһ۲źá
̶̼仰֮䣬Żڶ³ƹʱǸĿΪ
˼ǳũ֮ңʱڶͬʱҲҪµһŪؼЩ
ͬʱҲһֱѰңŸֿʹĸʽһ𺳵鶼ܵľ˲Ķλܹס
˼ΪٻǴ󸻴ûʲôִΨһŲµģֻũѧһõһõо˵Ļᡣ
οԣҲǰװ׵ĻͷԾֱӾȹһֺηأ
ô˵¶ʱɫô˵̫ˣԸоЩңǰǵĸ
С仰˼ĶĿɫʢӰΣȻòŮһҾ
ĬĬԼŮŵĵһӡʱȥȷţаգԸΪ룬ߣվɾһƬ֡
ڿͻȻ֮ԼڸʽϣǶԴõҾ֮³СƬ̣ջǻӦһҾӦҾ
-
ڳм˵͵͵鿨˸³˴µļ򵥽һµ̧ͷϷѾǷǵ㣬ҹĻ١
ҲǲҪرؽеʱˡ
ȻǼڳʱδר̵ĳųŵҪרŵ˵ȴţԱ֤ǻʱĸʱǡ
ΪأڱؿܸߵĿأûĶǱߵҲǻԷԵע¡
ֻڵһǰǡ
̧ӣһ˫ÿĵĸǰ˳οһȦڼߣ̲סһ䣬ĺͣǾáǡ񵽡˺еࣿ
ԭС鿨ʱ򣬱ΪҲǻָˣҲڳ⡰񵽡ˡ˵ģȻǲοǰʮʱһֻ˼ڼһǳ˿Ͷľ˵ݡ
ڣԤ֮еֱӷһĸ
¶ʱ˵˶˲ôý͵ģԣµһǾǡĸˣǿ¡
˻ǿһ˵ĻǾ̫ΪСˡ
仰֮󣬽żڼͷǸСһ˫΢΢۾ʱ䵽Լϣת¡
ȻĻĺίһºһ壿ȥʱ͸˵ĺҪҹ磿
Ϻܻǵ֮£ʿȻҲֻܹӦһá
ûа취Ͼ鲻ӦĻôأ
³鵽ĸ˿϶ǶҪģһĿɶǡʿȻܹġ
¡Ȼ߸һȻŲףֲ׵Ļ֮УȷҲԵø׵˵ȻҲȷܹõСϡ
ϵģҹ죬ǲŸŰѵһʱŸոպôһС˱ôһŵܵʲôģǾ̫òʧˡ
ڼаԸ̾һ˿Ҳֻȥ˧Сһ塣
-
ڽ˱ؿĳ֮󣬼ڼѸٵϵķŵſڵʱΪһʵԹװһֵܿı顣
ʿ֮УڸСｲѬ˵һ䣺֮Һһסظɣ
һڼһ仰Щɻ˾䣬ĺΪβסԼĸۡ
ˣϵʿʱЦһ£Ȼֱһ仰ѳڵӸ˵ˣв㹻Ľðլ
żڼָ֪ԷΪǮƷһǰڼСֱ̣ӾǰԼٺ»ȫˣﻹǮð츮լأ
ȻиڹְҲйϵ
ȻʵϼڼǿԹܱؿССйԱĹְͦ͵ġ
ڼһҲǺ⣬һǷԺᡰ١˹ҲǮûһҪǴһһ˳ԱȫҲ״̬
οƽʱһпöȶǿظ߱ԵҲá
ظڵˣҲŶǺ뷨
רŽɲΪԵģǡ
ʿֵҪٸ߹Ҹְ
ڳԶ߽ƷԺһĹµľ磬׳԰׺ȣ˹¡
ղԼ鿨ʱ򣬿һ˲䣬׼ȷʵӦ˵ŵϤζһ˲䣬ڼ;ԼҪӭˡ
ΪһʵְԿרҵǾµıʿΪʵû˿ǿеĸôüڼľֱ̫ΪԼˡ
Խ߸񣬾Խ̵ܹʶжôĽܳ
ôѾŵлأ
ڼ仰֮󣬳еǺЦˣһ˲֮䣬֪ڼԼ
ڼҲȷǹǫ̃˵ģıȫûܾı
ڿ˿һԸոԼѯѬ㣬ԼòŮ΢΢ףСһ䣺˵һʱ䣬Ҫͷˡ
ˣСǻһĨÿЦݡ
²мֺ棬ڼΪǰƯСıԭ
Ϊ
һԽκõĴʻ㶼ݵЦݣƫƫΨŲһ·ϵϻֵ̬
żڼ֮ȷҪȥٸ֮һߣΪ˸ΨһĹ㹻Ŀռ䣬ԺͺϷ־żһĹβɵЩĿڵĺĺ˱˰ղǼҵΨҲңֻҪҪȥٸְңǵһµʱѵҲ𣿡
ŴǰͬŵġʡƤʿȻҲ·磬ֱӻصⲻΪڼ֪Тϲɣľ˷ТڷТУǳڼĲǣѹ
ڼϲˣţֺγһѹҲɻءȻ
ȷβͬڣεֵʱҲǰԸһ¡
˵ٸ£ʵġڲǺΪڵ֮ͬУТĲʶһ˫˫ģĹ㰡
ܹһ쵽Σһľڶܱߣѵľȫ̫Բѭ񷨵Ĺ𣿵ȻΪ㰡
ǵǻ㣬ϵڶǿûκһһģ
Լڼģеǹˣôпܣλ´òײŰѱؿԱ֮ù


51 
ǼҲþôװ׵ıŰݣ λصµıðһۿɼί ˵ĺ͵У Ҿһͺݣ ׳԰׺ȣȫȻ޸֮ˣ
һ䣬 ڼ۸Ȼٷʻȥѵ㲻𣿡
Թ˵ԼҲ̫ûȷ֪ˡ
㼸ԱΪ±˵ľӲһ ֮ں˿ɲᵥΪС¾ʲô
ʲô֮£ ТĿɶԶڻʱе̵ء
 ۺһ˭ ֻҪ룬 ͬҲԶһ
ֻȻڼûаǾùԼĻ˵ڣǻͷƿӵȷˡ
ĿĵԼ ͸¶˼Զļڼ̧棬ŵصһ䣬 ĺң ǻ᲻˼ġ
ʿĮΡֹǽĹƾǿһ֮ƫؿĹãڹ֮ ܿܰѿظ֮еǼСĸᡣ
Ҫ֪佫ճ֮еӡ
ǵ˼·˴顣
ϣѾֹһ䡰ó־Ϳݵˣߵ˵ѾһʶܡˣϰԻ᲻֮䴫ȾһƬ黹˵á
ڼԺ֮һ£ǱؿһȺ˶ÿ춼ڱٵĹһλƣͶ֮䶼͸¶һʵɢʱʱŸһ̳ơ
΢ЩԼȫûȥδŵļڼɵøæµ˼·ͬʱҲǼᶨһ㣺ȻҪκͼ佫ǻȥһ嶯С뿪
˼ˣʿ룬תһСڼǵ£һլӣ֪ɷóҸТס
ǿԣǣЩ⣬ԼڼʵΪʲô
һ鵽µ˲ǶһסڿظΪʲôƫƫҪΪѰסأͼڼ̸֮ЦģҲǲȺ˰
СȽ벻ͨһܺ˵ĹμڼҪһǿɽֻ߽֮Զ۵Ҫоסͺǽݸ㷴һ
Լ⣬ʿֻ΢΢ҡҡͷʾСµ֮ͻˡ
ϼڼҳһβʺȥظǱߵԵɣТղСڣˣ»аհ
ʵһǰʱ鵽ǰļλˣڼŲȥǹ㲻ģò׼һְȻǸϽٸɻˡ
ڲһˣڼ侭߱ӺĶľ͵Ĳָṩ˼֪ҪЩԱϽٵŮٸѾǿ°࣬һѺܴ´࣬һʱǿΡ
Ѿôȱٵ֮£ѹ󻧴ⲻǰ
˵Ҳǣڱؿһǰȱæµǹڹٸٶ㣬ĹҲǻڵ
һᡱֵʱ֮е˳֮⣬һɫࡣ
ӵֺЩѧϰ˼ѧ˵˶ͬѰƽΪʱ򲻷ҹ淶ĹҶλʥҲǾ⡣
ڼҲôһʥ˵Ĺ֮Ͳټˣʿ͹ΰһͬű꣬Ȼĺ֣ѯʵ־ŲͺͷТһΣҲ໥иӦ
ȻǰȷǲϷ־ţǸ˵һЩԷ¼͹ͬŸ֮Լ͹Ǻһ㱾Ҳܸܵ͹̫ࡣҲ˵һЩϷ־ŴʵҲǸ󻧡
ͬΪ󻧣Ⱥ͹һɡ
ʳסȫ˼Ϸ־ȻҲʲô
ֻǳһߵСգգ۾֮һҪǵҰ
ˣòŮͬҲգգ۾ǻӦ
¿˿֮еˣӾԶΪʼѾҪȥũ︽ķӾסԱڼʱͬʱҲǸ۲ũļ˼ģԼصеǰ죬ҶҪͬһ΢һ¡
Ͼ˭ǶǱӳġԡأΪ˷ϿˣȻǷһˡ
ʱһһĸ³鵽ﰲŴµ趨ºͼڼȫȻû뵽һεġˡڲ֮һЦԷǣЦõĴԳ
-
ΡϷ־Լ˼ĸ˱鵽ĵڶʱ濪ʼĴ˿شʱ־˺ü˻飬̣Ѽ˵ݸˡ·
Ȼ˵Ǹ֡ίʵ͸һ΢ζ
ڼؿİն¶һ֡شǴˡشѵŮ˾ԶڴڰǵУҲǸӵʵƵѡ
°֮ԼǲŸո˸ͷΪȥ鿨ֹסѧǱߵĻ±ȥ˿׼ѯʴ¡
¹ȥʱ򣬸պöľҲԼʦСӹ΢΢¸æֹĶ
òŮҡҡͷ˽¼ʱӹôʽġ
¸ŪǺ¿𣬿ڵ˵ѧһ¡֪ǸССֵĺʲô
һС˵ĳʱǲסҡͷǲѧԸѧ
̾һֵԱ֮ҵĺ䱻ӡټաǧġ鼮ʼѧϰʱҾӦʶǸͲ顣
˵СļͥһЩ㿪ʼѧЩһģôҲӦʼˣһꡢܸĸ谮ĺӣȴȫĺһѧⱾʵѾ˵һЩˡ
ޱѧҲͲ
ʵѧޱϣĽŵıн࣬۴ޱֻҪԸѧҲԸ̡
ȻСӵͳƫƫǺߡԼͲ顣
һܵ͵ģ˼ҵĺϲŻеĲԸѧϰġ֢
һһϽ뷨ûеģʵҲǲȥʲôԼԼˣ˵ٶٶʲôأ
ڵǳµ֧ϣĽ˹1 汾ƾ;ŸˣСǡǱڵһλ
ĺҪǸ
ӡˢĺö˭᲻Ķأ
ԭǰѧÿѧĵһʱΪгļڱīֽķıصĽǿϾҲ˵飬ֻգһżĶӡˢӦǲʲôġ
ӡˢֻҪǾŸŪǧĺͰټնѰ
ȻԼĵĻ¬
һ䣺ǰУټաʱǺӲűû䣬žͻһת̶ǧġȥˡ
˵һʱ򣬳źֲʼ΢΢
̹ôѧôӣġϽ֮ͽ
ˣһ䣺ļ˵Ȼ֮ʲôʵȥҹСŮѧĽ̸
΢΢ףҹˣ̸ˡ
µ˵ģ
𽫵ʱԷίıвָСܹʲôɼֻܺúѧʶ֣ܹѧһЩ֪ʶԺһ׵׵äѾ㹻ĻСתһ顣
ô˵¶ʱһ¡λһϰ֣֪ԷҲаģȻһĹȴŵܵܵ˵ĻСﲻɵ̽ʵʹСʲô𣿡
仰ĻŸ£Сɫصĵ˵ͷ
ȻĶŵĳص˵ĸ֣Ե
Ĵĵ׵ľС⺢̲ˡ
ССͣ㲻˼ȡ
֮ȴѾŸˡһίʵû
ſ𱻺û־С￴˿ԥվҮûаʵǰҲŵùҹһһ˵
ۻǷ󲻴չ潽Ͳƾ١
һ£ʵǡСֿʲôԴֵİ𣿡
Сһ£̻صϲԡÿѧõʱ򣬵Ͽεʱ䣬ȻڳԶ
ÿǵһѧãһ뿪ѧá
ԭտʱлǸӡȻžͷ֮֡磬ߵΪ˳ԡ
һ뵽;ԼҪСӵۣ׵׾ӷȫޡ
ô˵˼һ£ȻĻ֮󷭿һ²ףûʲôһĶܹһСѧϰ£
СľǣһŬĽ˹ġټա͡ǧġĽõӡˢ˺Ը㷶Χռ鼮
ϾΪˣҪ֣ͶȻҪѧ顣
ʣµģīֽܽʮ顭ǾһжԵɡ
ĲԸ飬ֺαҪȥǿбأ
οҪ£ֺԼЩ˻ʲô
ҲáˣͷȻҲǻûֱӾʹķӡˢ
˵Сֻ֮ͯ»ָɫȻĳͻȻСһ䣬˵һڿǼĶ⡭
һ䣬һʼеûӦʶ˵ʲô֮òŮƯĵۣϲĻúǱٸѽ
ȻʱⲻǺܺø㣬Ҳںһ֮ضҲĵز
ʲôСֲһ䣬šúĵĸˡ
˼һγԶʱм˶ڿǹڸߴϵ˾ġΪ¾ã»ǲҪüڼ֪˰ɡ
һĳ³ˣǶ΢΢ţСｫԼ۾һ
-
뿪ߵʱ򣬶ľǺһߵġ
߸׼ȷ˵ӦǣڿС뿪ղºͿ˵ڼ佫һһֱһıӹҲܿݱʦȻ׷СĲġ
ľֲǰЩ߲Դﵽ佫ҪнŲòŮʱǻͷ˾䣺ӹл˵𣿡
ľ΢΢ףӦһǡ
һӱһͬαװ̶ӣȥ߼֮ݣóס
ԭҪհʱϱȻʦԴҲֱڴ˵ˡ
⻰˵һ㶣ӦСЩãȻȥë𣿡
һΪëӦڶŻиõг
ľ΢ЦϽȷˣڶտʹë֮ЧͼӰǵĿڱǴ󸻴֮ˣǻԼֱëµļֵӰ쵹Ҳ󡣡
ЩʵҲǴҪģҪԭǽʱͼڼ˵
֪ڼͬ˵´дܵڸԺٸߵĵӾͻּ֮ܶ࣬ȴǾһȥ̵ĺʱ
ٸǰʱ䣬ͬҲĿ׼ȥߵĸ֮ͼһʲơ
µͷоԼŵˣСѯʵӹ׼ʱ˴δë뿪Ҫ٣
ӹص׼³ߣӺ֮أشƫԶͨҲҪһʱ䡣
ëȫ뿪֮ǰĺǱóټëڱؿߵʱ䲢ܾãڼӶʱ͸ˣ֮£ڼǱܹṩٻԴͿȥ٣ֻëٵķݣûСԲ¡ķݡ
ϾֲֻҪë¶һһݵˣҪշתݾܵĽһ֮ΪΪȨƵһˡ
ɾӣϡΪ󰡡
ȻĻôۣȱؿ᧿ΣĲ
֮Ҫʿαװɵ̶ӣҲ
Ҫ飬չ޷͵ġ
Ȼóϡ֮ôҪһȨ۵ġ
ҲⱣһעͻɱ֮ñʿαװˣǱҲǱˡ
˼ˣӹԼһĿ١Ǿ
´ʱҲʶӹ̲ظַգɵĵ˵ͷ֪ˡ
һڸеС·ϣٿأСʲôԶԼһλĶľʵӹȥߵĻڻʱ԰һֲ𣿡
ľ΢ЦصʲôҪĶܷԸˡ
ӹĶΪѣźͮͮģݵС￨˿ǣҲ֪ô˵ȻҵĳԼǰͷԱ˵ҽ״ӹɣƬ
ʲôϡֲΪÿԻͦģ۸ҲӦǲģǰҼҲ˵ʱС˫ÿĵۣһӾЩã
ǰҼҵСͤ϶ǣӺﶥʱһƬͮͮģܺÿ
ǸʱҲ֪ܳԣҼǵҼ˵˵жģֻܿܳԡϵͳĲ˵ġ
Сȫûע⵽ѹٿ⸱Щ翻㱵ɫֻҪһ۾ܹóЩˡ
ӹ¶ʱĬĬѡָڻ֮ǰȻҪС
-
ľҪȥ̶ëǼ£ҪȥóףôٸǱߵĹƱֻһЩµĽӣͬʱΪҪĿıʿھӪǱҲӰ죬鶨Ȼǲ˵ġ
ֻһ˵֮󣬴ǰһֱ֪ߵļĳ˰ץ֯йļ佫ʶĲԾ
ҪȻô˵ϵúòϵɣƽʱһֱڱߴɽǱѵȻƫƫպþ˵Ľˡ
ڸտʼʱûʲôӦġ˵ŲͣȻȻ֮һ֣㱵
ҿԭڽȻһ߸ߣָżڼŵһ䣺ڼ֮ǰÿ°֯ë²ᶼΪȥɣ
һǿʲôأȥ겻Ҳ˼ڼȻûǶ˿˫򲻿Ŷ˵۾ͿԸܵжô
ʿȻδش𣬵ǿϤĿ˹ı֪¶ȷġ
ֳΪһţĸεļĳ˿ȥڲ֪÷֯й佫һҪſȥʿֵģ
ʱͻȥ˿֪Ϊʲôڸձʱ򣬲һڼŷ컭ꪴҪΪڼﲻеҲڼҡ
ʲô˵˵佫Ӳ˶֣ǲרŶ˵ǱȽϿɼڴˡ
ֱһֻ־ܰԼս佫ƴҪ֮£ڼ˿ʹġȥˡ
û¡
ڼ֪ʱվԼȫģԵĹ˲ֵĴŶֻͬ飬һ¶ԡ⡱
ֻСȥ̽һĶķ֡
һİӳȥ
ڿڼûκģСغһӵ˶ɵˡ
֪ĺûޣû뵽û޵ݶϰ
ôһô˼ܵ㰫˽һͷСȥİ
֮һƬ˵ĺʷһ֮Уڼӭ˼ȫԱϵǴʿһϴǸըëըر佫˳ë
Ҫܺ˵ѾȶӦǲͻȻֱһĳǵɷ֯йףüڼѾȫСƶŲߵǽߵİߡ
òŮ̧̧ӣССһ䣺Ҳ֯𣿡
˫źľͫӢᡰšһСһԼܺĺŵĿ϶ش𣬡֯ˡ
ֵһ䣺֮ǰ֪ǵ;
ǸҲ⼸ˣﴩùô·ͻȥүϰԵ֮ǰǵȷǽЩëµЩ˶ԼҪ·֯ģ˵·˲ǹ¡
ͬʱ˼άҲǱƫģ֮ǰ׶ֹһôҪô·ȻžͱһȨʽɹȥ
ºͰ˵Żʱ򣬺Ȼ֮Աһ󺰣Уӹ̫ˣ֯ëôԾôˣ
ôôͣǼۣǼۣ
һ仰һ֮󣬽ƾɤƺһʱ㾲С֮Уֻǳǳ
̧סԼ꣬ЩãȻգգۣõ𴽰⶯ȴ˵ʲôĿܹ֮ϵó˵Ĵһð˼
СƬ̣¸ܵõԼ΢΢ӵֵȡ£ӢһͬԼǸǸոðˡ
ô˵ҡҡͷðǲãֻǸеЩȡ
Ҳ֪ԭʲôһʱ۲죬ӦԶڳһЩģԽûǱֱܸߵźá
ô˵СЩãȻգգۡһֱ֪ԼǱȳܶ࣬էһ˵ڳˣµĸоһ㸴ӡ
žеӽ֪֡Լǲ˼û뵽ԭǲ˼еĲ˼QAQĸо
ڰС˵Ž·ֵʱһ߸ոձ佫ķʤӹͼڼİˡ
ۣ
ëֱӷɫë·ķ
ģСġ
ëڶǶôõĶοǱ¢ϵģгȻ˵㡣
ԭѾܸߵļ۸ٷ᲻⻹Ҫ𣿺͸˼ҵĽݳ̶ȣ㶨۲ʲô
ԡǼۣҪǣǲˡ
-
ʱ䵽³ʱӹ֮ξǰʿ̶ӳ
˴ЩӶѵķ֯йǵë⣬ͬʱҲǴȥġ
ǰµҪķ֮⣬ڼѯʹ˼ũҵҺֱһ嵥
˳縺Ŵһ¾ƵصϾӺݣǱؿشʵ̫ƫˡ
Ŷˣֵһǣľʹ߳˴߳˴ٱʿ⣬һյķ֯СйרΪԷһġ
ڶľ뿪󣬿ظڴǰɼ佫һҤڳ׷ϣҲպˣһ֮ǰʱץӺҤĴɹ֮ʽĿͶʹá
ҤɣּѧǱ׼ͼԳջһСֺúѧϰаټպǧģ±ٶȷǱͲʲôġҤʼʮͨ決
Ȼ󣬷˴Ҥ֮ҳСʱʹµء
мõĺƲܳ˼Ķ
ܹʳõͬʱԶԶһ
ʱ伫սʱ¡
˶ˣʱ䣬Сֻã
ֺöĿʵ


52 
ؿµ涼еú˳ ΨǱԵùӦ󡣴ǰȻ˵ǾҪǵĹظģɳȻұĹԭǱؿƫȺλãҪһ·ΧҲǳΧһȦ飬 ԰첻ʲôӰ죬 ¯ ԼССһϵصĹ豸ȴһʱƾճǱߵġ
Ϊһȼ֮£ ǱߵȻҲʱĸЩ
ڴǱ決пͺֶʱС𾪣žȻſԼ汸ʳ˫;Ķǡڷһҳϣϻעһ䡰ζ֡
ڶڴǰʩȥļиԵã ǳڶϵͳΣ ûȥǹܹµʳǶôļӲ ֱӻһǼҪаԵϱʿǿֱӳԵеġġԴջõüУ ׼гһ¡
ȻСеʶ ֡öȷôʵġ
ŸոսУ Ҳ˵ڵһδʼʱ˻¬
ȷҪ֮±¿ȫܹ֮ںת Ͼϵͳ߳ģͼ鲻̫óȥ˿
Ȼڿԭϵʱֱסˡ
決дǣҪۡСĥɸóľϸۡ
ͲһѰ˼ܹġ
Ѱƽ֮ң Сֻջ֮ ˿ǣ󷹳ԡ
ֻмΪ󸻴ĸ˼ңųܵ֡˷ѡ˽ĥɾϸķۣ ֮⣬ȫҪɤӡ
ֻҪϸ۵ʱСһľǳ˳ڿʱ¶һĨĵ΢Ц
ȻֻҪϸۣǺȴдҪС۹бЩһһʳ˷ѵʡˣȻ˵ĥ۵ĹҲҪĲ
Ǳؿѵġ۵Ŀ๤Ψһһ⿴ȥҲǺܴˡ
˼ˣҲȥ׼ḥ̂ٶ˸ĺūȽŷͺĳγԣһбдĶʵоʲôģġ
뿪֮ȻǱͺ񣬵ҲûгԼΪҪⱾǼ󷭿Ȿ決飬ҪѰҵһԺСӽټա롶ǧġ˳ѧʳ
գһԭϷ۵ĺ決˵֮УСѡȡһȥԭΪصĵ⡣
ȵ괺ʱ򣬰ǰ鵽Ķ8 Сȥɡ
֡˷ѡ޷ĻǾŬĴӲҲɡ
뱾飬żÿһҪԾϸΪԭϵСĬĬš
-
ڰĥһ½ȥ֮һͷûʲôСһ֮󣬾ȥһ߱լеҹκϷ־š
֮ǰڳ鿨֮ʵʱϵͳרʾ˶ǲӣҪʱҽ´ȥһҽݸһ¡
֮ǰһֱûдҽΪ˵Ǽ˼ԡ˻ûһεģȻһֱ¶ڡ
ڹ˼֮ԵתѣѾȥϹû˵ľͼ˼ġ
һ㣬ӹʽ뿪ǰһȥٸ
˼ģλ֮ΪũʥڱĵڶͿµرŸմ޻о۲ȥˡ
ȰࡰϢһʱ򣬻дʱʾũȱ첲ȶµصģ
һũĻǰһȺ˸˵ãȻˣϾ˭ûũҲȥˡ
ڹκϷ־ţڵĹٸ֮е÷ĵǣڼ׻ȰסûӦһһáҲȥٸְ˵ļֱȳĻˡ
Ϸ־ǲ˽⣬ǹε죬Ǿƭ˵Ĺ
˵ڶľ뿪˻᲻ɹٸԱĹѹȻᡣ
ȻڶľΪ˱ؿĲȥˣ뿪ͬʱҲֲĿȱ
ǿϵȫ˲ţû㲻¡൱ḻᳵ·Զľ͵һ뿪ûɹٸְѹԼڼ˵Ǳøˡ
һССֻȴΪ۵Ӱ֮ͤµʱͳС﷽߹գգ۾ôͻȻˣ
ڿɰգ۾СҲͬɰƫƫԴһһ䣺ȥҽݰ
Ȼһ룬С仰Ÿ£ֻϵЦѸʧ
СƬ̣һֱվûվĹٿֱֱӣ̽ʵĺͬ˵ģ
ЩɣǼڼڸ
岻ãͽҽݣݽҩҲܹ˼ˡ
ǰôСʱҡҡͷϵТ־岻ϵͳ˵ġ
˵ţ룬ϵͳʱûиʾǰһ飬λΪʱʱѰҽΪǧıʿΪһغ

ŴɵʱĶУȴһĪĳ
СֵⲻŴȥһʲô֢ĻҲҪҽβźá
ǰòŮϵһ֮ɫӹǶ̫õĬĬһۣϷ־һ̽ȻĻȥΣ
仰˵ºǲ⣬ɻһ䣺ΪʲôҪ죿
ܿС˴𰸣Ϊ仰һµĲ֮һ΢Ĺһͷôһ˲Сǰ
òŮᶯȻ֮оǼᵽһǳǳʱ䣬һ˫ƯĵۣЩŵʵТ岻ûȾƣ
˿뵽ոϷ־һ仰»ʲô벻׵ģȻҲǸӷҲ˾ƣԲŻ˵ȥĻ
ǡСﲻɵЩãȻҸո߹ʱڿͤ衭
˵ʱСĻٿصȻֹȻ³ǰͤȥײߵĸӣ΢΢ףһ㡣
תȥһؾǲˣ˼ϵǸǰ׺Щ̲ס
òƣλǲĹ֮
ڱһǡ
С߻ǰ̧ż㶼Ҳ꣬ⷢʵŪľư
ԽʳճڱؿҪһϡ֮
ǱѾܼˣﻹжȥأ
С⣬Ϸ־ǻصΪУġ͡ʲôҪȻǻᾡ㡣
οҪһƣҲʲôֵҪɣ
ֻ֪ԼڵǱ߾֮أȴǰ귢ʲô
û뵽滹ԼСﲻɵЩʧ̾һТ־ȥҽݰɣôǿһ£ûбҪһЩҩʲôġ֮һᶣ˲ٸǾƺȵġ
С⻰һ£ζʱԱһҵϷ־ϣѺѵԼĳżܣ¸һֱӺˡſŹοسԼգ۾˵ţüҲͰˣѵһĿֶҪ𣿡
СͬҲǵĲŽëϵͳ֮ǰʾһһ飬ǧıʿΪһغ
ȻǸֲŸոµʱֻѵǰһĵȥ
ǹΣŲĺѣһʹļ״ָָ־ôվվأ
һһ䣬һϷ־ŶʱЦһҸղžϽƫôȫѹϻᷢʲôû𣿡
͹ľһԱĺֵܣϧ΢ĩ˾һرܹгʣͬȣվҪôһƤÿÿҪڶԷ
Ϸ־ŲŸովʱȻǿڵϵĹٿسһߵ·ֱֻ֣˰ͼԶ
ˣȥ쵽ǰѾõֱۡ
ѹδ֮С￴ֿ˿Ϸ־ţЩ̲ס־źͷТôűһѽ
Ȼô˵Щ̫ãǿŹκϷ־ţºȻ֮;ԼڱؿҲܹùء
һ仰ǱѰˣǶȻҪԷһܶ־һ綼ܹߵС˵˵ô
Ȼǰƫƫ֮Ͳں翴ˡ
С仰֮󣬹κϷ־ŵķӦģԺһҪúñǰ
裬ֱǲ֮ǰԼļڼ˶Ҫ̾硣
-
Ȼ˵κϷ־˵ǳߣȻϻǴܹƷĶġ
ҽݡ򡣿ҩ
߽ҽݵһ˲䣬¾Ͷʱĸܵ˹κϷ־ڶɢܣȴǰʱɢĿҪԶöࡣ
Сﲻɵðǻ伲ҽ˳εİ£ʶλ鷳ˡ
󣬹˰ΣڴɿһĹεӺ
¿˿һĹΣֿ˿ɫƽĴСﲻɵÿʵ־źͷТʲô
һ仰£ͼҡҡͷλӽûʲô󰭣ֻ̣ǻµģֻҪǿһЩܲסļ֮£޲⡣
ɻ󣺡Ϊ֮£
ôʣڱǵĿش˾˸ӣñо̣;档
˵ԼЦˣҿԶλӵ壬ӦⱲҲлᱻѡӪģԿش˻ġ
֮⣬öλӶҲǶ洦ġ
һ£ǽЩԥһ˵˳ûմɫ
һ仰£ɵĿ͵͵ϵɫȴδʲô
һһ䣬̿ʼС˵մҿԺȾƣ
ô˵СƮƮصţТԺȡТȾƵĻҪԼ
󵤷۵Ŀ䵽Ϸ־ϣһ䣺־Ҳһ
һ仰ʱ˵׳԰׺еĹԴ
ͬʱϷ־Ҳ˪һˡ
ڵͲǲԼǮΨһһߵĹٸͲҪϾ
ѲҪԼģȥѧûһС
Ϊѵţ׷׶һֽеҭ
þƵ˼Լܹȥʲô㹤׬ǮʱΪ֮ǰĻôԼҲһ
°¶Щɫش˵󡭡ƽδҲѧǳܹ࣬ȷȻѰ࣬ƽȣ˵念
ˣ³΢΢ף˾䣺֪ˣл򡣡
Էæֱʾҵһл֣СҲֻε΢Цһ¡
-
ظϵ·ϵʱ򣬸ղ˼˴죬ֲ粻ܿҵʲôƺڡŶǺƵĹκϷ־뵽ҲûҵʲôܱȵٸԼĹųһϵв̫׵Ķ֮ǽոǸܻӵܵ뷨ó¡
οڵã־ŶȥѧǱߵ
԰ѯʵСһӦһ䣺ĺ˵ǵѧʶܺء
ֵТ־ȥѧõĻֱͺ
ѧǱߵȫɿͲһģҲָʲôϾֲǶöࡣ
һ䣬Ÿոձ޵ʱ̾һˣǻǲҪСˡ
˵⸱ģСﲻ̧̧ӣЩ׵ʵǡôȾư
ζʱɫϵһΪ¡
ǣô˵ֱС˲ͷ˵Ŵʵ֮ǰҿ־Ųͦĵ𣿡
׳԰׺ȵͬʱĻѡһšΣ
Ϸ׳԰׺ȵͬʱĻѡֶš־ţ
⻰û˰
òŮʵТ־Ҳż֮ǰʱĺתһ仰
һڼ֣ζʱ裬ĺ˵ʲô
ĺ˵ϧڵʱ⡣˵ţ̧ۣɻʵ仰ȻÿҶܶȴĺ仰˼Ǳʲô𣿡
Сһ䣬Ϸ־ŲҲΡ
ϾǰʶڼȥʱֲŸոյС
ĺ⻰θоˣָоûסŻ£΢΢̧֣ϰԵҪڶʱһȣ̧һ˲ȴʶʱǿյģĬĬ¡
ξãڼ̫˫ˣһ߲ٸ˹ͷһߣԼĬĬĸ¡
ڼ˰͵ѣһ֡ͶȻҪ¡
ɱ˴ʮأ¼䣬;Ƿʲô
Ҳûټ˵ȥЦһʵϸδƣôҪһȾͲ˰ɣ
ȣԣЩİĴʣһ˲һ£Ȼʶ˵ʲô֮ӣصû⡣
-

ڿظоʯĥԺūǸɻɵúܿ죬ڰȥĵϣµҪľϸۺĥ۹еƤѾŷźá
ڵʱɫԵʣ決黹Ƶ˵ڶ°
ǰøеĺԼĪ°ʱ佫ͺŷֱѷãͬҲǸСʱ佫ҤȣȵǻʱͿֱӽк決ʡȥǰ滨ѵʱˡ
ڽͺֲͬŽѾյĹ̵Ҥ֮󣬾׼ȥ֮»ָճ޿ѵʱһһ˲䡣
ȵȣСವܹСһ䣺һأ֮ǰ˵һ𣿡
¶֮ڷǱ決ʱȤҲžͱҪóԡ
ȥ仰СҡҡͷʾΪҿдģһ裬򷢵֮ʹãɢԾûúǰ׼
ҡ̫Ļϻʳɣ
ȥǸڴĿ⣬Сһ䣬ǲȵԺ㻹ԵµĻúǱߵ˱һݣ
ô˵СͷҲС
Ҿˣ
š
ʱȻϲסΪĶҲ˿ظĹκϷ־ķʡ
Ͱ𽫾Ҫȥ
˱񡱻ġԡ͵ڶڿظ֮⣬ֱ֮ȥһߵլӣȻҲǶ²ġ
һ⣬ǰʿɵÿһ۶ӣ˸񰵺š
ڼڵͬ𽫾ϰء
Ȼ˵ʵҲǿ壬ֻ˵˵΢ЩҲûʲôϾСﵱʵǳȥģֻʵţԤƵôһࡣ
ڼڼ仰һ֮󣬸ոպȷϹĬϻ˷˵־źͷТҲ̫ãҲһԣ
ϰϰ䣿
׽һµĴʻˣʱʧɫ
Ϸ־ŵǾͲ˰ɣѾôˡ
β丽ͣϸ첲ȶܲסġȥʱ䶼ʮˡ
Լǲʮʱ¼ڵҲǶʮĴͣȴرԼܹҳóǿŬԼѾΪʱܹϰ䡣
仰һ֮󣬺һͬڲݵϵϷ־Ŷʱ˹һĿ
ΪģȥСһءһ˱ץô죿
һһͱᵽӪᵶģɵЩεҡҡͷֺ̧Ͱķȥ˾䣺ȥæգ¡
ô˵СݵѾֱӿ໥ƹ鼴ĹκϷ־ţȻͷͰ뿪
С뿪֮תؼڼˣ־źͷТǵ桭
ʿɫƽ־Ҳ˽⣬ǷТ״ȷǲʺӰࡣ
ԣǵҸᣬѵϡ
廹ᣬֽչʱ򣬻Ƕදһĺð
˵䣬ǰΪ˺ȻһЦѲݵϵŵװס
ڼǳ˵ǸأȻԴ˿δδҪԶǸʹǶκϷ־ǺҪ飬ܹ飬ⲻʲô¡
-
ȵºͰ»ߵʱֳļҲѾǳˡ
СӰСǼǻ˻һĳ߹ʵô
⣬ȥͦóԵģζŨǣ˵ɵЩɵĿеĶȷһͶ
˵ţȥʾһ¡
ˣòŮֻգգۣȻֻͼȫûֵĻС˵ҪȵʱԺ󡣡
аɡô˵ȥ̧ص˺һһ䣬Ҿٿ
СǺƢӣ·һĿڿԼ˳Ŀķȥߡ
²һ䣬ôˣ
֮ЦĿЩ˼ǣǸڹٸ߲𣬾ӪǱҲӹһˣԣ˫ǺЦڴĿòŮʵǲǿȥñˣ
лҪ˵
#ŸճԶžͱ͵ôƣߵͦ#


53 
һ˵ ԭǶŷĻȥʱͲˣʱҲһ˫ͶעСϡ
ȻδΪѾ˵Ҳڴ£ ֻգգ۾ Цһ£ ٲ֮ͻѽ
ȥƵӹ˽˻·ϳʲô¶ˣ ֲҲ
Ǳߣ˵ʵȻһȴȫûܵκӰ졣ڵ죬ͻȥ˾ѸٻһԭϵЩ ȻжӼ
˭ñؿıʿأ˵һ  ǧıһҲ˵
µһ䣬 СɵƮƮ ոʵԼСֻǶݵ뿪һ¡ȻӸϳߣ Ǻϵã˭ϲͺÿأ
⵹Ҳ˵ÿ ִֻһ»õĺÿǶڿ˺ÿ˵˵ԵЩͨˡ
˵Ļ ʵ񱱵ؿУ ܹûСеǰһֺÿòкü˵ģֻμĻҪºߡ
ңС￴ߣֵٸʵҪġ
˵ڹٸߵȷûôæˣ ÿ϶ĽⶼǻеԱġ
ڹٸ߸ɵĹ˵ҪǺҪҪ˵ҪȴеҪֺܷɢľͲŸ뿪֮£ٸǲ˵ġ
ӹٸְתӪְתְδոջΪҪȥϰ¸õĿһҡͷһεڹٸĳȥȥֽǸʲô¶Ӵ
˵Ҳֻ۾ŹκϷ־¶һĨǳǳ΢Ц
-
ڶ죬׼ȥܲʱ򣬲ŸոߵͥĿⷶΧǱ߿һľ͡ʼдյĻȥߣ
֮ҪһʺţΪõĶʲôϤȻ쿾ķͺ
ȥųķԷΪϤ˳ֵĳǹ߽ĿǶܣʱʱܰдĺơסȥĹơ
ֱӾͰСˡ
ȴǳıԭ򣬶ֻΪ¸оĺÿӿҲǷǳ֡
˵ǻÿ£ǿ¾ǳ׵׵ֳˡ
ڿµӰ֮ܿľͣСķ߹
ȥеĳ˵ûȻԹˣڵȷӲĿԴˣǣ˵С̲סڵҾⶫѾܳʱȥһڣⷨӲĸľһ޴¿ڡ
ڻС꿪ںɫصĿԼʾȷаЩū·ɺԵˮһϸ¡
˵ţֱӳһķȥеǿ˼£Ȼ󣬾ͱĵ˺üƤ
ԣ꣬ʵ˵ǿͶӦ֮ˣ
Сôʣȥ룬صӦǿս˵ȱڼѵʿʱȷáȽ㣬ĹҲԡ
˵֮һʱүƢĻȥ̲ס²۵Ǻѳ԰̵ġ
ȻҲĺܱûԼھͻʳˣĶսеȷǽʡ
ô˵µͷ˼һµǾú決һЩðɡ
ǱҪͷϾˣʱŷʿǳ䵱һ¾ðɡ
Ȼ˵Ҥֻпظеһⲻȼü֮ôһá
ֻѾӲķҪٺ決һ²ŷԡ
˼ˣ̧֮һȥõĺ޽Ҥ֮ģҪˡ
ڰաһŸʾȥԸԼҴģὫҤ̸ǡ
Ҫǵȵ֮ˡ
Ͼһʱ֮Ҳ벻Ҥʲô
ºڶѣʲô˼ȥʲôأ
-
ͺһ֮߱Ҳûյʲôصĺ
νûϢǺϢǲ˵⣬СҲͽ·¡
ڼ䣬ʵһС
ڱؿΨһһܹʹõҤáˣȫ춼ǡ״̬ҲȻһֱûȥǰСһгĵ⡣
ǰȥǶԵȤĳһҹʵѾĸʱˣСűƬɹеĶһﵽ˳ڱŵİİ£ɹķ˲һģһģСҲǺΡ
淭決İָ֮£ƾϰĳǿ˵ףȻۿŴսһвã󽫵ģͽҤ
֮ڵȴڼַ䵹ҳеһţ̣ŵȻƾŪ͡
ȵͱڵʲݵͿĨãּ򵥵һǽֳһæ֮ʱ䵽îʱɫȻˡ
Ȼ󣬾ڻȥ׼͵͵ʱġս֮󼪵ʱ
ۼŰһе˰ǵĳɹ
Ȼ˵ڼδ⣬ȰҤ¶ǰѵĴûСʵսֹš
۾עĿ֮£ӢǵҪ
Ȼ󣬻ȥҹڼ䲻ú˯ǹȥ¶ͳ׵ûסֱӴΧĸ֪Ķ֪ˡ
˵һҲûа׷ѣǰǿһģõҪջ֧һλеİԵСֶֻʣķ֮һ⣬ķЧ
ԴڿԹζ͵⣬̽ʹúѧϰǲǻн֮ԼҹεСѧ֮еľòĲһˡ
Ľ˵С⺢ǶһҪõѧõһСĿꡣ
ڣǵһ
һ뵽СԼݵĵܵǸҪúѧϰģ¾ЩƲסЦƯĵһߣá
֮⣬һͻõ飬ǣκϷ־ڱڼǿÿһ
šƿظһȦǸ
˵סڿظȻʲô⡣
ߵ˵ǣΪסڿظߵ;УҲһֵ·
¶ԣͦӭһСġ
Ȼ˵֮ǰÿҲлȥһ֮ǰҲڣҲܸжԼǺ佫һСǻٵЩѹ
ԻǹϷ־ŸʺһЩ
СĬĬš
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Ȼ˵кܶ࣬ҲǷ˱ؿ֮ЩԾĵط
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56 
ºͼڼһκϷ־סլӵʱ ĸպһʱ˷ֱһὣ趯ĳ档
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57 
½鿨ʱѡΪڶ죬 ʵҲΪҪһССĻʱ䡣
컹ûгæʱ򣬳鵽µ˻ʱԷ˵һȻȵռƻ֮ȫˣ ܿȫϾˣ ֻ䡣
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ڼ͵Τ֮䣬ɲֻǸΪġԼҡϵѡ
Ϊڼֱ
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Ŀ⣬ãȻգۣȻ˼𵱳鵽ʱ飬ʶʲôòŮڶԼڼ˾䣬ĺ͡Τг𣿡
ʿ˼һ֮ǻСһ䣬Ϊıߣеġ
һ䣬ڵıʿǳͶĿ⡣
һµľãڼ⻰Ӧøһġ
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ǰһ㻹ڳıأתͷڶ۵Ƶ˵ֵ£˱ͷͺһȺ˵ͬ£ܲ
ԵΤ˽ڵ佫ԸֱˬȻǰڼĺ֮ûзѣ˵ǹȥˣ֮ȻҲΪĺ͡
Թ誴ɷſġ
ˣ΢ЦˣС֮ˡ
תһĻʵؿҲûС
Ҳ
󣬻֡ڼ͵ΤǵһҲһ
ڼѯʵ˵ζ鵽ʲô
һ⣬Сص˵Τ֮⣬ֱһ鼮Ʒһű˵ЩɣһƷͱһ֣
ô˵ڼЩɻ󣬡ôַ
СҲûкͼſֵĵطֱٻ˿ᣬȻӱ淭³ŷֱRSRȼʿȡչǵǰ
ƷRϲЬһ˫
ſ֮滹һнܣ
ͨͨƽƽ棬áõĲЬĳλĳӢĸ̰汾ԭֻNƷʡ࣬ԳɾͳR~
ֻСſȻSSRʿûеĽܣ˵Ĺעȫ˽ϵġĳλĳӢܡϡ
˵ҲǺɵģľͲڣؿµٸְġԱȫͬһʱǵǸʱҲպþǷĳԳƵӢܵ
Ȼ뷨任ǧǴҲ׶ؼ¿һſ
ڶſǱSRʥùĵ
ûʲô⣬ֻСеãȻǣʥ
űϣἰ֣ҲἰĶʦ֣ƫƫ˵˭ùġ
ֻһ˵ĹעصСȻһȻ˵ǵȷǲ֪ʥ˭ǲʶͼϵѵ
ⲻպͬʱĳλ佫ĵ
ǼˣڼЦеһʼ´ȻûߵãӦöϤɣ
ˣʵ˼һ£صӦõȷǡǲЬ
ʿתͷԴھ֮еСοһ䣬ܹⲻǻ£˫ЬԸʿǷַȥʡ˺ôһԴ⵶
˵СЩʧ˵һ䣬ұ֮ǰʱģǿ˿֮ŷѵͰõ롣
õĲֳ
ˣڼǵڼͽʱţָһͳ鵽ѵأ
ʿ룬ڼȻǳ鵽˵ô֮ٳ鵽ӦӦҲȻɣ
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ڶ˵Τ˵İ֮¸°֮ǰȥһظǼׯӣÿճ޷԰εļ˼ġ
ȥʱ򣬼˼ȴڼңС޻ҵ˵ġ
Ŀڿ˼Ӱʱһũװļ˼üΪѾʼ޻֦
£˼ķеĶС﻽
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˼ֽӹĿ⿴һǰ¸ǱʵԼġҪһʲݵּݺ󣬵Ǽһ㶡
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ŷ˼ҳʱǼֶЩ΢΢µĿ˸⡪
òŮֻÿӣ˵ţⱾȷˡ
ǰڳ鿨ʱ֣͸оⱾܼ˼ܹõõ
ֹãܹȥＴǱҲԳԵʵ߲ˣҪǣֱӽڵѸٵط鼮һͰĽȣɱͨƽҲԸ𡣡
˼ĺ飬Сĵİ鼮ڻʲôϡ䱦µֻ߲˴һһտãҪϺܾá
õġ»صֻͺãң˵СĿ޻ﻹкܶء
Ҫһһڳԣ·Ҫһһߣǻõġ
ֻǡжþδ㽣ЩеȲˡ
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ʱܿı㵽˶µ¤ӣٸߴȥĹԱǣԿеЩ֮⣬λҲϤˡ
Ӻʶ̴֮ǰΪǰδǰһٳᣬԼĸ١
֮ԻѾڲǱͬһСŮǽ̴ʵΪڼ¤ҲôֵϤȣǰҲһ׵ġ򵼡
»ͼʱĶĳ
Ȼ˵˼˼Ϊһ仰񱱵ؿٹѧˡе¡ۡ
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ģ˵Ͳò˵ؿ֮Уڼ¤£ǵĿܾٻˡ
¤ˣǲǴԺм¤ٲŸǷֵ
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ȥǱߵٲŵ¿Զ찡ѵ˭Ǹô
˵оݣҲʹӦˡ
ºǵʱ򣬼¤ĳ漫Ϊ֣˵ǰǵİնһ㶼Ϊ
Կó׳ǵЩûŬ
ȻһжҪлǸλʵǹ衪¾¶Աȡ
Ǵһ£ֱӵİѽѹֵĺ˵İǵˡ
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̴ﶼյ˼䡣ֻΪò۵Ǹ̵Сȴûյ
´ĵ׵ľһΪġŮΪҷֱǿİһžסӵĵΤ
ۿкüŻĹԥԥüۣȻѻ׸˺濡ÿС硣
ֻȻ˵û˸ҳµǾ̤¤ٸżһ˲䣬и˹Ȼ󡪡
ھôһСξʱ򱻰Ĵס˺Ƥڰ֮С
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½ֻ³СèӹĸľƤԴŰŵϣСè˻۰׵֣´βҪôˡ
վԼɫϵЦݣȳŹٸ֮ȥ
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СƢĺ
Ȼһ֮󣬹κȻ֮һ䣬¤о¥¥أ
Ȼһ仰֮Ϸ־ſԼʱ򣬹βʶԼ˵Ļʲôԡ
ֻǰ˵ˣһʱ֮䶼ڵǸСˡ
˵¥ɲʲô߰ĶǷ绨ѩºȺСƵͨطԲһ˿һĺ塣
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58 
 ˼ĹΣڴսĿע֮£Ҳֻ㬵ӡ˭أ
ͬʱģ εҲǲɵþԼԩ Ȼ֪޹ĵĺϷ־Ŷǵûͬģ ҪݺݵĳЦĹβҪֱӸͬھ
 ùξԼֱԩ¥¼󣬲ƴ˵ҲʼһɫС㱨һڵ⼸顣
⼸ɲǵռԼİ칫䣬ǼȻռµİ칫ң ôҲͰԭҪҲһ
˵Ҳûʲô飬 ¾ͨճѡ
ֻһ㡪ȥȥʱ顣
ʵ·ͻȻ˵ǺͻȻ飬 ԤϣԾ͸ǲԭ֮еʱһ壬 ǱȫǴֲ ɾ
ʵҲǲ֪ǰؿͻһ֣ ֱӳǵϳձûŹȫߣ Ҳ֪Щ췿ݾסԭձΪ˸
벻ͨǣֲͻЩԭԩгģۿôͻȻ֮⧲ĳˣ
ݻС˵ ʱڿ֮ ʱĵڱʾǳŭ
һʵҲһ˼Բʱ䶼ûгȥǣЩͻ۸ôһ֧ԭ˾Ȼǵʱƣ
Ȼ󣬷ŻŵررţƵʱھûȥˡһսپִ¡
ٽţȥҲֱӰͰһδͻ˵ˡ
ʱ֮ŵڣ ͷֻǡҡȱָȨȫɱʣµСǰ׼ؼңͬʱֻﷲеôġƲһյȫգʲôȫҪ
ֻһвľʱĺһ֣ڳⱻѲֵʱڽǵľǻҶû˵ġūǰǡסҲǱؿǰһμӹ̵ĴκЩ˻ڽǵĵڶһḴ𣬰ѳûзǳֵĻȥƨ
ԴˣȥЦһǾʹǻҪǰ˽Եö֮ʳ˺û֪֮
󣬹ֵСԸ䣬ѽлЩ˵һֱӶϸ졣
Ȼƽʱʱȥžһ꣬ʵɲʲôƢˣСƢء
һȻǿЩˣһ棬үƢԿɲôԼһȺȻôţôͶϼɣͦȥ˵񲻴ǸɻĺòϣˡǾֱӸĳ鿨ש߰ɡ
ΪųԹ˹Ĳԭˣÿһ˵ֵðֳƿġ
ˣСһ䣺ȥķ񡣡
Ϸ־Żһתֻ
ʲô̧ɻʵ
˵ȴ˵ˣصĴ˵ĸһ䣬ϻȥԼɡ
СĸоĪ
-
ֱ°࣬صظڻ԰ϵĻС·˴ҲǻôȫʤˣǻСȴģϵɫŻмѻģ
˿ȥЩԵԱաʲôҲػɫյͬ˪˵һ㴹ԴȥԼԼĵС
ãȻָеЩĵʱͻȻϵĻС궯Сĳ˳䣬ͬҲǺС˵˾䣬ģû¡
һڣСﵹסˡ
ȥԡ
ЩɳЩƣ嵽һҲǺܹݵĳΨȷһǣ
ͺʲô˸ȥ˶ɤӸһС﷢ɢ˼άǲǺ̫ձʲôʱǿ룬ͬסڿظһʱڽСʣصģֻڵ󣬽֮ͻˡ
ȻŮڵʱҲı䣬ǵ״ûҲʵһûֵܵĹ֪£
ѽһͣСѯһ»һЩ⣬֮ڴ˽̧СͷİοԱеС꼸䡪ϲÿˣͬĺҲǸ
ԼȻЩеԱա
Сͷ֮£Сǹ˹ӣ˵Լʲô
һֱϵͳ̫С˲ûԭģ
˼Լ֮ǰ䣬褶ֻСһ飬С̲ס׵š
ҪǸʱȻҪѾҪٴŵĺС˵䱻ĶҲûʲôãԶü꣬Ǳɤĺôϰ
ڵԵĻȥһ仰˵
յĻС׼ȥҵʲôתע
ڻСվСһ£źȻסһƯĵ֮дϼ־
СͻȻ̧̧֣֮ȻһԼͷСͷ֮ĸ߶ȲĿ񲻽ȾЩãȻȥ졭һӾͳˣ
ԭȥǺ²ߵģܹһֳƽ״̬ʲô̫
Ǿһ˲䣬СȻ֮䷢֣ȥǱ߳һ۵ľˣ
һ䣬СҲæԼͷϱȻһ£ƽƹȥԼòŮͷϷһһ֪ɵʹñͻȻ˹ѼɤĻСһӻת١
ϾʵҲܾˡ
ȫظ֮⣬ߡ
ܹʼˣԼıڹȥ֮ߣȥȻ֮;ֿˡ
΢ԭĻȥʾȥɻȻʱĺܿ죬ϴδͻ˵ʱҪһ㡣ȥôˣ֮󻹵ʵء
ڻȥ뿪²һֱܰǴϢ֮ǺȻ֮ʲô̧һԴͻȻĿЩ֡
һ䣬ЩĿС
ȡᣬſȡ
֮ǰڼ¤ʱԭҪһµΤ桪Τ֮ǰʵǹˬˣЩ棬ȻСľͷ˷һҳȻͲɿƵıע
ֻ֮ΪļȲǡͨţ㡣Ҳ̶ʮֵȻ˵ڲͬĽܣҲǿΧһȦϤĽߣǡ
һſƣһֻϸָָ·һ˵֮϶ڵһע
򣴨ͷڳʱ򣴨ʿĸʿ30
òŮ̧۾Ҳ˵ɻĿʵλȻĿǰĸ֣ǸݺĽҲܹ³ġͷʲô˼֮ǡ
߽ˣôᱻϵͳַ·һһأ
¾ܲԾ
е졣
СĬĬ
ҿһֵʱǵȻҲϳһ˲Ŀհס
йϵͳΪʲôעôһ¶Դ˸еãȴܹ֪ġ
ڶʱǰԼټ򣴨ˡҲڱؿĹκϷ־š
ЩãȻ޴С΢΢һЦ͵Լ磬򣴨򣴨ˣ´鿨֮ʣԸ⣬ԴϏһԡ飬˵׵ĻԸȥ鿨ռˡ
лüǰˣʵһѰ붼顣
ô˵СͷӦһ䣬á
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ʱһת۱ǽӽµβ
ʮʱ䣬¤ǱߵҲ𽥲ȶٸ֮Ǳ߲׵ĹԱ£ǵԼˣͬʱڹԱҾ֮ھŮٵļƻڼš
Ǳߵٻǿʼ˴ߴɽڱؿͼ¤֮䣬ĸһķ㣬֮ǰһŹȥǱʹصǷǳӦ֣˵ֱǱ߲ˡ
ӪеǵΤǵܽͷȻ¤ǱߵıҪȱؿԶһЩаǧĿҲһ˿ԹܴĿ
һˣ߶˵Ҫȥ¤һ顣
Ҳ֪ĲǺܺãҪǮģѯҪ֮Ҳû˵һ׵֣ʾԼֻ߰١һ£ҲܹܵסҲͬҸʱȥˡ
ڼ¤İǱߣȻȷ¸עһһֱıؿҲûжİչں˱ˣʱЩ඼ǣȥ¤Ǳëнëµȥһ֯ëµķֻһСָؿٸ߹Ӷĥë
ͬʱЩëͺҲŴǰؿһַ˰ա
һʱ䣬ĥĥƢԵ»ūҲǴȥǱһ룬޳ǽ̹·
ܹһв죬ڼдŴСԹһ˵¤ǱߵĻʳã߸ְղʳˣżȴǷֱǼڼǵĲͬʼ²ȻԲõȴĪڹѹ֮³һٹһʱ¼ľԲһȦˡ
ʱ估³ھ֮ƵĶľͺ͸𱣻ڻʱ䣬αװ̶ӵıʿض顣
뿪ʱֻë£ʱȴǴһһĽԼָķֲͼڼרǿëԼĶ
ǴëĿʵǹࡣ¿ʱ˶һ
̲ס˶ٵطŪôë
Ϊ·ǵãǶĺֻũ֮չĿ
СʵǺöµĿ֮£ľڵЩëʵֻǺֳũչģԺˡ
ˣ²Ŀ֪Ǻ⡣
ǡľףڼ֮ͬݣ͵ؾһЩûг˹ĺʳչ
ëڱؿ˵֮Էĺ˸ǣ˵Ըϡȱʳ֮һһǼΪĶļ۸ȻȻͬ⡣
һ£СﲻԴһ̧Щɻʵ˵ͼչ
ľ΢΢һЦͨũȷˣǶںˣǲһĶļ۸ǳͷܹȺֳģأ
չ֮ʣЩԼãʱһǻȥչëܹó٣Ҷȫյȫա
ʱºȻ֮ʶʲôһ£ӦСʱ˿һ˫ÿ۾Щŵʵӹ롭ԴΪԵɣЩԭ


59 
ںǳëһͷ֮ 𽥵ġʱƣëһǵһȶǿɳչԴһֻ ֻҪɱ ÿ궼ë ʱΪ׷棬ƱػֳĹģ Ⱥ
ǰǵֳģԸʳչëģȴֻһҡڽڣΨһһëǱؿߣ ˭ԸǮչȡ֮أ
ˣ ֮£ һҵ׳ͺ˵ľǿС
һֹͣ˶ëչ ԽԽĺ˵ľ˲ͻ̡ͽһȺ֪ҪζԴȺ
ľͣ һˣ һ͡
µ󣬶ľֻ΢΢һЦ Ӧһǡ
ֹֻ
ԭ֮ݵԴվǹ̶ģ Щڲԭģ ɲֻȺսǱߵĺ˵սһóҪֶΣ սԺܳ˻ȡΡ
ĺ˿ɲӺݾЩ˿Իôӽµľڵļֻһݾһ⾳ٽʵ۵ĵطԱѹƵĺ
ȺĹģʳõݱø࣬ҲƱҪѹսռ䡣οԶԶԸȺľЧҲȻ٣ˣպ˵ͬʱҲΪպп·Щս;
Щܵδѡ»δֱȴûôÿʴ˻ǰδĵһϰɡ
ô˵¶ʱȻ򣬡Դ˼ˮܵһ˫񣡡
ǡӦһ
ľ͵˾վû̫ݣϼ˵·
ţһ䣬²ɵͷЩ⡣
ǰĺ͵뷨ʵչĶЩֳҰá
Ұô𣿡ЩԵһֵ˾䣺Ұúܺó԰
ˣľЦصҰõķֳٶȼ죬±һѣڲԭ֮ûУǲƣԭᱻЩӸй⣬޲ݳ˰㽫ԭˣĶЩ˵ĺ·һϣ
վǻûеҪּ˵ķӵķϣطĺ˱Ƶ·ߣ޶ѵëøá
ºȻһ䣬ӹУ·Ͽɷʲô鷳
һ󣬶ľǻص벻˳
ԭճˡһȫȻǻһЩ˵ע⡢鷳ģֻǰһ£ȥëµǸڼ䣬ǶԼβ͡
ǰеĻʵۺȻ֮һʱеĴԃٶΪʵ۾Ҫȥˣɵ÷׷λĻӽͶϣǰվӡ
ȻڴԱվϺڴϲಡһµĻʵȴ漣㸴ԭ֮ãѵĹԱ
ͬʱһ֮󣬻ʵ۵ߺȻ֮Ͷһλˣ˵λżȻ·Ƿֽرڻʹ֮оλʵۣһŵҩòಡ齵ĻʵָԴ˱Ϊɳܷܹʦ
λʦ֮󣬻ʵּ׳޽̨Ϊλó֮ĹʦƳϵɵ׼
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ľֻ΢ЦΪˡԽӸλߣԽ᲻ԼȨҲԽǺ껪ȥ
СҡҡͷҾãʦ϶Ҳʲôбµķ֮ˡ
оͺǺߵһ·ӡ
װŪǿ衣
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Сһ䣬ľЦһ£Ц˵ûµȷΪơ
ֻҪȴνĹʦһλλʴвԵ۵Ļӡ
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λܷеĻӳı˶֪꣬Ժֶͨ˻ʵźĴ̫࣬ʳӸ涼ֽţջҲ˻ʵ۴ǰȻĴ󲡡ٰλɷǵġʦʵ۴ɣ̨˲ƣպǶ壬£ȵ۵ĶԱ֮£Էĳʾ
̧̧Ȼ֪̫˵ĶľͣһӹǱλү£ˣ
У˲ţȥΪᱻ£ʵȻ顣
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Ϊı߻ǸǮ߶顣
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ǱȫǻˮһˣʵûбҪȥһʼҵ
Ϊȷһʢ
ȴӽµķ֮ز̸Ե߹ҲǱΪ߸֮صĵطԽǵطСĿأԽʳ²塣ǡһƬǸȴѾò
ÿɫȮݻ˷ѣԸӵĹԵΪ֣ײȴֻ裬಻ԡ
ʵӹͲεøӵ֣սҸͶǳĴ
ֺαؽԼۻӣȾԼҲȾأ
ǽУٵҲͳһֱӻƶҵġˡҲǻ£áԲ˳
ֻǣ¾ʱܹҵĺŽǣҪλʵۡôˡ
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ȻԷ£ɣܹڡ
Ȼ˶ԷӣܾΪЧͬʱҲ˵˽ʲôõĻȿǸλүֻҪۡ
ѵչֳһѧʶܺãϧǸҪǮӡ
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ºͶľ˵ڼ䣬ͬʱһҲںͻȥ˵Լһ·ϵļһЩȤ¡
飬ԻȥȻҲҪСµ˵һ£ڵڼڼԼֳ鵽ʲô¤һӵ֣ʱ˵ȵ֮ġ
ȻڻСտڵĵһ䣬һȥڱڵɤ֮󣬸ոջߴһʱЦֱ
ЦԭҪȥʶԼڵʱǣѻСĲԭذˡ
ǼʱʶԵͷǸִӦһŰСըë˳
ںò׸С˳ë֮󣬺Ȼһ䣬˵أ
ȥбҰ
صⲻ˵һ¶ĺ𡣡
ĻȥеãȻ˾䣬ʲô
㡣ʱڰ֣ʾҲ֪ҺͰߵˣһӾǳģ֮ǰǰǿȢõǸүˣܳʱȽϾ裬ȥصʱ˵ݣŷһô׵ıټҵǵ٣ȥǷһȺٵȫǳԸɷģ¶ڵ·úͳһⲻҪȥЦһ°̫𣿡
ߴﹾһĻȥһһ㶵ģڵһ˵ºͰʶʱĻС˵ԼСһλϢʵЩ
еġǿȢʵ̫ըĻСӶµģȫ˵
ڷӦ˵ʲôעȫϵĻȥʱӣѿóȥˡ
æסٴǿһѾˣ侲ӦùǻҶûˡ
Ŷ֪ʶô¶ĻȥĬĬ֡
Ȼ֪ʲô䲻ĶδС˾䣬Կع𣿡
±ƵǱˣعɶ
ȥ֮ǰ鵽ʳƷ
ǰڳ鵽ΤʱǴʮ֮Уܹ鵽Ʒ
һ˫ãʵõĲЬһǧ﷬Ƕϲֵعϡ
߶´Ӽ¤֮ȥߴɽ֣Сġ
֡콵ʵ˵ֱӳҹ˵ʱĸ佫ſڱؿҸطҲԣʡȥ˰˵鷳
ֽڱߴɽɽʵǱȽаԣ֮ǰҲʲô鶼ҲԵļȥˡ
Ǹ¶֮ǰȻ֮ĲȻƽȴ²۵˵һ䣬ǧߴɽҲȻҪȾһɫʡ
˭ܵıߴɽʲôܼأ
Զˣ˫Ьǧعϣڱ֮ǰ߷ֿãõƽѵʿĽֱӸҷַȥģ˼׵Ķױϧ͸ɴඨѵȻʲôĶҲǴҰõһ֡ѫ¡
ںߣЩعҲͬǷֿһСȥظʣµĴȥ˼˼ĵũǱߣ½𽥳һũҵϵϵũо
˵Ļʵڼ˼ĵũҵǱߣЩŵٻķչÿһ鶼ࡣ
ֻǣǿɥ˼Ǳ˶Ǹɾ
ũ˵ܸ߲ܵ飡
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ǻ֮󣬱ؿΪǰһӷϴᡣ
ķΧǲ󣬱Ͼôǲģֵһӷʵĺܡᡱ˵һЩԷһһҳһСףһСˣΪ˶ҾĻ٣ܹԣ佫Լ㡣˵ǷǳʡǮԼ
ҲݹȵĽԼѶľ̳˸Īᣬ˿ֳԷʱѾʼһƵ顣
ƼģѺǸʲôˡȻҲԲ⣬Ҳ뿴ҽڼֵز
Իǣ׼Щ󻧰ɡ
ĬĬ
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ͬʱҲǱؿڱɽ˻˼Ѿľİǵһڻ֮ӭڡ
ڽҪ֮ʣڼʵһȽرӣ
µ


60 
ԭ µһǲ֪ġҪ˵ĻʵǻСյ֪
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֪µһ죬 ͬʱϢҲǲɵöЩе¡
ⶼѾʱˣȥﱸЩʲôСúõĹһ
΢תһĻʵջĲô
µĸĸǽʣ ǰĻ ʵӦТڡ
ֻϷ̫ű˾÷˼飬 ûÿնһصĿűТģ
һЩرҪų龰⣬ʵҲһȹ λ
ǲĸ ¶ԣ ԶҲֻһԸĸ
ˣοڵҪϢ չٸǱҲҪȥˣúõϢһ£
ȻζµĹȥ֪ûͬЩܹܵõ СٵЩ䣬 һϺͺϷ־ŴšѾǷˡ״̬ظҲѵ˵һ䡣
ƽ״̬Ļʱ˿ȻѾϷ־Ŵϣ˵ҲҪҲҪ첻
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ڳ֮УСҲͽһ˹ȥ
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ڽһ֪֮ԼȴϤķڴͷΪһ볤һ˲䣬Ȼ֮ʶԭİĲˡ
Щԡ
ɥȥˡ
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ڹȥʮ䣬мʼÿһյʱĵﶼΪһ볤棬Ϊһ԰ȵ˳ȹһԳꡣ
ȻҲûϤ۰ˣȴΪãȻ˺ĸˣԡǰ
ҪŬģʶһǰĹ羰
ˣ֮лڵ¼ǣͬｲʱҲһΪе
ڳ汻ŮԷһ̣˼𱱵ؿ¤һжڳŸõķչòŮ˫Ŀ΢أĺʮ
İٵĿǰΪֹã˳˵֣һõԸ
ֻϦÿʶԵ֡пܵĻԸнꡣ
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С֮󣬽ŶıһҪѽڡ
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һ죬һʱȥ˼¤칫ļҲ˻ڡ
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ֻһ˾ʹӱؿͼ¤Ĳ̸ǸôȥǮм˳кŭİܼӶ
һԲ޹ԱĬĬλߡ
ֻһˡҲһʱļڼ
ֻһʱδڱؿʿ˵ڼһ飬úʺӹ١
ڼһ䣬˵ҵƵĶľͺ˶ʱͶĿ⡣
Σڼڼ˱ؿߵԺһ飬֮󣬶ľͺʿǵݹ鼮ɵ˫˫ĳĬ
øŰ㡷
ŲͬǼϵͳĿдŷ鼮ǾСķⱾ飬λ˲ɵûһʺš
Ȼڱؿͼ¤ȷǺǣҲרѧϰһСɣ˵ϵͳΪʲôô飿
ڷ鼮֮˾ͷˣⲻǽȥС飬ǼһЩص鱦Σ޽У֬ˮʵⱾҲûдΪȷһǽĶֵ̳øŻģӸǮ顣
ڼֵǰҪʹ㽻ӹʱ˼Ӫëһ£ڼҲʱȽ¸ǳˡ
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һ䣬СʱͬĵԴ
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佫תְĿ࣬˭ת˭֪QAQ
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һ䣬߶ʱٺһЦʵҲܹϾչǹҵլҴҲǺסһİ
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ڼ¤ǱߴĸԲãһ߾ֱӽĿ˽ϵĳʳ档
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ڰ֮Եõģ
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ֱһȦ֮źʹӿظĴ󲿶»ϡ
ҵ󲿶ӵʱ¸պǶһҵ׸Ȥֲǰȥ򡪡ղŴǰһֹʱߵǸҡ̫Сеˣһ㺦ٳղ
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ո˱ӵж֮ˣ˿ش˻˭ѽ
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ؿ֮ǿظסŵЩˣٵĶЩڰˢˡ˭˾ֵأ
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˼ˣС̧Ӣ꣬Ļ𡭡
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С˵ĺеڽϵһҲͿʼԤȥ˵ˡ
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Сһ䣬ҪҪվýһ㣿
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µο֮ϳֵıעм졣ڳʱгȺĸʿ50
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61 
ѳ￨Ļе֮ 滹мũ鼮ϵͳʾ
ֻ¶ںʾûôע⣬ΪǰĶ￨ʾ֮òŮЩʶתͷ̧һԵʿ
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62 
ʱ ֻɫСϻΪĿɰҲĺСֻ Сè̡
СľСϻСʱʱţ ȵԺ󳤴Щܹ˵ĻͰŻصɽ֮С
Ѿ·ݣ ٹ±Ҫ붬ˣôСֻ̣ Ҫڰӻصɽ֮еĻ϶Ҳ
µֵĲ֪һԼͱϻһצû˵ĵǣõСŮűʾᱣ¡ҪֻСϻԺ롰췴Ļ һ֮ǰ һ
Ϸǳ츳 佫Ƕ޹ĺӣȻڻֻһСŮ ѾԵüˡ
ǰҲԼ˵ Ȼͻף ʵҲϹսˡ
ʮʱѾΧǣ ͻΧԮ
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뿪ŮĻȴҪͷѡһʼ֮ӭҲǰδܹѵĹǣĶͷʼ
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63 
ʱ䣬 ±ճİ칫˵һЩ¤顢ԼۿļдйʳʫжȹȻСһֱãˮƽģ Ʒ е㱩
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Ϊ߼ĵһǣТ־ûкúö尡
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űǴǰ͸µֻС׻Ϊʱǽһһ С͸һ֣գ Ի̵ȫš
ڱϸĵչ˰֮ԭЩѾúܽʹžѰèĴСȻСצӿҪѰļèҪˡ
ƽʱıҲǺܹɣ Ϥָͷůëë ƤȴֻºͰĻͻԲ۾ŲŸճûõ׵ľ档
ֻˣ ȥǼ佫ҲǻʱŪСһκϷ־˵Ĳ굹İ֣ûйȥ̽ٳ¾һצӰ̵
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ҪȻĻȻҲһ٣Ҫͺһץȥһڿҿҵĳ鹤
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ϵͳ壬鿨Ͱ˵ĺĿЩԲϡ


64 
ԭ ڴ˼ʱԱĴ˺֧忴һۡȻ󣬾ڹرյһ˲䣬 ͻȻ֪֮Ӧ 񡭡һ㲻ԡ
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һֵĺ˺ιǱϵֺι
òŮ˲ѻܼĽëʥˡ
ûа취ϧӦ˵ûа취ƽĶԴЩ汲ʳá򡱴ͳĲ塣
ǹǷ
ΪǵĴڣ ߾֮صİĻ̻̣ ÿջ̿ǡֶòס
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ֻ룬ϣԼһ죬ԳԱůѡ
ˣ ѾĿǰԸˡ
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ΤŲǻ˵˰˸оرȿء
ȻСֵĺץץͷ¶һĨЦݣΪˡ
ˣһһʱЩûӦʲô˼
ΤǣڴЩ˵ʱҲС̫ͱԼ۶ˡȻյʱˡ
ΤˣޱȡͨѰ˵ЩƮƮƽʱѵʱҲʲô飬˸˳ֵҲͽˡ
ƽʱƽʱǴ̣ΤȻûʲôҪõĵطԺ浶ǹʱ΢ЩȻ󡭡ͱԼŪˡ
Τ˵ƽƽȴСﵹ˿
֪Τͽֻֽ۶ϡ
ĳЩöòС˵Ǻ𾪵顣
󣬵Τ˿ǰòŮЩ˼ʵܲǱרŸҴ
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Τֻ۶ϵ߳ٻعո˵ĻҪһ亹
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ΤҿƽʱͦæģѵʱҲãû˵
Τһֱʵֱۣ𶼡Ȩı˽Ǳ߰ԼһСĻȥ̧ͷͷ컨塣
ע⵽һСҲûнϵס
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Τشĺԥʮ˫ꪡ
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ܹҽ߿ԽмʱεĻӦǿԭеĳ̶¼Щеʱ򣬿°ʱܹٶһ
ֻҲһʱܹõġؿҽҲ࣬ﻹԴأοУһҲǲԸȥӪֵطġ
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ĺͣǡźȻ֮صؿʿõԼϵСƿޣµĿ֮вЩãȻ
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С䷴仡ûһ䣬ڼЦһ£˵ЦˣҪȶ
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ҲûרЩʲôϧ飬ʼ״̬ǳá
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ⶫóȥЩС֮͡
ԭӦֱȥҶľͣϾҪֻⶫ֮ҲҪΪǵľ壬»Լһ¡
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̧ڿ˼ۺ󣬺Ȼ䷢֣ĺͺ񡭡׾Щ
ˣʿףӦ˾䣬ǡ
ֲĤճʱҺһʱԡ
ԭ¶ʵҲԼϣˣƤҪڣҪǱͰװ׾ʹõЧ˭ĿŵĹСأŶи۵Թ
ڹһȦ֮󣬼ڼ÷֣תתԭʺСԼ
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ʿ΢Ц˵˴ٴȥһ㣬ʾһЧ֮ҵЩθڣ˵
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65 
Ϣ֮ ƢĻȥʱٸߣڵıʾֻҪһ仰һֱùֵǽɨһ
ȻһҪȥɼܵĻСͱסˡ
ձΪһжҪǼ̸̸˵
ΪôĵģҪͬǶ֣ һչԱ֧˵ձƵٷϵʾ
Ͼ˴ǺǴ˿ɲһʡ
 ˮݶӣ ޶סǿƶߵձ ڷȻƣǷȫͬؿгǽзб㹻 ǽӽյʱΣ ֹͷǿйǣ ȱľǺԼ
ҲᣬǵݴܾӻþǸ⡣
Ǳؿճɲ ڲǸողã ʳʱ
˶Դ˿ܲ˽⣬ ܸ֪ʳһûȵġ
ԣҡȣ Цܽȥǽ֮ϿǺ⣿
һ䣬òŮ΢΢ףӦ á
˵Ļȥһ䣬 ûҵ¶ˣ
Ҳش׼أǻûüؼ¤ͻȻôһ²ܻصļڼĽӹĻȥǲһóĽʿһͬǽ֮ϣ ҰʱԤŴ
ȻǲһҪģǲô˵ǵļһҪ㡣
ʾɲֻк˻
οչһܹԷú̸Ļأ
֮ҰģǲԵǿӲһЩѹסԷʱΪ㱩¶㣬ſѪڣɵ
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Ӻݾ⣬Ǽһ֧ĿǰΪֹڵΨһһûг˵ֶϰ״ͳĺˡ
Ҳںܾ֮ǰҪЩ˵⡪ǿϺõսءǼóףԵõһ̶սṩԴ
Ȼǰľȥʱǰ£طǵĺ˶򣬴ӶʼֶδֵսӦĳ·ܺͼһŶ۰
ĵһƥս򲻵ȻǲܵģԼﵱȻҪˡ
ǰĤǶʱ䣬ڼʵҲӡˡ۹ͬ˽׵⣬ֻû¶ôлֱճˡ
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Ȼ˵ǵµǰѾ֧ս㹻ܵ÷۳ԶһĿⰡ
ڼô˵µȻ˵ĻĺТͬһȥǽϰɡ
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ɵǲͬȻǲǼ嵶ϣԺ͵ںƽѺõó
𺰻ıʿڼĻһһĴȥ
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ʿ̧˿ǰָʱڿĪҪôˡ
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˵ͻȻѩ±ؿ¼轵£еΪӦʵ£ǹκϷ־ӹǸġ
ֻԴ˷ǵѹһһ㿪ģΪѩˣѩ·ͱ们ˣӭ˽šҲȥȦˣ
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Ǿӣסˡ
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šҲȻӱǴһء
ǣӣáϣһֱȥѽ
ﱧŷ·ԴһһССֻСϻСĬĬš


66 
Ȼǲ붬գ ЩǸøɵĻҪɣ·ڱؿֻǼ¤Ĺǲͣµġ
ֻҪһ죬 Ҫʳһ죬 Ȼûаװǵĵ
Ǿ仰ʳ˺² ֵϧžΪ跢ⷢȣ˱תɳ鿨ᡣ
ûʳ˹ģ ҲͬȺߵ
ֱһµĻڼ¤Ǳѧá
µʱѧҪһǰֻбؿҲͰˣһ¤Ȼǲܹ̫ڵĺ˱ˣ ؿеģ ¤ҲҪϣ ȻҲҪǱ߽ѧá
֮ǰڶôӵڶ꿪ʼѧǷ꼶֮󣬿ӺͲǱ߾ֵȥѰһԽдĸҷС㡣
ڷ֮ Ҳǽյ㹻ȫ
ѧڻõ鼮ӡˢһҲ׼Ĳ࣬ ׿ϵͳ͵徭ذ⣬ ᱻõ鼮ѾдƯȫдˣӡˢǵš
֮Դѩ֮Ĳã ʮγ𽥼ٵѧѾȫͣΣΪ֮ǰ³̣꿪ʼѧѧÿ̶οѧ μڣ һĺȴδݹ٣Ҳ溮ʱһѧҵС˼١
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鱾Ҫλ֮еϸ׵ģϾǴҲŷֻڱؿԱʱͿڡ̽ѧʣȥԼҵֳӡҲͽϡ
Ÿöʱֵд˷ŸʾԺҲܸݼٵʱȥֳˣһΪʲô⣬ֱӳرؿʱ֪ԼҵܵǿҪסˣҲСǻ᲻ʱܵĵܵһ١
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йʱֳһ١ڱ֮Լִҵ޾ίȻڿһȦԼֵ֮󣬹ϵĶЦͬʱҲΨ以˺ĹϷ־չȭ
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Ϸ־ŽͬգۣҲǡ
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һѯʣζʱŤⲻǣٸкü˶٣һ糱𣿡
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ոձԼһ仰˵ĲסĹκȻ֮䷢ﲻ̫Ծǲɵÿʵ԰ôȫʱı£δЩ̫ˡ
һ䣬ȫë֮еòŮ֪뵽ʲôٿش˴ѻĽë΢£֮صΪܳŮʮ߲ޣ㸳ذɡ
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67 
ҪɻļλﶼΪţ 귽ʮš
ϾţŮм޴Ϊºʮһ£ڽµʱûгɻ飬ֻʮһˡµĻƵƺȫ°˲ͳɺϡ
˵˶飬 Ȼ˵Ǻü ʵҲֻֻŰ칫һżŮӶͬʱ٣ Żо˶ˡ
˵ľһպõĸɶѡ
˵ոҪǹ⣬ ֮ǰûƹСһЩǷ仡е㳤ϰģ֪ĲŷӦ
һô˵ ʱеѩķ һ˫۾ ôǵҲֹ涨ʲôʵ۰ƶƹ򣡡
СŮޣֻǼ涨ȵ۸ĵģ ڴ֮ǰӿع涨ǣ Ůʮߣ ĸߣʹ֮[1]
Ҳ˵ǰ߾ĸһ㣬 ǰǿл䣬Ȼ㸳أƵ˲òޣ Ů˵Ǻ¡
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ŮֲܴڽӴڼҲǶһģˡ
ĶǾϤģԼȻͬڵġʹ֮ʱȻΪսһҸôأСŮȻǱҪˡ
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µͷһڶıǰ˱ơ
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µҲ겻ɵóһǵʵʷҲûƹ涨ںʱйŮʮʮޣ㡣گ飬ֻݵۿûô֣Աµÿһ귭һ㸳ĽҪ̶Ǯķ߿Ե÷ǳʴˡ[2]
ֵķʽĪ˵ͨƽ֮ҳܲסСʲļͥŮ꣬ҲҪú˼һ£ΨһӰģҲͻǸ߹ٹˡһ˿ɵǹţ˼ֱǰˡ
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ңһӦ˰ɣڴҲǡޡ˵ˡ
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ǲϾŮѧܸˣ޶˹һͷð֪ǲǶãһЩҪӰŮѧôԽŮǶأΪĽǡ
ǰ̴˵Ӻ֮أѾǳ֮͢أȻѾһǲǡ
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ܹʶܺáҪսеĻȨţҪӦõġµĹ򣬲ǡǡҪʽʼ̤·
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ȻôһĿǿ϶ȥġ
ʮ꣬˫㸳ҲҪſʼһʱ䡣
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ĸ׵ģȻŮļͥǽŮ˫ʮ껪ҲδɡЩʡǮŮױô㸳ǿǮ˼ҲϲǮװס˷ѡ
˵Ǻ˿ĵɷ羰֮²뻵ԭúõĶѩ˵ĿģСŮ˵Ҫѩˣѡ
ÿȥҲ죬ô˵ʱͰԼ游˹ȥǸѾһ롢ո˵ڼֱڶӡ˺ü÷צѩˣҲһӲȥϱѩ
󣬿ѩжȵľѵóЩǱľǺȻ֮ʲôߵŮ˾䣺˵֮ǰѧ÷żǰļ⣬Сֵĳɼô
ʵǰˣʱǡ
ǰϽֻ㵫ȴΪԵ˾Ϊ˵͵Ż˵ҪһõСʵҲǿظĴӡȽ̵ġˡˣ˭Ǽµ֮ϣʳʹ֮²ѧϰСкʼһֱŷܷϵľͷԭǰֻõӡˢ֮ľһԵĴֶٵôһڴ
ҲΪСӣԺ決Ǳеĸֵı̽˸֡
⣬صѧǱߣѧõġ
СӵķŻȷǷŴ󻰣Ϊ˵СɣԼĿǰΪֹûüģĵ˵һڷż֮ǰΪгɼõǸ̡
Ļش𣬲׽ѧؼʣСգգۣҲ˵ڽŮѧбѧĸõˣ
Сô˵һЦӦǡһСŮҪӳɫŬҲ츳
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ǰӦšȻǰëëСȻЩƮԶ
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һǰʵگڼݣݡݡݡ֮ѡļŮӣʵ󹬡ǣ껪δߣҪѡ
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ٶǺصϢʱ·ԼһƬƽûԹҲûкޣֻЩȫ޹ϸĳͷβİˡ
ӲҪ˵ʲôĻǾĺϷ԰ɡ
ң֮ǰԸ޸ȨƵȴշʵԼޣ֮ȴ˹һ׻Ҫнľͷӵġҡ
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ݹ˵ͬһҲֻԼأûɷ򣬺ָˡ
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Ҳڴѩɽ֮ǰȥߴɽ˽һγ鿨ΪԵҲûŸʼӳֵֻǴһ佫һȥ
СɽŶö߶¡ָģнķֹе￨ܶĴóһѾһëòŮϣɵõ˾䣺仹ഩһ㡣
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Ůʮʮޣ㡣[2]飮ݵۼ͡


68 
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69 
صظ֮ ˼ִСǰʱ˵ķӦرĴȴڰκûʲôӦǼˣ ΧԱߵƢȽϼ಻ʳ ô˵嵽ôѽ
СŮ仰һ֮˼Сһ䣬 Щӣ
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ķݸƻеݱʱ𽥱ůҰҰһЩֲȫ˵һ磬Լ˼ľʹֵµȥժե͵ȥˣ׼ե͵ҵʽŵճ֮ϡ
ͬʱ˼Ǳե͹ͬһʱ俪ʼԤеǣŵūӭһµһش񡪡ھ
ǰ鵽ǷοԴʮֻСһһֱŲð
һο϶ǲܹٽص㶨ܵıߴɽˡ
ϾߴɽǰѾ󣬶ҪʳõģҪڵĶȹһʲô飿
ǰοֱӾҲ̫ʡ
µֳ˼֮У˵С־ڼ¤ļڼдŻƼһط
Ǽ¤ٽķ翤ɽֽʯɽ
ӵλ¤ǿɡ
Ȼ˵һǴǰҲûиɹڼ齫ڱߴɽʱ򣬼¤ɻµĵ̡
һĳһεҵɱפؾˡ
ڱߴɽҲʯɽҲ϶ûʲô𡣶һ»ҲǸʿӷḻĲͬεľ顣
Űɣ
ڽολòඨ֮ͷûʲôҪڿԷһ¡
һٵʱ򣬴ȥתһȦСϻԴӱԺ󣬾ͺлȥҰ档
ڵѾúֻܴˣȻ˵һϻ˵ȻڡűҲһ껹ü£ڵѾűϵԴҲ޷öˡ
߻һ˵Ҳ˵ҪͻȻ˹Ļ԰´ߵڵСϻǰԸ˳Σյ顣
ͬҲǾܲһ˵ĹϷ־ӷǳȣǰλȥʹΤߣд򻢾ģܸܲҲŪһֻСϻСʼ
Ȼƻһ䣬һɽݶ
Ѿŵǰ֮£һֻԼСϻҲµ̱ʮ֮ɡһߣȥңңһߣ˷ʵ֡
ҲΪͱôֻСʱֻܿèȫϻģųŵʱ򲢲Ǻܶ࣬𽥵İҲ֪˿شֻƯİ׻ҴҶԴ˽ãżųֵʱҲû˺£еӴֱ̽ͷ
Щ亹һʱ侹ȻЩֲǺ»ǻ¡
еΣա
-
ֻµļƻȻǴųȥ棬鵽ȴݱ˴ҵļС
٣Բϰࡣ
ڳе죬¿ҪôװȫŹҪôҲԴĳ˰ԼSSRսҲһ˵ĴңʱòŮЩĿɿڴоԼľǼ򵥵ɢɢĴȫһ
ʼˣŹСﲻ¶һЦݣȻصΪҲůǾ;ӦԵһЩ޷ݡ
ϱŹǣźͶľһĻСֻõĵͷ
ֻ͵һҾҪչ͵Ӹÿ˵ͻȥͶҵĻˡ
ڳٳٵȲԼг֮һεǽŵ˼ʱŻȥţһҵʱܻĳá顱
⻰֮¾ãû᲻ȥתͶĻǲ֪ܹȷǣȥ֮һ
-
ڱεĴν֮ԵĲǿʼǰƹĵСĵ˵Ҫչ˧Ӣ˸ÿš
ԣһ껹üµСϻ
޵ܣڿǴ֮Сϻģѧȥ
̾ͷΪˡ¿ҧȻˡ
һ˲չֳľսǰҲϻĹһӾͳˡ
һľˣҪһֻò˯Լ˰ɣ
-
ūȥʯɽֱھ˫߲߽вú󣬾ڼ¤Ǳ߸ոմϢõ˵һ֮󣬸ڵķ翤һЩϵĺ
Ϊ˽ǰ¤飬ԼҲ£ڻ̵̻Ĳ֮У翤Ŀ򱱵ؿһɫСӣʾԼ˺Ըհ
ֻܹһ
翤ĿԽԽã¤ǼΡô˵Է֯мɵɵôã϶ǽ˱ؿĸϻڰи¡
ʯɽڳο󰡣ڼ¤֮ǰڱؿͼ¤ıߴɽ󣬶ڼ¤ķ翤֮ʯɽһοһҪֵʾµıÿǻε
ǣ翤ĿزģһΪǿ꣬
ֱͶ¾Ͳɱˣ
͹θԼ⿴ƺıзλ翤Ŀǳڸʲô֮¾ͲĳĬֻã
ˣûԲŶ


71 
ֻȻ˵翤Բܵȷе㶫 Щ˿ЦáֱͶİʲô˼ôҲһأȴҪȵ¤İǻҪЦԷǣǼȻʾԸհ 콵ڱؿҲûвҪĵ
ڱĵһ Ȼаѷ翤ĿλûǵԼˣ ˲Ľ翤ڼ֡
ȷһԼ׿£ ξȥλ翤Ŀд˼ǡܺãСܺоķ翤ǾЦˣԺ㡱ĵĻˣ ͬʱΪ˷ֹͻȻ;ԣ Ҳ޵˼¶ ȽнӣͻȻʲô
Ȼ翤ĿغѾǱؿʲôȫԱˣ ǾͲ˳˼·ʵݣ Ӵôһ ʡ
ǲͳȥ֮󣬱ؿһ¹翤Ŀ֮λ˭ȥΡ
ΪԴҵԣ ˭ȥеģڴǰ֮¾ֱһȦû˭뵱صġ
һʼ⣬Ϸ־ӶĲӶʱ±Ы ׷׵еû굱·
ƽʱҪǶද¾ͷ·Ҫǵһλ˲ͱǰδеǱܵı˭죬 ЩεЦЦԱ˱Ǳ㱵ãȻգ۵µдһ²Ǳ߰ɡ
ˣոձεϷ־Ÿһһ㶵òŮͷá
ΪʲôûпȥĿԣ ȻΪµҪһ±Ƚ׵ڣϾ
Ϸ־ʱû߶
յؿߵĻţ׼ó֮λһǷ翤ĿڡͶ֮ǰԤϵģ֮Ǳ߲Ҫ֮λǲеҡ
Ȼöλõ׼һְҪպͷǿɣ
ϾôĿҲʲķᣬûȫҲû˵Ļǿɾʲôûˡ
յŵʱ򣬷翤ĿǺݺ˿ָϽæʹдһ⡰ġűʾ԰ֵַģ£ʱ׼ӭӷ翤¿صĵ
ڼؿѾȥصѡе֮У湤̬ѿģε۵
иΣܸΣҪԸΣ
ԼҲǵ̫ءģһ¾صĹ飬ֱѡ
Դˣޱʾơò׵Ĵӱؿ¤Լֳûأ绻˹ͼ֪ڱؿء
Ժûڵڼ¤ôԷӴ
һͬеͬҲ̲סĺһ̾Ҳû취飬˭ʸƫƫڶ˼¤ء
ϾػǣѧøˣǺҪλá
ڼдŻ˵˴֮ǰ߻˵¤ĻʳǲСıǣ֮һֱû飬
ѱؿظļӴȥ˼¤
գյڼ褵ż󣬱ʾһ֮ǰڶᣬСߺѾʰҪˡ
᲻õĵ׾ֻҵĳգұ޹ض
Լܹõ֮УӭԼз翤µ̵һԱ
׼ȥ翤ʱ򣬺Ȼ֮
̷翤ĿĲ֮һɽͺȺ忤ԭͬҲͶ״ʾԸıؿͼ¤Ҫټһ翤֮ϴ
ԭλ֮ԻԼĵ̹ó⻹ǿ˷翤صЧӦ
Ϊڣƽͷ翤ĿƵİشСµ飬ڼԲ·ӵű֢ķ翤صսԷ֮£λضС˵ġȵʱ翤ȫ֮³Ҳ϶İ֡ŲɣǱҲٵЧС¾С컬ˡ
Ͼܹ翤õһȥˣ˼·ȻǺ̫ࡣ
ԭĿȻǲδλйǿǶôˣͬһޡһഫȻҲѧŽѵܡأµٶȷǳ֮졣
ǰλĵݽԣλĸ䡪ֱܵؿ桤
ԣΪŷ翤صıԲԴΪʼ̶̲֮䣬˲ӵӵ忤ڽϰ䣬Ӻݵİ֮أ֡
ȥһ˼ҺȻ䷢ˣũūѸ質ĸо
ʵȴĲôһ¶
ϵȷǿܵڱڱζδؾˡ
ɲҪԼıؿΪ㣬ڽ忤һͬص㣺⼸Ǳɽͺ̣˺üĿǹöõģ
仰˵ͨһҲǡ⼸
Ҳ˵ࡢսս֮ºòײŰѱؿͼ¤ոƵĺһ㣬Ƕͷ˴þ֮ȥµֵҪһС㿪ʼˡ
һκ͵¤ҲһʱǰԷ׳ǣԷԻϴҶǻӭ¤ȴҪһʱĥڣðǽˣЩ蹤ܼͱ·
˵һ翤ȫӦΪأٴһй뼰¤쾭顱İףԶҲ̫Ѷȡ
һԶЩҼƻ飬ЩֿʼãԴҪΥļӰˡ£¸Ҫǡ
ԣĿء뵱𣿡
ǸһλͶ״Ŀ뿪ĵڶ죬һټ˰ڼ¤ǱߵйٸְпгԱ̸һ´µĺͬʱҲѯû˭Ҫһġ
ܹԸȻٺòҪûеĻǾֻܹѡ񡭡ǩˡ
ǰǽǰиһͬȥ¿ԱĬĬͬǷһȦ
ϷһдŵĺȻá
ȻڿһʱҪȼ¿طæĶࡣ
˭ڶľʹŻȥûʣµĲֻʣһµط϶Ҫȿ˲ѹٸĲŪףĿľҪҪˡ
ʵöȥ鵹ǻãϾΪʵҺԴöЩǳԿʲôģҲæһʱ䣬ȵ˹ۡ˳֮Ͳһֱˡ
ȽеĵǣһǲֵԿ϶ⲻҪģȻǱؿͼ¤Ĳ
˼ˣֻܹڴԶӹʱܹǮưɡ
ǰʵҲӦǱӵĴ󻧵ĬĬ
µѯ֮£褺֮Ψ˫ȫϡ
صѡ֮˼һ£̽Ȼȥߴɽ
֧񣬵֮ǰڶкͿ֮ɵľΪʮĻᣬֻ֮ǰɽϵѩǰɽڻѩڻ֮Ǹһ飬һֱûȥ
뷨󣬶ʱ⵽ȫԱһͬ⡣
ôˣҶԼˮƽҲи֪³鵽˲Ըײף涼Ǻܿסȫû˵ġ
ȻǰǲҪĳ˺ĳζ㡣
仰֮ȰĹĳ˻ѵ鿨ʱǵôѽһϵǸʳ鵽ǵλܸɵأ
ˣεȾأϣġ
䣬òŮʱŲЦӦһá
ڱؿСɢ֮ǰºȻԴʲôˣʱ򡭡
λԭĿ֮ǰʱ򣬾һҪӵĹݴ±ʾ˻ΨǴӺĶϺȻ˾Υʾ
񴥷ʼģǷҪ̽鿴
ʱѡ˷ΪʱҶڣλԭĿ㷲ĵ˵Ҳûзֳһȥ
Ȼ˵ĲΪʲô˵ôƱȺ˻һ
ڴҵעĿ֮£´ϵͳ壬Ļչڴǰ
񡪡£
ģ
ܣ¾ݣһ߿Ϊߣ֮־[1]ı¡
ϲ¹µİʸ񣬵۾һŬ׻˵λþ߶ȣһµСĿ~
ӺȫΪӺ
עûʱޣϵͳϿ㣬ºƵȨ֮ǰɴ񣬶
ʮ飨سһ￨
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лҪ˵[1]塣
ԭӢߣػ־ıа֮֮־Ҳ
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72 
ϵͳҳһ ҵǼʶע֮ʾŵʲô
ܳµķֱǾǰˡ
Ѵӡнľ ̨ǡҪˡ
ͬʱע¶Ҳһʩѹ ˵ûʱޣ ᵽڻȨ֮ǰɣ֮Ϊһÿһ춼òֶѹ
¥̮Ҫһ˲ʱ䡣˭˵ܳġʡ´Ҿںʱ Ƕ̶˲ļ£ǡӲд翹ļꣿ
ǰߵĻôǺ޴Ϣռ䣬ȫ׼Ӧ´ơ
̫ˡ
ֻ£±˵δԼϳһӡ
Ⲣ˿ܲڱıע֮ŵźţ µ һжˡֻǡ
òŮһ˫ÿĵۣ ¶һĨǳЦݣҲܾ Ҳӹ
ұ羵лˮµӺ ҾûȽ硢ԭ£ȻĻ ǽӺݶңʲôأ
ΪӺ µӺȴǳֳһɢɳѾ۵ľ棬ôֺͿʲô
ͬưˡ
ȥǻ᲻ڽϵܳûǰõⳡϷľ볡ʸ񣬵ԼϽĵطһЩܼ¡
һҪκθı䣬 ֻһһģ ưյɡ
˵һ䲻Ļԣʸ뵽ΪֵġϷ֮УǼ˴ˡ
ⲻǡ˲ Ӯ׬⣬ǵԼڻ׾ζʲôͰ浽һǰ·ԭһлķ羰֮ʵʱÿһ죬һֱڡ׬ˡԡֺپǰļأ
ˣҲģͷˡ
ֻҪţͲԼѡ·
֮⣬δڡ[1]
˫һ֮еģ貵֮⡣
-
ڴѵõȫһ𣬶ҳͻ͵еҲȷǼϣڳ鿨ܹܰ¶ģҼ
ԭڵڶȥ鿨µڿС֮ȥ˱ߴɽĿǰڼ¤Ͼ͵ְļҲûлȥڱؿߵ³鿨ٻȥ
ΪʲôҪˣȻΪ˲š³Ŀûв׵ʱ
Ȼô˵һԿɣ´￨ǳʵġ
εġˡػǺڴԼܴʲô˵ģʶ˾ֱȡǲʶġʵҲҪȡֻͱȽϿԵˡ
ԴˣǵʷʱʾռšȻܿͷⲢûʲôãΪѾ϶⡱ˡ
֪ģε˵Լ֪ȫ褹ʱŻ֮䷴Ӧ
Сż¶
ڱؿٸ֮е¿̸Ž֮ȴķʱһȥ°ԼϴʵѾ˱ߴɽ
һߴɽɽţȵھһĶ֮һµܹûгֵֻͰԼˤ顣
΢ȹһԼ飬ϵͳг鿨
ʮ飬ͬʱҲȻһһβԵʣһҲ͸ɴ̧ЩǷϵڡʮ顱ϴһ¡
òŮԱ߳鿨β1ܸоɡ0ʣոţҲ̧۰׵ڡ鿨ϴһ¡
òŮŸոյİˡ鿨ʱĻתַպֹͣһ˲䣬ȥٶתΪǰʱͬʱŸոܹʮһĽ
ϲ±»Ƶţ
ϲԴܲɴСʯ󣡡
ϲлӢа
ϲ鼮ҩ
ϲа󶨹ŷɣ
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ȫʾ֮¼λ½ĳֱα鵽￨ӿʮҵŮӿʼǣֵһŮŮӵƤǴĹһİ𪣬һĹͭɫȴһֶصʣ֮ǿȥ佫ˣֵһʿ
нոϵͳ˳һһǳֵȺ˳Ϻţһ
һеʱ򣬺Ȼֵʿǿ˿ߵˣֿ˿ұߵӣʱãȻ֮ɫ
лҪ˵[1]ɧ
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˭ģSOS
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ͷӳģһ㣬ҵһ¶ȻҪ³¸׳־jpgңѼ


73 
±Ƶģ ڵĸоžһֺġһȻ֮䷢Լں֪˸ء˰Χ顣
Ҫ֪ԼǴϵͳбٻĻҪЩҶ޴롣
зˣ ȷʵֻԼһˣ ⻻˭˭ܵס
һ˵ ֪ϵͳѡٻ ҲЩо΢Լġֱͱѡ
ܿͼˡ
˼Լ켣񺺵һȺ֮УΪһ𱻳¸оһѹʱ򣬺Ȼ֮һϤĶ˷֮ һ ԶĿԴ֮ Ŀ֮дһݻ૵С塭
һͺǴʲôأڿλ֮ ҲǸԿߵ˱˴šʶ෢ ȥû뵽ܻһͬıٻ ꡣ
ҲûȥǵɣͻĶݵʱǣ ԼȥֳΨһһƺ˶ʶЩ䵥Ů˵
ʱŮӻЩнԸºͺ˵ Ҳ𽥵ķ
òŮС̽־ǻƵʱ ŮӺƵЦһ£صҴСû֣ҵżջƣΪһЩ䣬 ԵΪңԴҶһƵãȵˡͷԺҲͳ˻Ƶš˿Լ񲢲ϸۣȴʵʵʼڡᡱ˫֣Цһ£Ҫǲ⣬ҲȻһƵðɡ
ô˵µ˵㣬Ӧá
ŮӵͷЩ˼˵ûʲô£ֶʶڡҵǲʲôˡ
Ƶõ˵ȽϲܹϵͳѡϣӦҲΪҶڷɴ֯ڷ֮֯±Ƚ
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һ䣬գգ۾ʵýɷϸ
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ǣƵͨ޷֯Ϊϵͳųֵ޻ķ֯
ܹصһ׳Ĺ˿ԴΪϤɵ˷ѵġ
ס֣۾֮
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һµ䣬ӳȥһƶĻƵöʱһ㶣û뵽ݵ˾Ȼᱻгһձ˵ۡ
˵ʲôһָ飬޶˵۾ЩȵĻƵòɵõ˵ͷ͵͵ܹﵽĻȻٺòˡ
ǺȻ֮ʲô̧ۿ˿Ŵ˵˵ŮﾫƵӣſڣЩʧ㷲һ䣬ҡԺӦǻΪ𣿡
⣬òŮֻ䣬ƯĵۣĻصѽ
ҲǺ£ڴҲǺʲôĶа
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ʵڳ֮ǰҲûпǹ⣬ȫû뵽ǡһʮһܹЩˡ
ڴ֮ǰ鵽һΣӦǴˡҲֻĸѣ֮޷ǿм¡
òŮ˼һ֮󣬿˿ЩĶǵȻǴ˴ηλȥ
˵仰ʱίʵǸоԽԽˡ
鷢չ񣬱ؿġˡҵȻѾֵزҪǶΣԽԽ׵ӦͿʼòԲҲ˰ɣ
һԼһ䣬ҲǲɵóĬһ¡
Ϊµּ˵ٶȣǵľ²ˣҲûгôġ
ԼԼ£Ȼϸ˼۵߼ȫޣ±Ҳʲô߼һҪõóĽѡҲôһ¶ˡ
ֱӸɴʵ˭ߣ
һ䣬¿һ¼ˣȻָָ̧ȦӢƵĸ˶ûôõ˳ʾȻȥ֮ߵŷĸ
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ѽ䣬ͭɫƤĹʱ̲סˣǰֱӾͿڵƯöѾ˵£һ˵ôĥĥģë˵ʱڳļ˷һ޲𹥻
תͷʱ˲ٵĶµϾǼİˣһʱþнԻðɡ
ϵͳĹΨһ²ܹ˺йؽŽλͽڣڻĽҰҲһ˵ģþÿɺã
ǰļ䣬Ӣ϶˵ֳļģǰԱŵװףͬʱҲǶ԰˰߲õİΣ⣬
ҲôһֶӦߵվɵСġʡζҵСȻˣˣԹŷɿ϶ͣġ
ֻһ䣬Ƕµѯʡ
¶鱾ͺܷϵԲ֪ӢĻʵǱһɰӿȻһڴӦ
ڵһλرؿļ뿪֮òŮŸոջ뿪˹СָĹЩλ
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´δκԼŮϿҸЦݣⲻʹСֱӿˡ
״ӢɵԼһЦݣʵŵ𣿡
ƤڣͷƣʮǳòªСʱкܶͬĺӶԴѾϰˣҲںЩ۾ˡòȴҪֺαȥЩ޵֮˼ƽأ
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ӢԼ˵ϲ²ЩߵĴ˴ͷһĻһ԰ɽһ˵ĹŷĪĸоЩ˵Ĺ졣
ӢʲôƯСʵ˵ܲܿһĿѽС
֮Իʳʵ̫ʵ⣬ΪԼǸֱˬԸµԸͬʱӢҲܹܵµԸҲǴһˬģҲʾˡ
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ȻڻشӢ仰֮òŮתͷһ޷ǵĻ⡢˸˿ʯͷȴ䵱ıڽɫĹŷɣһ䣬λҪһԼĿ𣿡
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ͬҲ֪κŮദĹû˵ֱӾҡҡͷʾش
ԿûȤҲûٹת»عͷͻӢһ𷭿ҪĿ
ȡͻӢ˵Ŀ֮󣬿ſϽǣºȻסһ
һӢ˾䣬ôʲôԵģ
ҡҡͷʾҲǲЩֻҵڶμSSRSSR󶨡Ӣĸ顭ĺܺð
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ֵ֮˾䣺ȻңҲ֮ҡ
ŶȻ㽵ģȻҲϲء
Ӣһ䣬еЩ棬һSSRSSR󶨵ˣ
仰˵ȽᣬȻ²˵ĻֱӺ⡣
Ǳؿĳ鿨ڱ˴ǰ͸ģ⵹ûʲôġ
òŮǰŮӷʵӢ֪ﲮܹ誣
ԭǡ֣ӢʱȻ
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εֽסϲʱóԼݿЦĺѣһֹסһҲ˹Ƕȹ˰ĵĲӡ
ôû棬䵭Ϸ־ҲͱԹһֺ̧һŮƵĴ˸к֮һ䣬أ
صڱߴɽ

ŵľӴµĽºʹ˵һ£ʾѾ»ȥˡ
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ʱ˿̼ڼҲڵĻȻԼȻѡ֮ŮʮѾסµˣֱϧʿѾȥ˼¤һЩȥˡ
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ΪȥֱĿ϶Ҫٸ;Ӫ˫߲С˫µģСĹ١صͬʱҲҪȥһ佫շġξӡ
ҲڣµֵҪ佫ȥĥһʯɽȻȻı䵽˷翤ڿ۳źõֽڵĻȥ֮佫ݴ뱱ؿͼ¤ģȻֻа͵ΤˣҪ佫ĸû֡
ʱͳԱϲֵʱ򣬼ڼ˶ľˡ
Ϊû뵽ӵôݻ佫ݵǰ£Ȼгһջܷ佫顣
֮£ҲֻʱȽؿͼ¤࣬ѾĥϺˣȫԺ϶Ϊһıʿһ¹ȽŹһʱ䣬ȵȥͽˡ
ھͲһˣ˹ŷ֮ȫӭжˡ
һҪĻʵҲǰ佫ءȻҪ佫ȿ϶۸ǺôҲڻƽˣϺܲ㵫»ԶԶġ
ȻǱؿһɵĵطǿȲǿǵּ
ڹϷֵ֮ǰЦе˾䣬֪¹еƣشһ䣬ǵӲԹ۵İɣ
ڼĵ°ܣҲõĺ˳֡
˭ЩеµأϷ־ţ׳԰׺Ⱦͷǵȫег̡
ǰ°ܺߡ
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˼Сģ˼СģٲһͶǺ˼
ֻһҲƤģ׳԰׺һ갡
Ҳϰ˸˴ˡԼﶼܹ£ڽԼٻˣʲô˵أ
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ʾȵˡ֮ŷȥǱߣǽ¿ľӪ١
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ǳлʱҪЩũǩĶҲҪڱؿ뿪ԼΪ¤ѾеԵʣڴʱһȥǱֲ޻
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һ֮⣬һԾӪͼ·٣ҲɽͷϴǰɽھӪлЩϢЩֵҲǳеԭ
£ʱǻϼһˡ
ʵڼҲûָʲôϾӵĻ̤̤ʵʵŵʵũսֱײçѰ·
ֻʵĽԼڼҵڼϷʲôıؿʲôľ󣬺˵˵ѡһʮʮ٣ϢȻ֮ͨϢٶȣǺܿģ
˴ӱؿ¤¿أӦûԴ˸ӺŶԡ
ʵϣ֮ȥһǼڼƻڵ飬ʱΪϴǰʱԣֵʮֻʼ¤Ǳָ潨裬Щڵӵֱӵ֡
Ҳһжü
˵ǻȥ֮˲ǵĻֵΣǾ͸ˡΪӻϼҵЩ˶ִ˾Ųʮֻܹ˦һ䡰ԼȥġϰճܵӣʱܻкĺèģһתǰŻŵˣһͻʵˡ
һʱ֮󣬻û˹϶Ҫɿ𣬹Ķ޲ǼŵĹġ
ȵ¼ļˡ˷ֱȥ󣬻ƵҲ±ʾȥЩӶһסڿظɻ㣬ҪЩҪʱܹشġ
Դˣͬ˵Ҳ񵱳˼ڸһСӣȸСȫͬʱظҲķ䡣
ӢҲӿظа˳Ǻ˲ͬСޡͿظһͬסһЩʱĲ󷽱㡣
±һʼȫûʶ顪һû޵СõǹιܹԼ¡
˵ʼ˼ĻǶ˷ľԥ˺üҲʵû˼磬˵µĹξƤĺ˵ˡ
ȻĻĹТȻûԸ⵱ȶͻӢȥ϶ǻҪҸ˵Ҳ̫Сլѽһʱ֮ҲûôðţϷ־סľһլӣⲻʹ㰵İסĵطСޣȻϷ־Żظ
ξԼļƻȱԴҲȻͬ⡣ǰǼڼ˵Сϰ״СᣬҶѾôϤˣôȾʹȾˣҲûʲôù˼ɵˡ
ӳɹİؿظȻڸջĵһʹԼһجģ˵ѾůãТ־šǲָ
Դˣһµıʾ
ŹذQAQ
иʱҪˣﻹܸԼٶȰ
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ĩʱ򣬱ؿ¤翤ԭɺͺȺڽĿȫ˵ڱע⵽ΪӺʮ١
ԭȻҲȺԶԻ̶ܳһ֮ҲȵĸԸһһӺİٺسʱһڿĿҲȻ֪ͨԭĿأʾΪСܣشӣӦøϵˡ
Ȼһԭصʱ±ˣ
ϵ˭ɶԭĿô˸أ
Ȼûзֻãһ֮󣬽ŸڿĿأֱǴĴţ
Ա߾һʱ䣬ͨͨ˸ˡСƿͦġͷô΢һͷȫӱؿģֽ֮񱱵ؿصˣ
Ͻ˻㱨ѽ
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74 
ֻȻ˵ǰ㱨Ӻ߾ڿ뵽һ֮£ ǶڴˣҪٵӺȴû̫⡣
㰴ĻѾӺݵİ֮ء忤Ĺͬص䡢عϡ ȻռĵȽϴ١Ǯ١ز٣ Ҫɶûɶ ض衣˵ģӺݵĻ Ӻݵ徭ˮƽֱܹȥ͸һֱλӵڶͬΪ߾λá
ԭٽҴר㱨µʱӺĶ鶼ûжֻڲŸ˿ͷʱ򣬱ֱӰڰֱʾһС°ˣ ⡣
ı֮˻һŮˣ ˾òعעˡһСŮܹƶ֮طʲô
ȻԸƵط ǾȥɣЩ͢ϷӺݲ ϽӺ֮ųƵطѾԳһϵˡ
ͷ˾ô˵֮ ڹڹֱӱӺƫ˼·ҴϸһѰ˼ Ҳ
һѾͷƬӶѣһ˵˳رƯ ͸ûʲô˵ˡ
ϵƯŮ˶Ǵ
ҴҲ͵ǼͷͶͷ˾Ǽøܵ
һͨƨӺ˵Ļŭţû¶һʱ֮䣬 ֳڣ ˺òǢ
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ǱҴĿص֮ҲǶʱǽ´˱ؿ֪бҪĻһЩˣ
ӺǲҪôһĻ Ҳܸиǰ׼
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Ͼֲܹʼռ˵ĵҲѡ쳵˳綼ҪģȻ忤Ҳȥ
ڴΪӺʱµĳλҲ׼ʱһգ£ȥ潫µĶľͺͻȥڻ
жľͺͻȥ˴˴ҪĽ֮⣬ͬʱҲֵǧϢйھǵġ
ȥ궬ʱ򣬶ľͺʱǷչǸðɳʦƵĲҪҪĻʵ۴ѡʱ֮ʱҲĻʵǱøӻӹ޵
ǰǸ̨δ˸׳۰޽ɵԴɵĳģͬʱǹʦĹƻ֮ŮΪ󡪡ԭΪʦ˵˴Ůӡ
⻰һѾԹʦĻжĻʵȻżˣʱ׼䣬ڹʦ˵أȻҪѰķӵݻȻҲⲻ˲֧
һֱһֱ˷ѹǮڻļе벻ˣôأȻǳŽ˰տʼ֮ǰӴ˰ϰռһǻǮ
鵽ʼһҪϢһھǱֵ÷зĻʼţ߽֮ΪšҲ֡
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һĻʵ۾;ӲҪñӣΪƨɵӣ
ǻʵŭմŭ˰ùֱȥˣͬʱҲûзŹһûʵ˺Ϊҡ
ԭҪŮȻǼⰡԼΪεĹʦġۣΪҲ޹ģķҲǺļȥ
ֻ鱾ΣԶľͲ²ŮҲ£Ļµһöӡ
ҴʿǶصӡ
λӵǵȻҲֱ˱䣬֮ǰΪʵۡװ÷ডողŸͷ̽ĹԱһεͷΣ
һϢͱŵ㻨ζĻҡšˡ
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֮ǰھӪмҽ뷨ģֻڱؿҽûжٵʵֻʱ£һ뷨ȴʼûϨȻɴͷԼ
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һҽߣŵͨҪѵʱǸõԡꡱΪλġ
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˶ԲεӦϵĶġ޶϶֮£ȥʿҡԶһǳԵĶζΡû϶Բˡ
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µȻմϱ߶¶Ҳ
ӺǱҲûʲôûдôһеġСܡ
ҲпΪڰ٣Բڴõڼ䶯Ҳһ߷ֳһСֹעһһļЩʿӦӪѵǿȡ
˵ӪĻôɾһҪһ¹κϷ־ӣ֮ǰѩ·濪ʼ们ΪԼȫ룬ԼԶ֮ڿ֮һæٶȻ¹ȥһֱǡӹһ١
ֱڰԭסլӸͻӢСޣԼؿظ󣬱Լᵽ˵ʵſʼʹ¼ҵȻ˵ķ֣иȫܲˡ
ǿһȺ˵̾Ϣ֮УһȦܻС겻ٶһ˵ЦҪȻ÷Т־ȥӪ죿
ȻӵľĿ֮£κϷ־ŸӾֵķ֣ȥȫ׵飬ȻڿظеȫԱͨˡ
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ŹϷ־ڿظģСµĺ;Ӫеıʿȫһ̶ȵѵڡͷšټҹ̣ʱҲ¡
ǰ¸ǰһЩĻƵúӢһǰһĴһʱġѡǵġɹ¡
ƵôǸĸ֯ͻӢ򸾴Ǿ·أо̵ĶľţԪ
ͬһ죬ؿĳ߹ȻһĲ£õڱܹǲ̫ͨƽյˡ
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75 
˱ؿһʱ֮ ڱʱʱ˵һؿѰ׵ĸС»һȦȷİûһˡߵ֮ŤͷսЩԼġס ЩԥĿڣ ˣ ҪȥⱱؿĿô˵Ҳá
˵ʱĻͻȻֹס СĿˣͷ¶졣
ѯʵλźЩɣģЩǿһЦûмƽͥ°Լݶ⣬ ˰£ ţ ⲻǱȻ𣿡
ǣˣ Ϊһԣ һֵ𣿡
ˣ Ӧ˵ԼǧӺıؿ޵ķʸ ǴһĿġ
Ҫ˵Ļǻ׷ݵԼĪǰʱϡ
ʱݾڱǷ㣬бؿĹԱҵĶȥ̽Զ޵ݵĽ㣬 Ҽȴ˵һҲͬһصѾ ѹź˴򣬶ٲҪıؿ
˼£˲ɵҧҧʿˣ ַëë£ߵľ˵ĵ˹ůĻ𿻡һ׮׮һ˵仹֪龿м漸ּ٣һһŮ·֪˹ƻĵóĺܡ֮оǹĴŮҿӦŮŶԣ
ҲߣΪպΪ̽׵ŮסصĿصĶӣŮӵɷҲһλԱ
ǽŵĳͷӵԼܲ˾
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ӺݵЩ飬ֵ顪ݵû°쵽ӺǼ˼
ⲻ˼Ӻݵ
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Ψһһȷľǣ֮£ʵ
һ·Ѿдĺ·ˡؿ·涼ƽֹ⻬ġ
ҡϵİǵϰ͵ı˼ٵġ
ͬ߾֮أ֪ɫֵطǶôѵá
СֹšֵٵСҲҪҪǱӺ֪Ӻݿ϶ⲻһ˵ĳƤˣа˾仹̫ᣬ󵭵΢Ц£һ䣬߰ɡ
һ䣬ЩԵȥĶ
˻صظȥ
Щ飬ǵҪļλؿĿأܹ֪Ҫô
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ݵ׼ȥظǰ°ظµʱһ߸ողż˻Ƶ˴ĸַ֯صĻö˽ҪٴεȥµֵļĹԼӿ֯ٶȺȥΨڱؿ佫ͻȥˣ֮ԪӢһȥ˳ǽ֮ϣ׼佫һԪĻǿȡ
ҵר黹רҵʿܱܿĨҲֲʲôŵǿ
˲Ժ佫ʾԪȻͨĵ޷ʹãȴǼƣڷأѹ֮صķضڵзܹ֮ȻҲ뽫ԪƵôϵ֯һֻǡ
òŮ΢ŵδȥļʸעƬ̺ʸźЩһ
ǡԪصΪԪרƵļʸ乤ҲҪͨļʸһЩ
ͬʱԪıҲǺܸӣѵʱɱͣµ޷дġؿĹˮƽ͸ϡеĹȫԪǰ֮Ҳ̫࣬οҲǲܵ¡ټϼʸҪƣҲ͸ӵͶɱ
ô˵µͷҲ̫źÿľĶֻкҲһֺѵõġ漣ˡ
ҵ²ܹҲδԶܡŹŶӵⷽ϶Ҳǻ𽥱ġ
ҲʱȾΪڲĹ£Ƕٰɡ

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µ⣬Ӣڻشʵǰоʱûʲô˼ȵԺнҾ͵һʱ֪㰡
˵ţ̧󡪡Ҳ˵Сա
ˣòŮƯĵۣԹ𣬺һֻ޺СһӦһá

ȻǣΪʲôоﲻ̫Եӣ
뽫ԼӿлѵһḧԷաһЦĻͷڽʿЩ̲ס
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Ȼ˵ʱûջʳˣ߲˴Ǳߵϻкܶ࣬ΪİٽϡֿʮľţʱֵľԵøոպá
ڱؿ۵ĺܺãǴ඼ϲкöȻҲ˼¤ˮ־Ķ䲢㣬ϻܴ顢˶ʹùƤѺֱѿܴ¤ʵޡľţͻȻ־ͺܼʱĻһ⡣
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ڿʹľţʻһ֮ɫ±֪ǼΪʡġ
ۿûüʼ޵ģӿݵĵ·Σȷʼɫ糣ųװ˲ٿľţӱؿ¤ϡ
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Ӽ˼뿪󣬰·º뵥סԼͬ·ķ˱Լſظȥ
ڻصظſڵʱºȻֲվڴ֮ǰȥڵ
Ǽˣ²ʱٶȣӼһ˲䣬Ϳʼһ·СܹԶԶľͺ㣡
֮ͷһ֮Ĳѯʵôѽ
ĻȫûбҪԼڿظĴſڵѽڿ˵һֱȥﶼԵİ
Сô˵һЦŻش⣺ΪһλĿˣԱڰ»ĵһʱͿͬ˵¡
ţô˵²Щɻ˾䣬˭ѽ

֣òŮЩãգգ۾˭
¸оԼ˴⣬ַһ䣬Ӻݣ
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ڽ·ϣСｲôһ¡
Ҫѧûʱ˵Ƚظʱ򣬺Ȼ֮ͨմ磬һȴͨӵеˣ߽곤һЩλȥʵˡĳðζʹɷⱱؿĿأ
һ⧲ȫԼϵͻȻ⣬ǰѲʵһɡ
֮ŵıǶԷԱţ
ͲʶԷԸ˵Է֣ҲֻܹĿ䵭ɻؿŶԷȻһǴŭλСЩӣ·ʲôŭԹһ㾹ȻʶǴˣ
֮Щ˽߷߲ƽӸס󣬶ʾԼӡ֪ӺݵٽݡͬʱҲܳһ߾֮صݵ
˴רǰѰұؿĿأҪ̣Ƕ⡣
ԷһǿأȨ׵˼֮λݡ͡˿ظڽǰ˰Ժ丽ǲ֮ǰΪ̫ģԽһЩƵʽҲǱѵһʱŮȥǽŪʲô
˵ǱؿصʱòŮʱ۾ЦΪ㿴ͺң߳ȥֻ˾ǿص
Сô˵ִţѽ
Ŷͷ˵ţû˵İ
⣬ҡҡͷû˵ֻ˵ԺͰ̸⡣
ô˵һ£ʵǶҪȥ̸ʲôģһ˿ɺ±ڿӸϾתֲ죬ǳ̬Ӻʹָĵһʱ䶼ڰ˼Ǯء
һ䣬ٿһӱСﶺЦˣҲ֪ˡھڵˡ
λ޶˵ÿܾµһᡣ
ˣµǾȥһλˣҲܺΪʲôңӺء
ͬҲʶˣλܾһ
ȡӺȫһ󲽵Ļᡣ
ֻȻҪ˶һȥλͻԼ׳ƣǵһȥʱʵҲֻдʼߵĲһ˶ѡ
⵹ҲΪʲôԭֻǵһܹλһݵĿء̸Ҫ¡ôҪ¡϶Ƿͬһ㣬ûôֱȷġǶԷ˵ʲôǽˣȻԼʾҪ˼һܹ𸴾Ϳˡ
ôڼλ֮ǰҲû뵽ԼĿľȻǡ
ҡȣĽԼո˵Ļظһ飬оԼῪʼ
ôҲһôֻһû˵СĿ˵ֻġ
ʵϵ˵¶Ҳװ
˵Ǿ֮Сݵ˵ûô˾á棬Ǿ֮ݵ
šεʣµͷӦҡҡͷʵ׼ȷ˵轫
ḴǰԼ˵ĻçǰͼԭءĳʼϷأᶨ߲˵óѣΪˣԸΪҹжͷ­ѪҰĲĲţղš
ڵзûй̶֮£Ҳʵ˵´ǰнԭӺݾĺɢԽˣؽ轫ūҲ֪ʹĪ
ݡȱһǻѪԸıʿίʵûпеĽ찡
ΪеͬԼ˵šǿѻܼĽë
֮ǰں˵ʱܹܵϧʿġԡ
æµ
òŮѾԼһͷĻС꣬ʵȥԸȥ𣿡
û㹻µĽ֮⣬ͬʱҲ˵ˣҲǸ֪Ĵ⻰ߣʵҲڵھԭ֮зкõĿµĻȥˡ
ʼĵˣڻһ¸ոյĻ֮󣬷һƺ˺ɵ⣬ղ˵ðݵ֧ˣū
µգΪش֮󣬾һҵʱ䣬ϻЩӤȥü³ѾڴǰչֵİһĨЩЦݣȻҵͬˣȻǡ
Ҫȥˣ
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76 
ڻȥȥū鳹ʵö ҡȵĹֵȷһҪģǾΰǻҪ˵˵ˡ
ȻĻȫָȥҪæĻ ϶ֻлȥһҪȥģ ܵôһϰ˵ָӵСŰɣ
Ҿǹȥˣ Ҳ̾ͿսȺǱߵıʿһĥϣ ȻĻȫȫϤİҲýָս
ֵµıʿ֪֮ôۼģ ô쵼ָӣ
ӵǰ֮£ ȥߵǲˣ ƱҪѲٵʱͶע֮ءӰ죬ڱؿҲһʲСʧ
˵ Ȼ˰æ ôҲܵñʾһɣҪ˵ʲôԵǳ⣬ Ƕġһ˵ǣԸ˵Ǹӣ ԼҪҲƤ죬ǾͶеԵò֪ô˰ɣ
ڵǣȻŵλ̴ӵȷе̬ߣ ʼղԼҵĴ˰ӣ Ǹˡ
ؿļ֮λר˵ͬ˵Լġ˼ʱ޵رʾؿ֮أ ½ҲǺܾãһжҴڰٷϴ״̬֮ʱϵıʾڼԱؿİ׵ĺһйصĿ֧ͻȻ֧˰æҪѵĵأ
˵˻ɻȥһ¿ָСսıؿľȥݰҲûñؿʧͶң֮˵˱ؿ߼ıʿĻӺ޴ԴǼȡҲĳԸ֮
Ȼ˵ʱ϶ҲǱȽϺܽ˼ˡ
Դˣֻ¶͸ǳ΢ЦȻδʲôǶ֪һ̿ʼǱѡ
δҲۣ룬Ŀǰʵ۵ѡ
䣬ǳûǱ߾Ǻ̫ƽ
Ȩһ˵õġǾͻֱݱ
㸲ǰԼ˸ͬˣԱ֮ԡ
ûңѰ߽˱֮£Ҳ˭
üۣеĸ˼
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뿪֮ǰͬһλĸߵҲ˱ؿҲһ佫Ҳֻһ˶䱸κλ͹ǰؿԭΪԱ
ͬʱҲֵһʵһСúڵʢıߣ嶯࣬е֮⣬Լϴ˭Ҳڱؿߵ佫ѧϰһԸеĳ嶯ʵʵҲĽˡ
ȻʼնУֵرϣǳԺһµͬΪԭ֮⣬ҲֻƽİˣδĶ֡
Ե֮Ĳޣܹ黹ҪһԾͱ
ҪĽˣҲܵʲôҪ˰ɣ
Ժū鴦֮ǱҪǸұԾûȥδܻΪжҲʱ˺Ʊ׼
ҸԼǶȵʱ²۰ĻæҲ̫Կ˰ɡ
ôµһλصĶӣ˻ʹ͵֮Ĺϵѷ죬ֻ߻Ҳ֮رԸǰ;佫ȥȽϣ
ԸһΣΪ
۾֮УܹܵõԷˡ
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ֻ£Ȼָֻһȥʵߵʱ˻ȥ֮⣬һһĶ˸ֵ
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ڼһˡ
ڱؿһʱ䣬鼸ԶԪǱ߶֪£ļ¤ļڼȻҲ
˵֮ԼãѾܳʱûʲôµļڼ;¿ܻеռ䰡ǱԸµĸԼʾҲҪȥ˼ҵ̽һ¡
ڲһˡ
еĹԽиڼҡûȥѧ㣬ĿǰûԴԼСŵ֡
ҲһȥݵԸСġ˶Ǳʿĺһ˻켣в̫ðɡĶԼڼĵ֮Щ֪θԷ˵Ҫһ̵ãȻ֮£ڼֱ۾ҳһɡ
ʿĴҼ֪һȥ¡
ڵڱߴկʱǸʱոմоȳ̴ͼ¤ĺӣȻ±³鵽Ļȥ̴ʱһݣպþٴٵֱͺһȥµıܡ趨
ԣʿ˹Ͷ˵ǽ㲻ıһȥԶأһʦչⲻǺܺ𣿡
ȻڴҵġϹ㶼ǿлãĿ֮£ҲȥѺû̸ˡ
ڴ䶨Сġôĺ͵İΣҪġػ֮£šСүһȥչˡļڼ̵Ļȥʰ׼һ뿪ɹΪؿԿеĵ˱ؿСӽǵˡ
Ȼ󣬾ڻûӺƬط֮ǰ̵ĴԼһӻˮȥļڼ⵽˳ĵһ¬
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֧ҪӺıؿ͵ɵݵĶ飬Ӻˡ
һǱӺʵʵλͬΪͬš
ҲһֻǳƵ˵ԭ򶼲
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ʵӺ¶ľһɺϣԭ׼뿪̫ȫᱻע⵽ʵְȳ²֡ҪȻô˵ϵ粻ϵأͿҪӺݵľڵʱ򣬺Ȼ֮ͺѲӺײ˸ţɲͱȽ
ֻȻ˵һж뿪ʱǷ˻¬Ӻ˸ţʵҲûбѲ뿪ʲô
׻Ǽɵݵʵ
ԼôһˣҲֻܹ΢ЦĺһͬӺôԾһ֮أ֮Ŀ׻֮Ҳˡ
ȻĿһ˵Ӱ뿪ʱһЦȫޣмĶ飡ҺúõĲӺʲô
ߵǼæǡ
ӺӺݾڳϵļ֮⣬ܿǿɼһߣԲûо̫ãܿıóӺݾں󣬱һ·ȥȻĿĵǱؿ
ӺˤһӣԼϵƵطûߣ֪Ǻ˵ʲôǶ˽Ĵ˾ǰϲȡ
ΪӺ˵£ȻҵĲǶӦӺȥһССǵ
ԭΪԼĵؽϷʲôҪԽռȡӺһ󣬶ʱͱøӷŭ
ڷŭ΢ƽϢһӺֶҴĴ˸
Ȼ˺úȥһؿ£ֵǼ˿صˣֱǸʲô
ӺԭǺģ˵ǸСһرƯ֮󣬾ʲôûǰ㱨ֱӽµŮҵļҼҾϷһ۹ⶼ÷ֹȥ
¶һͲˡ
սӺţ
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֮ȥºµЩϵڽӺҪĶ˻
˻㱨ؿǱ߳λر֮⣬ĿǰĿصЩһǷ·ƾճְ㣬ǵȫҲȥĺۼֻܹõǴؿʼ¡
µƽֻܹ鵽ʮ길ĸʣĿͶ˾˼ҵ飬ȫȻûؿ
ӺҪֵµ˶ǷǳҴĿػڵԵ׻סˣѹѹԼĻȥ⼸ͬԼµһЩµҴһС
ŸտһеʱӺͲסЦһĸ˼ĳҲ䵱һؿأ
ҴĿֵŮѧϰŮ顷Ρӵеһ֮صˣСľãΰ
ô˵Ӻ˦ֽԼոտҳǰָмУ㿴飬Сһͽйòȴʲôõķˡ
еĶֶ߰Ѿֲµôһˣ
һӺ⻰ҴĿضʱҲվһϴģ˼ǡ
Ӻŵ²һ̨ϵĻӣؿ忤ĲߣˣϲǱ֮ˣЩС
˵ţָ̧ɢ俪ҲȥۼֵµЩȵϡ
ôһ˵ҴĿضʱ;ûȻʣо˵Ļôһоȫú͵ͨˡ
Ǳ֮˼ΪóڲݣԶڱؿЩȫҲȥΨһһܹѯõҲǵؿ֮ǰʱ߾Ȼֹ
֪ºƽ鲻ΪǱߺڡ¡֮ܵ鷢֮æĽйϵиƱҪϴֹ¡ŽͶ˼֮漰һкƽȫĨȥŵһʱǿհףǸǡƾճ֡ӺҴĿ߽˺һԲֱӾиǹ׶һ̨Ŀܡ
ϸԲҴʵǼȻ˵Ļˣⱱؿ
ˣӺЩмġؿ֮Ů˱ĵС󱲰ˣΪ塣
ֵ˷Խ˽飬ҵȷǺⱱؿҪȥһˣúôôǱ֮ˡҲһȥɡ
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77 
ҩӢŴǰ³鵽Ǳҩġ
ӿг֮ ʼڿظСˡȥӲͼֽʼָŹľţԪ֮󣬺Ҳһֱûȥг˶ȥĹٸѧã Ǽ˼ ѡһҲǵһ֮ĵ·ȥרռܵ㣬 㷢ȥˡ
ϾؿǹٸֻѧöȱˣҲ˵Ĺ ѾȹذնԼҿĿػѾãԷ翤Ϊ㣬ٸ½ְ֯յٽļ¤ĵطι۸õĻ𿻷䣬 Ҳ˵Ÿճ֮ Ҳʼ𽥲Ϊ׼ļͥ졣
֮£ ڻͻӢҲڱؿ˷
ǰӢʹûط֪ʶ鼮˼֮£ оΨһһմߵҲֻⱾҩ ǾͰ˻Ӣ
ճ鼮֮⣬ һóͬʱһγ鵽ʯ
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ˣͻȻ֮ڵʯҲýͣ
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ڻӢⱾҩ֮µЩԭľʯĹҲϴεָ֮¿ҵ񣬿ʼšҾͳ֮Ϊ𽳰ɣתְ
дĵߵ̻һĶ ֱЩԵߵĶˣɹ֮ſʼžɱġڹ»߾·еĻҩ̽
ͬʱҲдһĻҩЧӰȽϾ޴Ϊ˲ҪŪҵҵ֮ºòײŪģıؿصѡ˾һ޼ʡ󡢺̵Ĵԭвԡ
ΪԼļ㹻Զһ˳ʱǰӺǶõձϢڲԭ֮е׼
ųһߵĵȼ֮ĹŨɢ֮󣬹ȥѾĻҩıըֱոջڰСİҲͬǹȥ顣
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µһ䣬дʲôͣһ±ʣصȻǿԵģֻҪƺµ϶ԣЩΣգҪȡøݲС
ǻҩɱĶʵһ˫нúЧòõĻᷴɵ
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ˣµͷʾԼ⣬߰ԼĽͿԡ
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˵Ϊʲôȥûڵأǻǰԭ
һڲũʱڣϰеúܡ
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Դˣ褵ое㸴ӣȥȥһߵԭĵ·סˡ
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²еż˼һ̺Ȼ֮ʶǵĳȺ˳ڡ
ؿߵĴҴǰδӴҩһȫµĸҲΪ˶
ǰһʱӢ򸾿ʼоҩʯʱҲͲδר֪ͨæŵοء
һżʱ䣬ĻǱߵİտʼڿʱ䣬պú߾ʯһǰ˳
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ˣոմվ²ɻ˾䣬ʲôѽ
һ䣬ԱʱͿһĵϷ쵼ͻȻԤ׵Ѳ棬ͷϴȴڲ֪л˸ˣ¶Ǹʲô¶
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⸱ŻŵӣҡҡͷֲµóʲôԲ׼Ļش𣬶ֱӶˣӺҹȥɡ
һ䣬Աʱ׳ǡ
ȥ·ϣҲ֪ΪʲôԼܹõһģ֮ˣΪӺѲļӷǳ֮󣬼ֱģܹڶ̾Ͱڶ̡
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һ˴źҲһͬĿص·һǿҪһ㣬Ĺٷˡ
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Ůϲʩ죬һȹҲλȴɫǣ޾御
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µһΪݳɫòЩʧڻòŮûûСûûµһ䣬ӺĿʱתΪ˴ȻЩ߰ĿڵȻûжŮӣڹٷΪٶ֪Źٷ֪ܶѹûû࣬𱰺Խ
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78 
Ӻ˼תسʱ ǳվһƤë͹ˮƯ׻֡
һ̣ոջںĶϢȫȻİ˵˦˦βͣŵƹˣ еŵڵ棬 »ͷսòŮ ٲȻһ佱ģ
˳СϻµĶԴתͷڳıؿԱǣ һ˭Ըæȥģ
һ仰£ոΪҪӺӲյ̬ȶŵЩŲԱʱæܹѵһֻǺܴҰһ̧ߣжڳֵķǳʱл޳Сϻм֮顣
̧ҰȥĹԱ뿪֮²½ĿõĿЩ㤵ӺҴصϣ ϸ˵ţŵλöλܾˣ Сһλǡ
òŮϸִϻĺɫ·ϣ ͵ֻǺȻ俴˴δİЩеѣضλҲӦһһĺӼƽϰɣ
µһĪЩĻ ӺҴزɵó˳ǡ
ϻ˵һֻ׻ Ϳȥһ㶼С
ոֻҰõʱ¶Ҳŷ ˿ֻһ˾ͻᱻ˵Ǹӵϻ̲ûôһֻڣǴһӾԵúܼˡ
еܱ֮ҲɵղŴζĽţ ټ¸ոҲѾ˵һ䡰ĻǰòŮ¶һĨЦİ衭˵ʱ ֶһ£ Υĵ˵ĸ֣ǿɰ
ˣǵΪŮӣڹٸ ˻ǻظӺһ㡣
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ڴұ˴˶ղѾӺݵĳ͢ǱߣǻҪҲѾӺȥ
ֳսƬ֮¶ĨЦȴεĳĬȥһλĳЦһ䣬⵹ҵĲˣ;ײ¶ؿĪ֡
һ䣬̧ͷϵ̧֣ص¹ٹﳤٵĵأ֮ǰֻǴ˶Щˡ
ֵͻȻ֮ݰٱؿǰҲδ֪ͨд֮һоͻ˶ˡ
ӺصȻصĴ
֮ҲټͬӺҴĿؿףֱӿʼȻ˼ѾҲѾؿֽģȻæΨֵ˴˵ĹҲͲÿһʱˡ
ʵǹֱ׵Ҳǲɵһ¡
ȥӺڱؿȦѲ顱ʵı湤ԸֱӾĵͰ˸ߡ
ٳ꣬ʵûֱ׵̡
òŮ˵仰֮ͲٹǣǵͷȥϻԴл˵ŸӲͣǼάһ·׼Ҫ֪ߵغСһ˶һۣ˳¸ոյĻʾǾʹ˴ظˡ
ܸоǲߵĻ¿жϻ˵ļӲ;ء
ɽڣвա
οŵһ䣬ѾܹɫĹǸʲôԸˣͬʱҲȷˣǻˡ
ոռǵʱŮݣǵΪϾԭߵĳش֮ҲˣܹЩƽҲȻ顣
֮ȴѹסԼƢƽ͵ĺӺ˵ͬõϵ֮λһֱӲ͵ˡ
˵һƢȽϼͨһ÷ÿ֮⣬ɲʲô򣬵Ǳ֮˵̬ȴЩԣ˵Ҫǣʾã˵Ҫǽðɡһеﶼֱˡ
ˣ׼ԷҪʲô
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ӺҴĿǻдܺƺƵļ뿪뿪֮͸ŵӰ߽
ӭ¿һ֮תͷСϻԼİ칫ȥ
ȥ֮ˣòŮգգ۾ԸҲǸһǸҰ˰
С䱧Թ΢Цһ£ⲻǴĺܺ𣿡
ȰڳһǿӲ̬ȣ˲󣬱ﲻºͶԷӲա
֮һ㣬ͨҪõԷĳϣֳԼ޺ûвʱסӺֻԼһĶֵأֱ֮ҲΪԼصġʳѣ˰͸Եֻںߡ
ô˵½ֱ֧ϣŲоӺеҪͨܶࣿûһۿȥ;˺ӵĸо˻̫𣿡
ˣֻҡҡͷ֪ڵҲûгָԼ͡
漰һЩԿķ棬Ƥľȫڡ
ӺȥȷƽӹǷûгڵʣһС֮СһʱߣĳһʱĳЩˣЩǱĬͻӰ쵽¿˵ı׼۽硣
һ£ڵʵҲʲôû
¶ʱᵽ˵ʲôĿɵſڵϣ·һŻƤصСϻţ
һ仰ʳŵľ΢΢ףӦǡ
ԴӵµһδδųȥСϻԼԼ֮žʱܳȥԲһЩСظĴҼӲͬ͡ʱҲǽԼĴڸڱؿˢߣ˲֪ġ
Ȼ㱱ؿİռʶֻС׻ģƽʱԸҲǱֵĺ˳СϻŵʱҲǲֻСһԼȥһ㶼ֵеСų໤ˣʱԤŲСʲôľĳ֡
֪ӺĶ֮ȻǰСϻҹٸԼһֻǳȥ֮Ӧűȥʱ䣬Ҳû뵽ԼȥǸʱպþǸҰ˻ʱ
֮ŵٸǸʱ俨㣬͸ӵɺϡ
˵Сϻ²˲Դĺܼʱءҿ˺ţǰŻһ¡
ˣСѵһεĶȤζɵЦʵӺѾ뿪һôߣ
һ䣬գգۣһ䣬Ҫʲô𣿡
ԼȻµʷŵľ룬дЩЦص˵ھҪӺ֮أʱ϶Ѷȵġ
شҲЦˣֹһ䣬ô𣿡
һ䣬ҴûмǴĻװԭٽ԰ɣ
ȷ֮󣬽òŮһ˫Ҫ
ҴĿزŸոյļָʹһͨԷļ⡭Ҳְɣ
ɣԭǰŵģҪصĻռ
ˣӦ£Ը
Ϊıߣ֮壬ҪʵԼԸġ
лҪ˵#Сϻʲô˼أͿһצһ#


79 
ϻظʱ ¸պǺƽʱչսײϣǣŻȥֻóɵֵ˾䣬 ʱˣ ҪȥĶ
ԭǷֲͻȥĳõģ ֻõǰεĸֻõĲͬµп ôȫûʲô
ֻڱؿȥµõĿξӪֻôˣֻʣ»ȥֻµֵܹó
˵Ļ ʵȥڴǰһ뿪ʱ Ҳųߵģ ֻա
Ϊԭ򣬶սҲҪʺս û䡣֮£ ȥΪ˴̵ĻȥŲսĳã ʵǲǺܷ㡣
Ȼ˵һٹϼ³ñ꣬ һֱҲǱѵŵģʱֱսǵȵǸʱ ǱߵѾܹˣ ûн꣬Ҳβ׶ΣʵûбҪһ٣ͽչ˳õ鷳 ҲͰѳ˼
ôʣ˶ʱششˣҪСİѳôȥġ
شһ¡
֪ʲôòŮĿЩ΢ذ˰ȥԼ飬ȥ󣬺һĹЩϷζ˵һ䣬Ȼǰ۲Ӱ
ε仰ʱЩɵʡôõİɣ
գգ۾һ޹޺ӵһʡԽԽ£Σ
λô˵ҲûԭģϾ֪Ҫ˼ҵĳŵǽҲһˡ
ǻȥֻãɲǽͣڡ롱Ĳϡ
ڻȥͶľһȥʱֱ繫ȸһֶΡĻʽֺóãͼŻȥڵʱ̽һ͵жջˮռΪУֻΪδ
Ҳͬµڻȥ֮֮ĺˣǰ˺öΡ
Ȼ˵ȥΪסʵʵҲߵԵʺʹʵȲʤ٣ǲҪĸԭʲôǳãȻС곣뵽ĿǰΪֹǼᶨѡΪ˵ģϵʤʵţǻȥӮ
Ҿãô˵һ˼ģ⻰ܻ㵥
ζʱһµɫȴǺɵʵʱһᱣεİɣ
ˣòŮЩεЦҡҡͷ͸÷Ȱȥúò
Լ仰֮ߵʱһɥɫ֮УòŮЩ̲ס̾˿һ䣺Ҳ֪ʲôʱܹٳ鵽һֻó
²۵Ƿִ̫ڳãǰ鵽ͬΪSSRȼսӰ͵¬Ҫ
ĵоҲǿãҪȻĻһSSRս㻹ԸҪܰıǿŹͷ
˵¬¶ʱǺȻʲôģЩ̾˵һ䣬ҪǷܹͬǰ㡭öá
֮ʱҪΪڱؿйڡսĹ֮ʵʵĶ顣
ϵͳеĳõԴİȻ˵г˸ֲ㺰ġͬģ鵽ս֮һƥİǱǷŹλ˵²۵ҲҪĵ¬
ú͵¬ĹͨǶԼˡ
ͻȥ˸һֻ¬ǸҪ˵ĻʵҪ׷ݵʱ
սֿԷָʹõԴһ㲻ԼСѻ̫ãҵһʴҵʱ͸ȥ
ԵʱҶһΧ¯ʱҲֱһ˭Ҫ֮󣬵¬Ҳ͸
ʵûֱ˵Ҫֻ¬֮ϵɫЩᣬһй¡½ƽ֮󣬴֪д͵¬йصʫ
֮ҺúõһѧˮƽǸһʫʽᡭ¶ͺ¹ϵˣȻյ룬ԾԼˮƽȥܻ˵ʲôˡ
һСĻ⳶Զˣع⡣˵Ƕͳĵ¬ȽŸСԴͼ˼ҵġš⣬СšҲ֮ռֱҪٺг
ǰȥԭο֮ǰʹΪ¬ԭˡҪҪ¬
ǱʾѾЩôǰ۹Ȼ¬ģѯ
˫ƹǫĳγա
˵֮²۵Ǵֲս̣Ȼνսˣ
һ˳λεںһǣ˼սҽʵģһܴʮ𣿡
˵ޡĻƢ̣ǹŷɿɶ̲ˣǱؿֳµĵ֡Ǹʱǵһֵܴĺܣܵסĺڱиɵ˹ŷɣ˴֮ҲǵΪֹˡ
ԭΪġ
ֱ֮˵ΧŹ£Żʶƽʱĳֵжߡ
ҲΪƽʱֵ̫ؼģľ֮ԣԲ˵ĸ׶ĽΧŹʱµжԼɵ佫Ǹоȫ۲һЦĳ嶯
˼£ЦŹ˵ǷȵԸҲҪǱҲͲǷˡòŮÿӣ͵ǰ
ԣٶȿڵҾȶһСĿ꣬ȡ˵ʱһ£˼ʲôȻż˵֮ڸȱһֻˡ
ô˵βɵЩú棬ȶҡˣСֵʵΪʲôꣿ
ξãԼڳ鿨ȡ֮ڳһֻʵ̫ˡ
ô˵Ҳ㹻˰ɡ
Щ̲ס
Ϊε⣬òŮ¶һĨЩ˼ЦСص˵һƥʱԽ֣ԡĻû¼˵ǻѾ˵Ȼܹ˼
ֵϾг鿨óĶ޹ɿѭҲҾ룬ϣȫϵͳǱߣһֻС¸ָ
˵ʱкȻһ㲻ŵƣõĺӣҲǷҪġáɣȲɣ
ۿԼƯϳɫζʱһҧȻᡣο˵ȣӦΪ˸е˲ǡ
ε䣬գգۣǲȷʵ𣿡
ǰȴƮݵҡеȣøȷУ档
ҪΪ¸оˣǵʱĿɲǱס޵ӵгõͳǵġĹŷɾΧŹɱ˲Ѫӿ˲˻ҪǮıʿĴ
ÿˣ˭ϣԼҵСԿĵġ
˼ǣҲּëƤСǵѹ
ʵ˵ĻһǶһǡ̰ġԸ룬
ǵСǧ֮ȻԼӵеǷᡣǱͬ
Ȼ۽Ƕǻһġ
Ǽľ֮·ϣ·ı䣬ɱϻǾɹǸãܵ顪óĶǳűһǻߵѪñӵ¶ȣҲΪˣŻҪػסһ̵
Ϊ֮ѣԲŸԵ
гһıˣôڹεУֻԼġҲǡ¡Ǹ˸žĹâϲƯĵС
ǻ˵˭ֹ涨ˣÿնҪ಻ƽ֮£ĥ˵ЩĲܹȫأ
룬һ̵ţ
ΪΪۣҲȻصסԼĳģΪʴ
˵ʱܾͱԼǽŵġšġŮЩĪġ˱ô죿˭İսֶΪıʿǣǰ˸Ӷ򲻵һȥĹϵ
ҪĲǳųѪСãȻҲǡټĵŲͬΪıʿͬǿʼһ˼ļƲˣ
˵ʵҲδҪڵֻȥŮָͻȥĳõǰ¾ڿгµĳÿء
ڳ鿨ϣǼһֱǷǳԵġ
鲻µĳáֻ˵ǣµĹϾ˵ֲʲôҪӵеĸƷ
-
ʱһգ۾Ѯ֮ǰдȵ˿С֮Ͱеֻöȥ֣һֻСóĲ֮󣬱ؿ߻һᵽճֵ顣
ǾʮֻͬҲǰڼ䱻ֳģһ̥ʮ̫
ԭ̫ڸոձֳʱΪͻСڿظеģҲֻڼĿȥȻ˵ΪıȽϴԲȫûʶԼӣͦĵİɡϾȻ˵ʵϾۻ˸ɡ
ȵ̫ʹһЩ֮󣬿ظоͲ˼ʮֻˣӦѰһרĵطǲźá
µʱ˼ŸҪΰʮֻǷѾҪȻȥӶһչ˵ʱסũǱߣ˵µļ˼Ļ±ʾչ̫ʵҲͦеġ
ȻСʹҵġôʲôᡱע֮£˼ԼסǱߴһ֮ɴˣһĻ˵ٵĻ˺ݻ磬ȫع
˼˼˴Ŀʼʮֵֻ̫Ϣ֮»Ѱһ°Ŀʱȥ˼Ǳ߿еʮֻ
ֻȥʱȽ磬ʱܹȫȷ̫ǷѾгɹĻǰһˡ
ڵȴһ̥ԲʮֻС̫ǷĻ˵Ĺ֮УʱҲ£һεһʱ֡
ҲһεĲ˷æ֮УǴ˻С⡣
Ȼ˵Ҫոһũ񡣶ٽҪʼһѧڵĿγ̡
ѧĵǼɹģΪǺӰԣټ֮ôĺã˼ලʱݣһֵĺٿҵɵĲá
ĳǵõ֧ϵǼСӣ˵ʱͰһڵĿҵꡪжôġǱӵһĹǺˡ
СѾץ˵ͣÿϿβͬͬѧǵţҪվƽҵҲҪڱأһЩڿҵɵĶõĺзݵˣտĻ˵ǰѼµĶҲ
ѧ֮һƬĺǵİ֮¶ڡСǵʹ൱ɿ֡Ĵ˵⵹ҲǸԴȪ¼ǳҵȴϲ࣬һȺϷԼġʹࡱ԰ѣֱЦòҪ̫ġ
νּСŮʹࡰҵĳ౲ֵġͬ峤˰СŮҲȥ顢١ޡһµ뷨ŵҹ·
ѵĸǺͱǿһЩټС㣬յʱȥͶ˺֮ܵļ˼ļũʥʾҲΪ֮¾Լһౡ֮һһС
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Ұ֮䡣
ϲũͷոĶУһɫ´磬ӵΪٶ۵ȻԵЩ롣
ΣǺȻ֮ʲôһӵиӵ̧־Լ˰ҲֻһСѵӣתͷһڵߵľţ֮ϻȵŮһ˫۾֮г㵵ʵ԰ΪʲôҲҪǸɻѵǵĿ𣿡
һ뵽ʱѽеҲǸոһһӵôЩġٵԼͶɹǾ͵еĶһʱҲǣҲǡ
˵仰ľţϻȵͣԼСſ׵Ķ̧Բһ˫۾ȥʵǱؿ׳԰׺ôãھҸӣôԼί
ô˵˶ʱըˣʲôǱؿ׳԰׺ȣҼ˲ҲôֻһԷɣ
˲ǱˣǵؿʱϵλͬʱҲǱõݵ佫
Ϊ˻ȥ⽫Լǰ;СڱؿߵʡԻѧϰʵʱ˺Ʊ
ô˵ʱֵֹؿһۣһɱķʵѵǵȥȥ԰ʳ𣿡
ȥߵһӾȥʵʵڰǴ̣Уǰڱؿ׳԰׺ȣʲôĳ԰ʳѡȫһʡ
˵䳰һĻȥ֮ԻȥݣΪЩݵ佫̫ŵѰԮľ
䣬ոջӺ˶ʱϢģ档
ۼԼˣСԴĵͷɴлЩԼˮƽҲû¯졪ˡĻǺͨİ
ľţָݵ佫˸õӰᵽϡϾ֡Ǹʺ
ڴҰᶯϳʱСŮıȥһԵҤ֮ȡһµĿ׼Сʳ˳ֽ濾عóָũǣôҳЩ
ڷַʳʱһСǳСݵˡʾɻûзԣ
֮һװϺţһʳؿ֡
ò˵ۿֵÿһʳҲĿõطʵһ˵еǳ顣
-
ؿæµŷյʱһߣݡ
ʵ֮ҲڽգϾǾձջ񼾽ڣƽʱæʲôʱ䷲Ƕøũó·ǿǹϵڶҳʲôĴ⡣
ν½⣬󲿷ֿصȷڽûдȥͼڼĵشȴû漰һ⣬Ԥս¡
Ȼ˵һգۻȥͼڼѾӱؿµʱˣʵٿ·ϵгʱ䣬ǵҲһ¶һӣڻȥŸոպߵľĥϡ
ڻС;ĥϵڼҲǰǴ˿ı߾֮ĵĲˡ
죬ڻȥѡİ˰ʿԭԤЩūһֲĶ뿪Ժʿǰ̯ƽϵĹͼķ·𲻼׵΢ת̧־ϵͼֽ߳䣬ȥ
-
ǡǰԼļڼӰЩ⡣
Ӵӱؿȥ˵Ҫ;µʱ䣬ڼıʵ̫͸߸׼ȷ˵ûκα֣ȥĺͬ˵ǰ㣬һԼıλСүĹˣר̸չ˻ȥġ
ȫûȥһݵдıʿķļڼȻҲûһ˻Լ
Ȼжڼڼ˲⣬Ǹµıʿӡͱ硭ڼʲôֱ
һʻڼֻ¶һĨ΢Цڼһݹͼֽڻǳأ֡
ˣɵһ㶣ϻһı顣
ʿǴȡһͼֽݸΪǹͼĿ
лҪ˵ˣ̵Ĵӱʼָ£ȫ뿪QAQɶΪʲôʮһڹȥô찡һֻǷһ¼ӸĸծС벻ŵjpgоԼûʼھͽĿ϶ֻһ˰ɣ


80 
ڼųһºϥ̸磬 ֱҹĻʱּڼԵԼӦ뿪˵ʱŻعʶʱı仯
һ̸ǰλдڸеʿм͸¶ѧʶ۷ȻŤת֮ǰԼڼӡ ֮ǰ͸һɨ⣬ ŲӡΪ˵͵Ĵˡ
һڼ˵Ҫߣ ʱ˵һң ûע⵽Ѿ˷㣬˷뿪ҹͼֽȴӣʵǾѰ
ô˵ ڼûƴǣ ΢΢׵ ҲáڼҲ˵һЩ֮¡
ڼĵؿɲ Ҫ¿ӡ
ڼʱ ҲŰѳǴµĹͼ ٸһǵĺô빦ãרҵԱʵϸͼֽȻȥ޳ǡ
һȷǿԵ壬 һ泤ֺķĴ󹤳̿еԴպµв;Ҵպݵʱ򻹿԰׵һݵĳǣ ҲǴպһģ ˾Ҳһá
ԭڼġ
ӵ罻ţ֢˶ѯʳ֮£ʶ̸ִιĿ𽥱֮ ڼȻ֮͸ı⣬߸׼ȷ˵Ӧǡ
һµĴ뷨
ڼӦ£̴ϲæȥ
֮УѭżڼոյĻٶ̸һЩصˡ
̸֮УȻ̾˿۵˴ţܵĳĽ
仰˵ֿ˭˵ʵ⡣
ֻ⻰˵ĵȷǷģȻֻһĽѾ㹻ܹȷڼĲʶȷǸµκһˣֻΪ֮еǣһŻڵˣΪΡǰû˵֣ڼˣҲӦǸʿ
˼ˣҲ޵˳
̽εԼµģڼаҡҡͷȴһƽ֮ɫصڼԭǺһɽ֮еҰ֮ˣ׾ʣҼʱһгݣԸԣǱ뿪Ĵѧ֮Ӻ֮صʱΪﱻ°ȥЩߴɽ·ǱߵĿؾҡ
Ϊݾ֮ڼ֮ڿشҡϸͲڼڼˡ
ڼش۾ʱһԼµǽǡõڼ¿ܷǳϷ
ڼһڱ֮Ը£ֻΪ˱ľ֮Ǳ۷
˵ºĽȴ𱨡ҪµǽǣǲЩʵ˵ȥ̫壿ȻˣϾҪ˵ĻʵҲ潻
½ȥλڹľ֮ȻܹѰõ򣬿Ծ׼꽫ǰæȷ٣ԵģҲӦҪɵ֮λӺȡӺȫһһ໥ݡ顱Ƿʲô
ԵûԶѣֻԶ档¶֮ΪԼķչˣҲûʲô顣
Ҫ˵Ļ²Ҳµ»ӹǽŵĳͷ
Ȼ˵Ǽ·ʾ⣬µġաԷߵֻһͨԱͼڼ˲ȫûκοɱԡ
νǽţҲһƿĵ顪ĶǽŵĶͷҲǻӲİ
ڶڼڼǺĵģΪ¸ͲܹüڼĲܡ
¶˵ľǲĻȥһ˶ȥԶݣԸԼı䱸һʦչ
ʱԭΪ¿˵ġչˡֻдʣصǡʦ֡
ֱص֮󣬼ڼһֱ͸Ĵʶˡ˵ĸȥһչˣľϵġչˡ˼
·䵽֮ڼ֮Уڼı˿ȥʦġ
Ժ󣬻ȥֱӾӪһƽҲͲҲڼҪ˵ʲôı£ۼڼǳÿն˸׼ȥĳԴö֮⣬Ϻ޴ڸУΪ¿ֻܹһ䵥ڳ洦й䡣
˵ȥʦģǲ˵ȥΪСһĵĹܼҸΪʡ
вŻˣȴֻܹΪܵġСķⲻǼڼﲻӵı
ı˲ţɳ飬ȥöԲԼ
˼ˣɵٴγ̾ĵĴĸ̾һ䣺ܹõĴţȻҪ佫ɽˮҪ
˵ʱȻȻֹ̧Լżڼ¶һĨЩʧЦң˵ʲôأĳŲСʧԣԺԷҪ⡣
ˣʿҲ΢΢һЦϿʲôĻص޷
ƽûʲôСñһ֮ţڼľ²ƽƽȻֻҪչ˺ʳöȾͺˡ
һ仰˵ɵÿʼΪеƽˣ׶˽٣ҲֲòԸȥҲǳȵıؿؾǲ֪ڼôвŻ֪вŻȴƫƫҪָһóľ·Ļ̭ˡ
ԼľиеߣͬʱҲҪԼӳǽŵĳͷʵǾսԼңһרҵǾµļ֡һϹ˵ٻڼ΢΢˳ӣʼ˼ԼӦô¡
ȥѾҪټºƣѾʵҹԣֻҪһ㣬һ㣬ɹ뵽ڲ쵽ҪλѾˡ
Ͼʵ̫˸еϤˡֻһĿڼ֪ԷǶԼ˼
˭ġʵ̫أ
˵ò˵ķչʵĳ˼ڼʼԤ롣
Ҫǽǵ飬ȷڼڼ֮Уֻڵ˺Щ롣
ԭΪǻȥ⣬Ȼû뵽֮£ȻǸϵ˶
ɲͱ˼
лҪ˵޹С糡
ڳƵ·ʲôҪرлĶ
ãл󡭡Ӧǡлһ·ϵرϲԲԵľǣ
#ԲǲҪ#


81 
ϻȥ ôؿǱ߿ܾҪֱӺݰƤ˺ƣĺƽ޷ά֣ǿϵ ɾͱòһиͷˡ
ӵо佫ֱֱȥϰԵĻС겻һ ƽĶѧİ ΨɹƭһֵȫԽ˻˺ģڲ߽з 䰲ŵװף׵ױΪĴ󹤾ˡ
תһ룬ʵڼҲܹͨΪʲôûȥʶõ佫⡣
Уȥµġܡ ´ԸᡢѪŨˮѪԵϵɲ˵öǽǡ
ֻǱؿһ㶼ȥǿнͳ߰ĸ趨 һ㶼ֱӺֶ ŵڲŷӦ¡
һǣС̫ˡ
Դ֮ ȥַӾͼԼĸҹӸҾë
ԵĴõķ涼ƹëĳ̶ȡ·Ҫõӣ ʳҲһˣһ˳ھӣ ̶Ⱦʵʵ˷ʳ
ڱؿԼҵʱС껹Ըһ㣬ϾӿлǴ󺺵죬 ̫ݵĻ̫ã ȹ̾ģǱؿҲûôǮܸӻάڴʱү档
ݣ ٽҲصĶԼҲʲôӰ졪ϾֲԼҵǮȫûʲôù˼ķ棬ȻǵȻҪúóûһǸݰæģбµҪúһѵȻ
ҲΪˣڸߵݵĻȥĶԱ֮£һֱ͵ģ˻ȥӷ֮һֱ͸һļڼ
ŸСүķӡּڼвŻüڼ̫ˡ
Ȼʵȴȫһ¶
֮󣬻ȥȫԹԵԼڼǼڼͬС˵Ĳعÿ˸С갲ųԴ֮¶ĹڳһȥнṹרΪѰҸزĶȵȥġ
͸ԼĴȫǼڼΪ̫֮ˣݿɾûôɶҪ߶ˣҡ
뷨Ǵرؿ֪ˣô¶ȻһԾɱؿѱ
Цĺͱȥ۸
⻰ҪǴСĶУǿܾȹ£
һ彲Ĵ佫۸˼ڼֶȫǺˮıʿ˵⻰˿ǺûҥŶ
ֽȻѾʹ˲ԼڼҲ͸ɴƲ뷨֪ɡȷġ
˶ϲȣȵƣżڼٱĳԷ㡣
˵գյ֮еľһ
ʿֻԵһڣȻƽӵڼͷɼĶ˻᷸֡
ڼٴεĲڳٻİʾҪ£ˢĺøиϽȥҽͬġʩ
˵ΪʲôҪװôһԭҲܼ򵥣˭Լĳһͷ磬ǳϤ֪ʲôء
Ȼڼ仰֮Ŀ֮һֱ֮ɫʱле񣬵ˣĪҪˣ˻
ͬʱҲǲɵöԼǽŵֶġڻͷȾƻͷ۵֮£ڼǸӺһڣӦ˵ԼĺøӦҲǺܸߵİɣ
˼ҹ״̬ʿٶҡҡͷƭһսԶûС
ͷӼһˣڵһ˲Щüһ̣ڼʶ֮󣬳ԵķһֱͦѳԵĲΪ˵͸ˣݵĳķľôѳԡ
ĳˮƽûˡѹֻȥ˷ʳҲ˷ѡ
뿪ؿ£һء
ڼĬĬţһ̵ԼǺܶΪʲôôϲմ
˵ôȤô۵ݣܲԼһʱ¶ľ֮أ
ĻǼСѾͷΪôݵӦˡ
ϾҪݣôͱҪģӦһ֪ͼģ߷ڵˣ˲ŷ£ȻĻҲһԵˣ
Ҳ֮ˣΪݡ
Ȼ˵ӲڼԼǺˣҲ뵱ˣںܶʱĵˮƽҲܿǣƲܹԺ˵ݱڵݣõӣȫû֡ۡıҪˡ
һٷͼ֮˱Ц̸̣ʵϸĻ̥
һ˼ҪβܸԼıĸһŵȵԺڵĺƽ׽ˣʹڵǽţڼɳߡ
-
ؿ
ͬڡ硱ֻܹζֱͨͨ˵ֱ׵ѳԵʳļڼؿڼ䣬һεĽһЩʳ³Է
ͱ
´ǽ̽ͷȦȷû⣬ǳ˵һûˡС߳СһˣһȽˡ

ֻעĳ΢΢ӣŸлʲôȥ·ͺڱ׷ɱһ
֮Իݱ黹ôǰĿظĳʱСĽкÿ˷ڹ̵͹֮˵
ΪѾβͬȥ˼˵ѩ׷꣬궨иճһ㣬ׯճɷǳãַڽ˹ٸĸ˰֮еȻ´࣬¶Թú
Ϊףճɣظ߾ɱһͷף
ȻɱĲʮֻϵͳָ̫ʮֻúòдӶʵֱؿСıأǰĸʮֵֻ̫̫Ѿȫϣֻʱûʲôôӿĵ飬ԸɴҲֱӽɱôҸһ㡣
ɱ֮ҲǾΥһνǰ鵽Ǳ׷˳óӸ²ɫѡҪĲ֮Уһ˵ǰڹҪը
Ӽ˼ǱʽʹֲեͿʼѾȥ˴ʱ䣬ڱؿѾʲôٹ˼ҲõݳƷѰİռ˵Ҳôһ޵ֲ͡
Ȼ⵹ǼҼһ䱸ե͵ĹߡֽµļȥһͷṩַһֱƷֲͣ۸ԹһЩʤڷ㣬һԼſե͵ֲｻȡеǮԼ۸ˣֻҪʱ䡣
ǹǱˣڰǶԶܼѵǮԴǺԸһ޴ǰֻзڡҪӲлԵ͸ʳζġ
Թڿظĳڽǵը֮ǰСкõ˷ڹ̵͹УȻͽִζը˿ظĴĿʼ
ʳﱾǺܺóԵģھը֮ĺóܹٴһȼζĵȫͣ
֮£ֱӾһų˺üըԼԵϻͣҲ˵ǣͣ
˼ʾҪټôԣǾ͵ֹ۰ɡ
г˹ôһǰ֮ΪȻҲһεĸȫ¡Ҫըļ˺˺ȻĽǣ˼ʾըԶĶ岻ãþҪٳֶˡ
ǳԣһ³һΣƵҲˡ
ŵºͿڿظйѰľ档
˭ǴǰꡱӪԱء
ȻϵģҶ֪£𡭡ظгºҽ֮߳û֪ںԼըʲôģһʳᾫڲϸûϹԼһ㣬һȺ˵ϰ˼ĺʵÿܲסԸǶҪл𾪣
ǾȺ˶ٵҵӣ벻ǡ
ڿкڻֵһȺҵӻʱѾܵ˲ݴǰ棬ȹֱڵϣſ˻֣ߣ
ССڡԣĽŲɵöһ£Ҳֻһ£Ҳûԥʲô߹ȥµ¡
ƽ̫ԡӡı׼ҪԼŻᵼЩٵĺӵܸôһ㲻˵˾Ϊ˲ֵֹĿԶöزء
ӽ𣬴ǰǸ˼ϸҪԼĿͳ׵ˡ
Ϊں󱻷޹ʳ̫ĿĪø
Ȼ˵񲢲ĥ˶ĳ˾ֻЧջ񵽸ͫ׵ɡ
ҪС𣿡֪˿̿ʲô´ԱߵϳͮͮСѣʵ
ǰ쿤ظгըԵıȽ׵ʱһպϾǷѽ䷽еǱ決飬˷ѽ֮⻹дİƷһȦ֮󣬴ҷֻǷѽȽϺóԡ
СﳯԼѣѺڻûʲôԥֽӹڵҲ뽲ôֱ࣬Ӿһһڷѵĳ
ǺȻ֮ʲôʵ˵ТʹЩ𣿡
⣬ҡҡͷТȥȫûб仯ǺܣЩ˻ֻܹܺ࣬ԱĶ
ҲǽºͿ˸ը͵͵ԭ
˼ȻǱʾٳԵըʳƷҲûĹܵϸЩ˷ָĵز֮˻ϵԭ֮ǰ̫ըϻ۵ĹΡ
εĺأʳԣȻҲ޷ٸǱ߸˺üļ١
һεĸٶһֱϼĹ˵ȴһ㶼ġÿÿʱоԼһ̾Ҫһ
˵ʹ֮£һ򶼺ϾɢһǿҵԹϢڴҳԷ߳ʲôʱϢΪǿҡ
Ϊ۶ڼҵĹξͷ·ǿʲô״һ㣬ܹϢĳÿһԶ˵ԣȻɢ˱ѹԹϢŵºͿ䵽زϡ
ºͿ֮Իṷ˵زΪ˱ŹγһըʵҲȫΪ˳һպþ͵͵Ӳ͵ա
˵ʲôʱʼģǻ׷ݵСó˽ٵĺǡȺĿʱ
֮һμӲͼΪĲ˵Ϊ򵥺ģʱ䣬ʹǴʵıܿںεĹΡ
ĳ̶ֳ϶ԣԴϻۿʼεġսֱǣ컨嶼ԸֱҲһϵġͷˡ
Ϊ۶ӣ²ɵ̾˿ϣТɡ
ĿЩ󣬲Ϊʲôأ˵ТúóҩĻתҽô߳
ֹµĻȻȻֹǱŵһͻȻжϡ
ˣɵùе˾䣬ôˣ
ЩɵĻصҿܡ֪ΪʲôТȫûкתˡҲܹȷԼǲȷġ
£ŲݴڵϵòŮֳŵվҡԴ˶ͷϵĲҶԿһҪȥȷһ¡
΢΢ףȥæɡ
-
ʱѮʱ򣬱ؿѾȫڳչĵϣ³ҹȥ˱ߴɽ
ϵͳϻźüʮĻᣬҲѾһʱδˣ±׼ٶȽһտ
ڴ򿪳鿨壬ʣʱ¶ʱһ¡
ʣˡ
µļʣµЩūڵûôˡҲֻܹǡ
ūֻĴС֮⣬еʲô
߾ຮ֮ؾĺˣܹҪȷʢؽӱѹƵġ
Ҷǡ̧ǰӢ꣬Ȼ˹ӣЩƵ˵ţͺЩ
ԹͬòŮɵЦһ£Ȼѵ͵˵ײеĻĻҾͰǶɱˡ
߼ܵĲһ䣬ʱݵ֣ǻûĻ
ô˵գգ˫ƯĵۣʵںǺĹϵʹ˼ҵݵǲǲ̫ð
ӢĿע£òŮֽ̧˽ԼǰĳСʵҲǺܽҵĵûôĺǰ뿪֮ǰҲһٺ˵ҺʱϵȥĺͻǵĲٽʿǻҪ۳ԶݵҲҪǻ
СԼкסЦĳ嶯ԼСǴ˴γĿģָָ̧ŵ͸ǲǸó鿨ˣ
ŶôһѣŽԼעͶעϣֻڡʮ顱ϰһ¡
ڹϤĿַʱתͷͰ˵ݵ˵飬ȥĺͶ˺þãһֱûдŻ˵ҪҪݼһŰǱ뿪ģȥ˸ԶطӹдŻء
ľ͵뿪ǷڼڼͻȥȥݵĲ֮󣬱ϾڱؿְǮżִССĻҪøҪܶ˿ǲҲ̣ǳȥǮȴɲӵģĲ˵µ֧ǵһֻ׵̽ޡ
һΪǮǶľͳȥˣһλͬΪ˵Ҳһ
˴ŴǱøŰ㡷Ƴĸֿø̫̫СϲĶ
Ҫڶĸ֮ؿһҵ̣һҿսġߡ
֮ǰë⣬Ȼıֱӷ¡ԭжһЩǵĶȫûÿɱԣһǡϱϾ˿ڼ࣬ë޻Щڲãﻹжó⡣
µļڼͻȥ룬οǵż·ء
οֵԱˡ
⵹Ҳǡ
µͷȻߺȻϵͳĵʼŴ˴εĳ鿨
Ȼڻĵֹ֮ͣ¾סˡ
Ϊһ˲಻٣úõʮĵ
һεʮ飬鵽ʮſ
ʮ֮У鼮֮⣬°ȫ￨
̧ƾճֵİȥһŵİ˸ˣòŮ̲סЩĬ
κȫкֳ˳½ǣСáҺȥӵʣ
Ȼ˵ʮûпտһ˰￨Ƿǳ˿ĵģʵʲϡ˫˰˸˻ԵˣڡˡѾϰ˵Ҳ顣
ô˵Ӣҡҡͷ
ʱ˻ȫ֪ʱԶݵıļĳˣ˼ԼӡҵȥݵĿԡ
-
Ƚɺϵǣ³鵽İ￨ȫRҲȫйپˣѯʹǵ֮Ը´򹤡
Ҳöڿظˡ֮󣬾һ飬ֱȥĸĹԱλϱϾؿ񲢲ȱԱӦ˵ǣȱĹԱ
½ЩȥĸҲǱһϣǱȽ֧ġ
Ҳ˵ֵµĹԱľҲܸɵģؿͼ¤ʵźüλܿõĶֻ
ǡϵͳеˣԣȽϷͬѰ
-
ֻȻ˵Ƕ¼İ˸Ҫֱȥĸǡˡ֮ǰµǰеȥһµԭ
ԭǰͬ˵ҪҴڿ
֮ǰΪյԵʣ鱻ѹ󣬶ռѽôҲõʱ
ʱôãǰԼ˵ԸȻҲóȡҴļƲߡ
֪ԼԸᣬǸϲСοδңδΪһؿأҲ˶ȥһλصϽԱΪԼһƽҴ֮ߡ
ļƲ֮ºȻ֮͸оԼΪʲôǰͻȥ˵µıʿĶࡱ
Ϊ𾪵ķ֣
ȻпҲǺڵġ


82 
ȥԭʱ ʵһ˶ȥġǶָĲⱾȻ飬ָϵͳеһȥ
ȴδǰıߣҪȡҴҲϵõĹϷ־ţ Ӣ򸾡
ûиȥԭ ΪҪڱؿ ͳ塣
κϷ־ԭǿԸȥģֻα ֻڼУ˵Ϊʲô黹Ҫ׷ݵ֮ǰĹγըʳƷϻ۵ֳٳٲ˵
ʱ¾֣Ϊʲôź˼㿪ҩü죬 ȴһ㶼ת ֱȻ֮ʲô ȥѯʹϷ־ţǲŲúóҩǰƣ õϲɵҩֲһ𰸣 Ӷư˹Ϊʲô˿תࡣ
ʱ ۵ľԼҪĹСҲ˺ôһȻź֪ĽƱ磬 ŶǱҩֻķΪ ǿĹ֮е䡣
Ҳûȫ һһءһȺ˵û֮£жҩ͸ԼĻȡҩĹͼ֤޹ģȻⲢûʲôãûҪַϻ ֱӽˡɶӰ족Ĺĳ˷ȥڲһҪд֣Ȼ³Ų
Ϸ־ţԭʱҷйú͹һľ棬ʵҲȷ˵Ϸ־ĻԸһȥԭֻĹθǿϷ־źֵһ𰤷
Ҫ˵鵽һȥ˱ͻӢôһ£ʵҲܼ򵥡
һҲǰµġ
Ҫ˵Ļʵ֮ǰˡǰʱԷҷ򸾾ѭϵͳǱҩص鼮ҩֻȻõıдĺ꾡ʵӦõʱʹüȴһ̫ÿƵ⣬ԭصڵγѾǽҪӦھ·棬ͬʱǵ佫йҩľ飬Ծʹͨһ»ҩ⡣
ֻǸʱȽæҲóȻ߸ӹҲ㽫Ӻֱս֮ٸĴͷϵĹһ䣬ҲҪԭǱһˡ
Ȼڲ鷳ڼ䣬ͣͷϵĻҩķҷҲûţǴֵµĹһεȥǰԼʱӢѾһ
ĥľͷˡ
ںһ뿪ؿԭǰ죬Ӣľͷ˸պϣеĺ˳ľͷ˿ֹƣĥ˵ĸѾȥͷͶ빤ˡ
ĻҲһƽ¡
ԭߣҷҲ˵Ĵڣ
ŷɣڼ̱¡ˡ֮ıߡ
Լ׷
һ㣬ǵԴԼǴӿ֮ٻ󣬳ʼڿظǶʱ֮⣬ǼûʲôһۣҲͰѿռյľǵɡ
Ȼ˵ʵ䣬ǵĻʵûʼ׷ϵͳδļ䣬¾ӦҲܶ࡭ɣ
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ϳ֮һԭȫ֮ǰһûУͻ飬ɵÿʵ˵ȻԭʲôҪ֮£
һ˾Ȼ֮ģһ֪ͨѵĵĹλʮа˾ǻ㹤̬Ȼ߹УҪͻ飬һץסСӣȻ޶ȥ
֪ԼʲôԸˣûֵֹĲͻȻ֮䵽ԭ߿϶ʲôҪ飬ҪȻĻҲר̴ԶĴӱؿܹ
⣬΢΢ףһ϶ĻظΪҴ
òŮתһԵ¡Ҫ鷳ȥ
ңµԼɵһ£оЩ¡
ǡµͷȷеʵѡ
ô˵ֱӾеˣһʱ벻ʲôܹʡ䵽ϡ
Ͼµ£Ļ䣬μˡ
ӿٻĸʱʵ̫ˡ
οոյĻҪڵҴȡһط˵ĵһ˼ά͸ӲóˡģһϣܹҳöԶǿģͱߵŷɡ
еֵʱЦһ£͵²漰ٳֻսҪǽӴ
һ˺˵ţ֪Ըͣ˵´ǰǰӣͨѰնͬϯսҵо֮ʣͬеİԸΪ¶Ϻˡ
ص˼ǡ˵ʱЩԼԼĸо֪ǰòŮԼʲôˡ
һĨǳǳ΢ЦƽʱǺŴϵҪ£ҵҴġ
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Ƣܺãûʲôӣǰʱڰ֮źܺõԵȥٺʲ
Ȼ¶ԸĻҲǿ󣬱Ͼ֮⣬ʵһԿأûʲôӣͬԺͰദܺõˡߡ߿ڱؿԵõ˰Ҫܶġ
ֻԣϴһС⡪ò̫ˣ̫ҫðǾúоУĿͶغ񣬿űһϺˣġ
ʲôԸģµ仰ص
ֵֻȥշ֮£ȡ𣿡Ϊ»ǶԴ磬ԭһߡõطȻġѾһ·̡
ˣҡҡͷҴĿزΪǣʽҪ
Ҵͷ硢ԭֲһ֮ԻᵽУΪԭĿرȽˣ򣬽ַϣ·ǡƽģԿڽ֮£ġ
ҴĿضȻǲԼеĿҪȡĻôҪ
ȻԣҴǺ׵飬˵Ļɰջңߡ
ҪҴҪȻֻһҴҴİ򣬲ȻĻǵõһطĿտӣʲôأ
ǿеõһյִ²ԸϵĿǸԼͽ鷳粻Ҫ
οʵ޿ɱ⣬ҲܵĲֶΡ
ȡҴҲȻȴӰˡ
Ҫ˵Ļʵлвռ䣬ǹ׻ҪлҴءݵʾҴ߿ֱ˵ӺݣΪӺѾܲ͢˵ԵʣӺݵЩĿǵûʲô׵ĺˣҲǿӶٵĲ
ƶƽȡҴĹԵʱ򣬼ûôǹεҴأֱ͵ҰѰǸʱͼҴΪ¤ڶ
ļ¤֮ԻᵽµǿΪԷ׳ǡ
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ش֪뵽ʲô˴ʵҸҪ
һ⣬ڳ˲ҲͬĿ£֪Ӹղſʼءһֱû˵ƲߵĿġ
ŴҵĿⶼԼϣòŮգգԼ˫ƯĵۣͷɰȻȥ
תͷȻһƺ˺ɵ⣬װ֮ǰԭ޲ǽʣµЩϻ𣿡
ڵġȻ֪Լʲô⣬һ£ǻص
ش֮Ӷ¾ȥæҴ޲ǽɡ
ôУҴôȥֻµĻŸһ£ûʲôӦŷɶʱ͵ɴһ˫ۣȻԵ˵䡣
ŷ䣬һضȻ⣬㲻Ҫ
Щ˼Ŀ£˵
˵ʱ򣬽ǸղŵĻֳ֮еĴʵѾµ˼ˣϾҶǿӳԷģ˵һٷӦǾЩԼˡŶҪųŷɣӳԷڿźȫѾ˵˼ֱͷˮ
¼ʲô֪ŷɽţ򵥵˵´ȥҴҴĿذҴжԷ࣬Ϊǵڸɻڰյۡ;ǵ
ǲҪ͵ңһҪĿŵ˼Ƥµ͵ҡ
Ĳ˵ǱؿߵĻóȥ϶ǻҴĿĶ˭øůЩ
ֻҪҴĿڿʼʱĶǾһжðˣͿ˳Ҵƹ㣬ðҲڶиů
ҴĿͬ⣬ôּȻǵ˴ͷָţ֮оǷˢǵĺøеʱ򣬵Ȼ𿻸ҲͲ඼µˡ
ҴĿؾܾĻ͸ðˣֻҪҾַܾӾ˰¶ҴдģҴĿز˰ֻԼ֣ܰǵ
ʱһȻ˳ƵĴšԱǡ𿻵ڸգ˵ҲȻǶ¡
˵ҴĶֻ᲻ʼ;ܾߵĺöͬҪƾһ뺮ҲνصҲ
ܾĻ߻һңָ𡪡㵽ؿô۸ǿˣǼҿڴͬΪӺ£ҪƽѺദǰӵͺöȴ飬ؼ㲻顢ҪҲˣµİôѽֲ߹ٺ»ůָһںĶվٶء
˱ֻص˵ڶֿԵ·ϣĽҲһ;ͬ顣

ŷɳĬǾԼСԴЩ̫á
˳ĬΪЩôĸεķӾȻǹµ
ʵ̫ϡ
תһĻʵ⵹ҲĲ󣬱ϾļƲ߻Ǻܡ󡱵ģҲֻܹ˵ıʿı׼ãͰܶĳʿű
ǣȥҴļƻʹ˶¡
ǾҪ߷ᵽȥ޳ǽԴΪשҴİոܵǵĺơ
-
ݡ
һ֧ĮĻȥȻѾսݣԺԲƣݺݵĴһū
֮£ȥңҲֵˣĵбµĿӵƢʵǿӢţҲĽֻϧź˼ҵıܣڼ˲ŶķɼµĹϵ֮ãܹڵõġ
ֻȻȥʺõ۾ŹûʲôᣬǼڼǺָġ
ŸҪΰѼڼʴײڵԼݵʱ򣬺ȻǲɵֹͣԼǽ˼̧ſڵһ
߽ǵϤӰһڼ¶һĨЦ⣬ĺˡ
ʿֵֻĵ˵ͷʵڼ£
Դո͹Ĺͼ֮󣬼ڼ½Լõһ͸˵λϣ˵ȻǸչ˻Сӵĺúùܼңͺʲôδ˵һ
̲ù۲ĵļڼ
ͳͼ˵Żչ¶ѧʶƽûʵʱȻǸ͵͸ˣŲ˾֡ȻĻΪ֮ӶôĻͲĸˡ
סϾ˼ıʿ⣬ǽǵֲĺ͡
ڼһʻʱһݣ̾˿ĺһⰡ
ڼ
⳪ĳ
ڼͼָָԼ棬ɢɢķŸͼֽȥӦѰ˹ϸʺʵ޽ǵĹͼֽ
ͬʱϻһ˲ϤĲӣڼƤȻкȻֲõԤС
Ȼڼ˵ǵ֮ǰһֱеĺ˳涫䱸ˣʵؽͼֽˣҲѾ׼ʼȥˣֻԤǰϦһС⡣
ҲǱؿҲһֱŵ⡣
ǮȱǮ
ڲǱ߽޽ǵԤ㱨֮ͱ˵ķݵʽƺЩǺܹ֧ŵùִ󹤳̣ҪĻų޵һʱܾͻʽ
ҪҪȥʼһֻܹһ빤̣˸еԥġ
Ҳ˵ĸ𳤳ǵʽֻڲ޽Ҫս޽ȫֲһĸ
仰Ļ֮ԼԤԼһǵļƻ󣬼ڼڿʼһ㲨
ֻüĿһº͵ʿţҲǴӣѡ˳Ĭ
һֱڿڼȻǲһɫǲɵʵĺͿʲô˵ģ
һʻڼԼ֣󻺻ɿԥã̽ĿʵС޳𣿡
һӦ£Ȼġⲻǡ
̾һڼʵҪҲûвáֻܶá
һ⻰£ʵĺͿɷϸ˵˵
ˣʿ΢΢ǰǰλӵˡ
һ仰һ£ԼĻ۾ʱһһʱȾѹŵŭһɲǣڼ֪İμƻԼȥˡ


83 
ѹеŭ Ҫյڼڵ˲ϣһ˲Ÿ˾͵òʧˡ˵ȴЩƲסıĺѣ Ҷ֪һ¡
ݣ Ŀ֮У Ȼ֪˵顣ҲҪúˡ
ԵĻʵˮҡһسҲͬ ڵʱ೤ʷԶ㹻ĸ
νǿѹͷߣ ƽһЩϣ ҲԸòЩң ôҵĺƽ
һĹˣ˵˴˵֮¾Ȼֱ ˵ϢѹȥͰϢѹȥ ˾ⲻȫû
΢΢ڸסԼе⣬ ǺȻʲôʵĺͿ֪˵ôˣ˵Ŀأ
ڼ΢΢ҡͷ صҾͲˡ
ʵڼ֪Ǹֻ˵
˵ԭίɲµ㱨Ľŭأ
˵ӵܳݵż̵һǿ壬 ͬյĴϤ֪ һֱţˣһЩ˰Եе¼ݺö
̵ң֮˵һҲǮ࣬ ֱǿԿƵصĶļ壬Ϊʺϳң׬һʿǮõˡ
һȺӶѾ͸ˣϧ
һǣݵʱĵĶպõݵʱֵľǸɸɾˣҲˣŹͬҵĵӡ
Ȼ˵бҪĻݣκεطҴ¶Ҫ뾡ܵĸԼһѶȡ
ݱѾˡԼҵĺԼۣڼϣԼС·ܹƽ̹˳һЩġ
ΪһĿģʲôҲʲô
ĺԭ׷ںֶεˡ
ڼг˼֮ɫ˼һҲûͼӴ׼ΪЩݵǲҪǵķ
еĺ󲻷ϣǵ͵һЩСʻ괬Ϊ
Ѿᵽ˹ؼۣʾ֮ǰ׵˵ļ峭˲ԼʵҪ˵ĻҪҵֻûķʱϴҵʱϾĵȵٵǰϦʱƳʷļ϶ѣֻɳǰ;Сǵǰ;ĸλиֿͶʣ˵ʱ˭ʤļȻµ֮ء
ĴǣѾָ˸ݵĵطǿ壬Ƕֵǰ֮£ֻ˵ĹֵһңԼе½һ˼ͬŸҲ¼壬¾ƻδױûҲжðӵߡû·ЩͿ˳ۣԹļһĥ
ˣٵʱȷǸù٣µİղ˵ŸĸģҲԳƵһʺ񣬶ԴҲһ˾ϧֵµĽʿǣȻĻҲֻµһСǧר̵ܵӺݼ֮صıؿ½Կͼַԭ塣
ֻȻڴƷϵȷûëµ֮ԻӦôɴ࣬ܵһݳģ³֮Ͷʱжĥɱ¿Ļˡ
˽˽ģȻȷǻպµԼ֮ѺŻȥ飬ڻǻݵġ˴˴ϵͬڼ䣬ѾӨ˵ǽǣȵԺͬ˹ϵ󣬱ĻͷַӵľͶ¡ˡ
ԭҪǽŵģӦǻȥӢŵĲ佫ŶԣֻΪһЩƫĿԼıûиıġ
ڼһıȽصˣûʲô뷨ġ˭׷Լ棿ֻĳͷڵԼҵСϣ鲻ôˡ
ͬҪЩݵطǿһͬҲ
ҪȻĻʵڼҲδػڲ֮ǰóǹͼȥ㹤¶¡ʡ²صȣġ塱ں
Ҫ˵ĻʵҲһôûСڼڼڵĸܹһϵ֮⣬һĪôǿԼһѲĽ̲İ
ްˣҲδؾһȫȻĺˡ
ڼҲķɵСѾͷΪ˶ȥʡϾй˵Ըڳ֮ǰѾͬӪҵôԤ붼Ѿȫȴãȵؼ֮ҪҲǻ㱨Լڱؿġսѡ
Ҫ˵ԼڼǺȻ֮ʲô
ʿ̧ͷǰʵ˵ڼҺСݶѾһʱգ֪ɷ񷽱ǲһʹȥؿСرƽ
ڼ仰һ㶣΢ЦȻԡ
ͬʱҲǲɵöڼڼӵ⣬˵ĺӡ֮£˵ĹҳϲġҲǸӵҪǰѧʶ˵ʿڵԼ¡
ˣڼڼȥ֮ȥһСɷҪдŸء
ô˵΢΢ס
ڼڼ뿪鷿ʱȥһһ¹ϵû취˭ƽʱļڼʵ̫͸ˣ͸˼ȥҶԷлҳ̸˵أϾҪôˣô˵ľٴ̫ˣҪͼ֮һһˢڼõ·ߵġ
ֻȥͼڼµ׻ֻͣĲϣΪڼȰסˡ
ֻʿƽæɷڼˣдʵڼеѰҲֻܹա
Ŀʿ뿪֮»صǰ£ͬڼǰ㣬ʼ˼ݵطĺǿҶЩ֮ǰ¹ɳͷġ
-
ʮѮʱѾص˱ؿܵķֱڲͬݵԼҵš
мڼżȻ˵еҲ϶ڱƽ
ȥ˴ú˳ȻΪʱĹϵֻūڽڰˣһܺõĿͷֱֻӦǻزȥؿˣǱߣΪūסĺܷɢȫûа취м
ĩβлС걧ԹݵķѳԣеңǽǼڼ˵ȥÿԴӹúݻ
һлȥصּдšݵķѳԣ̲סЦԺ֮жܹȥ仰ʱ۾ùӵģ
ڼ֮ҪǱƽͱز٣ûждʲôĶ
ΪڼһպþûƷڻͻȥµżĳ֮ǰв鿴һ͵ݣҪдʲôҪݣ񲻾ȫһı¶ڵƤӵ£ҪĶǵȵ֮ȥˣһͬԼ˵ĺá
ľõżԼݣżȴɼݵʹһαװ̶ӵıؿıʿĶġ
ڵʱ佫ͷϸԼҪԶľͺôвûпе佫һȥűǵְʵҲǴ˸ֱȽϺõıʿ
ֻһ֣Ȼ֮Իûڼݱľͺ˵ԭ򲢷ֻΪ˴һ飬ǴŶľյĴȥһЩԼҪչĴëرؿ
ż˳Ĳ
ò˵ǵЩëĺܼʱ
Ϊգջ޻͵巻Ǳ֮󣬽ڻƵõĴ֮£Ƴ޻ëĻϷ֯Ʒ֮Ҫȵë»¸ů͡
ǱؿеëԶСջ޻ܹȫƥ䡣
ԭ¶ѾȥԭѰǼ죬ʱĶ±ٺͶԷһë֮ǰļʱ򣬱ؿѾոһǼǵëˣȥëĻëûô࣬ЩģЩʿǴ˴ëôȻʱǼټһë޶ëˡ
űȥһһѹķǳʵëͻȻ֮ʲôգգ˫ƯĵۣòŮվԼ꣬ڵҺȻһ⡣
µ仰ɵôԼСһصı飬ڽţ΢΢ССֻԼԼ߶
ľӶֹ֮òŮƿԴһ˫ƯĿʵôΣ
ԼһѯʣЦһ£˾䣬ãǡɳн¡
òŮɰͷ˫һһ㡰佱ζĲЦ֮£΢Цת˸䣬ֻǡ
֮󲻼ºСӵһ䣬߳࣬īߺڡǡͬĺѧˡ
лҪ˵ҾԼ_١ϣ_


84 
һ䣬 òŮǼɴһ˫Ư˹ӣЩı粵кĺѧ ĺͺܺá
µһ䣬 ɵЩεҡҡͷ ܹڼ͡˺áֳϹϵģҲͶôһݡ
·仰ǴȥñڼӺ ֿǻ˾Сһôÿֻϧȴе⡣
һ˵żڼΪĺܺõĽ֮£һʱûʵԼġ¡֮ʵպþڼӹܺߵֻЦһòŮгŵԶľͺõż ̽е鱨 ˷Լżݡ
ľͺžǣ ӽ¿һ֬۵꣬붷 ܾзŮ׷
νз磬 ȨƿôʲƸƽȻҲܵԣ ǰ˾һαһԿᰮƷĹĸŮɷ븸ѡ˵ҲɣԷҲǸ˳ ˲Ž˵ֶ۵Ķľͺ˵ɽƭӣһ˵Ǽֱǹҵ棬 ЩŹ˸¼ʾͽ䣬 ֻδ
ľͺõʱ֮ġᣬֻǵϲõóƷѣԵʱȻǲȱˣϾھȨۼ֮أ ԶλӸߵĸ߹ԾһεΣҲоյĹȥ
˵Ϊʲôľͺ˷Ҫھӽִٹ˼۵ĵطľ֡ʵԭļƻûдھô۵ģֲɵ֪ǹͷ
ռƻֻ׼ڼһ뾩ǲԶҲĵģ˼ʹܿ˾ǵ޳ܹлǵĶ뾩ȥԶҪֺ֮صĴٹˡ
νԸΥļƻ֮ͱʵˡΪ̫ƽ
ľʹũ񲻿ظҸͶǸˣԺ󣬷߾֮صĵʵѡŮݵʼվûмϹʼҲûʲôɹģһһ磬߲ŸձѹǱ߾һ
⵹ҲȻ飬ӵеʱ䲻ط뾩ҲرԶʲôʱ䣬ũȥչЩʲô
˵һһ²˰ũǣ˿ȫûǰһġǰʲô⵹Ҳǡʵũ֮ǰ֪ԼҪǱٸĻ϶һ֮ǰһǰǾǡ뻹һǲ͢Ĳ·
Ȼ³ҶһǻŲһһɹأ
ڴ඼뷨֮£ũ¼ԽԽ࣬ûмɣû֯ҶǹעһԾֲٵĶ򵨱ߡ
Ļ״̬֮£ľͺҲֻ÷ʼ뷨תȥٲ鷳ʤʱȡȫ֮صľǡ
ʵҲȻǾ֮һжãϾлʵڵĵطάűİƽзڶľ˵ھʵһܲõһǡ
Ϊ֮ǰıĻʵ۵ӻûзҪ뷨
֪ľ֮û¾ܣҶľ̸˵أҶľͿǿ̬ڵĺܵͣȥڿöľλͲŵ̬Ⱥϡ
ΪԵáϡһǣȫľ͸ˣʲô鶼ľ˵
Ƕľ;ͱȵĳΪһԹˡϱԡľͱܡŵġо֣ǲʶƽƽ˶ܸſмùϡ
λӵĹĺãһʱЩ֪Ǹý֮Ϊţǳ֮ΪսȽϺá
黹ҪӴǰϻʵ̫ӵ뷨¿ʼ˵
Ϊ֮ǰлͼԼзӲֵȫ½֪ѾŵĹţڻʵۿԼȽгϢĶ֮ʣоĻλ̳ʵѾˣҲֻ־Ϳù
ܻʵĹʦġдˮд˽ķʣļλ˭ʺ̫֮λλϻʺͷ֮£ɹĵϻʵ۵ƫıĿȥʵĻĺܵĴǰǸ͸˵Ķӡ
鵽ʵûʲôΪӵ¹ʦϻʵۼд˽ƾҳϵӸʺϵ̫ܺùϵʼں档
ɲҪˣŮ֮Իᱻϻʵ۷ΪһӡķķֵµĹʦġ
ľ²Ҳһöӡ
ʵҲȷˣܷʺŮӵأԭȴҲӵ£ҳӣӣʵԭľͺ֪֮㵱ѿ
ΪŮ֮ʵһȡŮӣΪʲôԸ
鵽ǲǺƭȡ飬Ȼľ籾ʵǡ
ⳡ֮ĸŮĲǴһǻģӶֻ⣬ֻΪϻʵ۵ĳԼϸλȻͿ˾׵Ĺ˵ľ棬氮
ĴȵպǻȻҪʵĻʺΪԼĻʺ
öľͺ˴Ϊ𺳡
Ȼǲľú𺳡
£ؿߵºҲǷǳ𺳡
ΪֻŶֹϵ⪣Ĳܹùϵӵôġ
ڴùϵ̧߳˿жԾżڵӹӦǲ̫ðɡ
Ȼѯʵݣ⻰˵ȴʾ䣬ʳʱʵѾһȷĴ𰸡
ӽص鶼˵ľէһ֮ºҪ£õĸŻ֮¡
ϸ˼һ¾ͻᷢʵʲô¡
һ׻ĺèľȻӵ鲢ûкģһĵ֪̫֪̫һģ֪֮֡ôһܣȴżӲҵĴôܹ֪ô಻֪ܵĻڣ
ھЩģľͺھ֮ܵӵȺ֮ǡ
ʵǵż֮Уһ£ܹӵĿĥĲˡ
һеʱ֣߱ᷢľͺЩֵ֮飬Ƿù֮һʱġ
λʡѾԶľʶôġѲŰƽŭ֮顣
дƽƽûзʲôΣķУʵϸ˼֮ͻᷢա
û㹻ǿ˿ԻǣֻлʣµļٱʿķʲôĻ򲻹õġ
ԼһģοСصǣ˶ȻѾʶһ⣬ӹٶԴ֮ˣӦӦ֮ߡ
˵ţľӽżٽòŮǰ¿дݣȻ伸ֱԼǰҲͲɵýЩëһЩ֮⣬ӹʿڻرؿ;·ݸ֮֮ʽЯƱǮׯһɽһرؿ
ĩβʱµβɵЩһЩʵζ
ǵͷǣȨȻҲᵼһЩ·͵ı̷δ֮ʣ֮ƱһĽǺȷ
ŵºһЦӹǽһֵġѾԹ˲Ͼôܹ滹ŵ㵽ʲôǵأ
ô˵жʱ˿ЩµĵͷǾͺá
һ仰֮òŮֲһ䣬ҵôвŸոջЩʿǾ»صǣȻӹٴǣʧ㣬οǹ׵ѷֻ¡λӱˣıֶΣҪǿжܹ֡ߵ˶һ㣬ȫмֱϡ
̶겼ıͼıλнԼġİ֮ˡȥ׵ĴϣͬҲΪ˰ıλ
ĻܹͣȻʲôƲ磬ǽǽ֮˱Ƽˣ˭֪ɳʲô¿ɲԼҵıʿȫȥһġϡʲô¶Ŀԡ
ô˵΢΢ףӦҲá
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д˸ڼȥĻţǰؿʹ߻صʱݣֽľͺõŽëʻıʿǣҸֻŴӾǻõĶֲһ¡ѡ»ؾ֮ʿʼд˵š
һбҪһµǣȥǱľͺõĶ֮УЩʿǲǿֵȥǵģǸǴ˱Ƚرġҩ߸׼ȷ˵ǻҩԭϺ
ñʿȥúͶľ˴ҩ뷨Ƕ࣬ʱ˼ŸҪЩʲôܹʱ˵ʱ򣬺Ȼ俴ŴѧùСһ̻
̻ǲ֮ǰȥһԭǸʱѾ㷺Ӧըҩ̸ķҷŪСȻԭϺͻҩһģһûɱȼʱֺƯõʺϸСӵߡ
һĻºȻ֮һ֪øټıʿʲôˡ
ҩ׻˺ȽǿһţʱҲ֣ǷΧ֮˺ﶼܰըҶʣµĸʿǴ̫࣬·һСĳʲô飬ܾͷȫûĲҰ
Ҳ͸ʿǴ˺ٵһǸ·ӦʹõģʣµǴԭϣͬʱҲһݻҩı䷽ΪԷⶫС˵У»˿ѯֻܲͶľͲܹϵóֳдһݡ
ΪϵͳķԵʣĴǹͨġ߸׼ȷ˵Ĵֻᱻϵͳ뵽˴˶ʶݹȥ
ʹϵͳģǴԵ֣ôϵͳһ˵һڵĴʱڵĸ֣ϿлĲһȫ
ڿд֣¶ſ˰죬һȫֳдҩ䷽ñʿǽľͺá
дĵŵҲǱˣҴ˺£ˢŰǺøУԤҴĿظλ
ڼЩʿǴĶľʹչëʱ뷨ԵģҪë¡֡Ҵ
ţҲ̧պպīķſʼʣһǸ˵òҴصġ
żµݾԷë£Ȼë²ƶĻ𿻣ǻվǹ̶ڣ޷ЯҪŵĻǾͻܴϵëҪԵñȻÿˡ
ҪҴĿëȻǺĵչһ㡪ʵҲǺܼǳء
֮ԽΪǡģֻһҲʮټǧڽë֮ҴĿؽë³۸µİǡ
ȻĿҪЩë¸ǣ¾Ҫͼ۵ĳ۸ҴĿǡǡ෴Ҫ߼ۣԵľȥߵĸ֮Щһĸ߼
˵ͲôܰҴػ᲻ϵľܾǿǿ˵µĿľܾҪͬˣߵ黹治̫ðء
ʵ֮ͬǰƻȥҴһһҴڵĿӡ
ԸȻͬ߼Ϊչë¡ʲôЦ߼չë£Ⱥ𣬶ǵͼǵĻҪǮ
һܾôҴ۷ƿصˡ
ɱˣڿǻĸ칤̶ҴΪ˺ء
һǮգ޳ָǽ𿻡
еĹǮ϶ҪԼЩ˺µľ
ԣеľĨڼĮĵĿأĽ΢Щӵ˶õɣοҴĿرͺܡڡûҪרšĨڡʲô
˼ˣµǺȻʲôȻ֮;ԼҪһԼ֮ǰ˵֮һڷ񶨵Լѧ£Ȼ֮䷢֡
ãǰ߼ĻʵǸѧѽ
°ȥظ·ϣòŮԵʵ
һλһĹζʱգ۾ʵʲôʲôҲڵʱʲô
֮ǰΪ˲úóҩҩȥ±·һʱ䣬ʱСﱻĳϧԼļһٸȥڼҽҷʡȻǲ֪֮ǰԶ֮䷢ʲô
˵һĹ£ΪԼֱ֪ԼҺѸļƲʲô
˭ŸձӡСݡųأ
⣬ǰǼѾȥһʱ䣬ټĳѾ̵Ҽ֣Ͳټ¶ʱָʼ֮ǰһЩ飬ڴŵܽЩ֮òŮһԷТ㿴֮Իëµ뷨Ϊ˻𿻵ѵڳн뷨𣿡
ԼһıԼҺᵫȴ޶˵˸еɫ֮£ֻ˼˶̶̵ӣʱѡվԼĶ飬СոյĻ˵öԡ
ԼͺһҪѡһһĳֵĻξѡɡ
ֻΪԼĳֵ֮Ĳǵ˷ݵĳֵһȺ˵ĳޣлҪ챻սӵǿɾ̫òʧˡǾӣ۸ˣҲǺģĳȥݡĳصĶʿһ
вŸո뵽ŹξʹԼһоѿĻҾ˵ĺǺ
仰Ƕ˵ġ
ֻ仰Ϊ֮ǰѾԼŬ֤һʵԣԴ˵ǶһӦԺ͵ֿѾԽãǵһ仰ĹξͲһˣֱӾͱһ仰ըøоԼӶ첻˼ˡ
ո˵˭Ǻˣ
ĺ͡ˡʷһô͸оôħأ
֪Լıʿ佫еĳЩ˿ܴűȽ˾͵һĳսʼ԰ʲôӡµһ˦ݴʾǡᡱɱν
ڣ̡ɱ֮󣬳ˡ˵ĶʿһµݴʽۡξԼǵ˾ֱǡô
ͬʱвɵЩΪʲôû˾أҲǺܿ׵İ
ǰ׺ΪšĹĳ˱ʾԴˡ
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ոջŵ˵Ҫ˵Ĺζʱɵͬһ
Ϊ°¡Ǽ򵥵ĶɻһͬʱŶ⻹һ£Ǿǣ
ڳ¾ôȫ֪ˡ
¿϶Ӳ˱ԼҹŰĺһٽˡ
һ̵ĹξãԼֱǵСײһ
ƫƫܹһܿѵһλϷ־Ŵ˿̻ڡǰڹαСݡʱϷ־űһʱ䣬ʵܲˣǾ·ʰܵ˼¤ݵͶ˴ǰĴֶӡ
ʲô˵ĴֶӣģĺѣĴֶȻҲĴֶˡ
ȻϷ־ŵĿڵＰ¤ĵһۡ˭򲻹أ
󣬿Сײ˹αԼӵĺסº죬ס˵ĺƤ
Ȼһǫǫľģ΢ЦȻЩҪͬТԼȥ𣿡
ڹηĳԼգ۾ʾ֮£ûᵽͬգգһ˫ƯĵۣȻãҾȻȥˡ
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Űкζʱ¶֮ɫԹԵľһֻ֣ͼƱ磺ҿԽ͵ġ
ģʱĲǹġ
ֻǵʱŸձӿлûãûӦԼǸңһʱϰԵѿڶʱ˵֮ӦѾǰһʱͺˣֻ
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ѵһ䣬ζʱֱͷһСģ
߱ؿѼɼ졪Ȼ˵ܹĳл˵ⲢҪһݵļڼǱ߷ΧȴЩء
߸׼ȷһ˵ӦһƬΧȽϳء
ԭȻҲǴǰϵǮ֮
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νһжŵĴ϶ֹôһңֻΪĿŵΪɪġǲɱӺǸһЩֵġҲݷŹһʱճݴǵա
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ڿʼɱһֻ֮ǰķݡΪ˷ֹܹͨ죬Ǩ
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һǣգİι̡Ҳݵĳǣʼˡ
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ǵһԸ˵Ĵ۰
ʿ̲ס̾һоԼЩʼĽСˡ
ϾԴԺ󣬻ȥĽԡ
һϴ϶Сүȫһ˭ŵĹүɣԭֻ뵱͸˽ǡԼǽֻȥʱһŲįǿȥֺƽ޲ֹˮļڼȫһ
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һ룬Ӱ̤䣬Ŀһۼڼ̯Ǳ鼮̽ʵĳĲʱ򣿡
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ʿһƽޡ
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һ룬ڵ˵ĳĺġ
ڼаԸҪѴ򹤶һҪѼӰ࣬ɫȻһǫѷı飬뽲
Ͼ˭뱻ǰǽţԴǵڲһѶأ
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˴ҴһǾģ߸׼ȷ˵ڿ¸֮˾
ϰждʲôҪȥҴĿë£ҪһҪʧܡ
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˵ֹΪֹһжܹܲ׼һӦöʵʩȥĶ
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ĩˣ˵һ˵˲粻˵ĹͣԵġǰ۲ӵļһʵ۰
ллǱװôһοоء
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żܷģ֪¸ҴصдʲôƾϰԼǷŵݣܹµõвݣԼʱӦ䡢ٳӦӦò⡣
Ҵ˺һֱǹҴߵ·ģҪλصʲô£ֻͨһ㱻ҴĹٸ
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ҴĿһֱûԼĿظģԲǸڱϵ˺£µİոġ
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룬һµĿĵóѣҵҴԴһҴˡ
֪ҴϷ֮ḻʵȡԼĴеĶëչǰڵΪ˺¿һʽס
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֮ǰڲСʯӿֻСгЧġ
ڿµ֮¿ضʵʲô۸񣿡
仰ſڱ˸֡
ҴĿضʱЦˣһӣҾҪһдǧ𲽣ɵЩмططһʶûС
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ԭҪ˵۸Ļû˵ȥΪͻȻ˵ˡ
ȻֻҺʵӱһ۸񣬡ӦŶԡ
Ҵصɫʱ࣬ĿҲмֲƣڹŪҵ𣿡ҪǸôȥأ
ǲĻصղűļ۸Ǹصĵһļ۸ΪҲ˵ļ۸һֱë¶۵ļ۸񣬴ǰλݵĹ嶼˼λë¡
˵Цһ£̹Ȼϱؿ򣬡Ҳ˵Ƨòʲôܹ棬ȻǻץסϾǵĹٸڿⶫء
Ҵأ
ۼҭסֵνڣҼҿǶȻʲôǿǿģԴǾùǱߵձûˡ⵱Ȼǲܵ飬ɾָ½ⷢӣȻʼء
һ仰һ£ǼոձҴİֵë£ת뿪Ÿת˸һȵȣ
ҴصһתͷЩãȻĿȻһ˲֮󣬳ǺȻ֮ʲôƵģԼͷңˡѯʵؿɷеë£
һʻ֮ĬĬڻβһ۸ʼ˵Ǹ
ҴĿصǼûʲôԥ˲ˣϵķһǮ֮еë
ҲˬĽҴصôˡ
ֱ߳ٸ֮ȻǼëµУȥûĴ㡣
ʵҲȷûĴ㣬ҪݲǮȥϹðǶܿõȻڱʱ˵ҴĿأΪʲôǾʱԴıˡ
ֻҴĿ飬Եϰ尲ŵĽľ籾
ϾҪĻ˽ס̷ָܹһ£ûԹҲܣɱôǰˣǽҪ飬ûⷽľ顣
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Ͼһ̥ʮֻСĲڽԱؿ߶Դ»Ǻӵġ
¹İֻСʲôʱʱһߣҴҲڵ˲ò˵ʱ̡
ȻδѩʮһµѾܱԴҴǱߵĺ˺¶Ȼǻëë㣬纮
ۿǴ𿻵ĺǶ˴δ·ڱһ˰æصİǲɵöЩ뾪̾
ԭϻ·
ڶﴩ·һҸ
·һܹɡ
Լġ׼ȷ˵Ҫȷ롱֮ĸԼʹߣȻ󡭡۲ӵؼһʵۿʼԼİġ
شһһ⣬ë²󰡣һļ۸ǴҶġ
Ȼʼ׼ҴĿأΪʲôôˣΪǵ˺ãǰ
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ѾǶ춬죬¹һʱҲҪ̤꣬ʵӦϲĺ·Ŷԡ
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仰֮󣬻ƵǼΪ˳ĴǶޡ
Ķ䵽ëĳ֮ ʹøӱů
巻һλĴֵ֮ⷢģ ڴϱ֮ Ƶ˼ȥƷЧҲǳϵĺá
ֻϲͷȥ֮ ŻƵþʶ޵ı׶ˡ
ֻҪɱͿ޳ѭ޶ëһܹëʮëһȻҲҪɱܹ֮ȡë ǶԭͱС࣬ һֻϵĶĿҲǷǳޣֻܵóһٵ㣬ëԣҪʹö޵ĳɱǴӵġ
ëʱΪ˳ԣ ëǵһɹḶ́ⶫء
ŶᣬλΪöëϸϸɿȥ޻һԽ޽ƵеΪҵĶ첻¶ڶսٻغϣȫʤȻѶ޶ͺˡ
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οҶ˵һһֻܹĶ£ǱؿͳҵóĶҲûپһˡ
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ŻƵõĻµͷʾԼ֪ˡ
΢һ£ʵȻ޿ԱůĻôǲĶëҲԣ
仰С½ǵĻƵһ£ص֮ȥһЩĶһԣ
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µһ䣬ҡҡͷǷһ£С˱죬ίҵС۳ˡ
˵Сʲô֪ģǴǰʮֻе̫µСеһֻ÷ǳɰͨǷǳɾ͸ķɫԵ뷨ĽרΪֻСդаС۸˳
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һ˵С̳֮µĵһӦǣŰС۸ˣ
ȻŵҲһ࣬ϻϾޣһֻԲ¹ͷģοֻһֻС̡
ûϵǡɴ۾Ӷһ˫ϼС㵸Ȼţ⼸ҲΪСƢûȥСȻȵҽعȥʱ֣
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ۿԼԭ£㣬ҲС·һҹ֮ڵʮѾȥأľú顣
С½οˡ
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СеǸ˭ˣǵڱؿλܿõСᡣ
ڶԷһֱڱؿǰ׳԰׺ȣһʲôɲáõյʱһũүүĻ˵ǣʮСӸɵĶáһֱûʲôøУСﶼҪ֮֮£˵˾Ҫ㿪ʼѧа𱱵ؿҵ
û취Ҳʵǲܹ˭֮ǰǹĻƣ֮ܽҲֿԸɶɶС
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ʵҪ˵ĻȫĲܺΨһسھϣȻڱؿûʲôáϾֺǼѰԮһؿߵľ·ֲһָֻš
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һʱ˼佫ȥʲôкȻһֲõԤУ̽Ǳʲô֣
Ȼһ̣ݺǸϤǲǺĸĲ
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˹˵鼦һ͹࣬Ȼͷһ
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ǺġλµĽȥ˼⣬佫ũ̡֮ĻδЩƫ˰ɣ
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֮ӣӺֲһ䣬ȥԺʲôȱĶš
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ںò׵ĻصԼϽ¿زҪ̤ţ㷢ԼĲϱ˳ǹ
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˲䱩ŭˣضʶ𣿡
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86 
ڱԼˮʵѺá͡еĹ֮У ҴĿ±Ƶģ±֮УһЩı֮ɫ
Ϊ·ֵİûһϳ˭ ͸Ҫ˵λشүߵˡ
ͺһȫؽҪһ
뵽ʱ ˰Ƕ길ĸٵ¿صвɵһɷ߷֮飬 Щûһʶ̧ٵġ
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ֻôоտ˵ʱ˵еģ ֱһ
Ҵַм֮У Լķˮ͡˹ٸ
ĿⷶΧһǱλϵʱ ¿صɫʱͱòŭȵʲô˼
ڽŷŭһ ǺȻʲôٿؾһ亹
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ҾͲղڳſڱһ£ ˵ܷˮһ£ ٿΧһȦΧĶƽʱΧתҴԱǵĴ۾󣬱ǳ˸Ҳòථʲô
֮ǰ ӺἰһġҴᲽϼ¤ĺ󳾡һߡ
ֻҴЩΪ֮벻ͨǡ뿪˶ðҴƿأôܹʱڴﵽϣټĹСǷַӾ͵򣬸ԸΪȲҼһ¶ôô˾ΰ
ѲɡĪĻ˹Ի
ҴصѾйڱؿǱһЩйϵѧĴԵʱ ҴԱӵĵһЦ º֮дֲɾܾĿڵ´ˣ
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ҲǣΪӺķǳ˳۵ĹӣƨĶ֮⣬¿ȻҲٲҪ˾ԲȡԷġ
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87 
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էؿʱ򣬴Ӽڼġʱڼʲܼ¶پһĲ顣
ᴹ治ТӦʰ³ȡʲô˵ġҲʸ֡
һֱǶ³鵽ĸʱ˭³һַϵ̬ȣ˿ԺǺദȫִһֿ׵룬Ҳרŵȥѯ³ȡĶ󣬶Դ˶ӹע
ѧǵĺڼ䣬ݼ٣ƽղţֻͼȫûҪж罻Ĳڲ֮ǰСȥ鿨Ҳֻ֣дڡӱߴɽѩļѩ˶˺֮󡱼һµʲôˣԴǺĵġ
ΪԶֶһĮ̬ȡ
ǲܹദֻûбҪ
ϾȫȨŮѧߵˣһҲʲôҵϵǣ
¸æοⲻĴ
ʵҪȥһ𣿡
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վ˲䣬ŵŮᱧ˱ǰССֻòŮ£лл
лл㣬лһμĸס
ǴǳǳЦݣȡ۽ǵۣ˵ţЦһȻòˣΪ۸ôѽ
䣬ٿؾͱСЦˣִ̧֮˴СĶͷոձԼСڵϵ𣬶µȥȥͻء
ô˵¶ʱæһҡͷǸŮСѵõۼֿһνողűϵ鱧𣬱ʾȥҵ蹽ɻҲһģͬΪѧݼ٣ڼ¤ǱŮѧ˵лҲǻص˱ؿ
һ仰һ£˲ܳԺ䣬ĺСûдñӸû멣Ŭ֮ܵٶȻģûü
Ҳֻܹ̾һаһε·СǧҪȾ˷纮
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ڲ߲Ů֮󣬱ߴɽѩǡ˿Ҳ㡰ԡõĲ࣬ټΪһĶûûֵĸ޶ļ֮У˿
ڡѩˡǡ֮󣬰̨Ҳһ¶Բİ⣬ǾǹڴҵİҪô
԰׷ǲܳ԰׷ģҶǶˣܸɳֹȥԼһص顣
Ϊ˲ܳ뿴ȥ޺Сġ
Ҫ¶ǾȵԼԼ
˫ɾ峺ּС¹ĵĿ£ѩа׶ηֱֲ׳׶ελʿһ´ǵ֪
ԴˣܸоԼһεıں˵ĹκϷ־Ǳʾǳź
ȻӦöû˼Ͼ롰˿ʹĹ֪
󣬲֣֮Ͳλѧ߼Ȼûʲôľȥѧýˡ
֣ڽһ²İڻԼʱѾ̹ѧǸҡһѧͣױһѧ￴ĺܵѧǱпĴڣѧ˼ֱһ޷ܾĹ
ߡԼŮڸڽһԭ򣬵ĻΪѾ٣ѧõķΧȽϴ⣬ѧĻҲ̫ᷢ¡
佫ֱӱǱߣҴĹٳڶңȰѾȨûоȨ˵ȨǶǲʵʵ
΢еЩ޴ǣ˶Լİţ̹Ȼ֮ʳһЩ֪Ҫλش⣬ȥʱ
ʵԴһϣ¸ܲʳ仰ʱǳԺεȵ
͵͵һȦڻȥ֮ʱĴң仰֮ȫһȻ·ôʾ쾭ı֮˼һ£صĻصҪ֮ɡ
ˣֵ֮ǰɷ
֮£оԼûʲôɾܾЩ۶۵ĵ˵Դ
ͬʱ̲סţȵ֮һҪһˡһλʱµġ˫ڡʲôϵ
ԭΪ˵˻ȥȥܿࡱҪкõϵ϶ãҪȻĻôֻ֡¶ǶϵĻûôҪҪִżͷɣ
ϾѵҪԼϲ²Ǻܶ
ڳȥҴ֮ǰӢ˧Сӻר̹һ£¹Լе
˵Ƿǳʵֱˡ
仰µһӦˣǲǺܺ𣿡
üˣǺ˵飿
ǾĻ˴֮϶һĬİɣӾĥڶʡԵء
òŮƯӣӦΪ˸е˲Ŷ԰
˫γһӾ˵ˡ
һ㶼ԼܻᱻܿգΪһʵ
Կصĳ²˺ܿһ㣬ɲڹΧ֮ڡ
Ȼ˵ǻˣϾԼƷˡ
ֻޱűˣЩĴ˰ΣտܻẦƷߡ
һĹȻԸʵʺҪ£ǣԭ
٣ˣҪշһѼĥڲпƷʵġ
ƿԼᵽ̸Ǳ˼ٿЦһ¡
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лҪ˵[1]԰ٿơ
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ҾԼعÿյĵ23 ָտɴˣңҿܸã


88 
¿Ƶ۾ һϵɫ˵˵˼
¶ԣ һʵĵġ
пصĴڣ Ⱦų˸µĿԡ
Ⲣ˵ޱȫȻֻύԿеĴҡ
˲ɣ ˲áһ㡣
ֵµ˭ֻҪίã ¾;ԲȥɶԷܹܲñеµҵ
ֻϵͳϵͳĿأһߣҲ̵һߡ
´ɹʲôҪʲôıķǣ ϾʼնûоԼйֻıսԣ ܻ˿ó
ߣ 㼯һĸʱμڵһˡ
˿ηԼ硢ԼߣʲôܹȥԼȡ֮
֮ ֶͨ졢ܹ˶Ūƿ֮䣬 ôˡɴ˭ɴ£
ڲġ͸ҪˡǼʹ˭ҪһΡʵۡ ֲǰ裬νȨԼƽˡ
ǣ ҲԺʱͬһʱԼеġǰΪ֣ΪжԹϵġڻϰ֮յ϶ֵͬ£ ⲻʲô⣬ յĶͷֱӳԼϰ壬ЩԵ΢˰ɣ
˼ˣ΢΢˴ѻܼĽëز˲
ʵ ȻӲǺܺʹߵֽҲررɵˡ
ϾȻ˵ǸѧģʱڶԴһЩ˼ʽ߼˼άɵʦȴǼڼ
òŮɫƶʱףʵһ
ǲɵõƶˡ
ûСô˵΢΢ҡҡͷһεĽոն˵Ļ˵һ飬˺ܺá
ֱת˻⣬˫עŰ۽ĵһҴ֮󣬾鷳Һ´кɡ
ˣףӦ£á
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˳ȥڵҴǱߵ֮Ҳڵнעʣµϡ
ԤһʵϰһˣԴԼ˲һǣȥҲǶʮҵ˲ûг֤ϸڣʼģΪľ뿪ؿ뿪ӺȥԶŶɢġ
̶̵һԻˮʱԸ⵱ȥӪҵһ̶ȣ߶ԸľΪʲô
ǡǡ෴ӡʵǺܺõģȫƢܺõСﵱһʱЩʲôҲʶһԵ֡
ֻĲ̫봥һЩ»η顣
³鿨ٻڿг˯Ĺ֮УϵͳЩйδһЩҲȻԺбѡ
˳Լǹâڣ˭˶ôһţ費Ի͵һʵеڶġ귽ֻжʮҲܹԡꡱֳƺɹһַϵ״ֹ̬ˮ
˵ֱһ㣬һ״̬
ġһӡѾѸŬȫŬˣҲʲôˣ׵һӮҾ籾Ҳ͵һӾͲϽˡ
δԼʵ̫ǱһֻΣϣǰ
һ뷨ûдκǡ˼轺裬ֻ̬ȫϰĻ˵ҪߵʱֻƽĵͷȻ׼˰ʰһ
òŮ˼뿪ҪЩʲôһ˰׼ϸ㻨ǮķѱȽϸߵĻ;֮лҪԼȥЩ
佫ҲͲٸ㰲űĻˣض˵׸ж
SSR佫ԣ¾ĸŻĻǵʱ˭˭˵׼
ǹõ˳ֵһ֣ˡԣȥõǱһõ˳ֵȽϺá
뵽ʲô˵ʲôŻܸҪ뿪ʲôͷ룬ʵףҪҪõõĻҲٴһװɣǰӶľͺüĻУԸܵǺ̫ƽ¾ȻĻôǲӦҲͬԴһף
Ȼڷսؽ磬´жֵֹģ
ڴ֮ǰ´ûʰ飬Ȼ˵էӺߵʱҲڼʰңҪɡ
ǸʱϾҲûʲôֻܹڼһЩʳοʱҲ캮ضĶ죬ҪȶķЩҪ˵ĻȷǵһҪ뿪ˡ
˵ԼҪ֮󣬾ͿʼָӦðʰʲôòŮҲЩĪĸӡ
һǾãһڱҪߣһһ¾һ춼߶ġ塱ȻԸ΢ϣƢ֮ó̶ʵǱҪߣһ˵Ҫ̷˵ĹֵĻ￪ʵеЩ˵ĸо
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Ϊһʷǳ͵SSRҪˣһ֮ʶûôֱӱЩĪĸоԼܱһ
֪иоЩ΢
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Ųһǰ˼һѾںõĵӴ£üһ˵˵ӿٻôôήң
˵ãҿɲش˵ԭϵͳѡŮɡ
һ䣬ǼЦһ£ڰǰ˵ֻأ
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ֵҲΪϵͳҵЩ䣬ҪԶЩˡ
ܵܵһ䣬ʱʧɫѿڶĪǻĽ
£ʵ벻ʲôܰĵܸܵ⸱սήģļֱϴүҪϴү
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΢һ֮㲻һߣ
һ䣬ʱбɱˡҴչͼĺõطء
仰һ£ɫʱЩ죬һ䣺ѧôչͼ
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Ϊһ佫ѧתְΪ顭šԵе㱯ˡ
Ȼͱһۣ㶮ʲôѧвѼδܺ£Ȼġ
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Ͼǲں֡
ֵ£ԼҰ㷭һۣļѼԭֺôͣôɴҲѸаأⲻǸˣ
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ŽȻǹĵļ׵Բһ£ǿ̹ףһ°֪ܲʵǻ˲Ǵ磬ҡ
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ô˵ֵĬˡ
˵仰ʵ̫棬ЩֲԼҰ㵽ǿЦľ˾áǲɵ̧˹ȥ
ܵ˫ܵܵľĬע֮£ǳȻķʵôֵĿҰҾһ䡪¼䣬˭뵱ʵۣ
⵹ǵȷˡҰֶԱ޹ءԡ
ǰϲԭ򣿡
Ҳȫô˵ɡ⣬ǳ˼һ£صҵȷǺ֤һλŮ۵ĵǻû
һʼ£֪Լһʱ򣬵ȷΪһ³øУڴķֵҲߡ
ദ֮ͷСеȫһ
µϼʲôԡڳƵҲִ
֮ͷˣԼĿ꣬ԼҪߵĵ·Ǽᶨơ
еԸ룬ҪʵֶαǳƵۡ
룬ֻҪ֪һ͹ˡ
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ºÿȻǺÿġĿǡ
ܶ࿴𣿲ܡ˭ҵû¾Ͷ˼ҹ￴ǽкɫ֮ͽҪڳϵġ
ۡһӾͱ仰Цˡ
Į֮УСŬֹסԼЦݡ
ڶһɫԼҵܵܵļ뿪Ժ󣬶Ҫǵʱƽ
ԼĹģЩϵɫӦţһġ
-
ʰʰžʰصؽǰרŴļӴó񵱡ҡʹá
Ѿ˼еİ涼ֽԷҶ
ĺԼ˵עϺȻҪŬ㣬Ǹˣڸʤͺĵʹ֮£վûסĶǰԵرСòŮʳ֮ǰǸ΢еЩԱգȥʱҲʹڰԸʹȻʼҲûʳڵ⣬ûʲô˵𣿡
䣬ЩãȻգգһ˫ƯĵۣʼԺŬԼǲǲСʲôҪע˶
Ŭ˼ǲʲôǵĶ£һԵĳ˫֮ĬᵽԼҵܵ仰˵ʲô˼ŬıЦ
۵֮£˼߽£սòŮ䣬Լҵܵǳ˱ֻ˫Ľġܰ
ôһ˵¶ʱȻ
󷽲ŻںӢƯֹòŮ½ĿתǿŤĹϲȻûԸȻûбҪǿ
һ仰£ֻüƯֵĹطţⲻƽ׵𣿡
񡭡ҿ𣿡ڿͷ֮¼뿪֮ǰҪؿĻʱӭѽ
˵뿪ָ뿪硣
̧űԼһͷ꣬ЩɵϾӦҲѡɣ
㡣Ȼ㡣
õ׿ϣòŮƯճһĻȡ
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ͱĵڶ죬˴γ鿨Сѩмλѩˡȫŵõ֮һ軰ᣬñ˴˶ԸԶȤŮǽᡣ
β軰Ա£࣬л蹣Ӣ
ֻⳡ軰Ÿտʼʱ¾ľĲӦó
ǺܸϸλƯǵ˼·
ԭΪֻǽѵᣬڸտʼʱͳ˻ᡣ
л蹶ԭĲŮʱĹ˶ںһͯ鼮
ļܱ١л蹣ӽ[1]
ӢҲصѧʶ㲩ʮ֮ͻΧȸǧżѻ
Ȼ󳯺Ķڲ˵ʵǹİǹǵĲ軰֮Уұ˴˿ƹˣ֮ϾܹܳǵƽǷͬһĻԻ財
Ĵ󱳾֮£һΨһһĲɣ䲻ͣǸͷβС˼ѡͷС⣬һ鰲ı塣
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࣬õСֱСϣݺ˵ţ½ģ½ҪŮ۵ģ
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´״̬нȳĻǲһ䣬ΪʲôұΪļ
仰֮󣬽ŴҾͿ»硣
˲ͻӢĩʱڴλͬʱҲǼʧŵĻʵۡ
ͻӢĻʵʲô֮ͬԼͬһǡ
ҲѹֲͻӢ˶ЩѪӿ
ĶĩʱڣݷѣսûϹı֮£û˿ַԭǽͳһǰ£ȴһܴ衣
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ǰŮһ¡
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ԼȻ뵽ˣҲҲֱӺĨ˳⡣
ŮӦûⰡ
Ҩǰǿ͵һǣ΢΢ȥĿЩķ棬ҪŮŮһıԴʵѸġ
ԹӪսĴʻ϶ֱ˹ҹȺšͬطŮ
һ˼ȻԸ⽫Ů͵УϰУһǽ˾ӪҲʹʧףһӶˡ
֪ʲôлһĨЦ
ȥЩĵɫҪ࣬ʵôͻȻ뷨
һʫ黭ᣬ·޶𾲵ħֻԲõ⾹ȻһλսպյŮ
ѯ֮Щ˼Цһ£شţʵҲͻȻ֮
͵֮ǰѾˣֻǳȻŮ齨ûкʵ˿Դ졭
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ŮΪӪУΪڸһλͬԵĵλԶԱȽϸߵϼҲôĺѲ˻ɣνġŮʲôģ
˰Ҳǲ
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ЦȻ˵ĻǱԿɡ
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һǻȥһεʤһ졣
˱ѹȺ£۶ڹٻǶ˵ֵصġ
;ݼڼ֪вٰԷҪΪȥλµСƣ
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˵֪飬ڼε֪ģ˭ΪæúܣݵĴء
ڲҡԼĻˮֻǱץȥʱʱ򣬼ڼƽû¸ɵʱ򣬾ǴȺ֮У̽ײ֮İԴš
ڼڴǰŴĺɫ٣֦ͷ
Ϊȥ칦磬˿Ӧѳ׽ʿɵվȥѰ
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ڣԱ鿨ҪˡͬʱҪ֧ǮӺݱؿ޹˾
żڼɫһƽݣΪദ⼸ѾҪ򶯼ڼЩ̲סе㷢˵һ䣬ĺͶصĹ
ڼȻƽصʳ֮»Ҿ֮¡ڼͬ죬ЩڼӦġ
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ˣĺʡôܹһ;һôıʿأ
Ȼ̲סǣȻıʿɱķʹá
Ȼϻȥľ²ܷǳڣǸţ䶼ܳһǡҲǿԽڼֵκεطܹϯıʿ˵Ҽʹõɰ
Ӯ¶Ը߶˲ݳ˷ѵʹ÷ʵеǳʹ޲øæ̹
ڼڼͻȻһ󾪾Уּ֮ǰϯľƺȵ΢ЩԵһʱЩͷԷȣͷ
ǰ͸ĶԼڼһǽǵĻĺͿɷؿʵԷĺ͵Ĳܡ
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89 
仰֮ ڼǶһ£ɫƽʿǷһ̾Ϣ ˾䣺ˡΪˣ Զʼ˵ˡ
ڼڼ֮ ǶȻѡ
ʶԼղ˵Ӧ˵Ի΢Ӳһ£ڿ˿ɫƺһһƽ ϸ۲ֺ֮Щļڼ˳ոյݸ̨ߣǣĳ̰ Щ ŵ֮ԣ ĺĪҪȥǡ
ˣڼ΢΢һЦ ˣ ôڼȻȥˡ
ר ҲΪҪݵ̯ʰĲҪȥ´ɨһӺǱˡ
û뵽ȻյλεԼϾղǾ仰ȫ ˼
Ǳ߲ʺ㣬ûú÷ӵĺҵݴ򹤰ɣ
ӦǲܴӦģôݻ ΪպлԿɾĻݣ 費¡
˭ڵǸ߷ڼĺأ
˵ڼǰδԼгһҲܹʸϵһ
ο˵񱻼ڼƮƮĽҹǽǵȨʧ䣬ʵڼҪĴӦˣ ŻòԾ
оǾƺʧԣʲôһжܹƹˡϣڼͲһˡ
ڼûȾƣʧѵĺ֮ܵ£ôͬ˱̵Ҫϰ壬ô붼ô˸еɡ
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ģûб֢ġ
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ô˵ ζʱͶԹһС
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³ȥҴǰϦ ֮еĶľͺǱߴµϢ ͬʱҲǴһǮΪҪȥ׼ֵṩ˾
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ȴѾһ֧ũ ߹ģ ҲγԼ֯ȥ΢ǣ սγԭ֮֮С
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òŮ̧һ˫ʵãǱУҹȨΣ
ǵõؿǱУ̶Ǳ뿤ظȽһ֮ƿסʵбҪĻҲҪסĹԱȻ󡰺ƽĶȡȨ˵Ļ䶯ֻϲ㣬ӰȻҲᵼĲ˷ড
⣬һ㶣ȻЦһ£ǡ
ǰڴ⾧С̽Լ£˼Ů֮ǰĮ˵ǲƴۣҪõӺݵģЩΣͬʱ־ⷴȻ顣
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ʱʴȵĲǻΪλߵˣûκһλ˻˵ںƽ
ĳҲϵΪƽգȻṲ飬ϧƽաչ黹ǣ
һֱǸСʼղı
ЦЩţң˵ֵĻ𣿡
㲻ҪЦĿ֮£ԽԽСؿô
Сͷ͵ĶҪſˣæڣûУܺá
Ϊ֮Ϊᡣ[1]
˭֪˼롣
ܹʵģмأ
̧̧΢ģ
΢ЦȷУġ
½ֵϣЩʵʼľǵעȻ͵͵Ǳ룬͵͵ġ
˵ҲͰ
˵˼·֮òŮһȻ̧ͷºúõãĿҲٶȱüᶨһתǣҲ׼ġƽ͵ֶβȡǱҲĿҪѪһ·
һǿݣҪߵ·ֺֹǡҪȥյ㣬ͱ̤ǰʬɽѪ
֪顣ֻ
ᴹѻܼĽë΢΢˲֪䲻ɶΪ֮ëǸĲˡ
Цġ
µϴһضִֹ棬ʵҲ˵ǣʵһ۲۵ߡ
ƫƫ컯Ū˵ǣԸƫƫѪɱ֮·
ǻһǶȣҲΪһ·Բлȥʵ㽵롣
ЩǻۣศɵĻΪϵ
˵ĻʵϣĿģǡǡݹִͬʱҲ档
ҪػĶ
һ䣬ǷԵ̧Щ㵵Ŀǰŵǫǫӡ
ȻͼЦ˵ĻȴеĴһԶ׼˰ǣȻĻԵҵЩıʿ̫ܣ
-
ʱѮʱǱ˶
䵱ʹΪŵȫû뵽ġ
һС磬Ÿǻšžһʩ꣬һʱЩûзӦ
ʶһǻȥ֮󣬶ʱƯĵһЩϲĺȥˣ
ٺ١һҲ¶õЦݣȻãûиеܡϲ
չûл˵ڿڣûĴݼ䡣
ֻתһĿĻȥڼվһԵһ˲ֱӾסˡ
ڷ·ʱ䶼ͣ˵İ֮ڻعĻСһһ˲ĶĶ
ν๥ȥ
лҪ˵[1]ӡ
-
µ·ݣҵС컨ҪˢQAQһŬģң


92 
ӽһ ҲǷӦѸͬʱִżĲܿԼϮ
ȥûֹ֮ͣ ЩŤһ µٶȳϮȥ
ȥõѽ ĹŶٵĶֲ˳֣ ˵ⲻõ彣Ͳʹý
ȥĳֱǺʹ˿Զڼ¤ְƽճֻܲʱ͵Τдûʲôֻһ ǡ
ͲǴ˿̵»ˡΪͻȻ֮䷢ıʣ ѾֱӼֹͣ˼ˡ
ͻġ⡱ ̶һ˲¶ʱ¼ǸǰµǸȥԼ֮пе뷨ԭôõģǺתһ֮ ָоЩ̫
ΪڵĻ ġƽҲǻʮģ ǻȥȴͬǰһõ껪ɢ ԼڻȥʱصԸӦҲڼǳϴ뱲ӡ
ֻΪȥҴ Լ ȥݵԵʣԺȥһеġ֮ˡѯһ˾ʲôϵ¸һã ǵڻȥļʱ̡
Լǵ飬вЩա
˼˲ϢѾּغϵͻȥ˿ȥԽԽңҲԽԽΣա࣬ûУʼնǻȥأ֮Σ̲סΪһ亹
Ѿźֹһ⽻еĶ˵ʱ򣬺Ȼ俴гĿ࣬Ļ˾ˣ
һ£Ѿ̧Ӣȥ¶ʱͶס˽Ųû뵽չ˵ĹϵȻǡ
ȥһǿһЦĿ͵˾䣬ˡ
Ŀ佱С϶ʱһĨɾֲõЦݣƽĻСһ̿ɼˣݹҲǲЩüŵ˸е档
ȻǾ
תһĻĹϵȷûκεë
͵ʱոռʱȥϸڣҲܹӦϡ
ֻΪȥȥ˵ˡܺáоǹϵãǽ볤ӽǵĻϣԼҵĺӵõһЩҲûʲôԵĵطϾȥԸȷǽ档
ҵҴ֮ǰͬ˵ϣڻȥʱܹ֪һȻɫ
ҲȷӦȻġ
һʼ˼άΪͻȥڿͬǰ׺˫ڡΪͬһλµλŹ֮ǻ˾ͬһʱµˡ
ȥд˵ţҪ֪˾ڵĻһЩͻ
ȥһ䣬˫Ưĵ۲Щ룬ûĺͻС˵ǰԼǸеĹϵҪܵıļ档
ֻȥһλͻȻûȥʲô׼Ļᡣ
ܵոߵԼߵСЩǰ𲻽˿¡òŮ޹գգһ˫ƯĵۣͼȻء
޺СǲɵÿӢ¶һĨĵЦݡ
ԱߵĻȥںԼҾ˾˱Թݵ飬Сίޱȣ˾㲻֪ݵĻǡô
˵ţȥֱ̧Ȼ£ڼҾ˾ֻ᲻ݾж಻ãʳҲѳԣǱߵĿζ֡
ʼݳԲǱߵʳʱ򣬻ȥΪĳˮƽУǺͷԭĴ⣬ǱߵĿζˣ˷ǳĲѺá
ȥ˵Ǳ߳Բõʱµ˵Ż˵˵ʱҲԹѳԵ顣
һµͬʱͬҲ˼𵱳ڼдŻСǱӹʵǡһ󡱣ӵ֮ÿĴԴȾûٹһ򶼺ǹֱСﲻɵѿڶĺͲ˵ȥûôҵ𣿡
ţ
ĿҲͽڼ˵Ļȥʵʵ˵˳ûʲôʶĽ˻СϵףȻ󡭡¾Ŀһ׮͵ġұֳ
ȥ͸˵оⲻҪ⣬Ĵү
ۣ˾Сһ˫ֱͷһ߻ŬΪԼ⣬ʲôⰡȥǵģҹⲻȻ໡
ȻǳǿʶСԽԽ׵ĻֱӸɴ̧ͷȥ
ܵԼҾ˾˲µͻȻϮСʱǺĿ¶Ȼھ˾˵Ŀע֮£СԺ֮һ֣Ȼ֮˺Լͬ湲ܿ˼µĳ˵û޲
ǻȥʱŲһתܵµֻ¶һԵȫûа취ڲԴ
ֻüڼΪıʿò˵ĺܿס
˵ĶԼڼĲһ֪·Լϵʱ⡣
˵ڼʱҲû뵽гһջᱻԼҾ˾׷Ŵѽ֪һĻðɣʱʵǻڼģֻ΢һ̶Ȱɡ
-
Ȼ˵ԼһͱԼҾ˾һ˿⣬лһεļԼľ˾»ûСиеǳĿĵģһ˾Ͳˣȥǻŵģϼº֮ʹݣڰǱߵϢ֮ҪٻȥǱߡ
ڴõҪǱߵĽжƻ֮󣬼ᣬȥҲҪ첽ȥ
һҪæ½ϣĸԼӺݣܾ;˾žۡ
ЩĻС꣬Ծͻȥһߡ
ǳȫ˾ñ𲻼ľۣһҲǱ߳ʲô⣬ĸֵ;ָҲܸõӦ䡣ҲǷҪҴ
Ͼµʲôȱǲȱ佫
һϣһֱǺġֵһܹǡʵĽ˧š
˭ãܴӿгһʱ֮أ
-
ȥȥϢҲǰ֮ǰ˼·ݾһ߶Ӻݽ壬ԡƽֶοһصԱƿصؾĴﵽѪСء
֮ǰڽͬ佫˵ʱ򣬴ұʾԸⳢһ£һƻоʵֶƻߪȡ
񻹹ӺĿ׻߸вͬأǳزǼ򵥵߸µЩӺ֮ȻȫֶΣһʱùεȵԷ˷ӦͷҲͿвͨˣٵҲҪǵȵ֮İˡ
йڵʱҪ֪ͨ٣ʱ϶ûû̫ʱ˽дѶһҲṩ˽ʽ
ԴӱӿлѣһֱԷݴڵṩ˿ƣɷܣΧֽײ֬ȼƱշ졣
ƷԺ󣬱ǿݾźš
˵ÿƴźŵĻʱĿ϶ΪԣʤӺǱ߶Դ˺֪飬ǿˣҲʲôġ
˵ڼһ֪֮˿Ƶ;еڶεĻԷὫ䣿ǲ¿ǷΧڵģΪڶȡӺݵڼ֮УҲΨֻҪÿôһζѡ
-
ڽжƶ֮һҪľµ佫Ȼ˵µϲ佫ԷֱɳȥϣȴҲδˣȥµ˵÷㡣
һҪߣһҪ֤Լȫˡ
Ҫǿڿ֮Ҫܹסصľ£׵ѹסǵʿǲҲ˵ӦǾԼɵ뷨
ŵڶƫСһЩǿԵһЩܽ佫Ȼֱӱų
Ȼʵǿûһۻ˵ġ¾ȻġơͺñȵڳէؿʱͻȥȥӪ֮Уıʿ֮ǰǱСġ۰վԴһѹȸУ˸ܵõˣԼһ
бȽƫѡǰ𣬵Τŷɺ⼸˵ġ
Ȼ˵ÿһʲôҪŻ˵¶Ǵȥɱġ
ΤȻΪʵҺ񣬴Ը񲢲̫ʺ£㹻׺ֲܹ֮¿õ顣ŷȻ
һֱڸǸɵ²˵ĿܶԷǮҲ㹻ͣ˵Ҳ޻˵ģܹ֮ʱΪʵµһʵȻ޿ɡ
ֻ˵ĻµˣЩԾ״̬Ǻܶԡ
ʱܸоԷЩ㱣״̬ЩǴǰͻȥЯԼĳöȴֻ۰Ͱ͵۲״̬
뵽һͲ¸еɻˣϾڵԼĳõˣʱѾ³ģ类Ԥĳ͸ˡ
ڵŹͻȻµҲһ䣬Ȼʻãһ£ʱϾɢǿҵԹ۾ɵϴͭת
ţ
ŭĿӵĶ²ЩеɻǸһ
ȻòŮͼ׹һָ̧˸Լĺ룬ڽµɻ󣬵ǰüңʹ˸ߡ
ôһ˵¶ʱͶ֮ĶԹôˡڳõִ˶֪飬֮ǰεĴŻȥ˵ĳõ⣬ֻʼδòԼĳ֮󣬽һת۵ϱˣˡ֮ޡıŹ֡
ڹ֪֮ʼĩ߹ԼＸ䣬СʵǵУֻñ壬һε˱ǹ
ӿгֻãʵҲٵضԹøжȺܸߡ֮ǰڼʱȥĳñж˳ˣֻʱȽϳѾûŹܣеֻÿɾû̫ãȻէһղֱͶˡ
˵Ŷˣôû¡ʵҲû֣֮ǰ͹˺üˣֻǰһֱڹٸҴߵû˵¡
Ļ̲֮סĳĬˡ
ΪĲ֪ô˵ȻкףָܺߡܲãЩ̲סʲôŻáá׽һλˡֱǲ۶޿ڡ
ǲȥ˺ڳһǴĲ˵Ĳĵѡתƻ⣬ҹĹȻʹɢᡣ
ĺܳһʱҶæİ
-
ߪȡӺһ»˺ܳʱ䣬ʽճ̵Ĵʱ³һֱеʱֵİ£ڼԼĪʱ¼ҴߪȡӺ߿ĵһߡս
ڼ棬ʹõõؿһֶµһЩط֮⣬һٲͬķ簲ԭһĽسǵԱ̰ϷӺɴܣԼС꣬СĵѪڻңʬǶûա
±ٵʱֱӲΡΡľ˰ʾԸֽǳطϣӺĹǺǶܷͰȫһȺϸĹ
νõ߶ʧ߹˫лٳ£ӺʧȥĳǳԽԽ࣬µĿ֮ҲԽԽ٣СǼƢøϲŭ޳ʱŭµһȺ֮
ͷܹٵ͵ĻҲǸˣµĶ۶ǶԴһݰģ磬˹ӵĵҪĻĵʵҲȻȱһȻһָǰʣһָʹİ֮ҪĹӣΪͼҪõҪĶ
ƣΪΪߵĹǿӺʣԽСνӺΪƿӺȫӺ֮Ӻһĵؽ磬ʵۣȨ죬ֻ졣
ʧȥôǳؿ֮ӺȻǡӺҲûյӺݷΪơΪȨ
ǰ֮£ӺÿǣֵµЩԱȻǲˡǰţƣӺʱǵĴүҲˣѾѾʵˣҪĸ߹Ȩ㹻ϢզӻӣȻĸһ
ӺЩʣµĹԱǿʼСƢˣһʼԶͷ˾ôҲͿʼҪʲô¶ɵ˾¸ڡ
Щһϼ֮£һĴȾòҲЧһǰ˵Ĳɴ׳ǰɣǻܰӺȥǱӦǴһɣ
ôһԺ¿϶Ҳǣ㲻ãǸϲԼԭһװףҲúóԺúȵƴǰ
ֶδ뷨ȺӺ磬ҳϵһӺжľͽ˾зһ廨Ȼ󰵴ȥ´ţ˵Ƕµ㽣ֿ֮ˣǲ֪ĵΪдŵʲôö
յŵʱ򶼿ЦˡƢСǱЩ˵ĺ޳ܸЦģչ̣лڵĴʱﶼֻ̻ͨҵĽС㣬һֱûʶȲҪˡ
û⣬µҲܹмпóΪòŮеżϣ̧ĿЩ֮Уһݳ⣬̵Ǵͦõġ
ͬҴһȺ˵ġͶϡôԺҲȻȥͬʲôҲܹãȻĻҪ°ܡȻԴΪϳǳصǣֱǵп
ʱ˵ıڰԺܲá
ʵҪ˵°¶ҲеҪֶֻǡ֮⣬½Ϊۻ˳߲еĲǡԵʼڼȡؿʱҲʹ·ӣߡԡ
¿Ա湤ıʿҺȻͶΪʲôڲļ䶼Ըԭˡ
һ䣬ʼնһѾעԼ߶СĹζʱ̧ͷ˾䣺ʲô
ָ˿ֽصΪƵĸоĺܲ
´Դ˱ԼҲһֱԾԼӲУԶ˻ˣĻҲǿúܿ
ֱ²ŷ֣ʵҲǿر𿪣ġΪܴʵϴһڵĿװ׵ľдšǿӣҡǻҪĴĺܸģ¾еܲסġ
ҪһµĻžֻ֣תһıȴӲر˵ȫӵɵһĸо
µشдŶϷ־ŲɵϵĶһ£ֱ˵ĸоվԼ߹Ȼգգ۾ڿǻѽ
ô˵ҲͬգգۣȻڿǴѽ
С˵䣬Ѿֵ̧ԼͻǷƢ¶ȻĲ֮ɫżɨ֮ʵԤΣ
»ص͵ҽʲôûյ
Ŵ֮ȾϼֵģһĪķ̣û׳ǣӺֻµӿ֮󣬲Ҳǻ𣿡
ֺαΪ˹ǳ䶨֮µĶڰеأ
Ȼ·ĵһ𣬾֪ǰٲ˶ΪŮӣǸͼ˾Ůˡ
ֻΪǶЩаŮĹ٣䡣
ɲɣЩ˸պȫ֪ѹ֬صһԱ
Ϊǽ˸¶ۣļˣӿ֮գǴն֮ʱ
òŮѻܼĽëôʱսҲܵʲôһڰе󰡡Щ࣬͵Ҷ԰ǱƵġͶ״ˡ
ԡʲô²ǿɲȫӿģðͻԭִĵط̲źá
ô˵һԵлЦ⡣
ͷҪֵʱ
ڲ֪֮УСѾ𽥵ĳɳΪһλϸˡ
ʹ˽ӿЩӺΪʵĹǵͶŵ֣ܹЩ˷ѵġ
˼ˣϵļ̧ͷԼº͵ؿڵʵšҲδزܹЩ¡
һ䣬תȥصԸꡣ
ɢȥӿ˵вֹԱӺ׾Ӫ꣬ӦٵҲһֵţ̵ְ
ⷬһߵϷ־Ŷʱֱ߹ηϵҡҡСҡͷƽ￴ű˭ᣬȴǱ˭İ
õзҧһë飬ǹζûô𡣲˵ʽĻʵЩǡ
Ϸ־֮ѵáһεľȻάǸµŵģ˵ţֻǾãĺڵĻӦû˽
ˡǼڼķ
֡˲ֳȴ޹Ҫڼ
ͬпڵ֥ԲܾΪжʿÿµĹİɣ
ʱڼ¶ʱЦһ˫Ưĵһȥ֪Сܺá
С¶ĺЦݣλıʿҲ¶Ц⡣һʱ֮䣬ڵպò͡
-
ԼĪ뱻ԤǼֽλӿĹԱдͶŵʮ֮󣬰Ǳ߳ɹӺһӺӿ
Ӻݾ֣֮ǰ½ڼһֱڸ¶ӺݵѹϵҲ͵˽һֱǱߵļڼȥͺȥҲȻҪӺݡ
ʿֳ̧ǰ˸ҾһĲлһչˣڼõصǿأ˵ٿظ˿ڣصߣౣء
ڼ仰ɫ϶ʱȻ֮ɫЩĺ˺ڼ֣ĺ͡
ˡ顱ʿĿתȥ
תҲ޷ϵɫһ˲䣬Ż̺ǧĮ
ֻϣܹһЩȥԼҲҪ÷һֱ˵ǽǣϾѾⰵʾµġ֮һͶ¡
ȻܹǮԼǾ͸ˡ
ڼĪøţֻ뽫⹤˵ļֵõ¡
һߣõӿ֮µǲûżȥӿڹӿĵ죬дţӱ޵ĴرؿԼĸ´ԼǰԼ߲˴Ķ׼
ĸ´һȥЩԵùʱ䣬֮ǰա
ӿٽľȪٸ֮УΪӺ֮ø˵ȴЩɫòŮοʵΪΡ
޿ɵĹΣµһЩѽ⡣
ʼ⣬ֻҡҡͷһ˫Ư˵¤һƮ֮еʵҲ֪һֺǿҵĲ֮С
֮ԷҪ˵ʵЩЦģΪȫȻƾеһֱ
ò˵ʵЩçײûа취ָо
ŹΣʵТ㻹ǵáȥѩʱҵʱһɽԤУܻ֮ᷢʲô𣿡
ˣһõļܿԼ˵ʲô΢΢ס
˵ţڱǾãʱоᷢĲõ飬Ҫˡ
ֱӸҪģһʳйص֣Ż´
лҪ˵ң~


93 
ķ˲õ飬 ǰԱ̶ֺܴȵʧðһӺѹʲôûз ֻ˼̫࣬ ȻʳĿܲȫ ӶڲͣɵӰȥǿֻܷĴȵĻ ҲȫԺԲˡ
ɽֻﵹϣһж룬ʵʲôᷢźá
ǰ ˣ ʵԵС
ң ļҪյʱ䣬ׯǳ⣬ һûʳ ֻⱾѾòõ ƻøӻңҪֳһƮҡ ɽӶ֮
µĻ֮󣬹ζʱɫһࡣ
Լһĺã񼸺жһղĹʶˣ
µֱ ںܶʱ򡭡׼
οЩУ޵ġ
ֶûзǽȻǽԴϲĳ֣ôֻһ׼ ҲǿӵЧġ
ֵ콫ôҲҲѽ꾡ũҵĴңڡũ֮һŷͬӵежͳʺϲġ˵òŮٿЦһ£Ŀ̹Ȼһ˳Ȼա
˵һֱΪǿҵĲԤжеչǲܹһ¶ΪͣͲǰ
ΪµӺӵӺ֮أӺȫ֣ߪȡӺݵĹڼ̫׷ٶȣõµĵ̵ͬʱڵؽŷչԱϵӺֻ֮һΪɢĴտӣ˵Ļչ黹Щȡ
ĿصҲã⽫ʱصİնѾϰ˵طٻ¡ڰն˭˭ͳ±ͲҪҪǶϵܸܲǴ
ԭӵе֮УĶûУľõ
Ȼ˵λ߶ǿߣϰվҪźùҲͲײȫɵӡԼϵĹǵĹԱǸٻǺ黹ֵܹóġ
ȡصʱ򣬵ȷһֵȼӺݾڵġ̡롰ս𡱣֮Ҳ˾ЩͨϣǿǿӰ죬˿ðǵЩ֮⣬ȴûжʵϵ˺ġ
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ǰ֮£º׵ı㱻صİܣһֱǳͨġ
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Ҫ˵ĻΪǰλӺʣµһߡӿʵػǿĵ̣ǰӺĹǽڧ֮ԶԵġɽ֡ġ
ֻӿطЩ⣬Ӻ֮ĻΧΪŨ񣬾ۼӺѧĵط
ȻǱȽϺ˵
ǽ˵ֱһЩĻôǣ
ӿطӺ֮ḯǵĻ۵ء
ڼŻӵ֮ʵֻ嵫ȴƨͨǺس꣬˼СŮ˾͸ýĵ£ڼӡħֵľۼء
ӵ»ںȻӵкܶӺŵʱûִӿŭµϭģ¸͵ķ·϶Ѿһԭ
ڼʹӿҲΧȺӿʼϴдڼߵḯҲûͣǸӵ𾢶
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Ž±ԼеĲ֪ǳλдϭģ´ԵۣȻֽԱһӣ϶ѳһθ߶ȵŸʽֵַֽţòŮЩȱȱȥľֻô˵˶ףѹҲֻܹһɢڼҵ
ʲô̲ס²һ䣺Ҳǲ֪ӵһţŻԼʲôָ㽭ɽ֮ܳ
Լ䣬Ÿջûļڼ˾䣺Щˡڳԡһ㶼𣿡
ûʲôİֻһȺСĵС֮ˣֵҴ󶯸λ𣿡ڼʣ˵ţôдΪӺǲʵչ鲻һ鲼
Сֲһ䣬ĺͲҪȥΪǡ
ȻǲΪڼղһ·ֻѰĹѯľһʡǸǶҪȺˡ
˵ȫûʲôҪҲֵüڼĳ֡ԴСǼԼĶϷˣϾ
òŮƯҲֻܹڱдһЩ˵޹ʹϭģǰҶҡ
Щ֪дϭʹҸٳḯ˸Լϭдݶ˵Ļ¿ܻöԷĹȻʵȴǳڱдϭģ˽ºһʹ֮⣬Ķʲô
С˵û˸ζʱǳߵķ̽Ц¿ʵ̫Ϊˣϡǵ뱱ؿһڱſһۺ󡣸ŵõڡʧǡء
ܹߵĿȥ׵СϻŵӣȥҲ֪Ȼƽʱûµ£ŵĻע¡
ǳŵĻ߸ҪЯκεݵСϻߣ˿žη
ϾֽվѾһ˸ߵǸڷǳãܹһһƤСĵģǷǳˡ
һ˵¶ʱ͹˹ӣЩ˵ţͺܹŲء
ֹȥرɰСղ¸ȥҪȥЩ֪˵ֵ飬Щ̲סǻ˵׼ЩḯļһǼȥȫ֮ˣ
ôʣֱ̧۳ϣ˼С֯ԺŻصȻЩ˵ȷǲֵרŸǼƽϣҲûô
ϾıʿǼڼԵʣҪ˵ĻҲǼڼİӡһЩ˼ά߼˼ʽϣܼӰ졣ڼĴѧڼǳⷽ滹ǵһĳ˵洫ġ
ֵҲܹĲգٹһʱ䣬ܾҪȥηˡ
⵹ҪȨı˽ЩḯϾ˵һȺ˻ֵñרŹעǡ
֪Щÿն£мо¥һѧʣͬʱңӵһȺ˾һѾӰһЩյճԡӦҪ˶ãаǰٰɣȻ˵ʾ䣬µȴǿ϶
Ͼ˵ˣЩûѲŰȴѲŰĲΪŻֻȴֻܹ·͵ḯʵøǼһ޶ʣܳΪḯǲŶԡ
ΪûʲôǮھ¥ռŵطʱȻҲʲôֻ֧һЩ۸Ķھ¥֮һһ죬Ի˷ǣķԼһȺˣĸ̯ϵϰвӦ
˵мϡѧʱ͸˵һȺռסֵ˶û·ƶһ£ԼĪί˿
Ⱥ磬񶼻ûͶ߾ٱľӿϰƢĲһĺá
ôһ˵¹ҲǾӿİĲһİݡ
ҡȣֺʵǳη֮أԤδЩˣ
Ȼ˵Сֶɲ첻ʲôӰ죬ǿܹǲۡƤӵ±Q˸еķҡ
ôʣòŮǲ˲࣬ЩƤգգ۾ĻصͲҪǵˡ
Ȼ˵ţϾֲһֱʼӿ
֮ӿΪӿŸո£ӺȫʽȫԼµؽ硣
ǵȵȶ֮ͻʼʱУͬʱҲΪϤıؿˡ
¼һȤζ˵ţӿЩǿŮ𣿼ȻˣƫŮӿĿأǾͼܿŭȥɡ
˵仰ʱòŮü䣬ȥˡ˵ĻȴǺıȫķϲУȴԵСӿɰ
ô˵пѡ
̴ᡣûκԥ˵֣һӿúõġ˵ʱ¶һ£΢΢⣬һӿƷ
ӿЩḯҪ㣬ǾҪȥҲܹƾеȨӲĴ
ֻν͸󿴱ʣЩŮӵḯӿӰͬΪ߾֮صӺĿأӿߵ̷ʵЩǿҡЩܹ֮ĴôΪǵ˼ӿһش˶ĬϵĹʶ
Ȼ߶ŮôԾһԶƫҪӿߵҪȨȫŮ٣һҩγ⡣
֣ڼ˿⡣
ﶼֵһλõŮ١
¿ףҵǿһֱҪܹȥҪӶ㹻Ӳ㹻ᣬóպܹ塰аһѵӿߡ
Ͼɶǲ۲۵ĺݽɫ̴Ȼ˵ձ顰Т족ڱ֮߱ð֮踵飬ԾͲһеġ󣬲뱻ƽ޹ʵʱ⣬ܸɳں֮оڷǰТԴԼ˺ݾοӿЩħ֡
ᣬҪ˵Ļӿһβ֮Ե껪Тڹȥþͺĸұ˻һͼ֮ǰδӿˡ
ǽЩḯλδһȽϵĻǲѷӿһľûµˡ
»һתָֻһᣬ̴ĵҲҪżȵս֮Ҳ١
ӿ£һӦȽʮһĿһ¡
ӺݹʮһֱķչϼұؿֱϽûκʵģٳҪߡԶӿʮһ
Ǻʸž˫ϣţ誺ͲأҪǻ
ֽ֮ϼ¤Ͱߺ褵ֱκòŮ±ûκγɵĽڰ˸ûֵĿд°˸
ⱻºԥд¶Ϊصİ˸˲ˣǵȥߴɽ鿨ʱΨһһʮʮſơ￨鼮ûпտǴγ鵽İ˸ˡ
ǰһֱǷֱЩصֵ£ʵ˸һλóǿʤһĿ֮λģϾô˵ҲϵͳеRȼ￨ϵͳ¼ˣûв׵ġ
˵ΪʲôûаżڼһSSRǵȻΪǶԴûԸȥһؿأǻǸϰΪһıʿ
󣬿Ψһһȱſصļ¤΢˼һ£дһλҲڱؿٸ֮ȽϤһ֡
ˣӺʮ˱¡
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һʱıؿǳæ߸׼ȷ˵ǣʱеûвæġ
һеһԵɾ´ǵǰգ޶ֳ
˵µǵĻʵֻһµ㹻һʵʩȥڼͳָӹ˵ģǼ˼λƽ£һĺũమũҵҡ
иеΪԤƺＴҪʲô֣ǾܻᷢʲôǲҲ޷Ʋġ
Լ޾ϸżݣ˼࣬ʱ൱ũﾭļ˼ǵһʱ뵽˿ڲ֮󽫻ᷢʲô
֡
˼Ļ벢ûݵġ
ԼǿҵԤ׵ġ֡ʾ󣬼˼ļʱȥĶǰһů顣
¶ǿԹһʵĶ죬էһȷһ¡ũһĻǿɾ;ʲôˡ
ŶյıůȳԽҲ֮ӡ
ҲǴ˵ڶᷱܳĻȳ档
ȳʲô֪֮ģ֮ׯڽһƬһ
һ˼ˣ˼ĵǼƤʼҪˡ
²в޻ȳũ
ǴŽֻһ˿һĻֵĿԣѾ㹻˼дʮֵľ衣
Ǽ˼Ķʱ˿Ӽش£ڱؿʱֱǰգΪߴոׯڵĹЧʣ˼ĻİѾӪıʿǶͰһũ
Щ泯ũ˵ֵ֡ʵ̫
Լյǰյʱв⣬һʱõׯٳøһİ֮Ҳ̼伫Ϊգ
Үǿǻ֡Ҫǻȳˣһ;ȫˡ
ȳǼֱǼĵĿ˰
ʱЩǲȥǰգʳòãܿ£ΨһںֻСһȳˡֻ֮һĿԣκһԸȥĻǷĻ֡
֮ڡҪ֡Ŀɲ֮УӺݵĿذǴڰĩʱ佫һ½ϣһЩҲھ³ʱչ
ڴϵĿǰգŸոɶһԡֱ֮֡ʼսŵ񾭵ʱԼĪھѮĩһŸոտʼͲñµոׯڵʱ䣬һƬͣȥȻĻȳڶԶߵķӺݡ
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ֻȻ˵ǻȳڣƳ㣬Ҳ˵ģѹѹһƬ·ɽӣ֮ƵļӰ㹻ļ£ӺߵѾǰϣѾûܹЩỵ̄ׯڣԼҵҲã԰ڶϻȳʱûʲôԾµġ
Ҳ͵Ӻһʱ֮ȫ˴ȳġս״̬ܻ֮ũԻȳʱսһǿʢ
ڴǡս顱ճ֮УӺݸصĻȳܿ㱻ɲɾһ٣Ӻݰ޾յĶȹ
бҪֵһǣɻȳĹ֮У»һ߾֣߷Ĳ
ѻȳըϷˡ
Ϊڼɱȳʱִһֻ棬Ȼʱ˵һ䣬⻹ͦİӹĳӶ߷ɹʱ϶ûٻ˼ʳɡ
˵⣬ġ
¾ǸպĲ׽еһ⡱֣ţ⣬ȳͬҲ⣬ȼ۴һ£ҲǻȳҲܳԡ
ͬ˵ЩɵӺݵĻȳġͦʵġ
ȻһȺ˼ά߼Ŀɿڴıʿ佫ǵȰ衪Ѿ׼߳ҽѧǶһ¶Ĳ̫еķ֮£ΧסСƾԼνСƴĳһ佫³ɹǱӡܳȥصԼķҳһԼѹһʱյĴϵͳ鿨鼮Ȼ»صȰֳ
òŮֽ̧е鼮ĳһҳ΢΢ǰһҳչָǰֻһм˶Ĵݣ
ӽò޸СըƵϡ
һʱ䣬ȫĬ
ºûзִһĿɳĬһڵ֮ǰΨһһûпտʮг鵽һ鼮Ҳһףо涼ǳӵĲʵ̫ˣҾһֱѹˡ
˫ƯĵۿղŻŻȳĳˣҪǸղ˵ȳ࣬ҶҪ׽Ȿء
һ仰£ոջȳúܿĵĳʿ϶ʱ˺ü۵ӡ
󣬳ڶϵͳṩ鼮Σ޷ܾڴһȺ˵׻ȥֹЭջ𣬼͹˼ȥ׽ȳ棬ԼⱾ˸оһѾġס˵䷽ƻȳ档
Ȼȫ֮ԭֻǱԼһЩ˾ķ֣ⶫġͦóԵġ
˼˼ĵﲻ֮ǰջĥ֮󣬼ֱִࡣ
ǣѾϣڴȳսӺݣ½ԼڸըõըѷַǣСĳ˵һ֮һʳִݻٵİǱ˸ΪǿսӺݾڻµĻȳҪ֡
-
ͬʱһߣݵĳСسǡ
ʵרעĽʮֻȳ洩֦ϣϸĻͻᷢĿ֮ʵ͸¶żֿܣ֮꽫еġƴǰϺ濾
֮󣬿űѾ͸˵ġ⴮΢΢šü̧־˾⿴ڵĶвɵЩԥǷҪȳ档
Ȼ˵ǲȳǽҲûжԳԣֻܶˡ
ʵ»عһʱ䷢֮һЩ벻ͨԼ˹ǵزġ
ϲȱǮȻһĽƱȴҲ򲻵ʳ
ǲ̼ʹðһһһ˲ʳʱϡĻһͻ֡
ֻ˵뿪Ӻ֮һ·򶫣;֮ܶǰĳЩطѾ򲻵ˡ
뿪ؿʱ򣬻ǱΣһ·㾰֮󣬲ϵͳ󶨵ǿ̫ƽʢһ㣬ֻؿǱ߰ռΧԵʱҲ㽫ؿһ׼ģˡ
£һԼԺе˼½עеϵġ⴮ϡ
ΨһܹȷľǣٳԻȳ϶ǳԲ˵ġ
Ϊһϵͳļ䣬˻ʵ̻֮ȳ£ڰǰġǸġ
Ȼм䣬ȴûζҲ󲻺ⶫǸʲôζ
ǰͬԼ˵ģȳʵͦóԵģҪȳĻһ¡
ʱһԼҰζϾ˫ܣͬϲáȻ󡪡
ҧ²֦ϵĵһƣƬֻ֮ޡһ꽫¾׽һ¶ûüĻȳֻ³۽ǶЩˣŵίֹһʲôƶƭҡ
ץԵˮң๾Ĵڹˮ
ȻĿǷűԼڵϵֻʮֻȳ֦ʱһ̣Ȼ֮;ãһݵ㣬ǰǸʺȥ£սɳĹޡ
٣ȥ¾ǸˮĽҲǵ˵ز


94 
յܺãѾһЦݣ ֮ڲס֮ɫ²Щһ䡣
С仰֮ü֮ԴĵɫӢŮӶʱ䶯ֵĸ˸ԼĴǣ һԼЦ⣬ û̾С⣬ ȷһ䣬ұֵľô𣿡
ôʣ ȷеĵͷһЦЦʵҲʲô£ֻǼҶɿˣһ¾Щ̲סЦ
֮ǰк˵ըƺóԣ ʱؿڴҳˡĶζ֮У ԭ˼µĺԵڵؿҪ ҲͶԼҵܵһ˵лץȳĻԳԳһ¡
ǳ֮⣬ ʳҪôȷȫûͬ˵
ȳֶ ҲĲ̣ ҪԵĻָóԵĻҲҪȥͷ֫ᡢ࣬ Щȫӵġ
ȻǰԼ֮һĵʵϵܵڰѻȳŪֱ֮ӾֻĴ֦𿾣֮ĵζΰͶû
ʵŪζֵĶ Ÿ˾ֱӱ̼۾죬 ƣҲ˲ıȻίˡ
Ȼ˵ҪĻȷֶԲԼҵܵܣЩԵȵĿ֮£ ֱ˿ʹķְѹͷϣֱ׳ʻȥ
Ұ⴦ʱѵҲǲȥ𣿡
ɹİԼҵܸܵޣԴӳԺҲûӮ˫ܵܵˡ
ڶݣͷȻҪѵõĻúõ۸Լҵܵˡ
񣿡ǸѾ뿪õ֣²ЩãȻգգۣЩֵдŻ𣿡
һĻʹؿżǻᾭٸߣһ¼򵥵ġ顱
дרָĸ㣬סڿظ˵żĻĹԱҲֱ͵żӴȥ
ʵǲǵԼ˵˭š
µ仰¶һЩصЦҺͶ֮Ĵŷ
һ仰££ֲһ䣬硣
ô˵µͷȻлЩ¶Ҳûм׷ʡ
Ժ𷽲˵ĻòŮɵò˲ԴЩĪ˵ţȻޣ顭ܸоء
Ȼǰദʱ䲢񵱳ӡԣһֱΪѪҲͣôէһ˵ˣоЩе档
ô˵ԿƵЦЦǿȥƭԣʵɰˡʱ˵˵˵žͻ޳ء
ȻڷԼҵܵܵġʷ˵ʱ֮ȴᣬóǽ֮ĸ֮Ҫá
ȽȤǣʮʱ򣬶ɵһδܴӮңȻͿˣһӮȴҪ˵Ҫο
渵ĸ½һЩ֮ʱ£Ը˵ҲԸСһԹɵģŰڡ
ŻʱʱĵԴɰ˵СЩûסºƴƵ
˼ֻһЩԼ͵ܵʱҲֲһЩȤ¸ԶݵЩӣûȥԺĺʷ
ԼҵܵôһԼҵܵڸ׵ޣΪȫλǵøڴʵĸλö޿ɱܣŴʿ޵ʷоЩƲסЦĳ嶯
ȻǼҶɻǿɰ
۸Լҵ̲ܵܵס
-
ݺ鲢ûг̫á
񡰻֡Ѿ׵Ľ֮ǰڱؿǰʱΪֵĵרȫũɣũıʿҲûصԼԭλϣھӪ
Ӫ֮ҲһεĽбؿľӪ֮˲ӺݸıԴʱ򣬵齨Ůʱ򣬴б㵣Ĺڴʱ
Ӫ֮УбŮߵĹڳ֮ԡ
һ¶˵ǲŸոձս±
Ӫб׼ֻйǳصĽ˴ΰ׵֮⣬ͲȥƷ⣬Ͼеպǹսıǵ±
ȺȻӣ֮гһЩڻǻļһ顣
յб֮б˶ŮĹңΪһλﳤƯĽԼŮ֧˵һֱһش
һ֪·ִжݵϱ̲ס
Ҫ֪񵱳ھӪ֮ȽŸȡķɾǰжļһһ飬ñװ
һ߾ŮħͬʱЩʿʵҲЩԥδðŮ֮еĹ鶼±
ܲ˰ļһȥҹ
ϾھӪ֮Ҫ͵ģǵϷ˹±ʵͷĺܣȻȴûʲôеԽ綯ԼΪҲܹˣȨѹˣЩʲôͽ䡣
֪Щûõе뷨ȻҪ۵ģ
̫ˡԴôһϺзбҪô鷳Ȩѹˣѡ
ʵ֤ĴΪ򵥴ֱģŶˡ
ӵֱӾʹֵ±۸λܵбǱȥˣڹһȺ֮аǸֱָ֮ӾǺܸɴһ˴Ӷű̧СһԼŵʮƣ˸ӷ¡
Ȼһģ˦ڵϡ
һʱȫžһƬķ·˿и廨ڵϵܹ
֮󣬷űƺڻع֮ԹߵĿ޷޿ڣǽһԲľͽŹһҲЩ˵ȥɣ
ЩģҪʿǵĲ˵ţھӪ֮УѵǾɽö˽̵ô˾ͣĪǸûֵǵ˿
ӴһƨʱͳЦ£Ȼŷһ䣬˵Ů˶ģ˾ͻ˵𣿡
ôһŮᡮ£ͱö˽أ
һ仰ɱǿԼ
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ողŰѴ˿ڵϵǸžžĻ
󿴼±Լע֮£µĵͷ֮ĵͷȻ׳Ĺ֡
ڹǰ֮΢΢׽ոձԼһڵϵСһУԹ򡣡
仰һ£
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ֵ֪ҽƱƽھӪ֮ѧľͲǴɱɱĶӮһˡûκ˿۸㣬û˿˺㡣
ǰؿܱŮʱȻ˵ǻҪһۺϵʵϣڵµһҪ齨ŮЩĿû˵£ֻҪԸĹＸȫˡ
ЩĹҲŲͬЩԼǿʶ뵱һЩǿһЩ͹۵棬类бż޷ˣŮߵһĵݡ
Ҳ˵һŮ֮Уÿһ˶ŹӲʣսϳӲġ
ЩʲرõĹǱ䵽˳սɱ֮һҪλáָ֮£ҽƱ
λ۸˵Ĺڿ͹زӪΪûǮȢޣԸĸҪٵͷӼ޹ȥһʸܵȢϱƸ鼱֮󵨵ľܵ˾ӪŮ
ȻĹԸҲǸƫ񣬲ʲôҵӡ
飬̾һֵЩΣЩȻںʲôأҲϹսˣʬнһϢдĽʿذģһ˻е硰ûвмҲû䳰ȷֻǳһʵĺƽ˵ţ㡣
ߪȡӺһչǽԼĪʱ⣬ڽекڵʱڱؿӪнѵŮǡΪҽƱŮȥʱǰߡսԼѧӦʵʵġ
仰Ǹ˹ġ
ֻòǰų֮ɫȴʹʧɫٵĹһ¶ʲôһֻһ˴ֻϼ֣Ȼ£Ų֮ǰԼ˵ϻȥ
״¶ЩЦݡЩĵ˵ͷһͷҲָ˹һθصĴˡԼԲѷ˵Ķ⡣
֮ûкͣҲһֱ̧֡
֪Լ빼⡣
ڴһ֮󣬹Щ˼ĿС˵ţеۡ
һ䣬һ㶡
ٿЦһ£һ½ŵڵϡ
һεĲǣѾıףţڲ̫ܹ˵ˡ
½ĿͶһڼʼնվú룬еӵ±ϣϵܲס죬ģ˴Ҳǰưˣǽ˼ܲסĶģ
űĶ˵һƬĺ⣬ҧֲصĸڳ˶˸
˵գɨӹȥ״ƺ˾䣬𣿡
һȺ±ֻĿ⿴ʱ̲סЩԲɵ˳ʾشţˡ
ȥȴǵһش𲢲⣬üͷȥЩõûԷôС
һֲ̻սսͳɱŵõ֮ͬ±ǶʱЩԵĴظһ鷽Ÿ˵֣ˣ
Щĺ֮ŲӰڡ١ȥʲô鵢ס˲ŻڲŹ
һ߹Ҳ˵һֳеǶɵøе¸һĻŮļһҵҸղȥһ鼮ȥ֮Ҫעŷ籣ůּҪһʱգڶֵʱǡ
ᣬҲϸģ˵꾡˸һ˵Ĺ̲裬ȴͬһӣֻɱ˲Ҫһ
ڶԱ֮£ֻǿȥһ񶼲ˣֱܹ˺
ڽǲסͷƤĶ˵֮ǺȻ֮ʲôԼͷȻǺͷϸᣬѽˡӪ鰡
仰Ÿ£ǻûüɿʱ򣬽ȥ֮ټɡ
˵ţĿһһɨڳ֮еˣû˿ͼ顱ⲻӦóֵʱϸ˵ţڳλӦò˾ʲôðɣǶӺݵĴöɣӦȥʹǵõ˳ͷ°ɣ
һ仰ֱӽ˶ܵø߸ߵģͬʱҲǾκһ˷ġ
㾹Ȼ뷴飬ѵѾԤıʲô
ǣΪʲôҪһ㣿ֻҪеֱһʹ䲻
⻰ǿԼЦĳ嶯ֻؽ㲻óµˣ˵ˮƽֱӾͿ۵ߵߴ硣
ȻЩбˡҲðѡ³һ£˷ܹʹöá
˼һ£˳Ļ´˸Բ˸βǺǸѾͷĳԲѷ˴ȥϵҩͿӪͻԭԵĿ
ֲ֣ҲŮ˵ˣͷ˾ΪŮԵǰװװһĿŵ˷ϵھӪŸбɵʱѲɻҪ
ؿʿĸǲġ
ֶԸոձԼһһŻһıʿǽаο˼䣬ͬʱʾŮҲǽǡѺá޶⡱д裬ͬΪµӺݵĽʿҲϣŮܹ֮ǶԼимĿһűԼĹҽƱǱߵĳء
ЩСӴ˿̶ĸмվҪģ
ȥ˾ͺؽһȥԼС˵֮мһðŮӣرǣ
ս֮ʣǳصĹ֮УԺֹǿŮΥߣʩԹ̣Чȡ
-
Ӻ֮޾յĻ¼ȥݵڻڻȳ汬һڼúõϢһļڼҲʼصؿĹٸϰࡣ
ϰһգڼԼ㱨֮еջ
һǣ֮⣬
פ߽һʱ֮УڼǱߵĶ෽ʵ͸͸
ڼԻ˽պ֣ʵ֪֪ײܹʹöһЩݵĻˮһ֮µĶ֮һżĳ˵٩٩̸渵̲ס˵˾䣬㡣
޽ǣʹþֵԴΪԼδ·˶¶Ե˫Ӯ棬ʵһ׮
ŹξͿʼˣ˵ܿĺ㣬һҪǽǵֵ°
ҡԴһһ˻Ǯùˡ
еľøǸڴǰؿԼйһ֮ԵУҪٶڼһʱ䣬ξöԷܱڼƭϾ㶼ʣ
תһĻִһ㣬Լĺ¡
ϾνԶֻżӺݻһӺΪ谭ʱʱӺΪΪԶԺɵӺӺǺĲ
ڣмû˺º֮Ƕͬ˳۵ĴǰλӺӺݣĿɾˡ
ǰƽͼĻӺʵݡһͬΪ߾֮صݣһ֮صľڵļݡ
»ûҵ֮£ǿ϶ǲȥݵ°Ҳ˵Ǹطܵ˵ǮĵʣһҪбܹɶἽݣҲʲô¡ռ֮ȫܳȥȫµ˵ӵ
˵»ûңˣѾ˷ֱķˣÿ춼ΪԼĵ˺ƶǸʱֻҪһûг˺Ƥ˶λεһ˵ţҪʵۡŶ˵֣ôռܾҪжּ
Ƿ̷ֵˣ
֮УĻȨһשֻҪҳϻʵۣάҵͷͿᡣ
Իݺð
ʺϵ̵ĿȻȲݺӺݣܹҲǾ֮еĵطھáڼ˵˸Уȥ޶ݵطǿë
νһжͷ֮Ȼǻ޶ģȵЩǿ򡱶޶ͺ֮½ʱݼֱ״̬
طǿңڻȨ˵Ǹ
ˮĻʵۣҡֻĸʵﲻӦѾȫ˺
ô˵ʿ΢ЦڼҲܿ
ӵݣûëܺ
˵
ڼɫ䣬ƽ޲֮ȥֺթЦ⣬ʳָӣѵͣڼ䣬ôļƲߣô๤ʼգĲȡֻͼıһݣܹ鲻ְɣ
֡Ӧһģ⼸ոմӼ¤
һ仰£ʱùźϷ־ָָ㣬°ʵ˲ĶǺڵİǵʲôѰ
ʾںļǾޱؿŹϷĺ޲
Тװɣĳȱʱֱ˭ˣ
ڼλ˵Ļ˺֮Уε⿿ӣϸԼҺѰϷ־ǿ˸ղżڼ֮һֱĬòŮһôˣ
Ϸ־źԼոջԼ˼е¶ʱ˳⿪ڻصҾǺȻ֮ҺҲץȥɻĺ͡
ΪߵĵһλܳһʱΨһһλıʿļڼļӰǿɲһĶࡣ
һûмӰѡ
С䣬ʿʱЦˣֻڸղŵģһǷĵЦ˾䣺Ტۣ
¿϶
ˡȫΪ˴ﵽĿĵĹ˰ˡ
ڼֵ˵ĻбҪڼǵȷǴȥߣͣͶʵһݾһĩ·ϸ
˵ȱµһ̶ˡ
żڼЦ˵һڳλıʿɵдɹʶһ
ҪȻô˵ƫƫʿ־䵽ĺ͵أĲûԭġ
Ȼڳһ˲ôġ
ڼڼĻ֮󣬱žžСɰƣһ˫Ưĵǣʵ̾˵ţĺԼ˺Ȼ֮ͻʶ𣬼ڼôϲСʵĲûԭġ
Ƕµ˽⣬ǲʳڶܹ뵽ʹôüڼȱ£СĻشȻȻģĺ֮ҪѵΪҪ˶ĺͲõĻĺ͸öѹѽ
ûдˣСڼǸ۲۵Ĵˣװ׼ĺء
ԼڼڼǸߴǧףҲ֪ôֵĳ˾͹εľȻġ
ڼλ˵ġĺ˰ɡĿע£ڼǺȻʲôСʵ˵ǰݾӱؿݵλ佫Σ
ݵǶڼ䣬ƾʱѯһЩ⣬֮ȥǱߵľд̣ƾϺԺйͼȻһҲ벻ʵ£
ԣȥݵǱߵĵ׶˳ôǱؿ佫أ
ĵʿˣһ㶣ȻӦ˵˭֮ЩĪ˵ţҾáӦʲô֪ġ۸档
ڼ
ڼڼɻ֮£Сȷеĵͷ֮ڱؿʱԴȥ֮Ϊ˵Ըɷܴ֮£ȥ̫ȥˡ
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֮Ի֪λµ佫ϲΪϾڻ֮ǰľȥֻ̫
ڼ
ڼãݿܲôıˡôҪ˶ݱȻ
ƣеģȫϣһ佫ɵⶼʲô¶
Ȼ˵ֵܵ㷽츳׿ԽĳЩ˵ȷ׼̲ŵôһϺʣ佫ûӵĵͰһ٣̶ȵģɵļСɵӶɲϨĲ
һ̣˵ݵϣ佫ϣڼȻ֮ͶԼҵ佫Ǹܵһ֡
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¾Ƚϣ˵ǳϲۡ


95 
ڼڱؿĹٸ֮пСᣬ ڼµ˵Ǳߵһ˽̸֮Ҳ͵Ϊֹ ʱķƪ
Ͼݶ˵ʵԶ ݡ˿ûκʵСɱˣ ǸոõӺݲãûкúõһӺݾء
˵Ļ ʵҲûʲôرҪٶٵˡ
ӺݵĹ֮У±ÿһǳرֱӸɴĶŵصԱд١
ܹʣڸٸְ֮Ĳ˵ʲôȽϳڵĲܣ߸߾ϾƷֻǶôǿİ 붼֪һִ磬 Сϴ˽ģ Ҫġ
νˮ㣬ҲȫݲһЩСëĹԱ ߵ˵ӵ˸Ӻã
ǷҪһޣ ̰ҲԸȹϵ 㲻ֻܹʣЩѹ֬Ĵ
Ϊˣ˽Ǻ¡ֻҪڴѣܹ¶ µİ֣ Ҳ㹻ﵽ׼ˡ
⿴ȥ׼ߣܹĹԱõǡ
ȻʵһȽϱ˵Ĺ¾ǣ¶ѾĲߵı׼Աˣı׼֮£ ǰӵ֮⣬ֵЩԭĹԱǷı׼Ĳࡣ
λӺڵĽǿ̺ŵˮʳչб˽Լ̰ȱȽǡ
ӿ֮󣬱ͻԭصŰǵնһԱ֮окüλǴʼնڽǿ
˵طֱǲӸ͸ˡ
ǰ֮£ԭڵĽǿĹԱȻǴȫٸֲֻܹܹ֤ĹԱǵι߿ȱְλ
ֻǲǽǽοҴǱߵĹٸҲڽ֮ſʼΣǱԱʹ඼Ǵģ¹ԱЩȱֲǺܹõ
ֻڱ߲֮еļӰ֮һȵ³֣ΧӺݸ
ؿΪĴײˣŶĹԱ͵ִ¹ٸ֮ԱգֲõͻӢԷϵķҷ򸾶һӹľͷץʱ˸ٸ׳ʱոͷ
ľ֮£ȻҪЩʲôЩϲĹٸԱҲ
ĻǷˣֻȱв֮ʿѡӦԴʩӦûκʵġɽ鿨
˫һεغ˵ĳһţ־˸˱зͬһĴߵļ
˷ʽٶȼȿ죬ϸѵֻڿظС조á֮Ϳ޷ϸڡ
һεʹǰÿһζһ
߼⾫Ķţ˵ȱٵлԱⲿֵĹԱҪжڣҪʵߣҲǿ԰ʵµġ
˻Ҫܶࡣ
´һʼûҪȥ鿨Ͼϵͳ鿨һŵصǣԶ˲࣬Գڡ
˵Ǻǡǡ෴ȫıۡ
ڵǣŲûа̫á
ھԼĪСʮæµ֮һμڼԼ㱨һЩ;УԺ֮кȻ֮ڼʹԼһ⣬
ڵλӿǰδͬĸһͬؿ£ҪǼ¹󣬼ڼʹй֮еѡƶȵ⡣
֮УȵۼλúѡƶȱǲƺͿƾƲУ廹ǰΪġ
Ժһ𡰿ƾ١֣¶ʱ˼һƬ˽һϡ
λϵòŮڵ׼ƾٿԣѡιӺݸԱְλȱ
ƾٿԡ
Ӧǿٶٸ֮пȱλõķˣѡιķʽֻҪȹϵܹˮľټƣƾܹѡʵѧ˵ġ
˵ô򵥵Ϊʲôڴ֮ǰûһ뵽½ٰƾѡˣһ˼ϰߵˣϾǵ֮Ψʵвƣڿƾֶ
µ֮ҲǲռλƾٿҲÿһУ࿼ҪԶֻܹȥĿμӣؿ߱ǲֶ벻·ڰĶҲ޿ɺǵ顣
СЩİġƾ١֣ȻıʿǶһ˼Ƭ̲ŷӦԼ˵ʲô
ʱץٸ׳ķҷ򸾸ڽŵһʻ㣬ֱӳֵ״̬
ȷӦƾΪʵҪٰԺԻԣ
Ժǿԣһؿؽг죬ͬʱҲڿƾļ֮ΨһһûżĿԣǶ֮˽Կɱ
ݼһУҪοͨԺԣΪţܹõԵש
ôʣ»صһٰ졣ڽԺԣ˳ɼ֮󣬱ٿԡ
˵Ļ뿼ŵģ뿼˵ģ໥Ӱ졣ԸԺ֮ҲǸոտŵѧһֱ˵Ļᡣ
Լ䣬Ժһ£ƾٿҪʱǲ֪βҡҡԴЩ̾˵˾䣬켸ҹĿ԰Ҫǰȥ⻹ûд٣ֱӳԲˡ
ָǿȵĿԣ˵Ŀ˵ǷǳѺˡ
һ仰£ԱϷ־Ųɵͬĵͷʾô󺺲
˵ⲻпԣǽҪ
ķӦ˫Ưĵۣ˵ţǳ˿ƾ֮⣬вٰТ־ܵˣȻᱻû
ǻᷢģΪҫۡ
ڼȻ˾䣬ԤĸԺԣ
һ䣬µϼأǰӺߵԶӿЩʱԺҲֻӿһٰ졣
ϾӿӺݵشۼ࣬ѧϰΪŨĵطԼֻȨ޾еԣҲֻǡ
ӿǰӺϰߣȻٰĻ²˲ͷǺܿɰĶ޶ȴһԵЩ˵ƣȻڱؿˡ
µӺȫ֮ԭӺڵĽǿûаȥѡһֱıؿʲôҪȻҲǰڱؿС
ǲڱؿҲȻִǰӺӿԺԺԵĴͳ
Ȼ˵ν췴겻ɣӿЩḯǱٸߣҲ첻ʲôӰ졣
ӿQԽǵķУ̶ʹðǶ
ϾûʲôԲסǵ¡ڻ֮ΪǰǰյԵʣµõļİжһºøжȡ
ЩḯǾͲһˣÿ£һЩҲԳֶݾԼȥЩõĹֻһȺ˴һָ㽭ɽһЩǵ⣬ڲְЩǿɲһаݡ
ǲʲôӰ죬ţܹаհ۾ĺܡ¿ɲѾٰƾٵĵطӿȺͨţıߵḯǾӺ֮صѧ벻ˡ
ˣǏ׼ⶨƾһµĸʾ˰ϢӺʮд
ѾǽʮѮտʼµʱ򣬴Ϣ͵߽ƾٵϣּοѧǴ⿤ؿʱ䣬ҲҪʮ³ʱ
˿Ļգ⿼Խи켸ҹ⵹ȷһʵ飬
ǻ˵ҷ½ȱˣԽпƾٸպǸ˶յʱ£˵ƾٿϸ켸ҹ鱾ʵҲǺ޵Ͼ
ΪߣӦҪʳľ
ʺãֻ֮һ
ǹκϷ־㣬ǸõǼеˡ
仰֮òŮ΢΢ףӦáǴұȫ̽ˡ
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ڱؿﱸſƾٿصˣԤŸӺݸٸһһЩʵѧѪҺʱ
һЩӺԶ֮ҲڻٵطһЩ仯ǵΪʢĺǿҶȡȨƱ߶Ȩ߽һ̣˫ȨԼУҪ˵仯ģǻӦҪԥݣǱ߷ֱǿơޱ䡱
-
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ڷľűƿһ˲䣬űߵüۼа˴һĨŶЦȻ΢΢ǰŵĳذλԼǰǰո̤뷿ŵһٷȥ
ֱذ״һ˲䣬ϱ鲼ʹ֮ɫǲ֮ɫЩԼĸоȻܹ֪Ļ̿͡
ͼͷҪ彫ذ״Լ˵Ӿͺ֪뷨㣬ҲûҪҴţֱԼתͷȥݱ¶ǰ
ܹЦ̵кһãòˣ
ڿɱԼ˵ݵһ˲䣬ԥ֮жʱȾһƬ֮ɫѵŲܿѪ죬ЩɳƵʵƽ㡢ͼı֮£ĪǾͲ±¹
ܳڶĹأߣַֻ⿤֮أԷݣ߲ذ֮أͬʱڷ֮޾˫ȨһݾڣƷ󣬵ʵߵλȨˣȴɻʵ
ʵȨɡ
仰ӵǼЦһ£ЩмǻѾǷһˡ㿴飬˾ãЩʲô
ο±ڱĶǵ길ΪϲĻӣǸе̫ѡǼˣֶɱθռ˻λʷԥݣֻܹһӵмСصү
˵ʱȻ˺ݣɫҲ
ֻۡһеذױذγ
һ̣ٷԥߵķݰµȥ
ĿԥȻôʶ̧٣Ըֻ뵱Ǽ˵һҳϹȥɡ
ԥݣͲˡ
ӳĴ˾ǲ붬ȴٿ˼ı꣬쳹ľ޴ס
ڵһƬŵڵѾʧһϢԥͻȻ֮ЦڸԼʲô˵ţһһģȡڱĶΣλ¾ݣЩͶǱġ
ھ֮ƽٿ̧̧һغš
¡
һʪӰܿǰ£ȴӵķԸ
ָ˸ողŴԥ壬滹дѪذף֧ˣ
˻صص£ݣǵ֮£Իʵ۵ԹҲսأٲ꿪Ƕܹ򵽾ǡ
ǼߵҲѾͨʳӷ氵ֽţǱĬʹգٲܹսʱ±˳´뾩ûʵλ
ǣλ֣ƽٿسЦһ£һЦʶԼ˵˶ʱס
Ӱ˰֣˾䣺ˡ
֮״һʵ˾䣬̫أ
һӵ䣬˶ʱߵڵأūܣ̫Ӷ˵ķĺأ߷̵˸ձ㻻һΣҲ¶Ļᡣ
ϧ˵һ˵ǣһĨްĹâһ۹ڵϵͣȻˣǱ㲻عˡһëСӰˣʲôͱ
̸͵Ӣ
ƽ뾩Щʱ
˵ʱȻ˿ڣޱӡ
ǷǳϵǼѵͷ£꣡
һ䣬ƽʱõЦ
˷·ѾµЦͷĴХķϻӳһͬʱɢҹĺɫ֮С
ĸط¶˶ǱĬ֮ʾŻȨĽһ롭
Ŀˡ
һĶ죬¾ݷֱε¶ȣǶڵصļ˵ݶ
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ڼ֮УȷǳֹٵȤ¡
һӿǱߵĺ
ǰΪ˳ӿǱŮһȵġа⽫ֵԸասǿ˼Ϊסȥӿ£ǱߵϰСԶ
Ȼģ̴ӿǱߵƷΪ˳ۡ
ұȽϸɵǣӿεĵ죬պþǷµԤϵЩԼ²˵ҪŰ׬Ǯḯ޿̵ļո˹٣˵ԼŸմ˯Ϊͷ顣
ԸûַϵȺСŵḯֻǿһ۾;ˡ
ΪˣҲֱܹӾͰ˸ˡ
ǰȺĵḯʱʱ˷ӿǲǰ˸ˣؽȥ˼ηڼ仹ҪЩḯշǮΪ˴ξǿ԰׳԰׺ȣεˣҪӵĻһ˶˼רҪô죿ټҵǮѵǮ
Ҫ˵˱ؽλҪרҷշǮΪʲôֻ֮λġ黹ǵ׷λδ򱻹ؽؿĴУһȺĺūΪѵʱ˵
ΪʱӿĿǮˣ˴šĸӡǰΪǰδڼһݷǮؿʱȽҲͳ˼ڼӻһأ÷˾ǽҲҪԼͷһԷһ¡˻ܹ鷸¼ķ
һ˴βҪףһҪܶǮ֮ǰһҪúÿֵֵ
ǸܶǮô£Ĵ֮ηһⲻȻ𣿺һôõ飬˵ˣ⻹û㷿ء
˵Щֻĸܹܲʲ͵ηͷǮͲ̨˻ῼǵˡ
ǵĹ¹ĸǾԲܵģϾǶǸԣ֪ĸҲʲôˣҪȻĻôֻ̳ܽɫ
ĿҲǿ֮˱пɺ֮һжǸܽһ仰ϽǮ
ȻšծֻǡѺõĴծ˼ϰʵǲԸϵĻչ黹Ĺٸ֯һǿլӲġ
νߣжԲߣڵܲʱڵļְƤ׻׻̵֮£һıؿԱһǡٹ̡˼룬ǾǡԲܹΡǼ治ϽýĲͷѣҲֻܹѴĸץȥԹծˡ
ؿĴҲûǮӵĻ͵Ѱ˲ԸɵۻˣǵЩūһ
һ绢ĲЩḯп಻ǰһûȫһ顣
Ĳ֮£Ҳְһӿͨյġ
ϾȺֲᡢ粻ܿ岻ڣȲֵḯһЩյƲһ죬³֮ǰǾˡ
ֻǰλӿؾϲƫ̻Ⱥ˴ֶʲôʶֻп˵ܹһЩĶȻжһݸм
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˼ˣ ǹβɵøոոΣ±áûʲôΡֻҪսȺ ôԷͳᱻߡ
ȻŹ⸱̬ΪɢģȺʱ΢΢ü ȻЩû࣬ 񷨵Ļ硣
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ʱƣԽǿ ÿĸʱηֱʶ֮ʿҲԽԽ࣬ µ ԭѾ׵ķŷңûκ
ϾѾһ򵥵ġ÷ȡֿݵ˵ġ
ϵͲֹ˶ȡʮˡ
չ죬 ÿĴѩɽ֮ǰߴɽһˣȻÿһζܹеĳ֮мġ£˵ҲѾÿһ̶ˡ
֮ɣԶƾ֮кȻŪһȺ£ Ҳɻء
Ҫ˵طĻ ǹ׻µڱؿߵӴĺá
ʼʱ ڱؿһ֮ġ֮ŮݳΪؿأóĶԴﵽһȫ붼֣ ǰִû˵޻ӣ ֡Ůڰгʵˣ ôܹõóֶأ
֮󲹳ǽˣ ū·ůëë һ׮׮һ ڴǰǵĿĶ֮£ԵֶΡ
ڵ³էؿ֮ʣΪΪ֮Ů̴ʱ˵»ϺõԴ˺ȻŲˡ
ټϣ ڵһյʱ콵񼣡ڱؿ·¶ֵƻõķɫͷϣʱһĻ˿ɲ˺ڴֱһʮʮ٣ϵͳϵȵַڱؿߵġ񻯡λҲ޿ɺ
йǵĿشÿÿȥߴɽܹɺϵĿԴǱ߼һרҵΪӲ΢ϸ˼һ±ᷢкܴ⡢飬
¼ֱܵıؿİǶԣȻٺֲ֣
ǵĿش˿·ˣͨӲһһȾܹһȺʶ֮ʿŮ˵Ȼ
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֪ڳ鿨һ֮һֱǳã˳˿ܴӴҵ֮ǰɽͳһŵSSRͬҪǮĴײһ˵ͳ
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ˣһµʮЩ𾪵ͼŷС۳鵽ʲôã̬ȵһĴҡ
˴ʮʵ̫ջ¡
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ϲSSR֮
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һһ貵˶ԣԱؿô˵ĿģʵǱγļʿ
Ӵڱߴɽְ֮Ѷ͸巻ǱߵĻƵõΪƷǳƷݷɴȻ˵ڻƵý֮ķݷɴͬʱĳߣܹܴ֯
һƵûʾ̨ݷɴоһɹ죬ȫе̨ݷɴĻպ«ưȥ̨ĻӶȵ֯ٶȡ
ܹݷɴʿĶ֮£ȫԵͷСͷƷˡ
鼮ʷֲͼܡ
鼮ʮ󴬽
űڷϵȳ鼮ǿ˿ͼȻˮĲ֣ȻֿһԱߵĴ󺽴ͼֽЩЦ˵ţϵͳԽȥרŻһݽ촬촬Ȼٳ
һЦ֮ջ˼λ˵İۡ
ֱ˵ĹڨڨӣԾԼոſں˵Ǹʵ⣬Ͼ˵촬Ļ·ӺҲҲʲôḻ촬
ܹҳôһˣҲȫð˭ñ߾һĵȫˮ֮мС洬òǿԽԶ󺽺Ĵ󴬣ճԷ˸ͲӺְǻĵطأ
ζһɫԼղſٵ˸ĵͼ˼ҳָ̧ȥ̲ؽλõ뿴طϲӦӺݾλá
Ҫ˵Ļϵͳĵͼ˵ĵͼһģϵͳǼδʱϵͳĵͼȻôңԶǺʹ˿ڿݵͼЩʵʵġԶˡҲһЩôݡ
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Ҫ֪о֮УյҲȡʤĺҪһ㡣ӵж˽ƣȻǿԸõĶԵС
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ھĴԭ֮з˽ôʹ֮£ݺƽܹܲάֵסɾҪ˵ˡ
ȻҪǼҲη塣
µֻбؿʱ򶼲¹ǼӲգֻʱܹԺƽ𵶸ķʽòӵӺȫ͸Ǽ˵ӡֻǡ
ÿܹṩЩëµǾЩᡣ
ǵսҲȷǷǳãǼ˵йսҪԼСԿʼսɱСöˡ
ȻӺݳǼ壬Ǽֽŵս߿һĲȫõ֡һԵʵǲġ
۴ӸǶǼ嶼Ǵڱļֵ
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仰һ֮󣬼˫ƯĵĿԼϵʱ򣬹¶һĨָȥѾʲôǺ˵΢Ц»ӦȷÿλþֲڲԭΪǡ
ۿŹ˵˵һһְҵֿʼһҲǴɰʵףϺûôߵٵ۲ȥǼȻ˵Ļ±ȫɷТˡ
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ԼĪûŵʱ˳ȥ̽£ʱѾȡӺݣεӺȻǰһλӺӵеķŸҲȫʼרŸ̽緢˵֯Ǽһݱ䶯¾һĨڵľԱ״̬
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Ȼ֪ľͺõżٵıʿ棬ǵлҩһɱĲϵʱ׼˺ܶ࣬Ҳѡ
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ΪıȽԵʣԱ´ӱߴɽ¼ġѩɽġѩˡŸա塱ãûüʼѡΣٸ֮дʱŻ߾ȫ١
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ϾͬΪˣѧʶǺܹĵõһȥġ
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߳ѧѧͷ漰漰֮㣬ͱ֮ˮĥָϳʱǧﴬ
ҲǸĽٵĵˮٵҽҩ·˵ķ棬ûû漰ģұȽϿµǣƿѧƿƾ
ֱ˸ܵ˺֮Ĳܱ˺֮仹ĵͰ
µǲʲôܵԱգϾСһֱ֪֮бٻ˲Żѧʶǿ౶ⲻ
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οǱ´ӿлѣ磬ԺһʱСչˣνͶ֮ľϣ֮㷢չҲȻ顣
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һʱ粻̫ƽӽҵǾǧͷȥġһԭǡֲλǴӿ֮лѵġûзҪ뿪ԵɣֺαԼѴӹأ
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ȻѾ˽̸ģһЩγ̣ԿͲҲŲһţոν³˫
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ʱڣеĴ˶صؿꡣ˻ȫֱʺϲʱˡ
˵ܴΪһ֮дʫ̫Լǲס飿
дĶ࣬Ķ࣬Ϊһѧңʫˣˣһܹ֮ǻôƪʱر𼤰ȣֻд֮еرĿԼǵסİɣֻҪܱǵסļƪͿˡ
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µ֪һϢĲ֮ԼĪ³ʱյϢ
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ߵزͲٶУˣ ʤܣ ˭ ûеѡ
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ΪЧδֻýɰͬ˵ǳ˵֮ ͿЩĸһһڵıʿǴͳ˺üŮװĸߴε֡
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Ȼνʲôʲô߾ԼѾ˼費֮£»ȥ֮ҪܴҵġЦ͡Ϸ
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ҪΪҶȥǣ棬Էе˹ϳӺݿ϶ٲ˵ġ
佫Ƕȥǰ£ҲͲȡΪƽĳǩʽһнš
Ȼ飬˼Ҿû鷳ֱӺͺϣȻݽһԼϡ
ڳǩ֮еǸùĲУַͬһĲС
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ڼ΢ЦŻصѾݾˡ
ݣǰپ;һݣȥ֮Ŀĵļˡ
ݰ֣ٿһ
ʲô˵ţ˵뾩ǵʱ򣬾⽫̽ٵݣû뵽лһݡ
ô˵ڼǵԺиġ
¾ݶʱȥﶼԡ
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һãȻòŮڼǵǸ磬̩ɽŷͬѰ塣
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仰֮ƽֻ̧̧Ƥӣȴġ
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Ǽ˶̬ȣ͡˸Цһ£֮ǰյϢӺݾǰݵ·ϣܹĵģδ³ǡ
ȡõļеǵ治ɳ֮һ򡣡
ˣƽۣ֮˼ǡ
֮һЦΪ޶Ұ帾ɫյ˫үβ֮
ĳʸ˵Ǽĸˡ
ϵķȻǻΪ죬롣ӺȻǺʵӺ֮ܵðŷʱү֮ϵӺһвȫ֮𣿶ҲȻ̵֮
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κƽٿ̧ͷƽ֮䲻ͻȻһ䣬Ǹ£ɫ˫
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ԭһͻȻıʿ̸֮ ЩõƽڿſڵĹװ˺󣬵Ǽ֣⣬ϸ֮ȴм繵 
ƽٻèһԼȥ ̲סҧҧ Щ衣
еҲֻһ˳ӵ߹ȥ ɵ˵˵ĻУ ̧ ˿ƽС̽檷˵£ʲô˰
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ԣǸ׳յҪȢ
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101 
ӱûΪķ ֵ֮䣬ûʲôֳ̯һƬɪ֮
һֻӱ ܹڶԵĵط࿴һ۵¶ԡΪ
ĿϸǽǱԵ ôһ۱ע⵽ĵطȥһµĻͻ֣ᷢ Щ׷״ڴڵġؤҲ˵ǡ
Щ˵Щ˵ݡֻǡ
òŮĿ֮мִ㵣ΪʲôڰڵΪĶ˾ء
ȥ귢֣ ƺҲõķϡ
СǽǱ߾㲻еѹˣ
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С䣬Цһ£ Щиеѹˡ¡ Ժ󶼻ı䡣
仰֮ Զֻ˲ѻܼĽë˵ȴ֣ Ը
֣СЦЦⶫûʲôˣ ȥ
ˣ ΢΢ףӦá
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ֱǵ˴Ҵҿ첽ǰվǰ˸̫׼ĳμǣ֪֮İڽ
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½մһɫ£ȥĵòŮ䣬һȻĶ֮С
˿ɫûкЦԵԽӽ̧һۿȥʹ˾ĮˡͬʱҲ̲סԼӰܹõ䵭ġ
ֵĻ֮󣬶ǽ۸үӶʱЩĿİڣ룬ʹ֣
һ䣬΢΢ղŻǴ֮ɫѾֻʣһƬ䵭֮ҲǸһ⣬׷ǹʣΪҪҵ֣
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˼ֱȻҰ
⸻үһò޵Ļ˵ףĽͰ͵ģʱۡ
ͼڼСĽɲһϵģǵǼ֣һ۾쿴ֱ˵ӣ׺ݵ˰㣬ٸҶҼСÿҾͰڳ
ԭڱôһӻе㲻ģΪչܾ׼ز׽㻰еǡСá֣ǿһʼֱӱӵĿж˼¶һĨЩЩɵЦԭֳ˰
һӵ䣬±ǷŲ֪ӵ˼Ҳˡ
ֻɵӲŻῴ
ղǵĵĻһǡ
㷽˵㸸
һ飬Ϊ˵ŮĶԼʻòѣ֮˵͵ӶʱæС׵ͷ
ȻֵԴԼļҵ׶˸⣬ңҵĶӣҵңʲô飬ңʲôƽ
ץŮǰԼ֮ӣȫûע⵽˵òŮġֳ񽻽Ӷ£ֻŮöʵЩҲܰƽ𣿡
һ䣬ǿ϶Ӧһ䣬ܣ
ȻϵİһԵʹӸȥǶͳͳһŸס˽
һһʹӶʱЩɵۣү⡭ⲻðɣ
һʹŮǰԼĻӶʱ¶֮ɫ۵үĻ㶼ˣȥ
ǡʹнп졣
¶ү϶ŹǲĻүͲŹ
ҲֻÿɥһȥүԸ顣
ʹȥ֮һתЦã˿ɣɺã
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һ仰һºߵǿƻסòŮļ򣬵ʵȴ½Ƕûһ̬СãǸˡ
ֶĹ˵˾䣬ǡ
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Ӵһ£뿪ıӰȻʲô㻹֣
һ֮ŲǶ£ߵСƺȷʲô
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˵ôһ£ΪֽӺ¾֮һӵߣı¡ʵ̫ҡΪʲôֳһС鵥£֪´·;֮ʵ㶥Լ֣Ҳȡһ
֮ԣΪ˰οں֧е֧ǩΨ鵽ֱ֧Ƿǵ˵Ȼܹһջ¾͵Ҳˡ
һֱںõǶ˵һҲȫû߼İ
ֱ뿪Զȴ֪Լ֮ӵǼؿڿȥмļģ
ֱ֮Żָ̬
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߱˵Ǵڨ˵ǡɡҪӺһЩ
֮ǱˡƽʹߣԼٰµ˵ӭȢ֮
ʵʼյƽʹʱǸûдӼԷġϾڵ硭пܵĻȫκһɵ˵ġ
Ůװ߳ܵ飬ԼǰҲˣԵǰҪһӵġ
˵ƽҪҳӣΪӺҲʵûʲôúͶԷ˵ġ
ֻ˰֮ǰӺݾͬеľʦʱȰסߣʾӼһ£ƽ«ʲôҩǿʲôҩɴӶԷʹߵΪ֮ǿԵõһЩйھǱߵ鱨
ǡǡıʿΪϲһ͵佫Ȼûаֵ̳ȥýȥȰ˵֮£Ҳ˴λƽʹߡ
ԭ֮Ի߼һʹΪΪǰ¡ΪҪ£ӺһվǱߣ
ϾϻΪ棬һϳƽѡֱ񻹲δһĸ˽½Ӵͼ֮ڹؼ֮ʷˮһ¡ҷѡȻ¡
Ĵ̽鱨ĻᣬҪײҪ
Ȼķչȴʼδġ
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˲Ÿոձӭѯʵģ֪ƽרǰкμ̣һ仰֮󣬶ʱ߽һλмһȹװߣЦݵҶӺϲģдϲ°
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˵дϲ£ЩֵĿȥ֪ϲӺЩ޶˶ĵϲЦݣܹ鲻ܹƽҪͶɣ
ǲƽҪͶ£ôģ˵̸ֺһϲ֣
ɻ֮Уţ߾ͼʶ˺ΪƤȳǽĵ䷶
ֻǷ˵ǰϲֵҼүѾӭȢţ˵Ǵϲһ׮
仰һºһһʼʱδڵӲҼүУѪ߹󣬶ΪǵҲһŮݵͱԿүУһԾ֦ͷˣ˵ɲһ׮ϲ𣿡
˵ţĿƽտٱºͻȥϲʩ˷Ӳʵ֮󣬿ȥмŮĿ¶֮ɫ˾䣺ԹȻʵӺǸˡ
Ŀ˵ų޵Ļʱһɶĵķθ֮С
ɫҲ̫ÿЩ΢ࡣ
ԴаŮװ֮ʵûĻƽҵЦ䣬
аŮװ֮£ƽԼ˵Ц䡰ǳ߻֮ˡ±ΪұȢֱ֮ûʲô⣬۸ĻҲͰˣԼֵܵЦЦЦŤҲ͹ȥˡ
鱻һȫ֪˵ĻߵпɲһĶġǶԷĿִͺڿһ۵ĻƷ͸˸еŻ
ߺȻмڼ֮ԼŮװԼĿġ˶¸ɱΣİȫ
ٻ֮Ҳǡµ֡
һߵоͺңҺԼԼǺͰڼǵһ·ֵ
ȻĻȻһ·ϲδд֮£ɽռ˾֮صƽߵҪĵģ͵±ˡ
մմԵõšƽҪӭȢ¡֪ͨҲ˵ѯʹԷǷԸ޾˵Ի°һУ˸߸ϣ·ܹ޸ƽСǼĸеǿҷС
֮еλƽίʵʶ̫ʣ
λѾ㹻ƽôͲһ룬˫ʮǴŮõ껪ò˫޶лбе̸ȫͬһƾʲôܿ
ΪӻϾҪΪǰѪʲô
߽üͷĻȳֵ˵ﰮЦĴ˿ǳݣƽʹȴԴһֻ֪Ϊ¡ԲЦԸ񡪡ǽʱ߱ǸûЦһ¡
ͬʱΪǵעҲϣֻŶһȰȡԽԽԶӶ˵븮ԺҪŸжµĺźүĻպҪΪƽ֦ɢҶСֻȫûע⵽ֳʵмĻʱһҵļž
ر߲ԶվŵĻȥѾʼɱ໹״ƽһֿסһס죬ѱƢĻСΡסȥֱӳȥСȰȲͣĿʲôεȷһƽʹһ壬Ĺͷ
ʲôƽְӶҲФã
󣬽֮˿ʼ˵˾䡰ϲ󣬱һֱڳʶ˵Իһ֮еӺݼϷĵϵİȰ˰˵ĩβ
ҷİգѧϰŮ飬£үк󣬶Ȼܹȡүġ
ò˵ƽҲʵеͣ˵ÿһֶڵ˸еѪӿ˼Ψһ˶ЩоҪѪ侲һ¡
һ仰£ʱƬ̺Ҳδǿµ֮֮һϸŮ𣬡λ˵ˣ
һƽʹ߲ɵõԴȥȻһʱ۾ЩҲǸɶõ˰
ҿţǵʹҹʡܹ׸үĻдһˣ
ŵʱ򣬿˫۾Լϴת溰һˣ
߽Ь׵ĹȻǴ˴ӺݾгеıؿŮ
Լױֻ̧̧֣֮˵˾䣬ȥ
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һ£ֲ˾䣬ˡ̵ʱ򣬿ôһȥ
仰˵ڳļ˶˸̲ס˼ԼƽӦûеȥʵϺݵһĴħɣ
֮Լ˻ķӦԭ
˵ӺݾһǱĶǵڱؿŮ˸۸ˣһȥҳʱᵽǽиҽŮǲսѿЩеûĵĶߣ̴á
ԸıŮƽʹߴȥ˺ɱ⻹꣬ݵ˴֮ѸĶĻؾǣͷҲͰˣ˵ͷ飬żʣʲô¶ʩܹ֮󣬸Ķ
¶ȫµ˵ǷͬһجΡ
Ȼڷƽĸ߸ϵɵʹߣͬǱѪӿŭģĵҪ˵뷨߼ڿù³泩ɵļֱƯ
ǴһԣΪˣҲľʵǺݡ
ǡԸҪӺݾЩһֳ۾úÿӵŮӵ³ǽһϵ塣
ǿĲЩʿǵгΪ˺֮ȥج
ͺ񿴳ڳ룬ʵȻҲȥ
һ䣬ղһֱѹŲĻȥ죬ЩίͰ͵Ŀ㣬㲻Ϊ˾Ǩŭǰ
СֹţղҪңǹ˶ˡ
Ϊ̵һĿģΪ̫˰ɡ
˵ԻĽ¸һֻͨǼ򵥵ĵ˸ԴҲ̫Щ
ܹȵ˰ʹ߸ȥʱҲҿǽմ˿ֻУߣȥڳŬİɱ˵ĳ嶯ѹһѹѹסĻȥҲ񡰰ѹ׮´ҲһӺݾУرʵϵĵΤҲڵĻǲҪסֳѪߡ
Τˣɲһܿưѹסġ
ǣĻ֮ŵŮ΢΢ףͷЩֵǾã˺ܲԾǡ
̫ˡ
ٽ»һĻ̫ˡͷβһ߸ģΪӵԥ֮غͲ־ܱߵƽ£ͬΪ֮һ¡ס̬ίʵǲԾ
䣬ڵҹƽ˵ղһʱǳͺѾ˵һ֮²⣬ѾƽȢŮ֮£ҲȨѹˣ̬Ȳưʩ
ҪڳӲ̬ȵԭ򣬴ӦƽǱ߲鵽ĹĳߣҲ˶ص㼯ĳһϣǱʶľǰȻ߸ϡȴΪҪһ㣬̻֮Ů΢ĳĵȷȷȨӺݵӺ
Ȼô˵С̧°ͣüͷ΢壬˼ʲôһǾ߼Щ塣
ֻ޷ץסﲻ̫Եĵ㡣
Ļͽһ߼۵øͨ˳ϸѵõĴһ⣬ΪǾ;ãΪŮˣǲãҲҰֶġ
Ů˾͸ù˳񣬽ĵ£ûԼ˼룬֮֮һƷ
֮¾е뷨
οϰŮ顣Ϊ죬󣬶ŮӲݽ治磬͵һȵŮ顣
ǻԸл̷ΪƽǶĪĶ͡ŮֽԴ˳ҪһĸȻΪһУ
˵ٿЦ£ǵУѾǰӺݿ֮ֻὫûӺݡӺأʧȥӺλʣµľ͵ȷֻһ̻֮Ůݡ
̧̧ȻʲôƵģ·ڼһ²۵˵ҲǺ֣ƹˣǴˣŮ˵ʱ򶼻ôء
ߣ

ȥ
ŲԼͬĬµˣ΢ЦŴ˸ҿû˵ǣϾֲǴ
Ȼ񱻿ˣȴĪıȱҪ΢ء
ߣȥ˸ӵĿ֮£ЦЦ׼볡
ߵſڵʱȴȻ뵽ʲô߻Ÿоˣֺû˵˾䣺֮ǰ̽飬ҾǿԿһݵģ¼ͦ
Ȼ佫ĲҲѧŵĹ˵ʱͣһ£ѰʲôʺϵݴʣƬ̺󼸸ͬġ
һ仰£תȥͽԭ±ơ
˵飬佫ĵһӦȥڳΨһһĻˣôˣ
ֻϧעҪСʧˡ
ߺͻȥԼѯֻ֮ҡҡͷδ
˵һ鱨պŸմϵģֻüԶӺݱȽϽļݵ֮£ǼԭǴ쿴ͳôһĵ¡
˵ûüĶô֪ģȻΪǷ鱨Ǿ֣ġ
Ҫ˵˵ٶôôࣿΪֻ;ִֵķ˼ɨһš
ϾΪ佫ͬ迴ôϸ¡
ô˵ȥǵǹͷǵøһ˵ʲô
Ҳæһңң
ǺƢһӦţá
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ʱԶһߣӺݴ·ϷȻ֪ѾͰ𣬼ڼһ̤ͬ˼ݵش
ڵļݰ⻷µĽ㲻ɵ÷һ̾ȥȷǺʹǰҼͬ
ȻֵͬҲģǴһЩȴۿɼûʸЩǰԶһʣƶ˵¥̨ȥƣֻ¥̨ȴǡδ
Ǻǡǰʵۼ޽ĵ̨
˵ǰһ޴¥̨òŮ̧Ŭ
ڳ˵ҪһЩչû佫ѵȣѭָָȥķ򣬽ǵȷԶ˿ȫ޷ֻһЩģģļӰĶ
ֻ˵źǻֺ׳¥̨˵ϻʵڹʦĹƻ֮£ľ˴̨
ĵλãǡþǾĿأģӦʮа˾ž̨ˡ
һ̨֣µĶС統¾ֿ˽ʱᵽǸʲôʣǳʲô彨¥̨ɵҡҡͷϧˡ
ΰɽĳȴ˻ͬʱıҲ̺Ѫᡣ
һ覴ñ̫ˡ
˵ûע⵽ڷСʵ֮ۡʿĿ΢΢ĳòŮϲĿһ¡
µǽϻʵۡϡƫ𾴵ĳƺġ
Ȼע⵽˼ڼһۣȴδԴ⡣
ϾڼҲͻʱʱĿһԼ
µǻûҵطһ°ɣȵ֮ȥлϡ
Сһ䣬ʱתȥҳлӪҵĿջ
ڰȥѰסʱȻ֮ʲô˾䣬˵˴θϽ˴˶Я˶ٱ
һ⣬µҲӺǴ򾫱ǧ
Сһش˼֮ɫӺݱΪշĻݻ¸ܱԼĪʮ£һǼܱߣҲ㹻ˡ
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ȻûȴдʷѲݣʹݵĶ·Աְ𡣶Ϊ˷ֹʷᵳӪ˽ڼݡʵ۵Ƥӵ¾͸ԼС壬ԱݵһѡϾͼȶԣʷÿһְȨϣеȨҲҪԶСڸҲӵһֵӵȨ
˵Ϊʲôӵһ־ȨĴʷڷƽ֮ȴûеһʱæеһȨάϡΪڽδʷ֮ǰͷƽı顣Լû٣ȿ˵ƽУҪ֮ʵҲܹ
Ϊ֮ǸݣҪڵڶӺݴࡣ
йЩжʱƽŻᣬɵϻʵǲǻƽϢʱ䣬֮£У͵ɷʴס
ȻҲǲصĵģΪ󣬷ԱԶƽ뾩֮еıƾڼ䣬ȡǾԲܵ顣
οȻǼ֮¸ſصİƽΣǰ϶ĸظð֮踿ӭƽȻ϶ǵֳֿǾԲܹƽˡ
ǵߣǿһϣܵϻʵƽС
ƽܹ飬˵ڴʧλȻǶϻʵǺޡ
ɲҪµϻʵۣѾѾ̱ˣҪϣ޷ǶϻʵԹ޵ƽ˺úõչϻʵ𣿴룬Ȼᡣ
ֻҪϵþһ㣬ϻʵ۵ԼͳŲסˡ
ǻˣҲܹϵ̫֡ҲǵȵȫڼݣһҲҪ׼Ծǽ
ҪȻĻ˶˻ȥȻʵۣ˼ľ̫Ȼңһ·˶ܿóʲôˡ
¹ţӺӦ֮һˡ
ȻӵλӺݲǾ뼽ԶݣյȴġʱѾǲ·ˡ
Զ෽ؼӳһӺݾһ
ڴһ治֮󣬴һ·ӺݾϢǾҪǷ˰ɣ
òŮǵš
-
ºͰ𣬼ڼڼߴԼĪʮңŵȵһ·ߵŵӺݾ
ʱѾʼ¡
ںԼӺݾ֮ҲûмȥЩѾ˵档
þϢգԼľԼۣ·ѣҶ࣬ȥȻ϶ҲǻϢϢʱ䣬δܹõõЧ
Իȵں֮ȥͬ˼棬֮ǰôãҲˡ
ֻû뵽ǣ߶Ѿӵ˵زһλȴ
-
ڿòŮӰ֮йȻ˴жЩŸԷܵ˵Ǻͬ˸кȻŸոյ֪Ӯµ˾䣬񣬿ɾͲˡ
һ仰µжԼҪĥвֺ档
ΪʵҶڳٳδЩģϽΪӺݵǼλ֮һյԼģڱ߾֮أٳڴҶղġϡӾһۿȥֻ˾̾òĹЩȻ顣
Ϊ뵽֮еϲ䵽ϣôҶеˡ
Ȼʱ䣬ƽĥϻʵۡԵĻֱû飬Ǵұ˴˼䲻֮ڿڵͬʱд˵ĹʶȥľЩԵÿˡ
ڴҶ²׵²֮Уºͼλĩļ֮ڵ֮ǰļգλ˵Ϊ֮һ١
˼ˡ
գһѺǢ̸ʱ򣬶ϺȻһЩϤ
òŮ̧ȥĿĿ֮ҲһЩϤˡΪѾ磬»ص֮еġ
񡣡
ŸβЦݲãȥĻ˵š
лҪ˵գϣҪȫˣٻ磨bushi
-
ֱӱοسµͼx


102 
ֻȻȥһ޺ڼ꣬ һ㹥ԣֳ֮ȴһı棬Ӷж
΢Ʒζһ˵仰

էһƵȷǺļƣ ޳Ǹ ʵϣ ֣ȴ˵ء
Ҫ֪ Ǹ֮һɲ
οƽı棬۶ᳯ֮·£⼸λӶӽµļݵ顢ĺͳڱµѮ
ʱǰ²룬 Ҳ˵ ̶̲µʱ䣬 ȡ֮ء
ˣе°
֮ ˵ĿⲻٵЩ˿һòŮ
ſȥλ꣬ 귽ҲʮļλЩеӣ ЩҪ̾һη
Ȼ Ӯ»Щˮ֡
֮ǰӺݾ·ʱ̽Ӵµ˶̬й鱨⼸ջ֮⡢ǰδļòŮĿⲻЩ΢
ⳡ֮ȴӮ²һ ڴ֮ǰ Ǵδκεط˵֣һͷβļ֮ճһõϣӦʺϲ̶̲µڼ䣬 ѸٵĶһ֮أֶΣνͨ졣
ȻѸٵĽֶһ֮أҲʲô˲£˵Ѿ¶ܵӣھ֮еλƽҲ£չԥݾӪݷ꣬ԥ֮࿤ضķأŵӣԷ֡ԭǰ£ǰҲǻʱ䰲׵һС
ȴĴ㿪ʼͱµˣֵΪ׺޺Ҳܲ˸е¡
ߵ˵ǣԽԵûļƣ˼Խʹ˾ʵز¶ڲط档
һԱ֮һλպС
ݵڴ˼Цã·Ǹɵ˾˶׾̲ŶΣԵʱΨֻº˵Ĺע㲻һ
Դӿʼ֮ڿĵһ֮òŮĿһֱǿŵˣ׺ȻϤġ
ȻԤ˵㣬ҲǸˡ
˼вһͬʱ˼һµλĿ֮£ͷ·ܲЩϵâڱǵ˵һ䡣
ô˵ҲȻǽǰĥĥĲȫԺҪԭλ֮󷢳ɧⷬٵҲرٵĻǣ˳ĻǰҿˣĻΪ˱°ΣҵҲ붯ء
ֱʾʱ䵽ÿһͬ򾩳ǽ
ϾȻǶٶв˶һôȻҲǲָժʲôٵ
̶̲µʱ䣬ֶͨȡ֮أָ֮ǰһʱϸݣ桱ȥǰλǰиġ֮Լ
㿴ɲˣȻŴһȥԷ
˵ҪͳһսߴƽҵҳӣǴպܳĻ췦ϵڴ϶Ȼ޴档
Щֱӵ֮صĸ·ʼʽµʱǳֶܹͨ쵽̶ֳȵģ·ΪȵĻλս֮ǰȻҪܵ佻ãݣǹľͺͶԷΪжԹϵ
λ֪Ļ֮ݷʣȥ緢ʮ̧ţŲͥ߹ȥֳʣΨһһλȻλ̬֮Ȼȥ֡Ϊĸо
ĽŲƶվʿҲಽĸȥ
֮󣬿Χļÿ󶼺һһˣڳλܵλҵľʦ
仰һºʿĬĿڵ¶ľͣλˡ
ȻѾʧãӺߺŵλ⡱Ĵ֮һ
һҽܣȷԼǹҵĶľֻͣǺ֮ˣĿһֱڶľϵջԼĿ⡣
û¿̫ˡ
ջԼĿ֮вĵһ뷨ˡ
߼ĶľͣôҲ˵ñȻҲƽ¡
ȻĻľӦҲɫ֮Ȼĸߣġʦ
Ȼ˵²֪ġ
ܹ֪˶ľͺƽǺϢȻ֮ǰܹӿ֮еĿȻһȷ˵ǵҲֻܹȷǵ
ԵȵԺҵʵĻʾͺˡ
ϼ֮ҲɵÿڷֱһԼˣȻΪ϶պĶ֣϶ǲܹʲôӣȻҪͨЭôĺôҲҪЩ˷ֱϽĸݵ¸˼˵һ¡
Ա˼ţֽһԼ˿ŶԺ˳λֵµʱСﵱʱպЩԼ˼ȥЩǷģǱš⼸Ѿʶ£ΨһһʶҡһؾͳҲǴӺݱؿ߳ȥġ
԰ҲûȥԼʲôӮ£ֱӶԿźҪװӮ²ʶǷܵĵһ䣬ҼӺ¡
֮ٽԼʱǸӷܣֻ˵˸ֺ㴹ˣԽӽɷġ
Լ˼еӮ£ֻǴԼİ˶ȫȻ֪ڰ𷽲ǴӮܵĻֳ֮жӮﵱǱֵЩ˸ȫܿգֻһӺͷΡ
ֳϣֽԼֵ޹ؽҪĻ˵ֻܹͷּĬʵǡ˻粻
һλԼ֮󣬽緢˱ȻѾʶˣ׼ʱҲʣ࣬ǾͲҪٿ׵ķϻֱӽɡ
˵ţ̧ԼЦӣһøλ˿ܲЦĺϬ⣬λΣ
һʻͬŵжһΪȨԼС
һλ˴֮䶼ȽϤĶߵļݵ໥һۣ׷׾Լǰõ˲طЩۡǲط磿Ƿâ¶Ĳ¶
ȻʳˣôļλҲܹûϾҪģ˶ٱȻѣҪȻ̿ô
ֻǶʳЩ뷨ѡ
ʵʵ̫ȻˣȻ·ǶҪʩģһ㡣
ǣ΢֮УֱһĻشһ⡣
ȿڣͷ򡣡
û뷨ô࣬ԼһҪסȨʩϴ
ϾΪ֮СǸݣС˿Ȼ٣ԴڱЩϵһЩ涫ݣ޷ȵģϣ˼Ҳܿ˳УϾס֡ӻͦá
һϿÿδսҲúܿ
¾ݣȣʵСĿԼϵ̡ȱǰ£û̷ҰġȥƴǸʱ
˵ڵģƩӺֲ֪ٱĵطǿսľܰСٵݸ
ȷôǡ˵ȥ꿪Ժ󵽽һڼܾûоȨ˶ġ
һµӺݣȥַǰӺɻǸְʮأٵͷӡ
ռݾʦλԥݱڶʱֵģȴһȥ굽꣬úǰȡֵֻ£ȫû۶Ȩˡ
֮ȫԱ˷ϵ׷ҲΪһռˣҲȻûʲô»ĵط
Ȼˣʲôڵأ
Ѿˣȵպû䣬ֽļλʽսԺǰھͬͣ˼˼μһ֮ԺͳһԼϣ¶ɰͶĽԼһĶֵضľСݸδϴ˫ַϣԺһˣݵĺܡ
˼֮սһҪúõĲ۾Ħһ¾˭пܳ¶һϾϴ飬Ҳܹϲ̫ãó硪⵹ҲΪʲôҪЧңϴռݵʲôλԭҲСٹ궼ܺŪˣԺֻ뵱һˣֻԼͶԼѡݸ˭˵Ļ֮ܿеĹݾֱӲ˹ߣʱҲѾֱԼı
ΪʮΪԶʮ򣬾Ϊ࣬ʮ
ʱӮҲõĻ
Լ˼еСŸһһıһߵıʱ˫Ưĵ۵ɵ˳λ𾪣㵣ȵЩŵ̧ڳļˣС̽Ƕô
Ӯµһ䣬Ϊ˴緢˵ɵÿڣʵ֪д˶ٱ
һʻŷ˱ʱֻ˵ûд㣬òŮЩ˼ش˴ͷҲСЩǽԼȥȡҡҾֻ򡣡
ӮȥЩӵģڴ֮ǰδӨйʱ뷨ᣬ˴˶ɹʶһǶƶӺݵĵλȷУµıʿ佫ϸܿյĲٿա
ȨȴƵ̨ӺΪеİӣı磬̾ɱ
ڳλǵ˶Ŷ׼ȷ˵ڳλǵ˶٣Ȩӵеλ͵ˣûôţ뷨Ҳǿʲô̫ı䣬ȥȻͺģûΪٶֳ֮ɫϾֵҪȥĹؼʱ̣Щ˴֮ʵǲڧ
ҴҶԼб֮󣬷ŰοӮ£ҪԴһҲֱ˳ƵսȨڵλҵַƽ֮ʦнܸλͳȫ֡
Ļһ˵ͻȻֹסˣⲢԸǱֹ
Ϊ仰Ÿ˵ʱֳ֮һλʱǺ˵
⸱ģʱȥϾ
Ҳ֪ȻҪ·Ƕ֮λڱصãҪȻĻƾ޹ʵĸԼһʱ˾Լë
ԭѾλ˵ˣȵµʱ֧
Ȼ˵áҪȻĻͬһ˭ʱ֮еһͷ
Ȼȴ·ͻȻɱһȫ¶
ڳĺüλĿƣעĿɱ˵ĻֱӱЩĿ͸ľǸæĿʼ򲹶Ҽ佫óսͳ˧ȫ
ֻľ͵ⷬէһԷ˳ֵļλʵȴеȨ̬ȰڳνǰС͸С壬оָȨҪ
˭רҵԿأָ֪ΪɡΪΨһһӵͳ֮ⷽ潻ܣΪȻ顣
ֵߣҲЩһǲ˵˵ǱҪ֣ǺһһȺ
˵ǲŴڱͳ̷Ϊó佫Σɱˣ˵ҪһһҲδɣҲͽˣϾѲǻ˭ҪԼֵµ佫ѹͷ
Ҫ˵ӣǿɾڽˡ
οҲͬչʾ²ʱһ֪ļ֮ݣΪµⱾѾ˵֮ǿӹɡ
˵һβʵЩʯͷԼĽš
ԭͼⳡʱɵСеһϴ󣬽бȨˣƫ˼Ҫ˭޷ɡ
ô¾ôˣû˳ַ϶ʱ¶һĨɾ޺ĲЦݣҾͶлλ̧ˡ
ֵҾһˣֻо̣ԡķ棬Ҫ͸λ˶ˡ
ǿһ֮ʱŵĺļƵЦݡ
һ̣ȴûκһ˻΢ıɱһ˲ˡ
ڿϿȥǰûļƣ˼ֱͲһ
ɲ˼ƱȨˣʣµ߰Ķ˭ҪʲôڵģȫһһӼߵͿҲһε˵ˣҲĹ
һ̸ǹñȽ֮⣬ûκһ̫泩ģ
ռݵʵ̫£˵̫ҭˣ
-
ⳡþеһѾ޲óȥͰ񱩴һٵ̸֮ӮҲûмȥͶľ˾ôһ£һȥģ
ǻصӺݵĴҵסߣ׼Ⱥʹ˵һ£ϾҪһľͶ񲢲ߵõİȫѾȷˣԵĶҿһЩ
֮ɨһȦûпĳϤӰ֮Сﲻ˾䣬ĺֳȥ
Ӯһ䣬ԴӺԼ֮Լӭ˽Ҳ߳ܵĴŮװ߻صĺͺ˵ϷҪȫףλȥʱҲҪΪڱӺżļӵĻᱻݵע⵽㱨ͷϡ
˵£ʵҪӵ˸ոպʱ˵
ʱ֮ʣԴµļΪġˡ֮󣬼ڼ㳣һɫʼպԼ֮䱣һ΢ա
ȥͺǡ֮䡱ʲôѹסĳͻ˴ϣϵѣƫƫڼڼѹݺ֮ĲܵļΪµıʿı֡
֮ܶԶ֮Ϊˡ
Ӯʼʱ򻹲֪ڼڸʲôͻȻıµСãȻȥʿ½ǣȻ󡭡ڼϷĸ𾢶ˡ
֮ڵصӺߵס֮󣬲ڼæĽ͵ȻһμûйǸڲӦ뷨µļ
ҪǣִǰʱĿ⻹ǺУȥȻǽǵġ
Ȼ˵ĻڼãôСĺŬĵһˣȻӦҪССԸ뷨ȥݻȥ
ĵһǰڳӺ߱¡̬֮Ȼ͡ųߣĵ㡣
ԸϹ
Լڼ񳣳һΣڳ̬ʮСģȥĺܱ档
ȥôˣĺ𣿡
һ仰£СʱڳһֻҪµͷӦǣ̳ȥץƮļڼ
ôʣ³һ£̵˵ţʵҲǷҪĺ˵Ҳһġ
ʲôʲôһʼᵽڼ˵˵ҲԣԼлᡰӡ飬ȥһӾʹˣ˫۾ͬʱһ˫һǴǰίίŮװߵ˫
ӣòŮʱЦһ£Ц財
֮ԱݵĿҲע֮£С˵ԼѾ˼˺üյ⡣
ֻµǣûз֡üλҵ񣬶Щְ
òŮ仰£ոջʵ˫ʱʧȥԭĹ
ȥͺʲôһ
Żȥ˵Ӧ¶ʱ˲Դգգ˫Ưĵۡ
Ҳʲôֶݵ·ϣǷʲô𣿡
ˣǼһ۹۱ǡǹģͷȻı֣һ΢΢̧̧ԴϲסƮţֻҪ¾ͲҪСʵǸ⡣
һ죬һأͼתעҲߴ٣ֻǱԭ߷򾲾Ŀˡ
κ˫Ưĵ۵ע֮°ܱĻСһᣬһ˲̧ͷۣĺУ֡
һϵжˮȻǵһη顣


103 
ȥ֣ ˫Ưĵۣһϴģ
ȻţСʹӻȥĿһЩ׵Ĺ¡
ƽͼıеӺ ҪͨȢԻӺ֧֣ ΪԿһʤ㣬 Ƕڡ¼ȴڳ߸ϣ·𷴶ƽһİ̬¡
¸Ŀɿڴ Ϊ𺳣Ϊƽʵ̫޳ܲҪ¶ûпʼ˼ĵֻ𾪵
ԭ ׮о·ϷҪ˵ֱͲһ˵ġȢ¶ʵûдԼ˵ġΪʵ̫ˡ
ҲʲôҪ鱨 ֶѾ鴦ˣ ھ̸֮Ҳһ¾ûбҪۻĶȥԼ䣬Сȥ֮ͻᱻǸɵġϸһĶԡ
ȫûҪ
ڼȻס˵Ļ Ҳֻðˡ
Żȥ˵ƽⲨ軹Ĳ Աڳ㲻ɵƤֱ
ƽӹѾؽ˹ײĵȫҪΪ֮£ ¼ȻЩãǰλ֮ΪһӶһˣ
ƽҪµ֮֮ȥκλرԼļȣǸòĹֵ˵ڳԵӻͦɰ
Ȼ˵۱ʲôû⣬ ΨӦñðɡ
 ڻȥйߵʱʱĲڹ֮£ڽƽһƤǽĲŪôһµ²ɴ۾Щ̲סĶǰʳʹǸ⣬ õĶԷĻش
ҿľôƭ
һ仰Ÿ֮òŮʱҡҡͷԼʷЩԡ̫ίˡ
֮ʳһΪֱ׵⣬ȥľԵúܴ𣿡
һĲŻᶼǸͷβɵӡ
³Լȷǲֱӽ֮ΪҲȫ£ǡҲûɵϰɣ
뵽òŮ̲ס̧Ưµӣ˵úÿ˿ȥþǸˣԾԼòǲģΪʲô˻Ὣɵӿأ
һѾʼԼ귢ʣһڿŶеֽţԼ̽Ŀڵʵϣλƽܹ֮˵Ը̶ȵţҲûԭġ
仰£ڳĸ˲ɵ÷׷׳ԴȥĿעӵϣһȴĵģ
˫ֻ۾ע֮£ǲĻڣǶ˾䣬ߵλŮɷӡ󣿡
һ⣬̾ûʲôԥĵ˵ͷӦСӡ̡
ǰԼ֮µĸݾ֮УµӺݾ֮Ůӽ֮⣬ΨһһŮݱݡ
ʵǺѲע⵽Է
ϾվŮʵǡ
ԲſŮʱⲻԶԷֺ档
Ӧ֮ɫƽƽ׳һըλŮĽᷢӡ
һ˲䣬µɫʱĿ࣬Ŀɿڴ
֮Ի𾪳ӣҲԭġ
ԭλԼµŮٳķ޹ϵȥһ׮̸ó˵ܹƽ׵˸еۡһûмǴĻֻλ֮żȻ§ŵĲͬ檾Ѿλ
ʵ̬ȿȥĲǳ̻Ҫüλ檵ֱпӵĲ
˭ĿȥάνĻʼֺҲϾҲûʼ̣ԴҶֲҲһֻ۱һֻˡ
οȻ»һ㣬һ˵һҲûе£Ҳͳûⷽϸˡ
ʵϣ֮⣬δҪµԭλŮڰͳˡ
޸ԼԼҡò˵ĲһҰ
ֻȻ֮ʵеĲ۵㣬»Щ֣ƽǼʲôϵأ
µһЦ£Īƽ֮ĹڣλǿλŮҵġ
֮ڳ˽һκǡ׵Ĺ¡
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ӣçΪӵŮԭΨһŮһ˫ޣ²żߵˣԶԴԼһΨһһŮȻϤĽ̵Լʲô̵Ůʲô֮£λܾŮȻǳɳΪ˺ˡ
ֻȽвǣӵŷǳõֵĹƫòĲ⣬òΣòϱܾ˵ָ㡣
ԭҲʲô£̵߽÷ǳܾӦǿ󣬲Щĸš
Ҳͳܾһ׵ģĲԵĵ֮⣬ͬʱҲһŮݱᶨ硰Ϊ족ŮбҲǱ£ֻмһΪڽӴѪ͡һﲻôվ벻ˡ˰뷨ڴС;ġԴ̡֮£ܾļֵۣʵģˡ
úõһϰ徭ͨյĹǱˡȻҺǿЩٵġҼ޲ȥûԸҪңҾǸ˼롣
ܾΪòªԻҲʼ಻˳ȻӵŻܴ򣬿ѰӼʱݱԼ뱲ӶҪôһ֮ݣͲȥ˽
࿴гʼձûҪŮһӻľʧܡ˼ݱܾսԱ
Ա֮УֽɷһȻߣȴ˿òƫԸȢΪ޵ˡ
Ļ֮£ʱԱܾѸٵ׹밮ӣĸҪ޸ڵ
˵ܾ֮ĸ׺Ǹˣ⣬ֻԼŮҪˡŮûǮûϵǼаĸһ컬ӣȻۣŮ֮ջ˿ڣֻԼܶŵСӣӦڳ⡣
ȻܾµĻڵǰЩӣͻȾ񼲲ʣֱӺ±¡ʱܾ޵ӾͱТŮ
νһδƽһ𣬾ڸĸ˫һشجǰҪϳܹ֮סΪĸѾУô֮͢ȻҪµӹλá
ش֮£Ȼܾ벻ʾТڹ顣
һԣһӾͰжĻ˵ˡ
Ǵ˺Դأɽơ
Ծȥмڷش󶯵ʵʱ˵뵱Ȼ˵µʱ϶һÿƤӣʲôڵĹٲˣ㸸ԭ봫˵²Ժ츣ơ
ϾʽͼǰȥʱѾȫһˣ¶Ҫ˰
ǣܾҲбŴǰԼְ꣬⼸ҲδʧȥϵԼԼƷϾ˵߸ݣԼɷµ֮λ
ڳΪϴĲ֮ҲڼܾǰװѹԼıԣǮеλ֮ĹڿʼɸС檣һһΪᷢӵܾ
Ŷ˼ҵͬʱһܾŸֻǲĻơ
˹ֵо֮£ܾǵòȻŭȥ˼ԼǷʲôɷ飬ŻֳˡԾ͹˳ͬСһԼһУԴõɷġԭ¡
ʱߺͻȥҲףΪʲôƽ֮˵ȥľ鱨Ϣˡ
ͬ˵ǰ㡭ͬ졣
ǵ磬һޣӭҲҪӵӭһѡޡġ
һȫܾǰ£ܹᡱ
ΪֱӲеĵ䷶·֮ģ
Ҫ߶ܾɵγҵɰ
ԣߺͻȥ˱Ĳ𾪵Ŀɿڴı֮£ܽᣬλȸɷ򡯴Ƭ̣ܹͷСֽǰΪգ֮еƽ뷨ҲΪ档
£
ֱĬΪС﷢Լһʱ֮Ĳ֪˵ʲôá
˼ҵļӦʲôϾλյŮ˶ûʲô϶ǵҲʵ̫
Щ֪Ҫݴˡ
СоԼеĴʻǺܹá
ԭڽ˵¼֮ǰǰһ̴ֱҷ֡Լҵг֮ɱӳ޵ʵ㹻ƷǽһȽϵĻʵС׼ףֵһᡣ
˵ǺȻʲôʵȻƽȷЩˣλҵĿ죬Ӧ޹ذ
Ҳ˵飬ǲӦ֪һӺݾһ·϶ڱ̽̽Ϣ鱨֪£ҲӦǶˡ̬ȡ
òŮ˼һ£ָ˽ʴǰķ˿Щȷǿҵ֮УԼԼļһ㡭ͬ
ȷһ䣬ȥʱ͸е˼֮ɫӦð
лͬԼֵֲһ㣬ⲻӦǰͲõ
Ȼ˵ڵ²ңȴĪͬ飿
µĸоǴûгġ
һ˼ŵΪʲôͬʱҪߺһĻС꣬ԱߵǺȻʲôһһ顣
ˣպò׽һĻʱʵ֪ԭˣ
һʻ̼ղŻ˼Żȥ߶ʱٶȽĿͶŵϡ
Ȼ󣬿˫޹Լľ۾˵⣬Ӧþ⧲ĸ佫ͱһѵӵĻ
ǣȥŵķʵʲôϵ
仰֮صĵͷǸŻСĻ
ǵ˵ĻʵǻٶõһΡ
ǰаŮװ֮ʣαָޣӦʱ鱻˸ע˹ȥմϣͱӺ֮˶֤ݰɡ
һ󣬻ȥʱҲӦС꿴£ͷʼصô˵Ļҵȷ˵˲ܶα
˵׵ҲԩϾȻҶ޹ߵΪʽ̬λȵ⣬ҪףĻǻǵðĹ۵ͷϡ
ưˡ
ǵⷬ»ʲô׵ģ
˵Ļ
񡭡ҲʲôءòŮ˵š
Ͼݵδ¸鲢Ҫǵ뷨Ҳʲô֮ҪŪ˿ԼĿôһ£һΪǵĿо֣һҲ֪֪ɰսʤ
˽һµз뷨ܹҪġ
˼·ƶϵĻʵӺǺһ׮
Խǽ̫ͣδԽпܹٳӺߵһγʤ
Ͼκӵžʵĳ֮У
УǴɰ
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ȥݾפѰͶľ֮ǰһǰСͬ˵ôݣΪģͬʱҲһһ¶ľͺ˵顣
ݵΪֶΣͨ죬µʱµݾȫͼ
ʵȻ
ʵϣȥֹ󣬾кѮʱѾڿʼְˡ
򻹵ôȥǳ˵
ʱڻỵ̄ׯڣʹðȫգһȫ֮ʳýȱĳЩطǮ򲻵֮£򲻵ʳֻܹ취Լ㣬ԡ׽㣬Դ˰оֶάơ
ǻҲĲ̫ãѰΧɽҰҲûпһֻСǡ굱ʱİڶ˵˱ؿǱڳԻȳͣζҲȥץȳȥˡ
Ȼ󡭡
ڳһζͬһĻ𿾻ȳ֮󣬵ʱѾĥ˺ЩȻͶˡ
ʵǲǵĿˡŶˣӦǣ
ݵĻԵǴӵʺ
ϾټȥĻ첻ԣֻܹˡ
ԭʼ´ӿлѣʱûЩᣬɱɱĶϵͳδһӾҵҵϹļ֮ĸо۵Ҳһˣڱ¡񡱻رؿ֮;ĳ硣
һڼȨµһӡԼһС٣佫ֲ֮ҲԱ
赽ʵڹȥôҲû¼ˡ
жҪȥʰµϱ֮Ҳ͸ɴ͵ȡģŵʱݵľͽԭȶһСĿ꣬
Ȱˡ
ʱµֵҲܲסѹȵũ𣬵ЩҸͶ𡱵İʵͬͷӬһȫ֪ڡ塱֮ЩʲôȻⲿָǱȽֱֻΪԼӹȥҪũ
һǴŷٸ͢ѹȰ壬ͷȥƽռеǿ
ʼʱҲƾʺ쵼ۼ£һꡰҪ壡ź͢ĸ˰ˣ֮ȫȻû˷ġũ
ϾʮͲξʮ㿪ʼ游бӦ֡
˵һ֧ĹģһܿġӡҲͿʼԤıȴӵܱߵļؿʼȡڳӵˡһݡ֮ͿԿʼӣῤ֮һΪ㣬һͼıݡ
νԵ¿ͷѡµһʱίʵǻ˲ٵʱ䣬ΪһݵõٶȱȽϻ˶صٶȣµʱλλڶߵݵȶ˵ĲŻԭ
ǸԼ̫ӣʱѾ֪ҵˣȶ֮ȱⳡ֮Լδؾˡ
ֻϧλʱʲôûк˵ΪԼܹƽڲͼɵλвԱȫûкôһ˵ĴڡϾ
ֻǸ֮Ҫôһ˵£Ȼ󣬻뷨ҲͰԼˡ
ǻһʱ䣬ȡһҲǷǳ˲ˡ
̧˵š
οСٿػһתֵ㻹Ǵ𲽣ʲôûеǰ֮£һ֮ȡһݰ
ʵӹҲǾӹΰŲɻȱҪԡµ䣬ʵ̧ץץͷԼͷϵĳβȡõһݵ֮󣬺˵˸պǶ㵽ݵСǵӹ֮һ֮ΪҳıߣֽٹǮ鷳ЩҲ̸
ʱλߴżٱؿľսԶµǰصũġũһлҩҵֱӾͼӿ˶صĲһ߼ȫ̶ƾŻҩпţǶǵġ췣ȻǵСĿؾеͶ
ԭţȻҩŷ˹õĻô֮һ·ô˷Һƽһ㣬ٶ֡ȻҲ
ֻõʱֻҩЩ̫㹻ΪԷһ㽫ʣЩתΪͨĽ
ˣȻէһʧȥ˻ҩźʵǡöݵĶľͺ֮ũµĽӿ졣
ϾɲҪʲôݡ˰ǮźöӾǸǱ׬Ǯûϼأ
νǮʹĥ仰ûеġֻҪǮڴǺռġȻҲͼӾ˴㿪ʼݵٶȡ
˵ľͺΪʲôԸǮȻΪǱ˴˼俨غϵͳİţһԱ֪ԷԼͬһսߵġ
ʱʾڶ갵źȻɵĻԸϸһ´ӶľڵĴﵫڵĶĩ굽ڼʷ
ܹһʷ䣬ȻʡǶľͺҲȻȻĿʼ㵽֧Ŀȥ͵СһԼµͼ
~ô˵²ɵգգ˫Ưĵۣ̾һ䣬ԭҩð
һӺȻ֮ͱ˻ҩµʹ÷ʽ²ɵţԺлĻҲҪȥһΡ
ЩãȻգ۵СǺȻʲôģͻȻ˵һ䣬˵ձ
ǣ
仰ǲ̫ȷϵСķʻȥ
ڻ֮˼һ½ϦϦԴӴӺݳ֮ΪҪšϡ־Ѿкܳһʱû̫עÿյˡ
Ƭ̺ƺӵòŮɰĵ˵ԴȷеšȷǺա
СΪϸ¶ѾѹģźԻõβ˶ʱЦ
£ϴЦĶСʵǡϲ𣿡


104 
仰 ӮãȻգգۣһʱûзӦôͻȻˡ
СĿɰģˬʵЦţ Ҵǰ˵ĸˣ ɲǸʲô ˵¡
ݣҺӹԤƵģ ֮ǰ͸Ľ
¶˵ͺνʵϣһʼ¸ûļƻ֮СϾľͺǮ֮ǰĴ㿪ʼҪɶûɶ ȡݵٶȻҲǿ첻
ǰԭĴ㡢Ҳ˵ǰԭˮƽĻ ôڸ¼ʱ ݴϸĵطӦûԭУȻһҲԭ
ڼ֮У Ѿһǻڵڼ䣬 һٸ׳н ϳΪС
֮ȡúǿԴűȥոƾԼġͶϷĵ⣬ ˷۱׵׵ΪĴ󹤾ˣȻѾûκõĹ˾Ϳˡ
ֻνƻܸϲϱ仯 ˼· ԭǽŵװףեһüֵӣ;ͻȻ֮˶ߵĶľͺãһӾļƻҡȻ ǺõķĴҡԭػֱۣӼӿĲ
֮ľͺ˵Ĳ֮ǡԼҰµ֮ǰǰգʱкȻһ󵨵뷨ںͶľһϼ֮һֱȻҪǾ͸ɴһѴġ
ھ̵ܶʱݣȡμӱε
Ȼ˵Ϊԭļݸ֮һȥμӸ޶ĵⲢҪģصǣ
µ֮ǰԼΪΪ
ԣüۼǷ緢˲ĿԵòŮٶһոյǸ⣬ϲ𣿡
ʱڷӦ˵ʲôСصĵ˵ͷţ
˫Ưĵ⾧ȥ˸ǧǳǳ̹ʵ˵ţϲ
òŮ̹ϵϲãҲ¶ˬЦݡ
ֵֻȻ˵ȴа覴áʱҪ򡣡
˵жľͺõ߱ϾǴ㿪ʼʲôȱϲûԼĿһصطרҵԿ˲ţȡӺݵֶҲǱȽϴֱʱֻüẉ̂ԼУûȥй裬յȷˡ
Ҳڳ֮ǰԸ֣Ϊṩģάϵʳ
ĶԤڴ˴ε֮ȥ
ԣĻ֮£ĲüʲôֵóƵ顣
ϾҪ˵Ļ¶µӺ߸ҲǼµʱ䣬һ߶ֵͬʱҲûȫȻӰշ⣬ǶǺ͸ο˫߲ؽС
ݵûӺô˵һݣʵҲֻѣСĺ֮£Լ黹ǾĲá
µȫһʱĵѾܺˣʷޱ貵ĽǱһһȴʲôûУ֮жľͺð֮ܺ⣬µĳȫҪԼϡ
ԭݼܺ˰˵ڳ֮ǰݵİţ¶ʱͶΪʲôߵġʦֻжľһõӰ
ΪˡгſѹͼߵıǱ߹Сžŵˡ
ӵĻӮ˼һ£Ӧдżǲ˼Ӽͻرؿ֯һĹǰݣ񡣡
Ȼ˵ȨȨҪȨǳھȨ֮еģʼѹ֮أվǳ֮ơ
Ӧ˹ȥݸΰвźá
ֻһ棬һĻ
ֲʳȻ˺ݹңôҲӦӺǱЩݡ
ȥǳǾٹʵģ׼Ӻ֮⣬ݼԪˡݸַЩݵֲ̫á
ϾЩϻʵۿѾѣ֮ȥΪѹյһݵİṩһάĿ⣬߻óԱսıʿ
֮£Ǵ̡̣ٲݵġ
䣬ҪҪϢرؿǲ˻ȥţ·г֮ԶֲܹȷżʹﵽĿĵأʲôҪؿǱߵģͬ˵ֱתڱؿİ㰡
ǲŻȥϢʹȥ飬Ҳ˵˵
Ϊڲ֮ǰ²Ÿոᵽйڴµġǰ֮
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Ϊ׵ıʿѡ֣ľͺȻǲóʧ֮ǰкƽ޹Ƥ˵Ĳѵ¶
ʵϣڴӾ·ǰϦȷʿר̻ؼŸԼԤһԼҪ˵¡
ֻҲ֪;·ϾǷʲôʣǷżȫûдرؿŵ˷ľò֪١¼ 
ͬʱΪľͺڽżʿ֮Ըˣ˳Ϣʹȥ֮ڱؿ»صߡϾҪ·ˣȵ˾ңԶ·;żȥ֮ǻδڵԼ˵Ķ
ŵ˱ؿ߶ڶľͺţֻܴӿпȻ֪ǻ֮ҲΪҪ˵Ķһεż֮˵ˣδǱߴʲôϢ
ô˵ǰԼ˵͵֮ܵϵʽӮҲֱѭĻ΢˼һ£ȻҪرؿĻ
ڴµ˵˼֮µܹ뵽ľֻôʣµһͷһĺ빫ﻹʲôҪĶȻٽжһתɡ
ţһת𣿡Сһ䣬һ£üգۣ޹˵ǣո˵ЩѾϢˡ
һ䣬òŮЩãȻգ˫Ưĵۡ
ȥãȻĲ㷽һֱǺһȫûжһѽ
µһ䣬סˡ
ǲǰòŮ˾䣬㲻֪𣿡
һ仰˵¾͸ãȻˣȥҸ֪ʲô𣿡
ҺͰ֮ϵ飬ûͬ˵𣿡
һ䣬ȻЩã֮еСʵҡҡԴ
ˣǿڽ͵Ϊ˫ܣ밢֮ĵӦ
ֱڣ֪Ϊʲô鵽ʱϵͳרŵĶʾһ˫㡣
ԭΪ˫֮ĵӦԭоܹٵĸܵԷϲŭ֣仯Ӧ˴׼ĵӦڱϵͳ¼֮ϵͳļӳ֮ݱΪǿֱ֮ннͨ
ڽͨĹŴУֿ˹ҰٵϢٶǺãܹ
ֻҪһϵͳ趨ǼѣܹһԸƵ˫ӣһֱˢȣ봲ķ
ѵó鵽һδ漣֮˭ȥܴܲճһ˫
˵Ҳб¼ڿе˫ӿԴңһرǰ˱SRϡ
ڼ˵Ǿ仰һϵͳϲв֮ʿбµлϵͳһ·̵ƣϴŵûеⶫ
ֻǿ߲俪ҡ
ԭЩƶǶĵ˵Դ
һµӺǱ߳ըƵʱͬ˵ȥԻȳͳԿ޵飬ܹ͵ΪʲôӺݣȴӺ֮Ϸ֪˼ʱ
Ҫ˵µĻ
òŮ̧ųݡ
ôˣͻȻôң³Լеĺ֮ɫʵֱ̫ף񲻽˾䡣
ȻȥԹɣͬСð޺СͻȻ˵˾䣬ʵҲûʲôЩ桭ʲôӣ
񣺣
ڵʱ򣬰С˵ʲô
ΪϤԼҰ¼˲þòŮ۾ЦҿЦ
񣺡
Ȼǣ֪Ǹ˭ѧģ
˼򵥶ֵС֥ڶĺԲĳЩ໹˸
ģܹȷԼ뿪Ӻ֮ǰô˵СıƤҲǰ׵ġ
-
Щġʲôġȥ֮òŮһɫٿضһ⣬ԣȻ֮ϵֶΣô֮ǰ˵ӺǷһ£ҲӦΪˣ
һ䣬΢΢ףӦǡ
ݿʼ֮ʣϵѯӺǱǷܹݣڵõ϶Ļظ֮󣬱Ȱ˵ЩѾʧȥļ԰ͬʱҲũİȥӺıơ
֮ÿһط֮ǰȥȵʱҲµ˽Ӻ֮¸֪İգھҪҪһѣȥӺ֪ı߾֮أǾȫеѡ
ЧٰվУһ·
ԭˡµͷҵֻŸӺȥһЩ׳ͶתһĻȵͷҪ˵ʱɾ˿ˡ
Դˣıʾٽ졢ԥ
ȱõóѵҲԽݵͶ
һգ۵ġǿҪյʱˡ
ȥӺݲܻӰ죬ȻûзĴܿ죬ֻһЩµʳӺݸĲֿˡ
-
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Ժ˼һ£һʱҲûʲôӦСｻһòŮʵ
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ſƺ˲һ
֮Ͻǵ̽ɫSSRһʱ򣬺ԵĻᷢһȡӮ´ǰһֱ֪Ϊʲô̩ɽ֮г鵽֮󣬺Ȼ֮Щˡ
Ϊ㿨ƵϽǺһģһģҪ˵̽ɫ˸һЩ
˵ǡʵ۵ˡ
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Ӯµһ䣬ɫ֮϶ʱЩ֣˼Ϊõ飬ûѸٵҲ뵱İ
ʵ۵Ƕμ䣬ıȼ磬˯ıȹʳսսǿǶμۡҲˣɡ١
ʼվ;ãֻʮͷ͡Ӣš¶˻ʵѲϵ
ȻʮʵҲǡ䡱ˣҲÿ˭ȡΪһӲʣʮ겻ˮ佫ġ
£ٿµĿⲻЩӡ
СʵҲǸµĵطΪĿ갡
һӦӮ۾Ц
СҲûЦ̫ãΪһҪ飬֤֮ϵͳҪҪ¡
ǽӮ¶Լʵ˵ôô
ΪʮıٵҲ򣬱̫СһأһӾЩоֻ˵ԼУЩ˼
ҲЩɻΪʲôô˳ⲻӦð
ô˳ǰǵıȫһ𣬱˵ǽֱӰѾˣҲڻ¡
ؼڣһ£˵ƽռݾǣǹȥҳӿԹϷ棬ô˵ĻвġԵЩ㣬͵õֲˡ
Ӯ⣬Ǻһ£ȻصʵҾֻӦ֮°
£
һ仰£Ӯжʱ𣬵ɴ˫Ưĵۣʵǰ˵Ǵʮ˰
оʵ˰ڰ֣һȥΪֻãߣҲ
ǧ˾˵Ǽˣ˴ӿ˵ͱ˼ʮνƣˡҲǴзʿõ˱е£ԼʤĿԡ
ЩǴ̵·ˡ
űһҾթ𾪵ĿɿڴоԼֳʶ˵Сʲôٿת£˵ĻӺݵǴ
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Ϊҿ˵Ҳ˼㣬ԵҺСһ
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ƽΪʲôѽΪ档
ǵƽܣʼϷֵ֮󣬵ô֣˭ֵĶ˭ֵ٣Ҫ˭ȭͷӲˡ
޲֮УġʵӮ²Ŷ԰
ǰԭΪСڱʱǡסڼѾ¿չһսǱ򡱣ǷһʵϴŴңʵȴʵʵĴ򡢲ı
ļλ۲죬鱨ıӦ޼˿ȵ֮սƽұ˴˷֮ӮߺռŰ
뵽ٿؾЦοлһ֪ĵơ
ˣ񡣡˵֮ĹϵȲҪ¶ǰǼ֮£ͳһھ˵ǡ
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κµ˵ҽˣͼʵֻݰɡ
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Ļ֮ӺǰݰæҲһĽ͡
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Ϊеؿı¶ǰһ¡
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ӵķˣôܷҪµǸˣҺڳԺڣ
ĶҲ££һҪͱһ졣
ԷĽǶʲôǲ֪ˣǴĽǶ˵һ׮顣
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ӭȢ¡·ǵɷ¡˸ͻͷ˵ƽ˱ףоӮҰŮʵǲʶ̧٣ʼղ죬ѾԴŪùǷণһƽȥ˵ľԼ
ͬʱͬŭɶĻһˣǾǴǰɿƽһҪµ
֪Ӯ¾Ȼֱܾ֮ҪҧԼһ
·ڴ
Ƿ·ǡ
˵ĵԸƿ󣬶ȻܾƽȢ֮¡οһ޵ŮˣƽԸҪȻȻܡ
ʵȴƽܵĪġ衱ʢŭ֮ǨŭΪŮԼŻᱻô裬ͱƽ㣬Ϊ֪͵̱ӵϻʵ޹̷ϻʵ۵ŮҲϻʵ۵ӳΪʲôƽûֱɱȻΪɫ̰ͼþôЩϧССʹ롱
ڡ乬ֱǺ޶£
µĴӮ¹ԹԵļ޸ƽĻôͲϲϻʵˣ
ңƾʲôܾƾʲô
ίźƽˣƾʲôܾ
Ŷ߰˶Ĺ⣬ĵĶ⳯żеʵԼͲòŮϮȥ
ȿȡ
ͻȻ䴫ϻʵ۵ĿʱӶȥֻϻʵô
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кȻ֮ץסʲô
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µĿҪϻʵۣ
뵽˫ϻʵԭֻǴӶŮкľЩͬʱҲȾֺ⡣
ȻӮҪϻʵ۵ĻôֻҪϻʵ۸ɱ¾Ҫһ˰ɣ
ɱʱĿĶϻʵۣгһȥǲʰӣȻ̧һһĳ߹ȥ

ųԼȻ״̬ǲԾϻʵĿ¶֮ɫֻһ̱ӣ޷ܡΪƽڷߺޣƣһ֧޷֮ڿڣֻܹΪΪ⡣
ϻʵ۵ľ֮УҲȻߵ˴ߣ׵οȻֻ֣Ӹϻʵ۵Ŀڱ֮ϡ
ʱĶᡣŲ֪뵽ʲô׺ݣϵĶҲԽ૵ȥȥ
¾͸ȥֻҪˣȻǺҸ߸ϵĴС㡣ΪӺҲ
ɫȫȻаŵϻʵ۵й
ԺڻعЩãȻ֪ղŷʲôֽ̧ϻʵǿԼȥСȡ£֮󡭡

ĿȥѾЩѪģʱǱһŵĴ󺰳
µͬʱҲĳȥǱˤڵϡ
˼ԼʱѾ˲ԼǱͻȻ֮ġɲʬ塱˸еŲѣĺţˣˣ˰
乬ƽרͷģȻΧùʹ
֮еĻʹھϢķһ̼ı¾ƵĴ£ݣפǱߣ׼žǷ
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Ǹݵļжڹ֮п϶Ҫⲻ˱оԼ书·Ȼս֮ҲȻ飬ûʲô˵ģ˲оǲʧܡ
ֻ֮Ų䱻۲졣
ͳ
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ڴҵһҪңǧҪҡɫ֮£˶ǡ
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꿴Ψһ־ǩЩŵָָԼ
аŮװ»Ǳ
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Ȼ΢Щ˸Ÿж֮ɫ֮£С¶¾䣬
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ʿĬĬһԲһѴѵĵӣƫƫ˵оݣȫ޷ʵҲظеȥֻںòֻͬںհ𣿡
ߣ˱QAQ
ίͰ͵ĿС֮£ĳڿ˵˾ԣǼ˲ĻǱݵˡ
ѾҪ뵽ڲʱòЩ佫֡
һڼ䣬ҶʱȤĺѾȫˣ
ҿͦɵѽĺôȡģ
ĺʲôʱ߰
Żȥէһݺǹɻֵ޲ȥŸʮףĻڸ佫ڿڼɵáԷų˳οȥЦʵҪ뿪ºܸ𣿡
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ڼĿ⿴Ӯ£ڼǻƾ֮ȥݡ
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ڵҰĶ֮ˣͲٽӺӿЩḯ
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ǸгʲôҲܹӺء


105 
ò˵ ܹλߵ佫мˢӵġ
ԴӸʼžǷ֮λ佫Ĵ֮£ݴƾǰΪߡļƽеĿأ ڲϵʤ֮£ Ҳʿǣ ȣһ· ߸ͽ
ǰ佫ΪͼַӪʥݶ󣬹Գǳصʱ򣬺󷽵ļλڽŻģ âȫǰսġǹս
Ϊʱ ѾǰʼԤϷֵ⣬ Լܵͼı档
Ա𵱳ߴĶ佫ĸŵıʿ ˴϶ŷֹıʿԼҵڿӣ ͬʱҪıʿ
Ȼ Ϊȥ̣ͷȥ ԴϯǶľͬҳμʱ㱻׿ڳϡǽܵġʦΪݵ̫̫ǳԵʣ ڴ˴δ֮У ľҲҲڶ˵ܹߴŵıʿᲢۣܹ˼ҽߵӵˣ辶պܺõСӣ ֳ֮Ψһصˡ
ÿͳһִġࡱʱΨľûıʿҶסŵǸպܲӻһСӣʵЩԸϵִ͡򲻹ֽͨϱȻǶ¡
ڽ̸ʱӺҲȻıݡ
ڵһνл̸֮ʣߴǼڼ
һϷ̸ϣڼ޵ıֳһ̸еֳıʿĻԹѹţԼı档
ڼ˵״̬Ϊյ̽ĸ֮Լо·˶Դٰ¸ԼƵָָ㣬̬ȶӵΪģʽ֮ΪһЩᣬΪֵ֮Щ佫ıʿǰڿ
ļλУǼڼûģһ֤ӺݵĴʵڿ˵С
ΪйӴԲδµǱƿеĻƿпȻ֮ѷѾصҲ޷صĵزҲлὫйµľ֮ļڼڵԼߵĴʱ
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ԴˣΨһʾ
Ԥ֮ҪƵֶջ񣬽һУʧΪ³˫
ź˼ôӱ˴֮ѶԷƵʣ̳жԷŲʱٱǷĴֵ֮ǰ佫ڵġһսǱ߾ͿҪ򵽾ǡߡǰһʱ򣬺Ȼ֮յһԾǱߵܱ
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СͲ˵ôôأ
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仰֮ҪǶٳǿ֮ǰʯͷԼĽŵ鱻¸Ҫ沿Ť
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Σλ£Щԭģ
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ŵɱϻʵɱ׾٣ɱϻʵ֮ΪƽＸû˻·ġ乬ϻʵ²鷢ĺܾ֮󱻷֡
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ʵҲû˵ʲôֻ˵һֱ׶ּ򵥴ֱĻ֮ǰλ˵дȷҲû̹ס

Ƕ֪ϾСﲻƣо̱϶ÿǱơ
ֻòŮЦ貣ĶҫۣʵǴأʡԵǧ
һ̣ʵ޷ò
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106 
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û취ͬҲаڰǧڳ˵¶ ԵľλεвͬĻ ôһж˵ ⳡ׽֮ǰ˴ҶǺѣзԵĻ ǾԲЩʲôòš
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ݾһصݣ һεġػعʵءĵһ죬о·ѾԼԾµġ֢֮õļڼˡ
Ŵǰ׼ȥ޳ǵĿּһεо ԴǰǸӵ±ȽųҺǿ޶ëԼ޶ëѾʹõĲˣ ֿʼֿʼ÷ȣûǮˡ
Ͼĩ· ͷΪһ ʲô²Ǯ
߰ɢɢĶҲ˵ˣֵֻôĹԱһʺܴ֧ˡ
ˣǮԶṻõģ Ȼʱ޿̶ǴһȱǮ״̬ ֻȱȱٵ⡣
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ϾҪ׷Ļһɷǿ̫ˡȨĻǮˣмûм檵ģǷͬһϡ֡
ֻȻ˵ܳٳ֮У檵һ񲻾ٹٲǡͬΪ֮ɵĹʶӺݵٵĿɲֻˡ
Ӻݵĸ費ϷչǲڱؿܹѬյġ˼ȽϡסŮٹǵȥصĹǡݽعٸ֮еŮٱӣ𽥵ģҲȻйע⵽һٳ֮дŵġǱ򡱡
֮佲Ĭѭ񲻾ٹٲǹȴȫûбҪǵĹ¡Ͼụ̂ԹǾƫҪ٣ҲԼӢҲһ׷
ȻҲ֪ˮĵҲûҪһӰ˴Ҳǲܵ飬ϾҲȫȫβˣµӺԣûֺ֡
νץͣʵǿ۵ڴ˷رŵĳЩ˿϶Ҫٱġ
Լϳһо¼ֵ֮òŮٿЦˣҡеֽţ̧ҵȷ׷
Լ˵ĻҲ⣬˵¶֮ǲŲ̫ˣ
Ůһ֪֮ĬϵĹʶ
οЩ˵ȷµǹײ
Щ͵Ա檻Ʋ֪ҲͰˣЩ˿ܾǶϰˣƫƫ֮ϻмǴǰӮ¾ٰƾѡ¹٣
Լͷ˾Ůӵǰ֮£ڶͷ˾֮ǰ̽Ű䲼˼ƫŮӵǰ֮£Ҫȥʱܴ£ʵǡаΪ֮ϣ̫ûɫˡ
ȷһ£½ֽŸϣϸָһ˲䣬С죬òŮջɫ¡
ӮǽϲŸջصؿģһ֮ҲûͣЪֱӾʹҴҵĵٸ˽ڼ䷢飬֮ܵ£ҲɫҹĻ
ʱʵû˼ȥ˰Ϸֱڸȫ̸
ȥߴɽ鿨ҳǰȥר̡롯ϵˡ
صؿԺҪȥߴɽ鿨֮ǰڻӺݵ·ϾѾõļƻ
Ȼ˵궼ȹչġѾɱؿһϰ׵ÿ궬Ĵѩɽ֮ǰҪȥһ˱ɣܹӱߴɽѩ񵽡һϢ»Ҫġ
Сǰһ仹˵ҷһ£תͷһˣЩ̲סʧЦ
ɵǣҡķһ°
ɴ˿ɼģҲǡǡ˵ˣ¾¶ô
úƢСڹϣһõ궼׼Щ˺úöȹ
󣬿ЩݵСǺȻ֮ʲôֵ˵ȥݵʱؿʵҲȤ֮£
ţһ䣬Ӯ¶ʱգգ˫Ưĵۣ磿
ŵľЦ̫״ǰһСù󣬵ʫ·ķѧؼҵѧѧ̫ʫϤ֮һӲƾ̫׶صķϳǱļ¼ƪףǼǰȥֹ̫׼ʫ׷̫֡
һǣ֪ѧõЩѧǴþƺʫд£Ⱥ꼶ĴܲͷһʦʦõСܲͷǼ䲼
Ӯ¸ؿʱ򣬱ʱǳԷѱؿо𣬶ЩԽˣȻռҲƣЩձȽϺõİտСƷġ
ѧõЩСܲͷȻҪ˼ҿСƷİյķ룬ǵʵϣиܹܹ׺Ⱦƣ
ټдȥҪ
ѧõЩܲͷ˵׵Ϊ֮дʫºתͷͱѧóΪǵļͿν̰ǡ
ڽʫ¾дĺΪʲôôдʱ򣬴֮޾˶ش𲻳QAQ
ѧֽѧ֮ſ˿ظרȥײɷдʫʱľȻõԷ޹һ䣬ûʲôľС֮бдˡ
ӴˣȾ֮һԲϾдʫĵ˳ѧѧӵУ
ģһҪ֮ҲҲƺȣ
ȻֵֹȻǲܴӦġҷǵӦһֵİЩܲͷѧܸ˵ĿͲŷѧû¶ܵѧ˺ôһҵ
Ļֻ֮̾һ䣬̫ףĻ֮߾ֱѧ֮֮ᡣ
ͬʱҲЩ̲סңҺøһѧֻ
СЩɻ󣺡ѧǾֻԡ̫һûмǴĻǱļƷҲ˲ٰɣ
Сһ⣬Ǳʾ̫סѧȫע
һߵĻߡѧõЩСܲͷжŸĴڸеǲˡ
˵ŸҲǱȽϵ͵֪ŸǷͬһƳףԡ
ʵܹ֮ôѧǵĻҲжŸһݹء
̲ס
-
ա
ڷԸҪȥץ׼ЩɫشҪŵĹԱ֮һıȥ˱ߴɽ
·ϣ˼𵱳Լһθʱͻ֮УСкȻ;һ㱣ԼؿѾҪʱһĪʵС
Ĳ֪֮УʱѾȥô˰
ǰաŮʮ߲ޣ㸳ءܳɷĻĸͷ㸳궼ӦÿҪʮˡ
ֻӵеıؿͼ¤ʼٵӺȫѾԼϽΧڷϵһƹء
ЩʵĻ˼֮Уְ̧°֮͸֮ϵġʮ顱õ֮ǰеʮγ鿨ᡣ
һεĵȻ٣ʮſŽΪʿһǡ
ϲspر𿨣ǧһٸǧ;
ϵͳеһĲ֮£ֵİ󶨣²Ŀ¶Щ⣬ٸʲô
SSRȴҲᵽ˵ȼSPǰ׺
òŮִ̧ӿȡŽϵͳĲܸ֮ܵĿơ
Ƭ棬ϽǸ˸ּȷǡġҲǡ䡱ͬ˼һġҽһ֣ۡұ˱SSR/SR/Rֻnλϵͳողʱ˵Sp̶̹ȿȥĿһġ
˵ʵ۵ĻҲǵһγ鵽ʵۡˣԶǡ䡱
Ȼ֪㱻¼ʱ򣬶ʱûгƵ۵ǣԲŻᱻϵͳϵͳ¼ſأ
ȥĵȷȷǡʵۡʱߡ
ʵǣЩ֡
òŮᴹ۴ﶼԵüΪĿơ
Ƭ֮ϣͷʮ켣źںڳ׸̨ߴ֮ǰվ˸ܵϣ֮£ߵӣס
ܲ߳һֻж̶һ䣬̶̵һֳֵ֮ȴǲͬģ
ʼʼȣ[1]ͳһĺ
ٵأǧŵ
лҪ˵[1]˾Ǩ
ԭ䣺1.ȣʼ2.ʼʼLάȸɸųƵۣ


108 
ǣ ſȥǴķԶԵúֵĿΪֵȴǡ
ϵͳ鿨֮󣬹ȥҲʼδֱóһصˡ
òŮŵĿǰΪֹΨһһγֵıΪSPȼġۡ ƯĵĿ˵Ӧû˵ǰλã дӷſ֮ʱɻ𽥼
ֻ䶬գ ĽҰ⣬ʵڲʲôʺȥ˼ڵĺõص㡣
ο±Ҳرϲ׷׵ˣ ѯʹϵͳõ̽ĲܹԭĻشԺҲȽ¸£׼ȻرؿѽʱûϿꡣ
ϾȵЩɫشһ㶼͵޹˼ɵĹڲĹԱԺ źҪĴӾ֮ƽԥҪ̸ء
¹ţ µһ꿪ʱ һʱ䣬صԼϽϢٱݵӦж ĥƽ͡е
Ҫ˵ƽĻ ôͺбҪһ£ 
ѾٳΪǡ
Ѿԥۣ ΣǿٰΪ޽йгƵˡ
Ƿӭ»Ӻ·ϵʱ ܵһϢʱҲڻصԼϽ·ϡ
ҲΪˣ ҶæŻصԼһֱûȥƽһΪ
Ȼ˵ʵڸƽԽô˵ԽǺ¡
Ͼ˵ûƽҳӡı淴ΪĻ ܹгǶڴܻҵĹõĳάѾȥ˵ϻʵ۵ϵĴأ
ֻԥ֮ء
ѩ֮УһϮµòŮ̾һϧ֮䣬ΨӺԥԶΪжһ
ƽͼ֮УԥΪ֮ءֱȴӺݿݸ
ʣ̫ƽʢʱԥĵλǷǳõģռ˽ͨƣʺؿչó׾ãҲԥΪǱ߾֮ص֮гȥ֮ءʳڵļݾΪһݵشԭ
ǵ֮ʣô̫ƽʢ۵λͷԥݵġȱ֮ݵҪչԥ֮صߪȡôԥݱʱᴦһָܵе״̬
οƽ֮£Ҫԥݵֺֹ˫߸յĲ֮ǰûһԥġ
ֻгǳطֱڶĸλԥĿڣӺȴ˿һմһ߱ߣһҪԥݸƽԣȻһˡ
˼ٺԼбԺֱӴԼĵԥݽӺҪȥƵԥݵĵطȻܹ֣пͳսһֱӺ˼ҵĽһض
ͬΪ߾ຮ֮أ֮ӺݲΪɽˮ񾡳ĵطҲǺӺΪ֮ΨһһԥݽĪĹϵ
˵ܵ˼ݵĸԥݽй򶼲̫áһһСĿܾͱ˼ҵصġˡִӺ󷽽аشʧ
¿ǻǵԼʱԼеǧҵ֮£Ѹһġ
ô˵һİǵӺ֮ǵλò㣬¾֮лһ֮ء
ݡ
Ժ󣬸˴˼䶼ղ˭ûȥǰ֮֡ȻûȷĽй̸ǴҶԴɹʶ֮أ˭ȥȾָ
룬·Ҹʱ˭ȥԻʳ֣֮ôɢţݸԭĿ
ȻҲֻ޶ԭĿйԼһء򲻿
мĸĿڼ֮˱˼ȥ£ܱߵľУҲҪЩһôʣЩ˽תͷ̼ǸأԷ֡Σյ뷨ɱҡ֮С
ԣֻһѿصļݶڸԣһ֮أȻĻôӺҪԥݣƵݣػս
ԣӢȥǼЩ΢΢ƯµҿԴӼ·ԥݡ
Ĳһ䣬ֻҪҵҪĻ
ὫʤΪϣԴΪᡣ
һеǰᶼҪȥԥݡ
ȻӺ֮صȷԥûһǳڡӺ֮λԥʵ鷳ҲһҪӺݳȥԥݡ
ɱˣ֮һӵߣΪҲͬˡȻһûаڵ˵ǰֵĵȷȷҲʵǣ
ݣµϽ
ӺݵĵλòڴԥݣһһԥݵĴλá
ʵӺ߳ȥƽȫûġ
仰˫רעĺֻһ˵ע֮£ºȻЩҿ۾òŮƫƫͷ
֪Ϊʲôĺӭ޶˵ľ͸оЩȡ
ôˣԵĲͷȥ֮ԵԼһ䡣
ûû¡һСΥЩͣĿİػص
ΪǿԼû£ӦԼֲһ䣬ͻȻ֮ˡ֮ǰҾ˵ÿһߴɽܹ˵飬һȴġòҪʲôµĴ԰ɣ
ÿεߴɽһȦּܹһǶв֮ʿڱؿ֮УһΪ֮ΪеľϹ
ڵڳէؿߵʱڼڼⰲ֮£ߵǾȨڵģŵɫʵ·ӣ֮ϵͳ鿨Եʱ˺͵ĸأڱؿİУ·ǵŮһŲɡ
һ㣬԰ǶÿÿڱߴɽĸʿҲһĪ˾Щ˶үŮ·Ŀأ˵İ
ҪȻĻ֮󣬾֮أΪʲôƫƫЩвŻһǱǵĿأ˸ǡõľأ
ϰǱߺúƣʼҲ֪Ǵ˵ŲɣﲻԣǹٸЩԱûкƭİǸ̶Ȱ
ǵֻԼҶͷ˾ʵаĺܣټһĪ˾ôŮʵɲ⣬׽Ȼ󡭡
ʱʱ˽һ¹Լϰ塰ÿɽػˡġʡ
һԼľѾкüˡ
ʱֻǿĿİҸȥҲû뵽ôһ˵ġһߡ
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ںͰһӱߴɽ»صؿŮٹǸٱץ˵͵ڻɫشֺ֪Ա˵ĲԺ󣬾ųٸ¿ʼתԱǻָϰĵڶ죬ȥҸ֯ôԭڿĹεʱ
Ÿոһ̤ڵǼ칫ҵķţͼһλϵĹ￴ͷߵķ򣬴ŵӺȥɽϵʱûɽյѽ
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Ȼ˵µȥˡͲ񵱳һѾͬһƬˮƲ˿Ǳʼʱлôһġ΢
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µרڼеһΡѹϸܳòչأ檵ĹԱҲǸӺʮеĹԱȫһӡ
һЩηȽϾеĹԱʱԼĶͷ˾£Ҳ㲻ɵϨԼ檵˼
ΪɼС檣һ̰һֽ֮ԼĹְˣǿɲֵá
Щ˵ٲΪҪ顣
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ʧȥԼĹλӴ˱˲ƽĻǿɾǸҵǵĻᣬʱͲǵɹô򵥣ⶥñֱܹҪ˵İ
ھˡһ֮ۡ˼ĳ׾뷨ֵ¸µʱǲ֡Σա뷨˵þҪĶ
ѽ檻ƵĹԱǼβˣ治ôҲҪز֮£͵£ⱻȥǸĳͷ
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ٹȥٸػȫԺҲټıʿ佫ǰᣬǡԥݡ
ˣԥݵҲӦþµ̧̨ٵľǴǲܵиԡ
ҪĻôǾҪǰ׼ϾӺݾҪԥûƣƵУһ֮ϾͱҪ˼
µʵҲǺˡġ
Смÿһ仰֮мҪҪǰи׼ܹóѾԽⳡ˵ҪȷǷйԥݣ˵ҪıԥݸҪô
ڻ鿪ʼ֮ǰѾԭµöۺһ㣬ҲǲǸõļıʿаο
𽥵ĳɳΪһϸˡ
ʵҪ˵Ļº͵ҪͬĳһĿԣıʿǻǱȽϲСֱҪʲôȻ¸Ҫô׸ǡ
Ϊߣ͸˾ϡ
ΪıʿҲǾ仰ΪıߣǶ£ҪΪԼȥ˼Щ֮£ǵ;
ȻĻαַҪЩıʿأ
µȻԴݱȡԥ֮أҵûд㱩¶֮Ĺϵ˵ĻӺ˿ûжδԵ̫ɣԻҲһĲȥġԥ֮սɣҲպǴ湥ԥݡ
νͶãԥݣҲȻǻֹԥݣж⡣
ºȻ֮ϵͳİ͸չǴҵǰ
ֻĻϷһкȻǡ
񡪡£
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һȥûʲô̫Ĳ𣬵Ǵܿóһˡ
ʮ*1 سһ￨
֮ǰϵͳߵһνҲʮᣬǵǸʱ
ϵˣҲĶΪ֮ݡ
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Ȼڿֳ֮˵ĿⶼЩ仯
ļıʿڿԺ󣬱˴˼໥һۣڶ̶̵һ˲֮ڣѾݵˡ
ⲻܹƿңһϵͳ̫ˡ
ǼǺõһ޳ĳǿˣһٴʮĻᵽУֹǡ绢ĸֿһԱ֮ģ
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ҪԥݣôӺ·ǿ϶ȷˡ
ǸҪ·ݵпɾ˵ĵطˡ
֪Ǿ֮еһݣΪ֮ءԥ˷߸ͨ屻Χصλã֮£һļڵĳǳȻֻһ
Ϊ֮еС򲻾ȻڱСƣݺԥڵĵطֻΨһһҲ˵ҪԥݵĻܹһ̶λý
ƫƫոպõǣǸλãڵģҲһǳءҲ˵˱Ļһ۲ǿԹԥݣ˳ݳһѪ޸ʲôġȻӺ֮ԶͬʱҲȫмࡢݣǼҪĸأĻɾͶˣϾ˭ԼǮأ
Ӻ֮Ĳԭ֮һٸӺṩܵıǮⲻӺݾȫҪط޶ëˡ
Ҫ˵ëĻǺͲòһ¸ڵݡ֮ǰϢȥǰĵ۷ȥˡ
ȱµĲܹȱµ¶ؿһ֪Ȼĳʿɵĺ¡֮¿ܶΪԼ£ֻԼڼ˵
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ڱؿ佫žԲܹЩҵǸɵӵʱһ˱ɵӡҲֻԼĶжʹ
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ٵٽʱıԡвȡӲķŵ˺ü鵽ֵķ⣬ֱǴĵλ֮УΨСֱԼġ
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һ·֮ϣںòƽϢԼСĶ飬̬»ָ
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һµıڻصԼƵĶʱڽڲʩʱ֣ĶļҲëͻȻ֮תԣ˺£һҪúõȥһ¶Է
ţҲʹȥǰѯһĻ˼£Ȼõ
ѯʻʹӿСˣĹ˵Ǹϵġ

ʹӼ˵Ǻǡүµ

ղŻҪµǻ˼Ұ䲼ãͼиԸ޴Ĵ¡ϾϽܵڣǾڸıġ˲ЩסҪǸ켣ٳһ˲ͻ̲סƿڴ
չִµԼӣе᲻
Ҳֻܹһ򶨵Ȼظա
ϣΪĶӴĵһ
ڻص֮ȥ걻Լ۳̫ڳԺ󳤳˲ѧģĶӣ׼ʸ׳Ǿôһ¶
ĺöӱ˲˽Ȼ涡㶼ûЩײƶϰʲôĴȱ֮ģ
ȻŶʹ˵ȥӻʱ򣬾Сػصүү鷿ء֮ǰүԸ鷿ʱ˭ȥš

鷿ֺǲѧ競ܹմϱ߶
ǣʱ䱻ʹ⻰ȤĵԼȥӾ鷿֮ʲô
ѲתˣˣʵԸͷĻҲ̫
лŶڶӵһǻڴȫûע⵽˵һֹɫԼ鷿
ȻյԶӵĵڶ
ƿԼ鷿ľԺ±Ƶķ֣Ŀ
ôΪʲôȫӺǸСѾͷƬӵФ񻭰
Լ鷿ǽϹҵȫµĻиоͻȻˡ
ӵġ¡֮䣬̧ȥרעĶӣĹϸײЩΡΡ߹ȥڻǷҲȻµݣ̽ĶԶʵҶǡʲô
ϸ׵רע̧ͷǺ
˵˾оϻοĻ
ӾȻˡ
ȻеοŸոʱ򣬽ܵԶӵĵαֻǲѧɵָΧǽϵĻ񣬵㿴ҵˣ
ֶʵܰȥԹ𣿡

˵һ飬ʲôʲô
Żӵġ¡еǿҵϢԼƽһЩԶʳôʶĻģ
ѲΪ˶ԸԹ⹴ɵӣ
Լ˵ʱֱӵһɵ̲סı
ȻӵĲ¡ˡȫԺˡ
ԼɵԸҪǼ˼ҹĺÿȥ֪˭
ӵĻԺ龿ôҲưˡ
¸ȫûɵӣֻǰ֮ӡǸǽĹ˶ѡ
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֪ɴĻֱ֣׳˵ţҲ֪㲻ǿȥ֪֣֪ò㻹ҲԹסη𣿡
һھ竷ˡ
ҲǶʱֱӾͰĺ޲ֱӾͷһȥ֪ƨ
һŴȸ֮Ļסˡ
ȻκɵʵǷҪĥһŴȸ֮ģϸ׷
Լ˵øȥµݺͼסηĻûб׽Ӳ磬ʱеĻϣȻֵķһ竵ȡֵҲܣһҪԹҵȻȥף
ĿǳԵԽһۣӴҵԹӰҲȥ
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ֻͨѹϵܹ˴ôʳԴȥݷƶܹôӺݹԱݣ
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˼ˣԼɵӵİɣǲͬ׮µġ¹Ҳɵӡ
ĬĬزеˣֵȷʵһ䡣
ȻȻǵĶԼ˵ģҪʲôԹֲʵ飬ȻĶȴȫһĵļûС
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ֱԺ󣬹ٸȫָתڱĥò䷳Զ֣㲻һֱΪʲôҲͬȥ׷Թ𣿽Ҿ͸Ϊʲô
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ȷ˽ȥԥݵİ֮Ҳ׼
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Ȼ⼸δֹͣ壬Ϊһʵ˼ѡ֣ȥһսְﲻʲôæңʹð񿴹
ȻǲȥָĽ鷳¶
ҪȥģݡҲǴǰͶг̡
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ĶҲᣬܵȥһ˿ݵ褣Ϊ͵ĳ̬ˮ
Լ֮ǰϢ˵ģ֮Ѿ齨˴Ĵ󺽴


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ǵûдϸ¹շʣ ߱ȫûдһ ֻиһλ佫ݸˮѵ˵һͬϷ óˮսߡ
֮ԽߴȥǱߣҲΪԭϷġ
߱⣬Ψһĵһһ飬 һϵͳе鼮 鵽ģ
ɣ̬ѧԭӦʵʩ
ҪĻʵⱾҲһõũҵ鼮
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͵Ϸ ȻҲͽⱾѾõ鼮·˳׼ݣ ܹܲǱ߽ʩдģʽ
ģƩǰڼ˼֮ȥݵʱѾһֵⷽĶȫûȥһЩ
⵹Ҳ¹ܵһͻȻַǱߵũҵ⣬ Ϊ;ҪڼѿԿ첽ݣһдӼװС
˵һǣڸҪԥ֣εͷ նƽĹͷȫµǰƵĹͷ
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ڵһϮ˰ׯڵ콵ֵԵʣԺǵӾͲһѹҲɴ
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׿һСľ͵Ⱥĸεȱıʿ֮е佫˵һ͸ӵСɶѪóĽѵ
ԼСʹһױϻǺȺĺڷεȱıʿһһ㲻ᡣףС֡ߡб㲻ЩԼȥһ˭
ϾҪ˵ĻǱߺ񡭡Ҳûʲôӵ˰ɣ
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Լô˵ǵ˵˫òŮʵ׼ȥһһ˼ң
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ʵҪ˵ĻȴȫȻԼԸҪһ£ԼΣյʱ޵ûֻ׸ʱ´ʼնŶĺϰߣлŲСϻġ͡
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һ磬긻̬˿һΪѵ⡭ͷڴӶùſھҪСʵǸеΪѡ
һС֯Ĵǣһ۽͵͵ϵɫϺδʲô֮ɫŴ˴֣µȻ˵ڶ껹С˲ǲ˵ǾˡҲʣʲô㹻
û˵ڣǴǲĿĿ֮У˭ܹܵõĻҪ˵ʲô
֮ôҲԭģôʱ䣬֮أЩλ˼ң˭֪λƽǰλôģǶƾģ
ٿǵƽ˵ʵǺԼڵλͷ˾ֱӶ֣Ҫһֱ۲ɫֻҪλϳʲô֮ôٻ죡ҪûвĵĻɾҪתˡ
֮ⷬҲֻǺƢЦЦָ̧߸ԼһϵòŮº͵֪λ¹ʲôˣ
˱һʵЩ£ɵЩǣ⡭Сܹʶá
˵ԼʶߵƯԺ֮кȻʲôһ
¹£Ѳǡ
жʱȻЩŵλĪǾӺ
ԡ¡ΪĹ֮࣬Ψһһλֻܹᵽֱ֪ȫ¶ʶģֻһ
Ů֮۾һ£
Ϊ֪ĵطǲ棬ڴʱǰŮҪǧָ˾֮¶ҪƺǾǣ
µӺ֮أд˵ûܵǳ֮ѡ
Ҫ˵ôģǻΪһʼѵӺݣԿʼµػعŵûиԼһ뿪ȥӺݵһȥӺݣĴš
Ҳֻǡš͵ݵȥӺݵһݵǿɲԼصһ׳ͶܵӺȥ
ǲЩǣĶǲȥӼǵӺݡ
ָԴ¶ܸɰ
ôʣӦǣӺ¡
ֵΨһһδܻ֮ѣ֮ӺݵΪˣǲҽʳĵڶʱ򻹲׿ŵ˫֮𣿡
仰£ĬĽϣڵġݵճɵ治ԻĻµĲ֣ҵӺ
㻹֮Ļɣǿⶨ飬ǩֻѺ
µ仰˶ʱЩŵĵɴ˫ۣʮĸջ֮£΢΢ʵ˵ģ
òŮδٻػ΢΢ȴѾ˵̬ȡ
¶ʲôģһҧãҽ裡
̻ˣȥ׼īֽ⣬Լӡࡣ
ı֮£ǻûüֵλã˺Ȼִ˴֣ڨЦʵС˸ոкúüһʣĴʵܹٶһģҪȻ
һ䣬ЩζĿһۣʵȷ
ǣСȷ˽æصֺ£ȻҪͶ׬ˣ
СȲҲֱ֮ӽʵݸԼд֣аȵʱ»ڵĳӶˡ
Ƿ޹ˣϾҪɲƣǶԷ
ʵ˺òŮ໥һۣ֮ڶ˵һ佫պԺ󣬱һ뿪ĸۡ
֮ͬ˸飬Ҳ˵ĸٴζ෬ݡ
ǡĲ󰡡
̲סи̾һ䡣
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ɫ֮ʣһδµһ˼߳񷭿һڳ֮Ϊ˷ֹ·ȱ©дһֽĹ꿤Խ˼ңֽòŮǰµһҡҡڹ꿤Ӧ˵Ƕ˵嶼ͬѰ
ʵô˵ֻܹܵ⻧˼ҵĹ۸вá
ʱᵽĻ˼ҵǷʵ󣿡
û¶ԳİţӦһ
Ȼ䷴ӦʲôʵСöȤ
»ص֮ǰҽ⻧˼ҵء
ңòŮ˫Ưĵۣǰĳβˣɰ֮ǰոյݵʱ뷨Ҫȥһ󡣡
ô˵̵Ҵȥ
дſԱĸ˼ҵֱֽ壬Ҳ׼ȥһ˼ˡ
Ͼ⻧˼Ҹġ
ǹٸĶȫǵԼġ˽򡱣˭ܹȥȾǼҵͬʸٸ̤׼񵱳ڵһ֪µʱо;áǸʲô˭ݵ
ֻΪȱ֮꣬巶Χ塪ǲ֮ǰϢ˵Ҫٰƾ٣˲ڼŵǣڽ˶Ҳš
ȻҲû⡣νҵۣԷ䲼ġʸ񡱣⻧˼йڲ¶費ǰټæȫû⻧˼ҡ
ڣ˵ҪȥʲôһĻԣŸڻ֮ѡһײ˵ȻҲ׼ڳ֣ŪһŪĳҪﵽͷȥʲҡ
ڼ㹻ؼĻʵҲôǡ
ϻҪȥԥء
ǻ˵ʲôеĻô͸ͣһ㡣
ϾΪӺδ¾ݵ֮һҪȥʲôòȫڸӡ
ڶԼ˵ԭΪľãǸνĲûʲôö
ʱֻǸǹŪҲû뵽ȥôһƸ¥ȴǽһƢرõԼСջˡ
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һľʹºȥ˹꿤Ĳ
;Уųβŵȫµ̨ͻӣ²Щֵ˾䣬ΪʲôҪЩ
Ҳͬ۹⿴
˵֮£ǹ˸ӣһǾͻ֪ˡ
⹴˺ĵĻش֮£߸һ·ߵ˲Ȼ󡪡
Ÿ߽ȥûԶſڹ֮λԺ¶ʱͶΪʲôҪ̨ͻӣΪ
ĺúڰЩ̲ס
۾̫õˣһ߽Ժ󼸺Ҫʲôˡ
ǿǿܹϳߵǳ֮⣬Ҳ͸֮еˡ
ֱ̨Ժ²ܹ΢ĩĹҵڷܡ
ԴˣΪѵ佫Ҳʾֻ¾˶ܲ˰ɡ
̨֣ӹ֮£˫Ưת񣬲Ǹ˿ĵط𣿡
һ㶼ɣνĲ￴飬ÿ˿ֱܾϹˡ
ˣǸ²һ䣬˵Ǻְ
ԸѼвóֱ˵Ը⣬ֲֶȥվڵµƸߵָ㲻ʲôġ鼮󰡣
ǼȻ˵Ҫǽֲָͺܡ
˵ʲôѾѲóˣҪ˼ôǼҽ鼮óջ档Ŀõȫõˣתһ£ⲻָ͵ֻȨ
Ҫ˵֮ǰ֮Ի̨֪ͻӵ飬ǻΪǰ˸ۣջȥԺרȥһ֪ȥ¹Աһ£ѯ֪Է֧֧ĸ˸ؼʣûе½һĨڵ״
ǣһ£ߵ˵񲮷ǲúѾаʷʼΪʲôʹû˽Ҵأ
ˣЩм޷Ǿ˵ЩʲôҪѧضҪȾͷԲˣʲô伮飿
ֵСİɣҶˣ
Լġʡ֮£ǹԱĻظһ¥鶼ǶȽͨģ˵¥ϵЩмֵĲ伮洫ЩԱΪĶ
˵ţͻȻ²һ䣬ĲԺǸˡ
ô˵òŮ΢΢ͷӦšҾ㿴
µڱؿʱʱо;ﲻԾԼˡԺԲĹ۸Խӣͬﲻס
չǰ꽨ǲ飬ֻ¥ҲǺõġ
ţֻ㿴¥ĸֵ¶ǲǻҪ㲻רųҵġ
ô˵ŷֳڣµİȫⲻõģҲ΢΢ףҾȻȥٸǱߣеûꡣ
ˣµͷ
ֿߣеһ䣬ҪҪҲ뿪ҿԴӽԺ󣬾һֱ̫ӡ
һһ䣬߶ʱæҡͷҵñ㰡
òŮ˫ƯĵۣſŲñ˽Ҳһѽûеڶˡ
ȻֲһӶԻܻЩģȻһ¥һȥ㿴ʱ䣿
Լô˵һ£ͷǺðɡʵ¥˵̨һҲûԼð
ô˵ҡҡͷôڣȥĻͷҪôǽ̨ҰɣϨȵȥ¥µ
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СЩ̲סֹһ䣬ʵҲûô
ֵܹסϻԶ͵ķ˵Ľ˶֮ˣ
Ȼ˵ȫΪź̵ֱܹĺܺȺܡᡱɡ
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󣬾һΨһһй̨ߵйԴĵطԺתͷǰ¥ݿڴȥ׼ŲĶ¥һ̽ʲô鼮ĴɿԱΪ
϶¥·ֱϵĴһӣǲ̧߹ȥȽŵϨ̨ϣ̨֮µһ֮󣬺֮һԴ֮
¿ʼ̨ȥϵƤ֣ѭżľ߹ȥȻ֮߷Χ֮ڿһϤ֣ҿҲͬϤ֡
һı飬ֻ̨֣ЩƲס΢΢ŶһֻͬҲ΢Ŀõֽһȡ¡
Ů顣СͲϲ顣
ǰѧϿεʱܻΪŮýߴġ
ͬѧҲ˶˽ﳰЦǱ˶ܹΨܡ
һ
˶֪ԣı뷭һ¡
ǴĵŮ顣
ͬģҲһ̵ֱϰŮ顣ҲΪı飬ŻʶĶ֡
ɡΪʲôǻݹ꿤ġ
Ϊʱ˿ǸţºȻЩÿЦ
Ҳˣ޽ˣڷ֮µĴУŮӾǸ˳ӸӣһֻΪ˶˵ĸӹƷ
УŮϽơѱŮӵĶȻǺö
òŮ΢΢˫ƯĵۿԼǱ֮±ӳճֵ鼮
ǰûѡڡ
µٿؾһ󵨵ľ
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̨ͱԼȡǱŮ֮һ߻صߵǰǷ̨Ȼ̧֣е鼮̨֮ϣѸٵϯ˷ѾãѾԵô鼮
ȴǿ˵΢ٺɫ֮УµУ𽥵ļᶨԼз뷨
Ҫ顣֮Ů顣
ͷ·ӳе뷨һϺȻ䴫һ͵ͳдԵһ䣺
Ϊη飿
һֻǷԵĻص
ڱǴĻΪβܷ٣
Ů飬ŮѱΪȸһֻΪ˸ӹ޷ԼѡĶԭ㲻ôڡ
ߵ··ҲҪֶΪ֮ǰ·谭
ҪģǾȫŬ䵴ƽ
лҪ˵ȻҳٵСʱǡҪҲǳˣұдһ𷢵ĵǿʱٿֱԭرݸӴоorz˳ǰԤһΪҽʱ̫Կ֮ҲȽϡһ±ôҿԼװԼӸһ6kȻӰڵǵȷǵԼܹ9kǷծĸҹx
˳һҵԤգûҶϻһٶ˵ģ࿴ӰҿԸұһӵë
ҿϵͳʼʣԤһİͦappܵ÷üҳQAQԼλúʹ˵һ~~
սĵʮ죬صĴԽڳٳߣŸԼôĵϵͳصкȻ˸󵨵뷨
ڼغϵͳּۻҪһ޻ĥ׸֮
ڣ׸˹Ӧ취ҹϵѰһġҪΪ빬һԼ
빬֮󣬹ȻԼ޻⣬ʳˣҪʲô
ѯ֮£ԭֻܹһ۾˵Сáرòۣһʱͷ׳־
ٵδ̧ޱϲ˵һ֣㣿
Ȼ󡪡
ڲ֮ĸˡ
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λ꣬콵Ůֶٻ콫عһʵб
ϣŮĸ䷨̾µĹϿɷʡľټʵпƾ٣ѡ;ܣ۳Ψá
ھϣŮ߲Чʣʵһ죬޷ޱշʳ
ĻϣŮǲ콫蹤ֽӡˢʵ鼮ռƽлʶ飻ѧУ˼룬Ұ

˺عһĽع׷
˲žأ˿ãɨϣһͳƵۣʷʼʵۡ
*
ȫϢΡءճڲ˺ţһƬӪϹȫϢ֮УڴŴ̬㵳Ҳϳ֡
#ʲôκȫϢ#
#չѹҪnpcľģ֮£Ҫȥ޳ǣ#
#ģҽ챻ѡȥ֣ˣܴһӣ
#ΪʲôҪһϷCPĺ氡#
#캫׵ͼƳͶˣ#
#Ϸʲôʱ򹫲⣡ʲôʱϷְֶԲҲŰQAQ#


110 
ʶĻôһԺ ²źȻ䷴ӦеĲԾ֮
˵˭
֮УӦֻһ˲Ŷԡ
жȻʶһԺ²¶ʱ֮⡣
òŮ̧򷽲ǸԴ һ˫Ưĵ͸¶Щķ
ͬʱһ̧ȥȻ֮ڵӵĶ һֻϸҲȻƶԭƽʱ֮Ҳţݵʱ⽫˳ǰѵӿгԼôذ֮ϡ
ָذ׵һ˲䣬 ƾߵյ̨ĹҲӵݣȴ
˿ڳֻߵĻӦܹԷò ϧµ۾̫ã ͽϳ˶һصСԣ ʷΧֻܹССһȦλõĹ֮£ֻܹȷһµ֮ľ벢̫Զһ¡Լ
˺Σա
ֻվҲ΢һЩġҪԷ ôȵóǸ߹ȥſԴõ
˼ˣ ӣԼ֮еľ֮ɫҪ̫ԣ Ǹƶ״ֻǺĳʵǺˣ
仰ƺ΢һ¡
ʱ ҲѾȽһ㹻ľ룬 ûκԥ̧ذףӵĲ֮ȥҪ䲻нԷƷȨԼС
ֻֻһλᣬ ʧܵĻ
ͻΪޣΪ⡣ֻҲûѡ
˵Ϊʲôֱӿں֮ǰ˵ˣʲôͽſŵߣ
ǲ˵ڲڲ谵ûߣԺʲô¥ݿڵ£ֻӲſڵ¥¥ľ볤ȾͲڶ̶һ˲Ϲġ
ǿںȣô֮ǰȻֱӾ͡⡱ĻԼźͶԷһ£ôġһ
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ǸҲǷˡ
ǡԼذ׵ֵֻһסԺЦ˾䣺СѾͷȫûϳ˭
һʵǶķʹɿԼŵòŮֻ֡ڷֵһ˲䣬ͬʱҲսСҪɱˡ
һ䣬ԼֱֻɿԺ󣬵ǼԺӺȻһ¡
ǰоΣյǺ޶ӣƺõʶĻ²̧ڽ֮´ò
Ŀ˫β΢΢̵ϸʧŵʱºȻʲô
˫۾
ֻĺʹ˿Щһ
SP֮ϣһĵڸ̨һ˫е޵
ԣʵǡ
Ժݵĵһ˲䣬µͬʱ˵Լ֡
λڳ鿨ֻ֮俨ȴˣʼϵͳҲֻõܹشΪεĵɡ
Ϊʲô²ķʵ
еҲȻŪΪʲôڳ鿨֮ʡӰǵȴͻȻ֮ͻȻķʽ֡
С仰Ժ󣬻ûȱѯʵػһѾõĻеֱð
ܺ˵ˣ
£
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ϵͳ֮¼λֱڸʱʿӺ֮ˣǷйΪ۾֮жǵΪ˳ӵġϵͳ¼δΪʵʱڵǿֱӰ£һʼձǡȻ¼ġ¡롣
˶ڳ鿨ֱ֮ӱϵͳлѣϵͳֱӡ׳Ͷŵ򲻾ȻڱӿлԺֱӱӿС׳Դ˺һ֡ϵڿܹ֮ľ󣬶ΪˣǿԸԼϵͳȷ۸УѡǷҪڽԼѵǰϾ
ҲͲǸ˴򹤸ɻġ
ϴĿơǸرԵڲͬķȼSPҲ֡SPԢ⡣
˵¡ȣ֮Ψһı¸ǡʦĴ˵ϵͳΪԼܽᡣ
ʵҪ˵ǡʦҲȫȻ׼ȷϾ֮Ͳ˵еʵ۵˻ᣬȺıߡıһһݵıʿһͶܹⶫͷͷǵ֮һ㲻ͬģġǲĴҡ
˵ΪʲôûаֱӶһ
롣ϵͳĵϵΪ½ΨһSPԵʱһϮµ˵ô֡
ȥǱϵͳ˻鲻Ǻݵģ
ϵͳɳܵˡ
ûа취Ĳܹ˭ĳ֮оǱ趨һҪʼء
Ȼ˵ݹϵͳûκͳ˽λеΨһһbugġSPɡ
ֱԺаԵŷʵĽʼʸ֮ǰҲȫû¶
ⶼȥþˣһֱûѡ֮ǰΪλ¾ʼմڿжȹһʱء
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ûһꡣЧĶѡһޣ˵Ҳͬڣһȥѵʼնûۣô֮Ҳڿг˯ȥˡ
ΪʲôͻȻ֣ϵͳ²һ£ûκԼոոɵķ֮ҲеϵϾ
ϵͳͻȻͱš²ЩãȻգգ˫Ưĵۡ
òŮĿ䵽ϵһ˲䣬ǡǿµڰŷŴԼսɡȥġ
޳ָỮذ࣬˾䣬ȷǰ
һޣСʱͷӦѽ
ֲһ䣬ҪûǴĻذ׺սʱڵһλء
Сô˵£˾䣬һλң
²˲ԴԼذ׵֣صӡ

ȻͳĬˣ²Щֵ˾䣬ôˣ
Сһ⣬µĵЩ˵˾䣬ԭ
󽫷ŻаذײصذʣЩֻɫذ䲻㣬ԺѰʦõġ
һ䣬ЩãȻողǡ
ϸ۵עĿ֮£СĬĬĽġڿذ׷𣿡̻ضУֻλǧһۺЩƱ䡣
СЩͰ͵ɫ֮£ذ״ɱҸĲһǱһҪҳõʦⰭ۵ذ״
űġƱ䡱ŪϵɫȥЩµòŮֵ˾䣺ҺҲԵԸ⣬㻽һ
˵һ£żֳա
䣬գۣ֮ڷӦԺ˫Ưĵۣͷ̽ĺ磿
Ӧһ
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ΪʼʱСĺøжȾͲ͡ڱϵͳ֮лԺµĵһۣ;ԼСϿˡˡӰӡ
Щķաŷ·ͬһ޵ºʴȣҲСݹע
֪֮Сĳӻǲһġڸĺݵʱ²һ˿һյ̫ˡͬȴֲͬġ
ҲǸʱжЩȤ
ܹʩչֶεͬʱּ滳סԼǿģʷһʵ˼
ʱʱĹע֮£һС뷨Ͼһϳì֮ĹܹߵһǱڿ֮м˯ҪȤĶˣ
ֻ˵ľҲûԼҪʱ
շһ£Ҳǡõľһˡ
鰡ϵͳģͷǼļҲء
-
һ뵽飬ͻȻЦ£ԷźԼֳСʵ𣿡
٣䣬¶ʱᶨĻһ
תȥߵķһֻ̨֮ٶߵǼԼӶԣȥȡ£׼ȥա
ԭ뽫һֱȫùȥֻһֶֻ̨ʣһֻܹʹõǰ£Сȫûа취ֱӽһߣҲֱӾԷ鵣һעĽܻЩôȼˡĳɶǱѾãͷûϾ鼮ֻίͰ͵һһȥա
ۣСı֮£ȥ԰Ҫ
֮űݹȥʱѾĶ¥¥һȦִӸ౾ӷƤӦǺѾĺյǼͬС죬ܵ˵»ῴŲ˳۵飬һȫùС
һһʱ֮䵹Щ֪Ǹø̾ıƽÿһô鶼ȵӦø̾۾ʵ̫谵Ļ֮У̨ںڰ֮һӰ졣
Ȼ˵ʵЩ۾ӵе
µһǱʾϵͳԭ򡣡ڰĻ֮вȻ
󿴼ŮԺȥղŰһ飬֮ǰǰÿķƤ˺֮Ž֮ϣЩֵ˾䣬ʲô
»صЩ̫ˣҼǲס֡ЩȫȵȥԺҲи˻㼯Щ鼯һٻٰ
һ仰˵оݣϽˡ
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ںķ̨ȫȼϣڰЩƤΪ֮еһԺǺȻ֮ʲôٿ̧ͷߵĿ⿴ǷӢ˾䣺磬㻹ܹܲ»صȥѽ
Сһ䣬µЦЦĿһۣƮƮķʻһ䣬أ
ȷϵͳЩ˵ġŴϵͳҲڲԴ˵زѾӿгģһҪѡؿг˯ȻĻûκΰ취»ȥġ
ֻΪʲôͻȻ⣬жԭʵҲ֪
½ʱֻԼǳȥԺȴҪƽ׶һƾ֮һˣʵǲ̫ý͡
شԺʳʱѾΪԼ΢ЩҲû̫⡣
òŮֻ̾˿Ȼа
Ҳֻ̾δʲô羪ʧ
СȻƽɫôˣ
һ⣬ǻһмĻش𣬡һҧǺһ
ߵӦòֻ࣬Ҫε˵֮ǰûмۻûˡ
˼ʱ䣬µڶͻȻ֮ƾմ飬Ѿǵųϻ̳Ͽֵıһע⵽ʵҲûʲôϵֻҪڴϵյǰݴˣôͲûСƾյıһ
ϾҪָһĻտƾܸҪóƾʵݰɣ
ʱѾƾձǻᱻҧķϵģиˡĿΪ֤ݡĴ˵¶Ȼڴǰչʾһ޽⡣
ֻܹ֮ôӲ£Ҳľͬ仯ͬʱҲΪϵװӲʵҲڱǿ
񡭡ǡ
Уװʵһµĵ
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Ӳ뿪Ժʵ֮ҪһҧĶǺһӱؿˣи˵ͻȻ´Ÿ𾪵ʵߵڲԱ
ʵ̫ˡ
Ӹճſڱߣһֱ˵רŴӸڿĸۿڻ꿤̶̼֮֮ڣܵԺԼͬһǵΧۡ
ȥʵЩǵܵĴһء
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ڴӲĵ죬ǻŲ½Сʦ
ʱ䣬Ѿȱʧ˶ԭڵ鼮ˡ
֮ǰ֮ʾдһ˼һһȻҲûоܾӴǣȻͬǵĵݷáԼ
ǰҲˣҲȻûд㽫ǵĿˡνǿ͡
ר̵ΪЩ֮͡һݱȽϡ
ɡ
Ŵ⴫ĽŲͣ£ڳģڵصĻ֮¿ڵ
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£ףŮӢһȴΪҪĻΪԾǼ˿𣿡
ϵ¿ɲ䵭ξͶǼ˿ˣ
һʣһʱ䲻޵㻹װɵǼҲѲɲõ𣿡
Ϊ⣬⻰˵ľˣڰǰټңôͳ˹Ӽе˽ˣ
ò˵һνҵʵ¸еЩеʧΪһȺĵ¾ӣˣȴǡ
Ҳ֪ǷЩΪĳרŴƢ嶯ŭ˵ǳ̨ϵСĶ£ݵ걻ڲһϣһ֮ҪǼ֮£ľǴӸȫᣬѾʲôʵˡ
´֮ǰڲԺ󣬾ѾǶҲûʲôġԼڲĶ¥˶ٶ¾һɫǿڡһԺҲٴǶķѴࡣ
ֱӵţͿ͡
仰£һ룬Ļŵǰ˵һһУĿĵһȴ¼ʢġ绪˫µòգǺư׻˶ϻͷ˿Ŵͣ¶Ŀ׺ݵǡ
ʱλµĽŲȵĺ
ϵòŮḧŰ׻˳Ƥë
һ̣ΪλĻԭѾԶ
һʶΪӺݣڼǵʱȴſȫǲ˵Ĺ֮
Ϊηܹܵд̵
ǵҶʲôõ˼ôֻϻ˲ܹǸ˺Ƭ
ʱǿбϻ͡˻û뵽ź滹һجڵǡ
´ǰһֱӣЩֲʽҵ˵ĲԺΪƣȥԥݻ֮ǰԺ֮£һȫܡ
Ȼôһһʯǧ˵ϢԺֱݲܣȥǰȥˡ
ݵҺǿǲ²һǲҪ½ȻĻôһȫӺݵأʱ򣬾ǰŲŸմűߣźͷ¾ݸ˸Ϣ
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ʹȨĵһǣ
ݵ򾳽֮ڣϽռŮ飬ԼһŮӻ漰ѧϰ鼮㼯ڷֹ֮Ҽһ˽أȫϽȻʧȥ鼮Ҳƽ׾ôաˣһȡ
ͬʱģ뿪֮ǰҲԼϵһ¸ϵؿΪ˲ҪǵĴô֮죬ӺǱߵ΢ƺһЩ
Ȼ˵Ӻݿ϶һʱſʼУǵıȽ飬ʵЩ˵׼
ϾӺ֮أڹǵŬܹ֮ó۷ŵﶼ׵˼룬ֶϰŮǴӦ֮á
ʱݣϢ֮Ǿܵ˶෽ָָ㡣
һǺţҪٻЩѱŮ˼鼮һĶǳһַ̬ȣǰǰ˺üͼȰ衣
֮ҪͼʣΪҪȰ˵°ջȥЩûһġ
һȫݵһľûһСצ֮¡
˸еʤ䷳Ĳϱ֮£Ժֱѡ뿪꿤ǰΪΧ۴˵еʼʵ۵֮һصŸۿڵĸڿȥԴԺڽĺ
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®ĸۿԺڿĵһۣ¾ͱĴ𺳵
ԣĴԼʮףʮף߶ԼĪףɳǿɽԶĴ󺽴
Ͼ֮ǰ´ϵͳ鿨ԴͼҪ˵ЩλõĶĶǾǼٵģ˴˼ĲѾԶѾˡ
£ֲԼĵطԴҲֻܹŬ촬ԳԶĴ󺽴ܲܺңԶġԭס񡱽һóˡ
ȻԶóǱȽϱص˵пܵĻǿʵĵطռԼٺòˡ
ڴԤıǱʾĺԶԭûƽôֱӿʼȥQAQ
Դˣǡ
˵Ǹͼݵʱ𣿡Сһ֮ϲιۺ˵ͼʱȻһȤ
ԼȻŵдҵԸζ
ֻϧ֮ǰڿпʱûһμνġͼ
⣬»صҿ϶ǡ
ƺһζĿ֮£ĬĬϻδ˵°䣬û
ϾԭܶҵսҲԭûгĴ㣬ö˶˵û´ͼһԭͼѾӹˡ
شҲֻ˶ΣЩǱȿԭͼա
ڵ֪Сϻôһͼ֮ȻǶԭĵͼЩȱȱ
ƢСҲһģ˼ΪԼĴʵ̫࣬ԶڲιۺûʲôȤҪ˵½ϵߺһͼҵһ£
ͼ׻ǱȽҪģײܹ䵽УԴӱؿݡֻһݵͼС֮ȻֵߵЯܡ
µһϵ߶ʱԼҪĵͼ͹Ȼµȥ˵
֪ΪȥһȥԵʣһԺѾδҲûߣڴнӹͼ߼´ȥԺҲתͷԭͼ̯չǰ
Сеĵͼ֮˼һ£䲻ȻͬƺǵǸĳЩط֮ġ
˵ţָ̧ͼϵĳһλãҪǽ任ҵĴذͼĻλӦһļ紺֮ء
˫Ưĵѭָķȥﲢھ֮еκһطǾ֮ءȴӺûʲôϵǾݾ졣
ҪһλõĻǵôӾ֮أȡ
Сﲻɵù˹ӣô˵ԶĺҵӺȫϱҾݡ
űָǸصͼΪٽľλã²૳֡
ǰ߸֮УΨλ˵ӡΪǳڶݵԣĴڸʼնܵҲʲôǱ˵ʲôӦʲôͷ·ûʲôһ
ǵȵͻЩе̫Ծ
һûˣܹڵ֮УȾλ
ӡǳʵһǶĻֺγӡΪ̵Ǹ
˼ˣòŮ˵ţҺȻ;ãƺڲ׾ء
˵û˵ǹĲɽ¶ˮ
е˼ķʽǼ򵥴ֱĶ࣬αô࣬㲻ǻ䰲һ·ȥˡ
ܽ£ʲô龫ôӵıҪ
ǸʲôҪڶǰʵаʳϻǰҲҪԶڡϻС
οľˣԭҲ׳
䰲䰲ֵʱĵһʼЩûת֮ŷӦ˵ǰ𡣡
عˣԾܷ䰲ֻľ汲
С˵ΪĪ׵֣µ΢΢ףʾȷϡ
ǲ˲Դ˫ƯĵĻȣüˣ¸ݶַƽԥݣݡء
𣿡µһ䣬ɫЩĪķһ䡣
ֶԵòŮҪҪҴģ
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Ͷġ䰲Ĺ֮£ԥݵٶȣȻԤƵģҪĶࡣ
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䣬ٿЦһ£Ӯˣһˣ㡭Ӧһºˡ
ԭ˵Сȥڱؿӵеͼȥ磬ֻ֪Ըе㵣ʱֱ˵ŵͽ˿̻ԭҾΧŵСѹ
һǡϾδۼǷͼ֪澿Ǻεʱһʵ̫ܲΪСˡ
ô˵µʵѾЩʼûˡ
ȻͰͬһʱ֮ͬˣΪսպյսعʷϱȻصĺĸսۣΪȻҲЩʷڰսϰ߷ʽ˽꾡Ķࡣ
СﲻЩδͶ˵˾䣬˵ã㲻̫ѵ鰡
ˣףǹճһĨǳЦӦšΪ㡣
ֻȥµ̶ѣӦòΪСɣ
µĬĬ
˵ղᵽµʵСӮһ͵ġ
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˴ŵĶԼ֮УԼĪ·֮յһйڡԥսս
ɱԥݱʮˣһս׳
ͬʱڱ̶֮ܵ£λΧѾ״̬ԥݣҲʣ޼ˡ
һϢʱȫ˲ԥǲҪʧƽǲҪһֻһ뷨Ǿǣ
Ҫȥԥݼ


111 
ڶһ·ӦȽϴ£ Դȫеκ⡣
СʼԼǷͲµ֮µֻǵһЦ䰲Ϊóģ Ǽս
һֱӰ˵ս Դﵽ󻼣 ǰֶΡ
󿴿˼ɫЩĪòŮ һ䣺ôôˣﲻ̫ܣ
Ҳǡ䣬СǷһ䣬ִԴ Ҳ˲٣ Ǻ´ŵʲôһ˵ţ ֻǡ
һĻվû֮ڿڡ
֮òŮ˫Ưĵۣʱ ѾǻָһƬ ˾䣺Ҫȥԥݡ
粻ȥ ȥƫƫڴɱʮԺϢҪȥ ȥԥרҪġ
ԿŷϢĵһʱԼسַСֻǵȻȥĻȥɡ
ǵԱʱȥǰԥս½Ȱ裬 ǻЩζ
ֵ˾䣺עðȫ
һ䣬 ²Դʵ㲻һȥ𣿡
һȥĻķʽġ
С仰ԺҲȫ˼ȥ
֮һ仰䣬 оֻСֺеԵĮֲֵȥ

µĻ֮⡣
òŮʲôգգ˫Ưĵۣüһɻ֮ɫ꣬ƫƫͷʵǡ
ֻС仰ûл˵꣬µĻֻܹʧб۵֮¡
̲סЩֹһ䣬ŤᣬΪʲôǾͲֱˬһЩ
һ磬һսɳްܼ֮ʡȴǱԼľһ޹ϵս֮С
ͬΪؾ
ǲڸոշ飬ʱڰǰΪŹ֮Ĺ
˵ȻȥЩԽӽʵʵǸء
ֻ֪Է϶һˡ
ȻһǺֹģľ֮£ֲȻдҲ˸
ǲСգ˵ҵĻţ
һ֮£Сｫ˫ƯĵԲԲġ
ɿ֣֮µ괽һ£òŮƺ˵ʲôֻŸ˵һ㡱һԺջ˻δ˵ڵĻ˿ڣֻһ䣺ˣԥݻԺ˵
ˣЩãȻգգۣ˿²ⲻҪԼ˵ʲôҲԵһĲȥ룬ԺҲ֪Լʲôˡ
һ£ֵȥԥڼ䣬ЩͰ
˵ҪָǰЩʱշ⵽෴ԣǿӲ˽ȥķһ£ǵڣ֮Щ鼮ѾٻپԶ˼ҵġ桱Ȼÿɻ෴֮ͼȰ¼ʱͷǰҪһס
ȻǲģЩ˾Ͳټ˵ˡһǵļ֡Ȱ˵֮£뿪أ
˫Ǵһֲ֡¡״̬²ܹΪЩͰǸץ˸ɱˣΪϾʵϵҲʲôûΪҲǵĴԼеЩ鶼ϽˣֻڼֲиĽСȰ˵ѡ

ƽġ񹥻Ҳ±ˣݵһʼͬΪľʦݵĶľͺˡ
Ȼʲôû¸оԼ뿪֮߶Ȼʲô鷢رİһʱķʲôĻæдһ¡
ͬʱҲһġʩΪֻƽ֮µĻߵĶľͺþȫ߽֡¸㵽۵Ǹϣôʱ̬Ӧصˡ
仰֮µֻġšһʾԼ֪ˡ
-
Ҳûгϡ
Ŵ߳ûõļ֮֮ǰ߶´˾ʵǲĶ֮⣬ȥʵµжЩڼΪӺݵľ뿪ȥԥԺΪҲ˷ҪͷǿӲʵʩŷŮһϵרΪŮԹ֮µŮӡѧϰ鼮ǿʼȥͼߺ˳νӹ±ĶľͺãǸϽݾѰ֮㡱ûĸ鼮ͬʱٴӹٷųϢ֮ǰΣ뿪ʱȨġ֮²òߣȻٽֱ峣ġ顱֮¡
ЩҶľͺõʱȻһͬ⣬ϾҲˣȫµ˶湲ͬ壬ûԭûɾܾά˵¡µӺŮӡѧѧǺһĶ˵ҲʲôѰ顣
ķŮ֮٣ͬʱٽŲŮٵһĻⲢܽҪʲôһ֮ܽôЩ˶Դ˿ɾͲ̫ˡ¾ʴ֮˵ѽ˾Ͳܰ
Ŷԣ˵ˣֵ¡ҲӺЩ˸ɻ˿̰ɡ
ǶľͺʱȻΪɻݵˣͷ˾ǵ񣬶ǱӺ¹Ű
ߥ޶ľͺõʱЩû뵽ԼһĽͷţֱӱһѶˡֱҲûŪ׾Ϊʲôľͺ˵ġ˽뿪֮󣬻Ҫ˵֮ǰķԸ
ڶľͺҪµԴͷֶȽϴ󷢵ʱ֮Ҳһ£ĳЩ˼һһܹ¸Ȱáת⡱еĻǺǡ͵ķ֮ҲڿʼŪ÷зģݵ̽Ӹע⵽һϢصԼЧҵϡ
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յһϢҪ˵һȻ֮Ϊӽ
ڿһϢ֮Լԭûôʡ˵ǷǳˡܡķӦҲһⷽŵݸ̼仯֮ңûֱǰ
ҲǽĲ豭˳ȥžһϾƬͬʱвסƿڴ쵰
˼ҵķӦҲȻŻԹ˵檣һ˲ЩɪȻ˫ֻסֱۣ˳ʵιŭ
ֻ˳ȴûлϧΪͷյŪŮִ¼ͬΪŮˡܵǨŭ
һѾʹ³ƿƽΪϲӴ˿鷿дܹ԰ߣԿյĳ谮İ檣Ů˶ʱˤڵأվӣ˫ص֮ձϵűƮһ¡
۽⿴΢΢һµţǼһ䣬ˣ
£ӺǸˣôңôµġ
ϵݣֱĿѡ
еһ˵˿ַȫ˵棬Ȼ󲨵ͬҲΪ֮ޣ¼ֱƣŮӾŮӣһСҲ˶˵ĻôǷŭ׵סȫͷȫβķŭڿһϢһ˲䣬ɱ¡
Ϊ˲ͬ˻ٶƾԼ汾£ǲʼʵҲٵˣһ·˳ʼӵƽĪȨ
ܹ֮Ϊӵһ֮ңȴΪȢһӣһǰǧĲȻ书׿ԽȴܵŮ̻صӡ
һжĽ֮ᷢޣķԸĸԸĸЩΪŮ顣¾ȻҪٵŮ飬ٵӵеһУôܹ޲ŭ
Ե˲·ɱ˸ĸԣֺֹ֮˲·ѡ
ûŮӳ˼ܾŮôܿ
ճªòΡ
˼ˣüۼʱȾһƬ⺰ˣ
ʹӦ룬ͷ­׼ķԸ
ȥ˰ѷ˸һ
μǳ֮УϲڼӵһΪͣҲߣûʲôԾϲǿԼ֮λԼݡ
䣬ղŴ߽鷿ʹЩ𾪣ʵ֡𣿵ǽǰ̣ˣԥǱߵսô죿
һʹӵɣʱýΨһܹҵ̨˳ȥ
뷨ľ
ЩǸԸܾĻԸ˶εҪܾƷˣÿÿЩǻŽűĿڻȥ񣬸ǾȻһ˶ܹˣݾ˭ݣ
ʹӱһʱڵϣסϢŭϢŭ
ڲסı壬˵ˣȥҷ˻𣿡
ҪȷһĺǷȻһһΪ룬һȻĻ
ķ·һܹɱ˵ı֮УʹӶʱһͷӦǡǣСȥ
֮һ仰£æĴӵ𣬸æ뿪Σյ鷿λƽʱƢͳƲ̫õڱŭ֮°Լɱˡ
ͬʱٴε뵽Щ˽۹ε⣬
ֽԸˣôƫƫƢôأ
飬ݡӦǴҵһ֮ˡ
-
ԥݡ
ں߽·̵ԥݵʱ򣬸պǸͶϣʾӴݾǹ£ԺǰԴ˳ΪһңˣΪԷӴİŵĴ档
ò˵ĳ棬¿ͦµģողŴݹЩ㲻ףôͻȻ֮ͱˡ
ôҲִλ֮һôԥݹƽµĻûھֱӶšδ֮֡һеͶˣ
ӵǾ֮СǸݣԴ޷ȣ˶ԣĻȷãҲڻûʼʱ͡ڶ¶ľٰͶֱ͵̰
Ҫ˵ֻǡϴ硱ʾӴԸΪӺݰǰĻôܹı۽Ƕһ㣬ҪԼӺ֮ӺݵͼԼֲݵġ첻㡱
Ͷȴ˵⣬ڵ⽭ȫɴԼˣڲȫԱûκɡַģΪݵͼͶ֮ǰѾǰйԱˣڲû˶ǰκβġǽȨȫӺݣӱǷǳʮˡ
Ϊʲôأ
ŸһԥݾͱϢһ̲סĳ˼š
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йµ⣬ͬҲսĻȥԼܹشԼ
òŮϺһƽ˽˶֪ڵıǺµɫʱˡΪ⡱ǰݵͼǰŲŸ뿪ʱһ̻ȥߵӰԺߣԲŸյԥݲС͵˵ҲȽϸɵǣǰЩӣҲǰɱʮԥݾʱ򣬸պǰǼ졣
Ϊڸݵ˴֮Ҳû˺ӺߴкȻߵʱ򣬸պþǼ˰ɱԥݾһĻʱһӾŵˣȥʱ·ŲҲ鸡ģӰᡣ
ԻȥǱȽԷ飬ȷͶ
ղŽŵʱڷ򿴶һ۵ģ֪϶Ǳİŵõڻں£Ψһ̰ͰҲˡ
ȻΪֹǻûݶ֣ĵȷȷǱˡ
Ҵǰгǰڡ·족ĵҪ߻ȥԺֻǰߴͻֱڲ»
˵ǰ˵ģѾݵĸԱᣬԲ˶Ӻݵ˵ʵźܴʵԵġ
ˣµͷһ˼ģԭл¡
ԣݣҪ𣿡ȥʵ
Ȼ˵ĿԸͶϣΪݣһܺõ飬ʵȻ
һݺӺ֮Զ̫ɢȻҲˣֲһ
񳹳׵׿Ӳʵģմİٷϴ֮ʣһԱǴӺݷѳȥģͶϣ˼͵ͼҪµĻô϶Ҫƴ˼ҵġ
Ȼʾˣµ̬ȶһӵǲǼְֱӱ䡱ߵ˼ֻǱ߶±ֳһ̹ϵ̬ȣʵҪҪݵĻô϶ǲܹġ
һǲɹ϶׺˼ݱ˵⣬˵һӺʵһģӺôԱȥ滻ԭЩλ˵оӷ棬Ķ⡣
ҪͶϣôҪ˲ɣ˲á
ڶһΪҪ⣬ǾڴһڽŹԥݴĻµԻûʼ¾͵ݣԭλλһʹ´һʸ֮ĵĵزһһᱻġ
ͬʱΪӺݸԶСʱ˿ֱӶݼ𣬶Ǹʱ±ҪܡݡģȻҪֳݣʱֿѡһӺݡ
ôǸһͨԺ󣬻ȥ̲סֹ
ֵȫûǹͶᵼ㱻Եе˰ɡ
˫ƯĵۣҪͶϣҪһѣһԲ֪ˣ
ȥʣôԣ
»صȻ˵ʵҪңôͲԺȻҲҪ˵ҵĹϵȻͬǰһڰҪңԴӺݣһӺΪȣⶼӦܹ˵ıŻˡ
֮ȻĻƣҪԸӦôõԴҲڵ³Եڵٵȥ
ô˵ȥһ£ֲһ䣺ټһ鷳Ӻ߲ܣرر
ŻȥԭͺܲԼּ֮һ׵ݣֱͿһūĻ磬¶ʱЦˡüۣףáǾͰȥ˵ģôظɡ
Էܽܣôڸ´׹ҪǲܹܵĻҲûʲôϾҲȫûʧ
ãǻֵΪΪУд̡̫ĻᱻһģοѾܳˣ΢͵һЩĺá
Ҫ˵ĻʵȥһӵһҲ֣֮ǰ˵ʲôֻǴӱеѡ
Ϊȥ˵ݱӺݾôܵǼ͵С¼Ϊ֮СԴطһݣʵʼʱ򣬴ҷȥȡ衱СҶҪԴŴأҪȻĻǰŲŸոմݣûüأͻȻ֮Ķˣʱı㣬Ӧԣһ⡣
ֻҪͻȻ֮Ͷ˭飬һĻǲȽս˷ϣڸλ˵Ǹرȫȵġ
ȻȥһʵϾǸ⣬էһȷܹ֣ǶԷͬԼ˵ʵ׵ͼôڷһ֮ͨҲֱӹȥˡ
ʹͼıŻôҲǰһ棬ҪָǰдȥǰݣΪҲ࿴һ۵ġ
-
˵ԺĿ⿴˿һԴԺʼһԲİ𣬶ȥȳȥһ£ЩҪͰ˵
һһ䣬ȥɫ϶ʱЩ֮ɫһͼ֮£ʱ˿ʶԭݴĺúõΪλͻȻ֮ǰġԥս
ɵ÷Ҫڣ㡭
Ļȴû˵ȥ
ڻȥտڵʱòŮҡҡͷʾԡ
ֵһ鷽ŵĻȥҲ
ڸոյԥݵʱ˵׵ͼֱ֮Ӿ˰ڵľ֮УѾƽĿĵأԼġӺݾӪΧ֮û˻¶֡Ҿ֮аͻȥأҲü縺°ΣѡȥϤһߵĵػ
ڹȥôʱԺϤ߿϶Ͳ֪ܵȥˣô˵ȻҪ֧ȥһڰʾԶһ㣬Ҫ͵
ô˵Ժ󣬻ȥʱ䴹ԴЩյӦ֪ˡ
߳ȥ֮ǰת֮ʽһ˲Լä֮ʵʱŬĴ򼸸ɫԱ߰Ӣ㽫ͼʾһܷʲôһж˳ԼǧֻɫǶţ٣˿Ϊ
׼ȷ˵ӦǡعĿ֮ʺţȫûп׻ȥļüŪǼ˼
ر𡰲顱һ䣬۾
ֻʻȥ۾ô仰ûüȫʳŸտ˸ͷʱᵽҪ˵ʲôĻȥʱصĺһŴ󲽴󲽵Ӫʡ
ľͷͲֱ
ǰһ˲ܵԼ˵峡Ҫ󣬺һ˲غ¶Էȫ顪ǵ飬һǲֱ˳ĻȥЩ̲סз߷
Ͳȥѵȱ
ǻ˵״̬ǲе㲻̫ԾȻԻٵҲͣҲڿ˸ɫ
ղ״̬˵ǿɫ˵ǣǡźԼ˵ʱȫΣ˼ͲһߣֱɫȥʱҲȻЩδԲȫûɫ
-
߻ȥŸո뿪ڣһµĿǼһԵӢ꣬ڵķǰǡһ֣𡣡
һʱ΢΢ͷһӦǶòŮΪʲôֶȻոЩܵĲ֮¡
Ӣ괽ţԥݾ翹׷ױʾ׷ƽأ޷Ȱ
֮£ЩĹ׷ƽľʿǵķʽɱ֮ûκεĽ취
ȻȷǿԲɱǣֻץΪ²ڷ²֮أʮĻڷ²ÿҪĵ֮Ҳ˵𣬱ΪҪνģοķ²Ҳܣڲ˵׼һȻ֮Ǿȫڲ̼Ūȫ߱
ǲҪԼԴĹǾֻܷšڷŻɽԺ󣬶Էɲ飬ֻԺٶȵֿͼˡ
ЩƽĲԥݾֻɱֻɱǲܹӺݵĺ󻼡
ǰ͵ĻŸһͷҲû˵ȥĻᡣ
Ϊ¿һ⡣
ΪʲôûиҾɱˣ
ʳ⻰ʱòŮɫƽȥûʲôҲأһˮһƽº֮ȴðһ˲׹ߡ
һ̣ǰһֱòŮӰȻ֮ͺͼ֮еľغϡ
ϵͳԼļ֮УϴԼΪξͲܹĻ
һ˲ЩңҲص
Ժֹ֮ģЩʹ֮Ϊ˵İ˸֣
У˺޾[1]
¡Ҳ
Ϊ̫̣֮ûһ˿һԥͿɱʮˣʼʱ򣬳֮⣬ͲûпǹĴʽ
ͷ͵ĸͣãȻһƬ塣
µ˵ţӦҵġ
ɱʮˣص
ԭΪӦľϲǡ
ҲһҪ˵ĻҲԼѻܼĽëĲ£ͬʱµҲЩŲҲҵķʽȫνֶھ·ʱ򣬾Ѿˡ
һ˫֣Ÿɸɾ֪ѾһƬɫմѪ⣬Ҳ˵
´ûɱˣ߲
ʵ»ҹһ̿ʼˡ
˵ʱʲô֪Ļô֪·ĴԺһûͣ
𣬡ۣʱһ̧֣֮һǿʲôûôá
˵ģΪУΪִˡ
Ů֮вһĪЩƵʸУԣһУҲãľҲգһӦԼô飬ȴڽ֪֮ʲôĻ
žડ
һۡ
漸΢ŵ󼸸£ͬʱʲôһ˵ϡ
ͷİ֪ԼǰĹᡣ
£ˣ
лҪ˵[1]ս
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Үдһ˲Ҵ滻ͨƪشҹ


112 
𲢲ûм¿ޣ ǡǡ෴ܶΡʶµĵһʵҲĺĹڿޡ
Ӿǵؿ·ϣ ıɱηǱӡԼδǰ·γãȻŮӲ֪˶ء
ԭֻһ̻֮ͨҵĹ ̸ϴ󸻴 ҲСĸ۰ųĹŽС㣬ǾһһϦ֮䱻˸Ŭķгưԣ ΪĿ֮
֮££ǺȻ顣
ֻⶼǺܾǰõŸոհϵͳãõʱǳէؿˡ
 ⼸ĳɳ Ǹ޵СԽǿ ߵҲԽԽ࣬Ѿܾδٿˡ
ҲΪǸԸЩӣ ӵһΪƯ᲻ĵŮҲˡ
һ¼µᣬ ƺ
Ǳǿ޵ġ
ʶһԺ жȻһ޴Ļ
Ժ֮еǸӦðοҪޣȻܹʶһ㣬 ʵȴЩʹȫ֪Ҫȥ
ǰ¿޵ʱΪһµ˾ͻҵĲ֪룬ֻܹѰĽĿͶϣ ÿһ¿޵ʱȥСġһ̰ȴȫ벻ǰԼģ ֻܹ΢΢̧ǰӲ۽£գ޶ô֧֮еĹҲ֪Լôȥס顣
ȵģ зһ
£Ӣ궯˶꣬Ů޴֮£Ҳֻ˵һЩ׾ģܻù޵ĸ׵ģ¡ˡ
Լһ仰֮󣬰ʱסˡ
߸׼ȷ˵ںǸ֮ǰδ֮סˡ
Ӧֱµ֡
˵Ǿ仰ʱȫ޷˼ƾǱʶӦ仰İٿؾһɱ֮ŵ޴Ҫľ޴Ŀֻš
Ϊ˳ӣԼֱֵĵأǴ治ġ
һûһ˿һҪңıȨĳӣǱʶı֮ºֻ֣һԡ
һ˲䣬̱ȥס
һ֮²գգ˫ƯĵۣѻܼĽëʪЩãҡ𣿡
˵֮ǰ¶Լ¸˿ûʶ˾ڲĵӡ
̧ˮЩģ˫ۣĿ⿴ŰЩã
ȴ̲ס˼һ֮ǰûעҲ˵ȫȻӵ⡣
֮ʲôأ
һֱᶨƵΪţԿ֮еĴҶһġ
ǣЩ㱵ͻȻ䷢֣ƺͬ
ڻعһµĻǷԸߵһ֮ϣҪ뿪Ӧǻ΢ЦףȻĵ׽һʶԵַӡ
ǰ𡭡֪ߵǰ֮£ȥ
ˡ
ʱٿؾ𵱳ڰĲԺʹǸ⡣
ʱٻĻƺʱ֮дһС̽
ûʶ̽شĺԥ
Щֵķ֡
Ҳûа취ͬʱһĻ̹ܻ˵һϲˡ
˶ԣ԰ĸ֮УһݲĶ
ʱ˿̣ӺʶԼڰϲŮ֮顣
ȻĵΪżȻִЩֻţµжԴȴЩǸе⡣
ΪϸһĻϲ𣬺ڹȻˡ
֮Уֻ׸ݷʱǰˮ֮С
ȻҲΪĮ¡
ǣʵʱ򣬰𡭡еĴӢۡģĴӢۡ
ΪϲŰʱŻ˽ĵǸ⡣
Ҳ
һ̣Ӻֻŵǣ֪£᲻ڵľ᲻ܶģ
Ҫµ˼
Ϊ̵ڴ֮ǰȻûʶ顣
ӺЩֲǷĵǱʶڵִʾԼҪⷽȥ롣
ֻҪԼʶôҲԶ֪ҲͲ˶
˱뷨Ǻ䲻֮¡
˼ˣкȻһҪѸһصĳ嶯
Լвôڵ뷨ûа취ټ𹲴һҡ
òŮ˴ӣٿ۾ӣ˵˾䣬
´ΣҪˡ
֮һ仰ºһĿ첽߳Ӫʣʲôˮޣֻһ㣬̼佫û
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뿪ӪʵӺݲ֪ǣ뿪Ӱ֮Ӣ꿴߳ȥӰĿ֮Ƕôӵ
ְ̧ԼĿڴҪҵĶ΢͵͵ٶһǸ֣¡
Σ˱ۣüֳʹ֮ɫ÷µĴɣ
Լ˱ôڵ
ʲôʱʼأԼԴȫ˵Ȼ
ֻ֪ĸҲѹֲסͬˮһкӿĵķǷڸոյһ˲䡣
һصµ˵
֪鼴ǻһҲǻ̬ȡ
Щˣ˭жһûκβġ
ȴȻ˶еϲ
ֱӵ޿ɾҩ
ھһԺ󣬰Ϊʲôڼ֮һӦҪ½֮Ҫɱʮ˵ԭ
ʲô¶͵Ը˵һ൱ִ϶ʲôһᶨԼ뷨ˡ
ϵͳǶʹУԼľ㣣ϵʱͱ絼϶˵Ǹ˸ֵǼ֮УʼռŲɷϷ֮ձܣ֮ڶʡ
أʶľȥнͣʵҲֻΪ
˽ǲ¾ɱ˲գۣ˶϶ġ
Цķ·Ϊɱ˶ڵĹ֣Ȼͼڸɸɾһӡ
ͻȻˡ
ڵµһο۲ۡʱľѾȻǸзӯӯˮ⣬ĿӵĿԼĹϡ
ֻһȴȫȻ֪
Ӻݲ֪Ҳ򲻻뵽һŵģģϦദŵԼҲ뷨
ʵЩ̰ͼòˣûκ
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첽Ӫ߳ԺһԵ߳ȥԶҲ֪ԼߣΨһһ뷨ҪڵǸӪԶһЩ
ֻҪǷһ㣬ȥﶼԡ
ϾһԥݷΧڣӺݾפء
ͷĸŵʱ򣬽űߺȻ֮ѸٵӹʲôĲɡȫСһ
ѽ
Ȼ䱻²ЩԵסĿڡδòŮ̧ȥڽű߿ס
֨֨˫Ưĵϵʱ򣬽ű߲ԶֻɫȥЩַ˶ִֻ֨ӦûԼֵĴæܵȥǷʷʵȫ
ֻôܵӺҲЩ˿ؿڡ
󳤳˿Լڵ飬΢ôһ紵ݶণԼǵ㲻Ϊ֪ҲܹΪ֪С˼¶չǰ
ֻֻǷЩ̫ڷ˶ˣңӪ֮г󡭡ʵ
̧ͷܻһΧĿǺͨӪʣӦҲǷʰ
òŮ΢΢šÿüͷоЩ̫Ծ
ǾĲֲ֮Ǻܹ˵
ĬĬ¼£׼ͷٿȥߵʱһ
ڰ𡭡飬ԼԷʱء߶Ǻõģôȥʹñ¶Ļĸࣿ
вҲϲġ²˫տʱܻŵ֮ɫпӶ
ԣŬάֺ״ɡ
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ĿⷶΧڲ׽һֹ֪ʲôߺͻȥ֮¶ʱͺס
ԭԼ˶飬ֻڿڱԼסԺ˲类ס˺󲱾èһ㣬ɫԼֹģǵߵĻһתȥʲô
ʣŻЩ΢΢ӣ·ֻҪܹԼĴڸи͵ߺͻȥʱվֱӣ뻮һͬʱҡͷʾܹԣʲôû
Ͼȥһ°ѻȥ֮󵽵׷ʲôûаܲúԼ˵
˳ǲǰĲ֪ȻֺֻܹȥͬΪ佫İˡû͸¶ģҲʵֻʸµµķӦûϸڡ
ðɣ˵̹һ㣬ʵ֪ʷս޲ʤĴսǲİ򣨣ˣ¶˵ĺҪ
˭ǶƽʱҲûӮĿء
ҲҪĹͷȥһġοʡ
˫Ưĵ۵ע֮£ԭԼ˴ҲԲԼԼ֪һ˲佫ȫ¶
֮¾ļ֤һѡֻй¶鱨һһǴ۵Сۣ˴˵Ŀ֮г˲ţ໥עӰ֮һתͷԼʼ˶ѡ
һѽȫ۵Сͷϣ¶ȥıҳӷҪҸʲô֪
ȥɴ˫ۣʲôȫģųϣҪǵһӲ㿸Ź𣿡
ǺȻ֮ʲôȥ̲ŶԣҸ˵֣ҪҴ˵϶ûΪͲˡ
£
ǺܹʲôֻĻ
һ£һᰡ
һ䣬ҪһŤһĴʱˢˢĽĿ̽˹
ֵĿ⣬ӺǷһ䣬ʲôֵİ
Ĵ֮£Լʼʱ֮ҪסΪʲôǲɵÿʵգھмһֻܴ˶󣬾ʱЩ𣿡
䣬ŻȥͣһеĶص˵̫ѰҲʲôϡ°ɣеıʿӪŪ÷ǳһʳĻ
𣿡ˣȴûȫȻ鰲˼֮ɫڵֻĺܴ󡭡
˵ţֱ̧ȻһԼֻĳȣһȻҲֱӽߺͻȥɵˡ
ȷ˶ǱĶȥȷʵ
ȵǸʵǿŲеĴС
ȥķ֮òŮȷеĵ˵ͷ˵ţȷҲģĳǸβ͵ȷֻ̬ͷ˶Ҿú֡
ˣȥ̵ȥѰһ¡˳ٿһлûǱڵ˶󡣡
ֶһһѳֵģ㿴һֻʱ򣬶ȻѾһȺڸ˶˼ˡ
ԼոȻǸСҪôһȺ޷ǱӺݾפءȥɵþһļƤǱڵΣҲ̫ˡ
ǣַܵӪֻ͵͵ǱӪڱʿҪԵʳĿôڣôҪĺ᲻룬΢мʹһĽò
ףһ˵Լо̫õԤС
òŮֲһһҪúüһʳĴǷбҧĺۼֻǸоҲ
ȥصͷã
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Ӻݾߵפ֮нȫԱѲڼ֮ǰѾյ˻ȥȥϢٶȵߣʾ֮ǰЩȫܣӴԺڰ֮Ψհһȫƾǲ
ݵͼĵȷȷûκˣͷıƣʵʵķʵ⡪ڳĿ־֮¡
˵ǰյʱ뷨ĻʵǲӦʱֱ˸վӣԼȥġ
ȻǰĴȷǳһԼϣǸλõͶϴ󣬵Ǹ硱û絽ʱ򰡡ԭƻǵȵԥƽƽ֮½ļλĿʼԺȹĦһٽоģνƻϲϱ仯
ûǡõĸǸʱԥսǰߣָպõƽٽݾפصӺݾ˸кɲɵļɱʮԥݾ棬ôȷǻᰴԼԭĴȥ
ƫƫͿһĻ
ıŵˡ
Դһ첻ǵԼϡƮƮλȥԺʱجΡ
ɷľŵЦ䣬һһݱʿͷ׹ĽűߣٵȫԺһǳġ
ÿÿҲ𣬵δ䵽Լϵǰһ֮ʱѡ
ͬһײе佫ѾӰҲԼε飬ڰʾʲô
ıجĥԺټĵһԱǿᣬҪҪھ͡Ϊݡ
֮ǰᵽݵĵȱݣݹԱȫԱϵ
ǺҲһһϦ֪Ը񣬺οǰݶ˵ʵûʲôͼǱӺ򣬶ҿϴ۾ҲܹıĥĲᣬԷϵһȺݹԱҲûʲôȫͬˡ
ݵЩԱǷϵװףԺԼǷ;ܻҪġ
ϾΪٶ꣬ЩݸλмƶģֻҪܻţԼһӲ˵Ǳ֤󸻴󣬵ʳǣ
ʱɱʮܾʹصԥݣʮˣ˵ɱɱĺĳߵķϵǵȷôųϢʱЩֱ˫־ٰͶֲпᾰأ
ܹЧֲп鷢ԼϵΨһ취ǾΪͬһӪˣǲܹ
µȥǰսˣֻһβһݵĵͼ
˵ʵʵһ㶼ȥϾʵҲǸɱʵ̫ˣѲ˻ʵʬɽѪﳤɱ˻
ôһ¶󣬻ûΪʵѡҲֻܹӲͷƤȥԼӰ
ȴ뵽պõľͼΪӺ֮¡
ص˿ϾӰԴһѪİһߵĻȥ佫
¿ŻǺ޺ģûʲôΣԣ£ܲõԼһС˵˻£ֱɱ˲գ۵佫ʹ˰ˡ
Դµ̬ޱȣ޲øᶯɱˣ˵ϸĹһܱȻ󡭡յâڱĿ⡣
񣬶Ӻݵ佫
ڰӺ佫һ޶˿־ʱ¶һĨڨڨЦС̽Ѿ鶼ϣҪȻҾȻȥˣ
вΧӺ佫ĻҪٴȥһֱ̾ӱġ
ǡҲ֪ǲԼأܸоϵǵĿס
ǸϽ¸𣬻صɡ֮ǰʱôûӺߵ佫ôأ
֪ˣջڸ˵ڼӦúúõˢһˢЩ佫ĺøУҲŪôң˼ҿһĿⶼܲס
֪ԼǵĲҴҩҽ̲ס̾
Ͼֳ괦ŵˣһҲɱ
ô˵Ժף¶㹻ò΢ЦȻ˵Ļ˺ߣлһЩˣҾͲʹˡ
˵仰ʱĿ⿴˿Ա߸ոһһ׵ĶԼ佫æʵ̫ˣҲһô鷳أ
ĵҺûȥҪȻĻܹܲ߳ӺݾפطΧⶼһܴ⡣
֪¿ǱߵʱһĶŵˡ
뿪֮ǰʲôȻֻס˽δ
һʱǽӲͣס˽ŲȻתͷɻĿӺݣʵ˻кηԸ
òŮҡҡͷԸҵҲ֪Ǳûг֣ѡ
µһ䣬ǸΪµӺݾߣЩ˶󡣡
ݾûУ᲻Уȫˡ
µһ䣬ʱˣΪʲôʱıʿ˶Ѳߣȥȫģ
ԭڽв
ȷһҪϢ
˫ڼݡԥݡݵĽ紦ʼ֡ƽѷݾӺݾפز̫ԶӺݾ߳˵飬ݾʮа˾Ҳܲˡ
ǲµġ硱һлѡ
ֻǻһǳ΢Ц
ȻͶôȻϢһҲӦġϾѷǵУ鼺
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֮ԥִŴСʮգڼڱʿǲһֻֻˣЩͷƤ˶ھǵ󶴵ʱЩЩͨɳ²ĽӺ·רõˮ䷽ȷ˳ñʿűµĻϳȽϴֲڵˮƷרȥЩӶ
ദӽβӺݴԥݵĿҲѾɣҲûбҪǰս鷳£ļλǷġ
뿪ԥݹ뿪ԥݣ뿪֮ҪȥлЩᡣ
ԺԼǰǱӦһ㡱ϹȷӦûȥǱ߿һۺΣҲֻʹʱԼӺݡϼҡӺ֮أǱؿ嵽ǲһ㣬طܹ⡣
˶ӵеĶܻһĸ顣
ҲΪӺչġϼҡŲҪӺǱߵķ֮½в˳
ҡݻ֮ǰǽλֳˡٳٲȥĻ¾ԶԷƢᡭ
˼ˣòŮ˫Ưĵ̲סһ¡
ǡϽȥɡ
-
ߺȻ֮ôı֪Ҫ»ݻЩ⧲е㷴Ӧһ䣬Ǿôֱӻȥˣ
ΪԼҪ̣ЩѾΧĵе±ơ
Ȼ˵Ҳ֪ԼԥݣȫΪ𣬵Ҳû뵽ôˡ
ǰΪһǳصĹ֮ԼҲȥ
ߵĻգգ۾ҲʲôΪ˵ʵΪսĻ߻ܰ¡
ҪһֵĹӻûʼ뿪
㡭
ԣ»˵һ룬Ѿܹµ˵ʲôæҡͷҲһ˻ݰ
ս֮Ϸӻеǻᣬ¹·ϲСĳʲôĻѴ̡
Ȼ϶ֻһ˻ݣǴŻıʿܹİ
ҪüǼ֪Ҹ¶ھ뱻ıʿǸҲԶˡ
ӦµǼ˫ƯĵЦ뵽ȥ˵ǻصԺȥ񰡡
䣬˫գ¡
ڷӦԺĿ֮в˼ԹôҲʼѧ۸ˡ
ǡȻָľĳ۸佫Ϊִ֣˲ƣĴࡣ
ô˵ֻǲ˲ԴƯĵһ޹Ŀɰģ
ʱȻԥݵߺ¶֪ǻصԺ󣬱һݸ׼ȷ˵Ӧǽŵġϲǡ
лҪ˵»صʱorz


113 
ݡ

鷿ľűƿ Ӵֵ߽̲֮סĴߴ٣
ôȥӺΪװ֮ǰǲڷң˿ɲ
ӲǱˣ ǵڲ··֮ʡվڽֱߵһӡ
֮ǰøȥѰ¡λںη ȴֻõһġ
˺ ڿĥʱ䣬ڴӸ֪µݣ ʵܲסĥ˵ķʽ֮£ͬȥӺԿҲͬʱӺݿ϶Ԥ롣
뵱ӦȥӺ׵Ѿȥ࣬ȴʼճٳδ˶
ʵǰͲס̲סٴ»񡪡Աȫȡ£ Ҹֹٹ̣鷿
һɵⳤһ߶ ʱЩͷ۵ǣ ͷ۹Щһͬʱ̲סĳ˼
ν˲ĵزģ

ɵֿʼԼĶ߽л ̲סΪǸܼ򵥵¶ͻȻܹ֮ȥ˼˵һȢͽˣ ĸҪʱ׼ûϢĶ
Ѱ˼ҵĹǰ׼λ óȻܹȥ˼ףᱻ˼ҵļҶĵͽӣ
ο¿õһ֮ϱѾбŮӡ
ɲ᷸ƽµĴ´ ²ߵĳ ΪȻǸݵͼŮӣ֮֮ȥŪҪȢ˼ǸĶһ㡣
ѰףӦǡ
Ϊһûӵˣ ҪΪԼĶףȻҪϸ񷨣Ƚص̬ȸڳ˵Ļǽ᲻ףҲ޶˵³
Ȼ˵֮ĶԹͺȥ˰ɡ
𵱳ǧѹ֮£Լʧ˶٣ɵӻһĵȥ׳ܹ˹ĺʵʵĴΣ;Լ۵Դøˡ
ûûпǹ»ӦĿԣֻΪɵĥûƢԼ߳ĶӣȻǵԼš
ǰ£ȻǻὫøȫΪΪԼɵܹȥߵһ
걻ЩίСƵİͰţʲôʱ׼ð
ɵӵĲҲһض׼òˣӦܶڰ֮յˡʱҲܳˡĬĬ
ãô˵ʱ˷״ͷһ⣬ɻȵȡ԰ݵӺݣʮʱĹ
ڿӱޣװУ;ϻ֮£絽ӺʮȷûпܣĻôõġ
Ŀ֮гдšǲ¿ҡɵӣǼһ飬ĵƽʱʱôûôʹأ
û˵ݣôû˵Ů֮£
һ˵ݵĻʵле顣
ҲΪʲôԭֻǵΪݵȨ֮ԡһ족ڷԼĵð֮踵ˣĹϵöð
Ӧ˵ǣôĹϵܹݽ£ԼϽԵġΪԼҪȥĵϣԼĶ˼ҵǽ¶ͦӵġ
Ȼ˵֪ǽǿ϶ڲ֮һҲΪöġ
ǻ˵ˣ¶ǡͺ΢
ΨһܹǺһҲΪбˣ佫ǰԥս̣ݣǲõԼȥȫ˸
ô˵ǡٺ١ɵЦһ£ԿŮ񣬡

ˣɵûˡ
ȫûʶⱳʲôĶӣɫЩӣЩ̲ס̾
ԺⱿһ˿ô찡
ʵӦ˵ôԶ̸ֻ£ΨһĶģԺγнݣ
һ㣬µλ֮УѾģΨҵǲ
ںСģûӵġ˼Ҷᡣ
ҪȥǸطǶˡŶʮͷ˼ҵıǮ
-
ݡ
»ص꿤ʱ򣬸պǡ׵ʹ߱ӳ档
ӡ
߲Ÿջص꿤ſڵʱ˫ƯĵۺߵĿŸдźȻ򿪣ԭΪǸеõϢ֪ǽջش˴׼ӭӣָպõײߵſڵʱ䣬һɺϣ׼󲽿߹ȥʱ򣬺Ȼ֮ͻ
ֻӴ򿪵ĸ֮Ǵӳӣִӳˡ
Ļϲĺ¡ҲǴɫ
˺ȫԺ󣬽ȻǴš顱һϡ
ӹصʱľųֵһԿóŵǺ
Щӳ󣬲֪ı˴໥ӡ
Ȼһ˵ʲô߾ԶǼ˵ʵѹõͣҲ
ǿȥ֣̺ͺһ´˹ʶ׷ȥ̧ͬӳļӣ֮뿪ſڡ
ȫ̿ºŸմԥݻݵ˷ǳ±ƣȫ״
ͬ±֮£оղЩ˵ĴЩ̲סֹһ䣬ôô׵ģ
ӺȻûԼ˭ǰĳ棬Ҳ˵µĴ̣׵Ļ㲻ɺҲֱӰ˸ӳȥɣ
˵һ룬СȻ֮ʲôֱӶס
ΪºȻ֮һ£飬һǡзŮװɣ
꿤֮УΨһһпܻᱻ˴šɲ֮׵Ůԡֻһ
һ˲²ɵЩ£ͷĿߡ
ոҲתͬҲǻԼһɵɵĿ⡣
Ӱκ³¯Ĵɵɵһ¾⾿ǸʲôһлȻظԺ˵ɡ
˲̧ǰȥ
-
ſԺǰȥš
Ŷһ߲Ÿտһ½űˣȻ󣬿˵޹˼ĿͰ˿ͷһ
ǣ˵ҼҴС㲻ǼФģϽǵݣٲҾҪйٱץˣ
ɲɵǣʹһٵĿ߸պʶһߣƢرõСӡ
˵ġС㡱˭˲ôƺµѽ
ǶԼ±ƣԿŸûпһԼֱӱſƲ̧ͷ㿪СӿڵǸߡ
һһ䣬˶ʱ̧ͷȻĿϤĿӵʱ򣬺ȻľЩİｫ
֮۽òŮǽͲɵñø󡢴Сˣ
ŵ˸æմԥݻӭţͬʱǸԲסԲסҲ֪ʱŵｫΪǻļһƤˡ
ӺݺĽͣ˵ǰչ꿤Ȼһݹĸ׵ġýˡһʱ򣬱ǺľܾģǶԷƫ˵ⲻ˼ǷһҪȵӺµԴ𸴡
֮ƵƵΣڽиǵĳײͷĹӣ˭֪Ǹ竲ݰһô㣬ɫҲͼФŮһ£
ΪǰģӺݽӼ࣬ߵİպøжҲͣеЩ͸ˣϢʱظ´Ҷú澹ȻһͼҪеŮ
ںүٿžֱӳȥԺǾ̲͡ס̬׺һ㡣˵һʱ򣬿С¶һĨЩЦȫ͸ղĳ׵ͬһˡ
ȵȡͻȻ䷢һ⣬ЩֵʵΪʲôͻȻҴС㣿ү˭
˻صֳӰ
£
Ϊʲôоֵֹģ
˵еĹ֮߸׼ȷ˵Ӧ²۵үʹС㣬ⶼ˰ɣ
ŶȻΪ˵ĿС̹ģشĺܿ죬ү˵ǶԳӵƣҲǶһ֮ƣСû޵ŮӶõĳν
һ֮
ĸ֣ϵɫЩĪԼ߶ðʼʾֱҡһݹ꿤еġһ֮Դֻһ룬Ŷ
ʼʡ

Ѿء
-
ӿСŪʱ·ʲô֮±ȥȥ˺褡
ҵʱµڻ԰ͤ߷Χ֮ԼҪҵ֮Сʱ̧˹ȥڻСξʱ򣬱㡰ңңġȺһ磡
ʱϲѹԼԸԶԻ˲١
ֻʱҪѧһſɰ֥Բ
űıܹСµ΢΢̧һһĵĻ֪׵ˣ
¶ʱ͹˹ӣҺСԹģף϶ûġָƭȥȻôĥء
ûǵ±ʱԷšڼݹߡһ¶һµ¡
ȻʱǺ˵ȫûйעڰء
˭ǳˣ
Сô˵ЦһǸ֮ӣȷ䲻㡣
˵ǡݷͬѰӵӺһ֮أʵȴǾ֮ˣλ˳׵׵ӵܵĹʲ
̫ƽʢҲֲȢ¡
ɫԵ̫ҡˡ
ʯ£˫ֳգʵʶЩӳȥ˿׵ʱͦģҸûᷢ顣
֮ǰƽǼ²㣬Ͼֻߺͻȥת֪¾Ͳи˵ӡ
¼ΪҸûԼ˵ĿԡҲܼˣʮϵͳ¶һȫĵ·𣬾עһˡ
֮£оô˵е㱻ȵ壬£ֲһ䣬Ҳˡ
úõһˣƾʲôҪƽ޹ʵȥ˼ܴĥź˸ĸԼĸĸûźء
ô˵Ҳ⣬ϾµﻹǱ׳Щ뷨Ҫ˵һԼҲϹ˵һ졣
ֻȻûм˴㣬һȴǲòȥԵġ
ֻ֮µٿʳһ⣬̳أ
ûԺ󣬶˭Ĵҵ
ʳ⣬òŮƫһԴЩķʵԼ̳ҵˣѵһŮӾͿԽ𣿡
ǺȻ֮ʲô飬˵Ҳְ˺񶼺ܿѪֶһӲһԼĺӾͰ׻һʵãʮ»̥һߵʹȫŮӳܣ˲һҹùʵɣ
˵֮вɵô˵ĽǸַ̾һ䣬ðϵĺôȫռأ
Ůӻ̥ʮ£ڼвһСĵʧȥĽȴкô˶ȥܸɣгϢ˵һ䣬ллأxкˡ
ǸŮŮӾ͸ˣڹŹһ֮ҪżǡɥǣӲĶͬʱᱻָָԼҵĶϱԶԷմֻŮġ
¾ãܲίġԼƫҪȫе·ϱڦˣΪԼѡĶ
顭ͼʲôأͼڶ̶ʮڰԼʲǺܺõ壬;ƿ
ƺЩʶԼŲСĽҲһͼɨȥһָֻΪֳʵҲͬɣϾŮõԼĺҪĴ۱ͺԵȣΪŮӡ
˵¶һ£ԼĻЩϽ׷һ䲹ǿ޶ΧǴԼ˶ԵĽǶȳ˵ûʲôһҪһԼĺӣѪȥ뷨
߸ɴֱ׵ģֱ˵ҾǲҲû⡣
ţȷһɰСŮӣΪ˸ٶҲ֮£ԡԣ
˶ޣôܻԸأ
ԣһŮӱȽϺá
£ô̳һеǸ̳ˣһ
ȻĻǰŬһжҪ֮Ϊˣ
ֻŮӲŻܹվŮӵĽǶ˼⡣
ҲȫȻ˵֮¾ԸΪŮӿǵˣֻŮ֮Ա֪Ĳ죬Ǻνֲ˵ġ
ź̳˵飬ӹɣȻ뺦ΪԺδŮͬ˼֪ܾһ˲ûת䡪ҪӣҪʮ»̥ȴĻˡ
¾ԲὫԼҵɸһˡ
ĸı䣬һҲһݻ֡
һգкĹǽǻȼԭ֮ơ
һеǰᶼǡ
ٰڵȨߣΪŮԡ˲ŷܹǡ㸲
-
˵رϲ˵һ仰
֮ٿ뵽ʲôŶָ꣬һ˫ƯĵʢЦ⡣
žͲҡ۾С֮ǰʱڱؿҲ֪˼ôһ˵˳òŮһʲô
ºٺٵЦйâӶʢ˵ţҺʱ˵⣬á
С⸱ȥеСģɵЩεҡҡͷ
鵹ҲԿµ̬ȡ
ŮӶԵġ˪İġǡ
һصĴڣҪԼǹھ׵뷨ȫ֮ڡ
պͬἰµʱȻؽһסڿڣ
һʵˣǳȰһӣǰʲôģ
˵ȷһֵÿĵ顣
ϵɵɫѾת˼άģʽڵ
ҲãġٿһתȻˣҲСĽЩպʲô۵ˣǵ˹˾ҩ
ȻǲҪŮȥȱ˭ݸߣȻȥӵ
ȿȡոոԼһϵ裬Сڵһڵ¶ʱͱ⾪֮˵еǺסκòڵԼ˫ΪǺˮȳӯӯˮĴ۾Ŷ꣬㵹Ҳˣ
ҡҸûпǹ˵鰡òֹס˲סԵСЩҵ˵š
˵һֽ̧˼ǰĳĿ˭ǼʹĳҾҪӦǾŶԡ
ˣǺͿеĴҳϦദ
ߣһֱһ粻ͬʱεʷڷǡǰ֮£类۹һܹ߳ʹǰһܱǿСˣôġΣԡȻԶ
ڼʲôˣֶյġǰ֮֮£ûȤԼƽһΣշӡ
˵Сֹһ䣬ϲֿңϲҵֿϡ
ҪжвŻԼ켸ԼͼıҪ乴Ķǵ˰
֮С˸ܽᣬ˵Żĵ˵ͷһڵˡ
СһѵĻ֮ҪϢ»еǾ䣬ϲֿҡ
˫۲һУϲ˭
һ䣬ո˵е࣬һȥ˲豭ֶʱһͻȻ֮һײ豭ƺЩԼĻ뷨
ûһĽ豭˿裬ͼʹɻء
ղŵһȻһ˲ĶѾ۵ףԺжʱֳһ֣ƺ˾䣺䰲
ͼΣ𡭡
ӦˡӦԭɵĲ²˲ʵƶ
Ϊµı仯ۿɼģȥԥ֮ǰ䰲̹̹ȴһˣ˲鰡
ƽкȻһҪƹˤĸо
òŮٿؽͷϣȻΪ˷ֹԼⱾͲԴϸײɵӣ¿ȥ֮ǰֱ۵һ¡
ԼֱϣЩЩƵģǣҳϣҶ԰ȷż˵˼ҵһԸѣû֪ҲԲ֪
ΪΣˣЩ˾䡣
Ϊµȥˣֻ֮оܹܵԵôϲأ
شµĵǸΪ󣬡ϲ㣬Ҫר̲Լ˼ˣ
²˱£΢΢̧̧ͷ¶һ˫۾һ䣬ǲȻأ
ߣ֮Ҳ
¶ģȻҲ⣬ġ
ֻҪҪзӶĺܡ˫ƯĵۺĿ֮£СһӣǿȡᣬıȨߣⲻˣ
ƽ·ֻ˵һѰ飬ȻͬҪԷһ㣬Ȼ顣
һݣְԵĻ˵ȴֺҲ쾭顣
ոջήҵſϵСһ˲䱻⻰𾪵ֱ̼ӣһʱ侹Ȼȫ֪˵ʲôá
Ƭ֮󣬴һ˼Сʲôѵ磬ûǴĻ𡭡ǴصĴ󹦳ɣҡ𣿡
С⣬ֱ׳ֲǴء
ˣ²̧£ļ͸ָڶͷϣ૵ҾҿҪˣҾȻĶ˵һ˲Ķ
ͻȻʵǾã䰲Բϲ㣿
òŮ˵ͷһ˺ص⣬ѡ·Σ
ȴĻ
Ҫߵ·һԲܡ֮·ȫû˻·С
Ȼˡ
ϲĿԡѵܹ·ļ޳̶ȸӵġܡ
ǵġ
ѡ·ǿͷģǰĻ
ԣòŮصԼԴԼ˼µĹԵ뷨ɢҡҡԴ˴ѻܼĽë΢΢˲˵ǲһġ
һ仰ؿһ۶òŮ
֮ٿؿںĻһ֣¡

֮µ̶ʮ꣬˳켺һЩŲ̫ۡ
¾̫࣬Ҳ̫ѹԼˡ
Ȼһ棬ʵĳҲһġ
ڶԴһġͯҲһĵõ˿СڵΪʱ׼ֻһ仰
䣬²ʵʲô
ű˵ӣ⼴⡣
ȷ˷ɡ
һ䣬ؾһȥе˼ģ
лҪ˵磺ǿȡᣬֱǿѧ
ãѧQAQ


114 
СǽԼĻȥˣ Ҳ˼
˵İԲϲ¡
ʵǡõĶ䱧кȫ෴̬ȡ
ǵãԼ´ϵͳлѵһգʱΨһСߵ˱ǰ
ʱ֪ߵعʷϵ䰲 »֮ǰҲûΪʱ ̫ˡ
ȫعʷصλս ˵ǡһ佫һλӣ ʱʱעԼ
ȻӺݵ˶Դ¼ģֺͰ̫һ
ԴµԱȵĻͻЩ֣ £ Ѿھ֮Ľˡ
ԣ ϲ£ǲŵġ
һжҪȵ֮˵ˡ
ĻӦǻϲֻ֪֪ϲԷֲ֮ڿڡ
޷ֿԡ
һԱ֮ Ҳǡ
հ׵ı
-
ŸջݲԺ ߱㰴յ˵ģ ԺͿȥǰߣˣ ɶһҸоҪ˵Ľǡ
ֻŸû߼죬һε»˹꿤
ȻһȻ֮òȥǰˣȻֱӻͣˡΪǰǱ߷һЩ飬
λյŮ
պþǷߵǱǰߵĵ죬 ǲŸյǱ߾ͱץ׳յŮͻص꿤ʱѺš
ܾݵĵλ⣬縺սΣҲ˶ݱʿǵ
ͬʱһǣ ܴ佫࣬Ի֮ҲλǳĴһжǿҪС檵ɷصŮԺݾһɢɳ
˵սĴûᣬȻǲ׾Ͱ˷ߣҲ׵Ǳ߰˸Ȼȥ
ԭЩҪôλȽķ²ϾݾпɲӺݾһŮʱߺȻˣǶʱһõУ׼߰æ˸Ѻع꿤
ר̵Ķ˻ع꿤·һ㣬òҪݵ˷ǵĽץˣȵһʱԺٽ˷ߡ
Ϊô
ʱ²Щɻ
Ϊܾ䵽УһթĴʱ
Ͼ˭˵ǳ˦ӵأܹһеܾƾô֮λã
룬ʵôƻ𣿡
ֽ֮Լо̫Եĵطѯʳҡ
ЩֵΪôλֽȻ֮ͱأ
Ȼ˵ƽͼݣݺԥ֮ԥݼݣݣԥ֮һͬݶһ㴦ݺ֮䣬ǰһֱǸģνǾˮˮ˫ԶԶġ
һ¾ζ˵ͨΪôԷᱻܻ׽
Լʳ⼸Լ֮ǰᵽһ䣬»֮
֪𰸵ץץͷص˵ǶԷŵġ
-
ʵҪ˵ĻҲǸ涼ɺϡ
ԭʱݺΪ˱˴˻ͻȻǺͶԷԶԶλÿʼֱԥݵĳһǳؽǰԥĹУ˫𽥵໥ľͱøǿ
ԥݵطܹôռһ飬Ҿռһ顣Զڱ˴ȻҪ
֮£ߵǱ֮ǰҹݾǱһֻ飬ҹǱݾפصǳءͻȻ֮䷢黻˭˭뵽оҹϮѽ
ԱֵЩȻǱ
ȻѯʡʵӦʣΪûǱʣݵ֧ܾΪ׶ֱԼô˵ˣݾ̬ܹ̹֮ԭҲΪǲҹϮΪ˴Ǿͽˡݡ
ĵֲ̣ùֻܹʱ͵͵ҹ·ˡ
Ҫ˵֮ǰϢɵĻô˵µܾٻԺôǾʹ˴롣
ϾйλŮϡʵҲ
ֻȻ˵ķչʼϲģ˼ȻѾץˡôҲǵз˵žͷŵĵ͵Ľ
ǣܾԼܷȥѯ֮£пԸµĲռ䡣
Ȼ֪ԭ򣬵ǼȻٻȥôжڴ¶ȻżģҪǿ԰ݵλֽٰϢѹס֪ô䵽оܾڡΥǷŭ֣϶Ҫ϶
ڸڼʱͷˣһԼӵͬʱļдĳɼɲһֻԴ̬ȼֱǱѰ˼ҵһҪӱ΢
ȵŭٽ˸Żȥʱܾ϶ҪܵĿ籩꣬
νһֻ뿴һٽʱܵɷܹδ
ʱڲԼһ
õĻָܹСľͱʧִء
񲻽ǵĬĬ
ϾôǾҷһ˵ɫӣҲã佫ģûۿֳܾսϵŮǰȫûơ
ҪƢͺõǸ̶ȵĻҲûô˵ˣ³˻ᵼңǲɶҲûôӰ죬ֶֺΪأ
Ծ͵վˣ˼ŸҪ˹ĺʣӹ꿤ܹ߾ʹʱĸƣ߰˸ع꿤
˵ΪôԥݵĳǳصĴ֮УΪȻǳڱռˣǹٸֻǴЩûбֹƣûԼˣԥ߲ʺϹѺҪˡ
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η̵׵ŮӲɵ̧̧ƤôݵĴܹʸ佫ŵ򿪡
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˵ĵɽˮĵزǲֱ뷨ϵӺݣֱȡʱԼСʳ˳µҲͳݵġȵݡ
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ֻݵʳôģ⵹һε⡣϶ûô򵥣ڼڼȽϹĵľǾô顣ؿǱߵû˲鵽£
Ϊ˱ԵжɣԴԺ󣬴δŸӺݴһš
ϾƮ¾һ¡ѶϡʵǲݴϢȥⲻڵĸˣǼϸץ
Ȼ߻ĵȷˮҪ֮¡
ν˺ǷǶࡣ
ݵĳ֮һƫƫ߾ϣӵıʿôܹ˳ۣ
һ˲˳ۣôȻ˵ĴȻٱ˾֮£ڼȻǲСЬĻᡣ
뵽ڼɵ̾˿ͻȻЩĽܵĵӦ
ľõĵطӦ飬ʵʺ֮еһɣ˶ĺ޺ۼӦϣһ˿һ֤ݡ
ǿϧݵڼû˫ҲֻܹСԼƣʣµľһɡ

һԼ
οйء
º˺ϼһ𣬼ڼͲŻôܹסġ
-
Ҫ˵вΪı仯ģǻҪݡ
߾׼һ㣬ӦԥݵЩݾ
ֻǷһһϦ֮䣬ЩݾľӪ֮гȣͷʹеıʿȻΪûмʱõζѸٵĽ֢״ɢָŻµıʿ
ȵıע⵽֮󣬱ʱԥǱߵݾѾ˾󲿷֡žӳеļҽͻȻֵ֢״޲ߣֻܹȥѰҽĴ
Ȼ󣬾̶̵Ѱڼ֮Уһֵ֢״Ⱦ˳вְϣһƬĻҡ
ڳȥ֮ע⵽ֵĹԺʱѮ֮ʣԥǱߵݾѾ˺ܶˣ֮еİҲͬˡ
̶̲µʱ䣬ĿŴĿġ
ɲսʱ
ΪµǣΪֹԥǱĿȻӡϢһҵͲֻԥǱߡ
ְֶֹԵĲŪϯݡ
ӼΪңǴȥܻΣ֮ͬ龳֮У֮ǰɽ©ˮʼյ͵ûôڸеľһΪߵ顣
֮ʧӰٵ̫ӣӭӵ˾ݡ
лҪ˵µһأٺ٣~


115 
һιķǳã ҳ̶ȽһҲǷ·ʱƶ𽥼أȫ綼Լһ
ԭԴӽ𣬲 Ӧ˵ԺʼչòǺܺã ԼɵӾͷ·аһķҪȢ£ һ쵽ĥԼֱҪһ޶ϵļֻûӣ ֻܹͬ˵ȥȥӺݡס
ĺܣ¶ȻǲῴһͻĶʹȫѧ競ӣڴӦһͬʱ Ҳɵ˵ã ֻҪõµľܾ ʹգٲ¡
֮Ҳȥ׼ ˵ȥݱֱȥǱߣ ż֮Ȼڱܾ ͲԻϾϷܹҪȫףף ܾһξֱûˣܵ˼ֱһ㶼
ȻеԲ չý ĿȥأҲȴɵӵһ׮£ԺЩеûġ
һеԭǳĺãȻҪ΢ķһĵʱ ȴط֡˵˵õؾͳģҲµĶӸû黹ԽԽңøܹˡ
˵ǣǸͲ׿ڻؾ飬ôܹأ
ɵǿʶ˵ԺûһѪ֪ԼѧҲȲĶ竣ڴ֮ǰû뵽֮⣬һ㶼Ű
ǾԼɵ֮£Դݵһ֧׶ÿ춼ˮ֮С
ˮһϵҲƵƵ˳ҪǰսǱ߸ݾݵʱµǰ㱨Ŀֹۣ֮ܲԻᵼһʵԭҪ˵Ļ׷׻ҵĹӶԴˡӹΰ׼ߡ
ҪΪµòۣ˵һ䡰ȼðաĻΪȥãЩṩʳӦҲˡ
ؼҵĹӸ¶ʵ̫ף˵־ȼҲ;ȼðɣҪ˵ĻܹһĺãЩµĹԱҲܹƨ˵̵ӣ⵹ùӰ¶ʵûء
Ŀ־ȼã˼ǶǼӵףʣȫˮյһǶҵĹӿɺãǳ࣬ӸȥҪˮѵֳ࣬һ٣ֱǷ·ʳҪǮһİЩոͶιñġ
鵽Ҳû꣬˵ջ˸ðǸж£ȻҲûʲôʵãôҲôһοǲûС
ȫµġ
ûҵĴү£ƶݾڵֳǮֳȴȫݵӺ¸ȥˡ
Ϊڼ·ݵĶʱҵĹ˵бʱİա
Ȼڳǽģµ۾õںҵү˵˻֮Լҵ˵ĺȥ֮ʱЩǣȻҲ벻ڵġͬ顱˵
ԵЩյУȻһоȫǹ鹦£ձ鹲ʶǣλµĹǺ˰
֮УΨһһҲ˵õܹܲһοĵǣЩĴƵİǻ֪еŮ¹Ӻ¡
Ǳ˸ͷ۵ȥ
Щ׽⣬㹻ݸǰԥݵıʿǳԵȻ֮ǰߴһһϢ
ϢʳˡǰݾѾҪˣǱʣµʳԡ
Ϣʱʱ´ϲŴϢʵĸ͵ǰʳ
ʳ⻰ʱмֱ̣Լµıʿʵ̫ܸˣ֪Լʳͷʹʳ⡣ֱµж
Ȼĸж֮У˽ĻϢ߽֮ΪجʵҪĸӺһЩ
֮ǰʳΣˣΪǰݾĲİֲϯݾڲͲҪٳʳеЩʿʲôԲ£˾ͻŻ£ԲŲҪǰ
һϢʱǰһڣȻžǿһѪ
˵Ǽɫһ䣬Ȼ󾪡
ڰ֣ȥҪԼһ
֮Ҫ뿪ǰȻ֮ʲôָæסȻǰ߾Ǳ߻дȾּôȥҽõĴ򿴿ԼûҲȾ϶񼲣еĻǵøæҽΣвĻȫ¡
ǡףлл˹ġӦĻ
ЩجİϢĴʵ̫شȫûȥ˵ɫҲ˿һ̬ȹһ˲俴۹֮Թ֮ɫ
֮뿪ߵԺµجĳ֣
ڲ׼һ˵ӦǶΧ֮ڣҲ𽥵Ŀʼ㱨ǰԥݵݾֲֵ֮״дһܹδ֢
ڼ֮󣬳лλҲͬȾĹֲ
ʱҲڳ׵ߵУΪڶŸճǰ֢״ʱ򣬸û߻㱨
ϾȱͷƽƽΪ˻ʲô߰ĶҳԣֻҪԲܻ˵Ҳӡ
ʼʱе˶ΪҲаҳԶԻ˶ӡ
ȣŻ£кЩܷϳԻ˶ֻʳжĸá
ЩԼƣûгʲôֵĶǶƽŵĹԱ˵ڳԵճĶѾ֣һ˫໥֪ԵʣҲͱôĸӡȥˡ
˵ٸʲôʱѾǳеһʱˡ
ıͻȻ֮Ե޹ʵ˲ˣҲֹһǽλűע⣬Ȼ㱨ͷϡ
ֻⶫٶĿ죬̶̲ʮյʱ֮Ѹٵ羮ʽ⼸أҵǣڴˡ
ʱϵ˶Զһֲ֢ؿʩԷǴֻҲֹסɢ
ͻȻ֮һȻҲڰ֮д󵨵İһ֯ŵٸǰƾʲôǳǵ˵Ͼ˭ڳе
ٹǵǸܵȫˣЩգʲô¶
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׿ӵļƺʱܹЩҪ붫Ĺǡͬھ
·Ժ󣬻˵ڷǵһڼڣٸ֮оԲκһǡҲ⡣֮£Ҳ΢΢ֹסЩĿֻţϾ
ֻҪЩٹ˶ûܣôҲͻûǴҲͷеġһָ»صУû²Ҫҳš
´˷һĻɢİ֮󣬽ټȫǵҽǷŵ֮ټҽĸߵҽ붫
Ǳʱ֮ҽϢ֪Ѿ˳ȥصԶѾֵĹֲΧĶܱ߼صĴǴ඼Ը
˭ܹ˵壬ǾһܹҽⲢֶ֪γַ֣ûеĹֲķأûⲡķӣôһֱ⣬
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ǰ֮£Щ֮¸صҽǶò״ĵȫһֿ̬ȡ
ߣԼصĹٸΪ´ɳץǿаǸȥǱߣֱӾͼ뿪ԱԼӲԡлտӡٽݵ
ʱҽܵλøպܾڵسǣպڳſڣŻŵĴײ˸š
Ϊݣҽߵʱͱܾע⵽ϸ̲һ顣
ԭٲдµʱѾʱü۵ҽ߸ӽΡһʼΪΪݷ¶Բӵݵġ
ֻںһ֮󣬲žݾȻô顣
ǸæȥǱ߾ʲô֮˸ݵ´˸ϢҲ΢עһ㡣
ݺ߶ݷ¿ʼе֮ʣǴڶֲ޲ߣЩҽΪԸϹоĽͷö֮С
һƬֻҵޱͷʹϢ֮Уԣجһγ֡ĶҲȻֲ
ڸѯʶ⼸ʲôȥõӵĻشԺʲô飬
ⶸȻֵĴޱ䣬һеһƺΪǰݾô˹ֲϢ˻صԺġ
˼ˣһʱ䶼ھҵĽͷö֮У͵һҪ֮µʱȥˣȻҵʱʬ嶼ѾЩʼˡ
˵һţǹֲ˻֮ҪԭΪ˱Ϊ֮ų𣬻߸׼ȷ˵Ķ֮ų𡪡ԸϵġΪòԱĹӸϣҪΪС檣òԸҲԸ檣ؾҪ
ĹƫƫֿʲôһҪõԱǿŮǸӣֱڶҹҪɱӺͬھֻڡִ֡ΪŮ⣬δ͵ֻ֣һȥҵĹֻЩˡ
ȴûоôĽ۰ӵ¸еջڿŴСûгԹһͷĶϵ˺֮µ껹ڳ嶯֮һͿ¡ȥҹŻǹңĸҲһȥ
ֻ굱պҹӹһ٣֮󻳴ԹޣѰһԼûʲôɱ˶Էݣ֮ȥͶ˾ŻȴŸãҲǸԼĻᡣ
ֱ֮ǰݾ֮УͻȻֵֵ֮ĹֲʶԼ˱ĻᣬֻҪҲõֲȻٵĸϻݣлὫⲡħһҼס
Ҳ֪ףҪԼıҲ֪ʹŵдĺȫֻĶ⣬סֶ
Ҫжأнʮ˰ɣǵǻǶʮֵ꣬競ϰصʱ飬֮ھóҷúõĽһζӡƽʱôѧҲˣ飬򲻵ٴη
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ż𳾷ǶԼĻ䣬Щʹı˱ۣµ˼Ķ
ˡΪʲôҪЩ޹ǣֺ˰
ΪٽӽʮأڼԼһʲôΪϧյĺù٣ǡǡ෴ǽƽո²ˣѹȾͿɾѹȣΪԼȡ棬̰۸Щһûٸɹ
˲ΪپԼõʲôأ
Щÿһٵ˶
Ȼ̰¶ЩΨһһܹǡ˵ߵҲֻõ飬һѴûվΪģǼ֮Ȼһ¡ΪˣһߡҪȻһԼµģ
鷸Щ´ٵ˶᷸Ĵڡ塱֮ϣлһ˳ӡ
һ˵£߲ϯȫǡǣ̫ˡ
ܲ
Ǽ¼ʷ֮УҪų꣬ǧŵġ
ˣ˭ϣԼǧţʷ֮˵˿޾Ҳϣʱ˶֪Ǹͦġ
أ
ǡǡ෴ˡ̬ڴķȫȫıۡ
νУһһΪϢ֮󣬲úյˣֵ˴һ¼ЩʵϢ
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ӭλϻʵʱ֮ǰ֮ȴ֪ȥ̫ӡ
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Ŷϻʵ۱ҪԥݣɱƽλȴǲӮϻʵµ̫ӣӭܳġͳҪ̫ӵǻȻ̫ӳԼУλھ·Ӱ
ؿߣһյ洫ľӭ̫ӻؾϢڼߵıʿǶʱͻٵһС֡
ʵ˵ıʿʵЩ׼ȷΪڳͲרıʿһְҵġ
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˵Լ֮ͬڡһӪʱԵúĬĽӿڵеϤ
˵ţһһĿĬسһȥļˡŵĺȻǲκļıʿ
˳߷򿴹Ŀ⣬̫Բ֪ǸʲôµϷ־Ŷʱֱ׳׵߸ʲô
ĺѹһĽĲ磬ͷǣѵû˿Կ𣿡
λҪϷ־žϲ٣ȻڴʲôգʲôϵأϾڰʾǼֲġ
ֱ׳ˣһһΪʵЧԳڵԴ[1]϶ԣǺȷΪ
Ȼ˵ǴκӦĲԲһģ˵Ǻûϵȫûϵ˵йϵҲδܳһϵ˭ĺǸ˸պþСأ
񺺶ָָ֮£ȻҪŬ
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ֻŵľ΢ЦĿŸոսĿͶעԼˣ˵ʵǿԷӭӣҲֻռһһ֮صȻѣֵܹóޡ
䣬ҶʱЩ̲סĽͷߺѵļͷǿбԼЦĳ嶯˵˭˵ûƢģĵľӶʱɱŸ
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Ͳоȫûеͬ뷨ֻǧ뷨Ҳֻܹ롣˭õǸʱûе̣ҪӭҲӭ˰
Ҫӭӣһϵӵߣߡʱ׵ӻԸһʲôûеĴȥƯǱȻܡ
Ⲩɵǡɱġ
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˫ֱ֮һܹľ棬ԼҷһμĻӢʱǷ˸ŵİۣʵڲףѾôãЩûֻϵͳһ쵽ʲôóġ
ڳŸոաִļɹ۹󣬻ӢתĿ⣬ֳ֮УԭһڳһˣѯʵⳡʼԥݣȴӵĲ֢ʲôͷ𣿡
Ӣʻ΢΢ҡҡͷҲûŹĲ֢ԥ֮ǵ֮УһֱǸʱΪֹδֹļ
ң˼ֲйڴ洫
ϢĲķӦֻķӦҲܹƶʲôĲ֢ܹӦʵʵ̫ˡδ޷жϡ
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ڱѰҽߣҽԸһܷδ֢ģӵӭ
У仰ոĻӢʱͷԵ˵֡
ҡҡͷ̫Σˡ
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˵˼ȥݿﲡˣ鱾ǱΣԣ֮ûܹ˵ֵĲֻ֢֪˲֢ٶȼ죬ڵҩɾȣһôǱɡ
Ӣ뻳˼ҽûϵͳǱߵǿ֤ҽǺεȸƽдҶ˼ҽҲĿá
ɸ˼һʱ䣬ܹһ֢𣿺ʣǲɵġ
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ֵĲ˵ٶʵ̫ˡ
һϧڳĹֲ֮󣬳׾˺·˼ԲȾֲʱȥо֮
ȥݡҲ̫ˡ
ӢȻûиһȥ»Ժȴ˵ڼ顣
֮УݵǸˡӢǼƷɺģⲻȷԷһн֮жĥɱ¿顣
Ȼʹ˼Ľֲô϶ǲɱ˵ģȵʱЩ˵İձᷴˡ
ǲɱˣֶܸһ𣿷Ӣڴǲͬ
ֻˣԼķԺûʲôôϾ˼㶼Ѿд뷨϶סġ
ҽģҽ¼ߣšأйǧ[2]ĹΪҽߵְǾβ˽ǵʹ࣬ǲ֪Ҳˣһ֪ȻǲܹӲġ
벻ɣȥʵһۡ
ˣӢ̲ס̾˿
ڷɫĹٿس̾˿һ㿴뷨ǴЦһ£Ůޣ뵽ȥˣû˵Ҫȥݡ
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ڼʡʱ䣬ѾԹоֲˡ
ֻǾǲ֪ԥǱǷҩĶ㹻
νɸҲΪ֮˼ЩģȥԥǱߣǷѾжʱԥǼǳ֮ҩѾһա
õûõģǶ˵ܹʲôʲô
ҪԼӱؿҩĵԥ֮صĻһ·㣬鷳ҵĻȻ޷·Ҫ顣
˼㲢ûдЩʿͬԼһȥбԼȫ֮
ƽҪŵĻǲܾ飬֪ǴҶĺġ
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ԥմȾֲЩͷ·һ֣Ȼҽ߳ڼǱߵʵ֮ǰҲȻûоԵſ˵Լаһܹһ
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ľ֮£Ҫ˸ԼһȥôǿܻᵼɥġҽߣȻǲԼľʧȥ
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˼ô˵Ӣ̲סģһγ̾һ˵һ䣬Ҫܹ֪εĹֲʲôԭľͺˡ
˵ĻһķΧ˼ҪЯһЩҩĵĻҲ䱸һЩΪҪĴԱʱ֮衣
ڵֻв˷ӦΧ̫̫޴ˡ
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йھӭ̫ӻص֮Ϣ֮ڶԴ˶Ϊעԣ¶ķӦ൱ƽ
֮󣬱ֱӽϢӵһߣٲһ񡣶ȥת˼Լ֮ǰʼܾǱߴȥʼԥݣݵոĹֲ顣
²벻ͨŪôһĿΪʲôǱһ¾õĵȵӭ̫һʱԺ׼ǻ䣬̫һᡰλ£ŲͬĿ
Ȼ˵һֱǿλϻʵ̫ӣöԷ·֮е͸¶šܡ֡
ǲòϵǣλ̫ڹļƷǺһֵģϻʵ۸ٽıܹóʵҲһµĸи֡
֮ǰȫǼλԺʧӰٵ̫ӻܹʲôˮΪûûû̡
ȴڸġϡȱٵЩνӭ̫ӣΪǻǱȻҪ֣ٱˣøӣҪȻĻԼءӡѵȨȥĸλ
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ӭ̫ӣδô飬Ȼݵ̽ӿ϶ҲǻᱻԼҵҽҪرĹա
һ̫ҪھǱǸ˼죬Ȼиʦ̫ʲôôܹ̫أ
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Ͼܹô̫飬ֹܲѰ
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ԥݡԥݡ
»Լ֮ǰԥʱ飬Ǻʲôأ
òŮźÿüָסؽԼǰķ˿һͷëëġ
ộԼԭ˳ķ˿Щۡ
Щͷˡըëˣˡ
Сû˵С̧һ˫Ưĵ̲סĵµꡣ
йԸԼ˵أǿԼǱ˵Ͳˡ
Сֹŷһ䣬ըë
仰ֱ֮סˡ
ΪĿ۽һطЩ̫ãЩӨӨˮ۾գ£ظһո֣ըë
ëºȻ֮ҵʲôص㡣
ӣת꣬磡뵽ˣ
󣡡֮ǰܹʶԼ϶ܹ뵽ԭ򣬵Ǿǵºڣһֱûע⵽صõµ֮ǰȥԥݵʱǱǳ˶;޴ĸͲһֻ󡣡
ֻ뿪ǰԥǱߵӺݾѾӪ֮Ǳŵȫץ˳ͳһҲȫòǺҲҪǿĶˮˣҲ»Щºڵԭڡ
ϾǱʶǾЩѾȫٴˡȴСˣֻӺݾפص󣬶ȻӺݾ߿Գ֣ȻݾפҲӵС
ǿܲûмʱ֣ͬһĽд
Ҳ֪ĺ档
ǲСıҧһ粻õʱεĻʱܾͱ
⻹ͨС󡣿뵱ʱӺݾפǱֵ߳Ŀű˾ÿֲ˶ô˸ҧһڵĻ
ȻҪѰСĸصİɣ
ֻĪֵǷ˱һ˶ǿǵֲֹԭ򣬵ҲܹԵĿ϶йڴ£¾ûҪѯһרҲźã
Ҫȥһ˼㣬ҽ߾
ȻҲ֪˼ǰǷŹ㡰߲ƾ飬νҵר˼ûҽĲβ˵ķ飬ûдġ
˼ˣҲͶʱҪȥߣԼһ⣬ȥȻ֮ͨĵӦֱӺͱؿӶԻ
ҪԶֱӴݵĹ꿤Żȥؿٶÿö࣬Чʡʱ䡣
⡰߲Ժȱıʱ䡣
ÿһ죬ܱжʬ塣ٶȣֱҪսɵӿ¡
ҿѭټ֡ȴ˭˶޷ϵһͻᷢչεȿɲ֮ơ
-
С⸱ææģܳȥ֮ǰʱڵҲȥ
ݴãЩᣬҪˡ
οԥ֮ء̫ȡԼȥܾЩġ
ǱֲֹءĳѱСﲻ֮ܵʲô嶯顣
嶯Ҳνֲʲô£ֻҪĵĻ嶯һֲǲС
ϳ嶯ЩСԼϡɲ˶֮յȾⲡĻϢ
˵еĻߣʲôĻ߿϶סǸȥע㣬СһԴľʲôԼĴ
ʱҲû뵽ĵǸʱСǸˡԼ
ߣŶȻǸס˵һһס
֮ԼĪڰѮʱ䣬һЩȥΣ׼Ժ˶뿪ݡ
뿪֮ǰ´һڴǰݰ䲼ݾֻ֮ƶͬǣ֮ϣǣ
лҪ˵[1]һëdڶ
[2]˼㡶ǧ𷽡
-
쿪һͬĵԤգĵһ£ղأŮֵ趨ǿӰɰ࣡
ϵͳ鿨ʷճȰұˣ
һ仰飺Ҳġ
İ
ִһŵصУΪǼϽå涴
ʱԽԶʱΪһŵﳼ֮Ů
ԭӦñͻص۹ġŵԴɽҲһԽˡ
ʱĵʮ죬Ӧå׼ʼַɱȺŰĹٲ֮ʣȻһԳܹƵ۵ϵͳ
ǷҪг鿨ȡĳӣ
иԼӻСҲ뷨å˳鿨
Ȼ󡪡
һֲᡢ粻ܿǳġꣿ
å⵽˭ϴԺ˭˭
ҲǶԲ˰
-
𣬸һ߲ǫñԼӳޡıĳ֮ġ
Ψå粻ͬԡӾҪʵۡŵĳƵۡ
øɫơ
׼طĳͷ񣬽å˲̫˳Ϸֵ̡
ǰԼ˻ǣ뱤֮åһĨЦߣȺ˱ƿ˭˭ˡ
˰ɣ˰
ıʿǵȰ֮£åԼʮ飬鼸佫ǰ˻ѹ
ϲϲбɺţ
ϲϲ۲ܲ٣
ϲϲб
ΪʲôܿҰ
åֹѹҪʩӾ񹥻
ϲϲжʿڼ
ϲϲһͳɽ£
ϲϲһ⣡
Դ˻˵Ĵ󱦱Ժåÿ춼ҪһһôʾظԴǼϭģǵʮ˴˸ѪͷǱ˸ֱӱӡ
Ѫȡ»ô


116 
ԭûзЩ߰Ļ ·ݱǸƽϳ춨¼֡ʱ䡣
ͻĴٶȼ죬ȾΪҵ߲ȴǴ˵ļƻ
ߪȡԥݣ ƽһ²òֹͣΪ˭Ҳ˵Ƿڼ֮лᵼԼľҲͬݾ̼㱻⼲򵹣 Ϊһɢɳ
ǰ֮ʵ̫˾壬 ȻҪȨףѡΪ׵ӡ
Ͼƽ ԼľҪʧȥսԪˣôʧԼԺµĸ
һԥݵʱ ԥ߻ĳǳ֮У ̬Ѿȷĺˡ
٣ ҪȵյϢء
ԥ߲ԥݵݾ֮ȥѰҴȵĹ֮У 𽥵ɢϣ ⳡԼٶӶĹֲǡڡԥݵǡ
ʱ ˶֪ⲡصĺԴ˿ ٽļǻӣùҹĻһһ졣Դǳĵǳصİձ㽫Դسǡ
黹ֹˡ
ԥݵǸ߲¿ɾûˣȻǱͻȻֵ֮ĴʸŪýͷö ǻڣ ѵģ֪֮˷ԱԱٽԴɢûб߲ɡĵطλĲϢ
ĪĿֲͻȻ֮£̰ ԼҲȾ֮£˰ѳ޼ҿɹȫϳ˳ǡ
һֱŵĵطǺ˳ЩȻһܹ֮һЩ硢һЩǽǶҲû˵ȻҪȥѰһµŵ㡣
ϾڱϳʱЩжǳ˲޵ģΪǵϸûгЩȾϹֲֵ⡣
һľԼûвǱȥԵسǣʱֵ߲ûûô󡣶֮УҲȷڱ䶯ԵʱҲû𵱵عٸĹע
һֲ֮ԹֵһǸȾϴ˲˲һͼӰ˲ַӦĳЩ˵Ͽܻһݷڡ
ɴ˿⽫ڵһΪ֮£߲ɢﵽһֺµĳ̶ȡ
ϢΪڴˣ˵ȫϳ֮سǾʹûֲǵҲͰˣƫƫһЩвûߵĲ֮󣬳ȻȾİһóаΣڴƬĿֻ֮УһʼǲĴ޶ǹԼظںԼҲϣԼе˶˳ȥһξܹ׵ĶžԼȾĿԡ
ԺµʱһƢöƵСﵱͱˣˢһվ۵Сϣ˫Ưĵҧҿõ߲ľˣ
Ǹɵʲô¶
ȾɫòŮվ¸°£Ȼ˵һҲǡж񱨡ʳϢСñʵĵòˡ
ţһ䣬²Щ㵵̧
˵Ϊ˷ֹԼҲȾѾԼе˸ȫ𣿼ȻѾûˣεò
Ȼ˵ǸˣʵҲȻ
ϾƽŹ˵ˣ˵Ǹˣʵϻ˼̷Լǡ
Ͼ岻ȲֵˣָܹܲǱźԼܹĻǾʳҲ
ȻᵽʳôоеҪ˵һµˡ
ԻȾҵ߲ԭǡǡΪĸʳ
ʱֵ֮꣬ûԵĲЩ泯졢ֵΪƽա
߸׼ȷ˵ӦǣûʳԵĿɳԵĲ࣬ͬˡ󣬱ЩûжԳԵĶ֮һ
ﱾǶӯԴǺ͵ȡռʳΪȱͷƽյļ׶ǿյģȡǼʳΪ͵ʳɵ
֪ǿƽռУҲҪȡʳ֮ôȻҪȥѰµĿ͵ĵط
ĸۡͱǸˣԭһĴٹˣֶһ֣̳ˣ̼㽫һһؾ
дȫֻʣµЩΪźмʳӵˣҹȻûֵҹĺڰҹʱ꣬׸ס
ԡ
˵ʵ֮Ѿ˵
Լкһ˱׸еףҲôĵ֮Ϊ˽ϳУԼ˾ǲ뻼ϵĲ
Դˣֻܹ֣ã
вǵʱǣǽпȾ߲ϳ⣬ʹ߲ɢĿأ˺֮٣ԼȾ߲ȫӦá
ֻ
뵽ʲôת緢ĳβʵѾܹȷˣⲡ֮ԻֵԴͷھ𣿡
Ÿո˵ģҲ֪ú;鵽Ѿǰǡس£һ꾡ġеĺǱԺ󣬳˱ʵ׼ȷ˵ӦǿйʳȾ߲ЩԼ֪ܶô֮£²֮ǰĲ²ȻӦ棿Щ͹ھ޴˶йô
⣬û̻ش𣬶ǳ˼һ£ѡһ׼˵ص£ʵлһҪ˵һ¡
ⳡֵ߲Ĵٶȵˡ
֮ǰֲĹ֮ڸȾⲡЩǵһʱӦһǱڣھһʱ֮ŻָȾⲡ֢״
֪з֮£ͻȻ֮Ĺֲй֮ŵǱϢ˵ߵӺݾפгֶԾ޴ޱȵ˶вɵò²⣬ԴΪӭ˶Ѱ֡
֮ԴڵıٶȿǱʱڵĳҲͳ
ڴʱֻһ²⣬δõ֤ʵ
Ϊݾפ߲ûвҳ
ڵ²ӺݾǱ߳Ϣʱھȥ̽ǷǱź󣬲ȽֵľǣܹǱĵطԺҲûҵһֻ
ô˵һ¡
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ͬԥ֮أΪߡ
ͻȻ˾䣬Ժʬ嶼𣿡
ʵ˵ͷʾδⷢãսմˡ
ȻսȽ鷳Ǵǰļȵʱʬֶžò׳ġ
򵥵˵ǸҪ鷳һ˵ǺɾҪصĶ࣬ȻӰ϶߲֮أҲԲᵽȥ
仰΢΢ҡҡͷ˵һ䣺ԡ
òŮ˵ʬĴĻǱҲȻˡһܹȷ
Ҳ˵ȥԥݰڵǱߵʱȫûмһʬ£ɱ֮һᴦʬһ˽𡪡ԼıߴɽɱɽɽկʱȻǶɱ¾ʬѾγһϰߣʬ︯ãȻʲôֵֹĶ
ˣµ΢΢ףڰϰ߲⡣ǡ
ַʳһ⣬ݾǱأǿˣ
һ䣬òŮؾһ
ò˵һ⣬Ļش
˽⣬ҪݾǱߵȴȫ֪
ȻȥԥҰʱ򣬸պݵͼʾӴ˹齵
֮뿪֮ǰһαʾĳ磬߹ߣȴǵȷûȥݾǱ߽пʲôġ
Ͼ˵õԺһģ߻ܹЩɸԲϣ˵ԷҪʳ
½֪Ӻӹôһ٣û˵ԪȻҲһÿͰ͡
ܹݴӵӺݵڸ˵ҲʲôԲ鵽顣
»ܹ˵ͨģ¾ȫûȥǱˡܲҪʳµˣʲôʳֱӹְѵ̸¾ˡ
ݾǱûкЩʬΪƶϣ˿Щ˶ǴݾǱ
䰲פصٽֿɱʮԥݾȻսվѪأѾݾǱߵ˶ЩС󣬵Ҳʵ¡
ǰ˼·Ļ£Աڲס緢˵дһŸֽ㣬ѯһݾǱߵ
ʱõܾǱߺݾͬĴ𸴵Ļôƶ˰˳ɡ
µɡʣµļλ֮죬ûѯϢ
жΪ֮ǧǺҲ˵ֻһε߲һһе飬Ǵݾʼġ
ѾΪ߲æýͷöˣݷǣҪϢٰѿŴΪѣûʲôרһ˵ıҪ
һ˵ʼݾֵ߲֮Щصȥֱȥв̽𰸵ЧʿҪѯѶĶˡ
ݺ;ǰΪͼڼǳϷͶԷϵѾọ̈̄Ҫʡ
ںߡˣԭʱûʲô̫ע⣬ΪֳĺͨǺȥһʱԺʶӦ׾˼Ӧ̫ϲҲ򽻵Ϊǵʵ̫̫鷳
ȷȥǱܾ͸ţԼȥһµݾǱ߶սʬôģûгֹȷһǵݲ²Ƿȷڿʼ˵˴רԭ
òŮ緢˵񣬰ϵһ㣬ЩҪѯ
ֻ֮ʱͬǣݵʱѯ˼Ƿ߲ܻģȴѾܹȷܴµһԴͷһԴͷ
׼ֱͼѯһӦ֮ߡ
-
ؿǱյµϵʱ򣬸պһż·֮ǰĵ
ԥݵİǱ߼ĻżУȥд˵µ֮£Ӻݾ׽˶ԼһѰ
ſǼڳֵĹֲйأϾǴĺܲԾ׽ֻһֻӺݾһߵġѵҲרűʾݾǱߵȷҲǷֺܶࡣԱרдͻѯǷн֮ߡȻǺȫ뵽һȥ
֮º˼ά£ͻȥǱʶܺйҪСһʱ䣬ľͽżͳˣֻ·;ңԶӰ죬ԻȥҲֻȺµֻһ
ǰͻȥżҲãֻͨߵĵӦڱؿҲգҵٶȶǡõҪ˼ٶȿôһ
ŵʵ˵һµ·Ժ󣬱ؿ߸Ͻ˽Ҫߵ˻
ֻȻԼг̾ô飬ԥǱߵĲݱĸأǶ˼Եʱȴ֪һΪҪϢ
ⳡͻ߲Ӧǡߡ
֪ԴĹؼϢʹ˼Ժе˼Щͷ
ȻԥԼǱȾ߲ȷʱδֹĴģ飬ڴ˲ûʲôԲοİ
Ϊһҽҽߣһĸֲˣȷƹʳʳʳˣ
ޡߡľ飬չҵһеķ
֪ⳡߡҪƹĲ˵Ĳ͵ĶࡣȻҲǸƵĶࡣ
Ϊҽߣܹ߲ǰˡ
-
ϵ֪ˡߡһؼϢԺ˼㽫Լԭ׼һЩಡ鰸жõõĳҩȥǸ˼ζʳʳʳ֮˵һЩؼҩġ
ͬʱ˼ִ֮һ顣鵽鼮ΪһйҽƷ飬ڻԺ˼㡣
ǡ֪ʶֲᡷ
ⱾҪ˵ʵ˼ҲźܳһʱˡΪ⻹µ껹δȡҴʱ顣
еʮ֮Ψһһûпտʮ鵽˸Ǵγ鵽ġ
˼ϲⱾ顣ΪеһЩܽӽβǳԤõԤΪȣԷΪβ
µıؿӺ֮أΪⱾһзʽָڼԤҲһֱúܺá
ԥ֮أǺҪⱾ顣
ܹһҽκõĻӦǻǱƹⱾա
˼
-
ֻһĲҪǣˣֻǰԥ֮صվһ뿪ؿġ
ճһٵĶ顣
ųԼǰһȺˣ˵Ҫһȥ·ϸ𱣻ְ֮ĴȰЩΣ㣬ǵ治ڳʲô⡣οвްգǡ
Ļδ˵֮ǰվǰŵһŮӱ˲俪ҪȰǻȥĻǲȥһģΪԼҲȥβˣ
˼պʶߵ˵ӡȽ̡Ӻݾ֮ҽƱʵǰĴУŮʵǳҽƱϵ֮С
֮ҲǰЩˣʵǱ̵һЩҽ֪ʶĺӡ
˵бȽֵĺӡ
Լһ仰˵ˣŮٽʦһһʦڳЩ棬οЧĶ˱ȣҽص֪ʶǴѧǶǵõڽ̵ǵĵһʱ˵
˵ʱ򣬶ʱߺ˶ͬһʱ俪ڣ˵һݣ
ҽβص־ȷ֮ģԸվȺ֮ࡣ[1]
಻հǰ˺Ǽףϧ[2]
ʼͷŮӼǼȻ̻壬ôӦҽȻǵҽˮƽܱܹܲʲôæǶ뾡һԼ΢١ٵʱǵһҩͯӣ϶ܹģ
˵ʱ򣬹ȻǱЩСûʼ˵ִݣȥĺܺ˼ܾ
Щ˵Լȥ˼޹أʵϣԸȷ٣ȻĻ˾ͲڵǵĿĶϾҽæҪȻĻȥǱʲôأ
ҽ˼ԶԲҪ̫࣬ǽվۼڴҪšʦһ뿪Щ˵ΨһԸˡ
ŮӵĻ֮󣬽һͷʾȷϵһȺˣƵ߲̾һ˾䣺һȺɵӡ
ҽԼԼϣһÿ֮Ի˽ֻҪҽ衰ϡҪ
ȴǰЩҲԸԴԼ
˼ε̾վȴҲû˵ǻȥǰЩԸȥյĺǵһĻֻǡ
ͰƶһĿ⣬ԱߵĿɫ׵İ۽Եʣ
ҽƱЩĺҪһȥܹ˵β˵֮Ը˷ȥ͡ҽ֮һְ˸Ӵһ߶佫Ǹģ
ҲƣСԺ˼ٶȿλߴʿΤһƸӾ佫Ե佫
ƻصȥͶȥģֻ˳ͬжѡ
ڰСĻ֮󣬴˿ڱߵĿ⿴ĵΤ¶һĨЦݣʾ˵ľ˵ġ
Ƶ仰˼ע⵽ҽƱЩǵ󣬻źüʡĿȥܹһǺǱĶҩġ
ҩ
ƵĿ֮Уɵô˵΢
š˼Ŀ⣬һʱĳѬչ佫ĲĽ˼㣬ȫûйϵһҧЩҩĴ˵ġ
ʵ˵ЩҩǸ׼ģ鵹ûд
˽£֪߲ʱܹԤϵõԼԲӲ
Ȼ·ϣܹԷԼµļȴҲûжӲָԤΪ˽ǲԼη顣
һεȻ
ֻ߲ȥ飬ȥ·һʵȴȫһ
ߴЧܹӰ죬ȫȫͬһ̶ȵġ
ܵʹ̶Ҳȫһο
ֻļ࣬̿ʳݸʳƤԳ伢ڼܹȥġ߲ȴһĲǰʧ顭¿ȥġ
ĳʼնδӲ
ֻȻЩҩǴ£ʵ˼ȥĻЩҪ䱸ҩʵʹõġ
Ͼ²ҽܹҲǾܵĸҽṩҩġ
˵ҽߣ˼һȥԥԺ˭ܹأ
仰һ壬һܹǱ֮⣬Ǵӱȫûκë塣
Ƶһ䣺ȫԸ֮ǰǩ¹״ġ
Ƶ䣬ıʿǴӦû
ЩʿǱؿһǶԱǲÿһؿİжһ㼫ΪѤĴɫʣǵʳһ£¶бؿİձšֻƾһҲڰеżΪĵλ
֮ǰѯʾӪ֮ǷԸһ⣬ȥ߲Űԥݻ͸ҩĵʱ򣬵һʿԼؿԭסͶЩˣһȫԸǩԸľ״
ʵϿ϶òô˵ģƺ͵Τ˴ѡһһߡ
ʵѡ˵֮УҲǱ˽ģҪ֮飬ӦѡȡΪ˶ʵΪ͵ıʿŶԡ
񵱳ľͺÿÿȥʱΪ䱸Ķʵˮƽŵľְ֮
һȴĶеҪƫһЩıʿڸԼǿıܹ
ϾȻΪ߲ԵʣԸݶԥͣսˡԥǽһһĹӣ˭ҿ
ǵȵԺ󣬸ôĻҪģԸñʵǵñȻĻǶҪ˿̬ҪԹ۵׵ݵ
ŶǱ߲̫ġ֮ǰһ̵ıĺǱˮѾݶֵλˡ
Լվ߲ŰͶнȵĻôΪԿľֻӺݺҲѾ߲߰ˡ
һʱ䣬ڼ䲻ΡʲôҲܳԿ߶֮£ԭһܴʵСҲе㳯ĳЩ˽ƽϣرķչ
ֻʵ˵׻ǸʵˣѧźڻǱҲһʵ˵ģ˼Ƶʵ벻ʲôȱôܹۻ𡱡Ӳļһˮ
ƶô˵ˣ˼ȻҲ˵ʲôĻҲͬЩ˵Ĵ󲿶һȥ߲ʼԥ֮ء
˼㣬ƺ͵ΤǵĶԺ󲻾ãӱؿӺݺĻߴ
ӺʮÿһǼµسǣʹ˷ǣ֮ͬǰ㣬ֻ
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ʱԥǱߣԴںͱؿ˼ԺºȻ֮һ⣬ʵ񡭡ԥЩ֮ǰϳȥسǣֱʲô̶ˣ
⣬ҡҡͷá
ʲôСʵ֮ǰһҲġ
С㡭ȥһ𣿡
䣬˫Ưĵ۶ʱͫ΢
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Ȼ˸֢ǱǸԳеҲǱ״
й֮£ҲвǴЩϵģ֮سר˹עŵ֪ԭҲô̽Ϣ
С뿴һǵĻҿԴȥǸģ㲻ܽȥֻܹԶԶĿ
ԶԶĿ䣬òŮ˲Դ۾һ򶼲Ǻܺã֪ġ
ԶĻܿʲôأ
ʣµ׻Ǻˡ
ʱ˵ĶԻµ겻סƤӣкȻһֲǺܺõԤС
ȥǵ߲ˣʲô¿
ףҲûš
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ʱ˵Ļֱڱȥʱ¾ָġԶԶĿʲô˼
ΪǱԺͲҪֻáľͿˡ
֮У
ģʹģģġ
һϵ֮е֮ڶ
ҪԶ򼢻Ķʹٱ
ڱ޾ĲʹĥԼֲܹ¶ȥѰԳڲʹĵ֮С
ȴ
֪ȥ˶ãԼ
òŮţˣ
һ֡
Ļش²˫Ưĵۡ
ڱԺ󣬶ߵƺøС
֮еˣֻⳡ߲ıɽһǡ
Ϊ㹻ڵǻδֳ֢ʱʱЩͳһһ翪
ǵûأ
ûа취֮жòʹ֮ǻһʲôľ
Ϊɲȴ붼ĳ棬ȴس֮ѾΪ˼ȶʵ
ǰ㣬Եġ߲ĻԺ¿ȥˡ
ԥ֮أڵλ⣬Ϊ֮еġ֮ء
ڽͨʺó̫ƽʢ֮ʣԥݵ˿Ƿǳ֮ġ
ȻԶ޷ͼݣӺݣᲢۣǺʣԥݵ˿ȴҪӺݺ̫ƽʱڣ˱֮Īı߾֮ضöࡣ
ǡǡΪˣʱַ֮ʣ߲Ű֮ʱԥݵԵøӲпᡣ
òŮ̧ḧԼĿڣ˵ţ֣һѹ飬ǲ֪ΪʲôһεҪȵݿЩĵİøǿҡ
˵ǸʱǸоеѹôǷǳѹ
ȴ˵Ϊλԭ
Ϊԥߵսһ
Ϊ˶еĲ̵ȴȫΪأ
ҸҪôܰһЩʲô
̲ס૵
²ҲδԶĶ
ǰѯ˼ʼǷ⡰ߡӦ֮ʱĶʵܼ򵥣Ϊԥݵİգ֪ԥݵ߲׽ôһգȻϯݣʱȻҲӺݺݣɢӵһеϡ
˶˽ĵġֲʥˣôõҪȥһԼȫûйϵء
ԲŻͼѰƽ֮
֮Щܲˡ
ʵҪε߲Ҳǳҵҩûеڶ֮·
ǡ׵׵ķǡ
¶ˮҲʡ
ǴһλߵǽǶȳĽʽΪʡʡ֡ʡʱġ
߲˵ٶ֮졣͸ֱӷǳأװʲô֪һʱȥԺȥҲʲôȥˡ
Ĵʽƺݺ;Ǳ߱׼ˡ
ԹۣţȵԥĲˣҲһнˡ
Ҳ
ûа취ǵĽǶȳ
ӸǶϣ˵Զ翵Ķһûа취ľһԴ˷֮ȴԥһһǳصĶǡ
˶֪顣
ҲΪͣԸû̵ֲľʵҲͬԥЩ˷İһڷʱ򣬺ԥıλ߸
ˣŻĲ̡
ľĻ¾ԼľͿĵ߶ûˡӵĻԺֻʲôأ
١Ҳǰ˵
⼸ֵ¿óսıʿȫһдսδܹĿ
ڶ߻֮ȥʹ֮Уµ˼һ顣
-
˵˵ȥ㲻𣿡ŴԺ˾Щ㱣һƬСողŰѲɺµȥ
¶ģʵĳ㣬ıƶһСĳɳȴһСͣ˸뵽һѵĴ
ֱ׳ذˡ
㵽󣬻ǵСѾͷ
̫ûˡ
аյ˸˸飬ɨϣֱӸɴʵ㵽ھʲô
ſȥ˶ЩԵװͰ͵òŮ˴ԴС˵ţȡҶԳ׽һЩĽӴͻᱻȾˣԹۣҸҵ˾ôȥӽչǣȻҲƽ޹ʵȾ߲
ڻ֮Сĵ̧˿ڼ΢УȥЩΣյһ˲䣬ָæ˵Ļȥˣұ֤
ƺΪǿԼеʵԣһ˲Сθ˲١
֮½ССĲһֲ
òŮֹţҵҶܵøһ˵¶һ£Ȼżıʱ
ǿġ֣ʱһЦЦĿ⿴ڰС￴һ޲ñͷ굽ӵȥѾ֮µٿ̾һˡ
ܵøɳʱ䣬ܱƵ̫ݡ
ҪȻĻ͸úͷűȥһСƵһԱյ˼ѭˡ
¡Ҳнѵ顣
һ̾ϢµǼ˿µ꣬С˾䣬磬𣿡
ΪĲ
û˵ȴˡ
Сһı飬µεҡҡͷҰܸˣˣ
СѾͷ˵ʲô¶˵ˣ̰ġ
ֲ߲ͶֲƶҪ̬ȿǡ
Ҳˣ˭һպþء
Ҳ׼͸µ
Ծʱɡ
䣬òŮʱãȻգգ˫Ưĵۣ֪ΪʲôͻȻô˵

ȻȻãȻ»ǹɵ֡
ֺֻ֮
Ŷ
µ겻֪Ķóһ޴ӡ£ڱ̯ƽ£֮С
ӡĺܴҲᣬСͻȻıôһ鶫һûס
˵ıôʱֻΪĳضеòסĻôһ仰ǲһЩⶫˤȥ
ҵĵ
һ䣬òŮֵǼǶһ¡
е֮ǿסʱĽеŵϡ
ԼˤҪˤĲҰ
µԼ˾䣬ǵ鿨鵽ҵʱϵͳʾô˵𣿡
ϲspر𿨣ǧһٸǧ;
⣬ΪʶľͰѵϵͳǾ䲥֮ݸ˳Ǹġû¡
ΪʱǾʾʵ̫⣬Ѳ˼ס
شµ΢΢ףŸٻǰǧٸý顣
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⣬ӵճ鵽ʱں档
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֮ǰڴҵĿ֮£֪Ǹ磬ٸƳɱ״ѳƷ
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ٸҵѳ֮类󶨵İǧٸȻǻҲԽǡˡ
֣ؾһ
ٸչ鲻ͨˣϵͳԵʶǻ볣˰˵ԷȴˣʹᲡη޾壬һ֧ġʿ
ڣˡԼ¡
⡭
һ˲䣬𵴣ڵ֮£̫ٸĳֵжôҪ
ЩٸĻôͿԺЩ˽ӴǶĸȾ߲߲Χһ
ѵ޾֮·к֮
硭СӯӯˮĿꡣ
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䣬¶ʱֱסϵԲ˫Ưĵۣѵмֲܡ㶼˵˸ҵġ
һ䣬ôٻٸ
͵ֱӸСָ˸ˣϵͳ
ֲһ䣺мǽպãұ⣬ٸִֻ˵Ļ
䣬ԴЩϧķһ䣬һҪܹٸԭðء
С˾䣬̽ҰĻ᲻Ұ
䣬µƤЦⲻЦĻһ䣬ԡ
С¸ҰˣǣıٸǸˡ
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ŹԼСʲôЦЦķһ䣺ȱ̫磬ûƾճֵİǧˡҪΰأ
һ䣬գգ۾۸ҡ
ʱЦˣˣ۸㣿
һ仰˵òŮʱ˹ӡ
µʵҲǲܹ
ӺǼᣬʼնУǧٸ˵ǡʱ֮ѡ˰ǧˣ˽һ֧Ӻˡ
ν˽£ȻǲԵĶ֪ȻĻܽ˽
ɣǰТڸԭڿˣԣԭõĽǧٸõĵص㡣
ʱĸлԼʱʱƾڱߴɽϡˡľ顣Ҫεнյ̩ɽƾձǧ˶ˡ
µȻ˵ĻҲձһ˱ؿȻȥ߾֮Ĳԭ֮ٸæʱӦҲԥݡɳԾ߲Ƴߣ
òŮ˸ֻ£ߺȻ˾Υĵ
񷢲
ʼ֧֮ģǷҪ̽鿴
һ£Ȼûκԥ˵˾䣬ǡ
»£֮г͸塣
Եɨҳ棬ȡҪϢ˫۵Ŀ䵽ע֮ϡ
Ĵҽȵ٢Żʱ䣩׿
עڴԣʴǰŽߣʧջ׿Ժ޷Ĵҽ
ʱޣԤ֧ʼĵһ𣬽ڶͬ졣
Ժϵͳһ䣬
ǷҪڽǰԤ֧
Ҫشȷʱ򣬺ȻԼһ귢ʣǲʲô⣬˼֮ǰ뿪Ժ˰ɡȷԼصȥӺݣ
䣬ӵǼһ£ԺзԾܾϵͳոյʴ
С֮С֮ǲȷ˵ţûҽȥ
µͶЦĿ⡣
£QAQ
лҪ˵[1][2]ҽϡ


117 
йӺʮ֮еسȫʵзԺ ܹܲصؿһջûгʲô֮
ݱȽ⣬ƾԼġȨӺݵ·ϵǳͨ裬ôһصҲûгʲô˵ķ֮
ҲġȨı˽֮£ Ҵһصؿ һѸٳＯʮҩĵ֮æȥһ˱߾֮⣬ ǰǧٸȻԺִҴҵĴšǧˡ׼ҩ»صԥ֮ء
һεĻ ðǧıҩһߵĻһˣ
ʱҪԼһȥԥݵʱ򻹾һ£Ϊ֮Ȼûʲô㹻ӵĵط
ıʿҽߡ
εǶı ǽ ߲ǰ ҲʩչĲܡ
ֻıʿ˵һһҪãȵ֮ͻԺ ¾ûٶʲô ֱӽֱӴߣ ׼·ϻԥݣѾȡ˽ٻҽ׿еλҽ߻ϡ
û ҽ׿
ڻӺ֮ǰվǻǽλҽΪʼһ굹ʱʱˡ ԥӺ֮·ǽеٿ죬µ߲ Ҳһ̵ʱ䣬 ԥݵѾˡ
Լм䣬Ҫϵͳ趨ıЩԽһʱƽס˷ѡ̵٣ҲڻӺ֮ǰĴҽ׿顱˳
ϲSSR׿Ĵҽȵ٢Żʱ䣡
гԥǱûа취ټ֮⣬ʵһҲǺҪԭڣ ǾڶġһĴҽ׿֮УǷ˻ԥݵ״һڴ˵Ĵģߡ
λҽ֮˸պöžĻôɻἫܵĴߵƷ߲ʹⳡܵ龡һЩĽ
ֻȻ˵ڶĸ֮һ˻Դߣʵʵĵֻһˡʱ䡣
ϵͳϿλҽԺڳصӺǰȥҹѯʹҽ׿ϵĸɷʶõġ
Ǻ˼ͬһˣǰʱõĻشǵУδֹ˴ģߡ
ܹʶ֣ȻҲǶǶԣһ²֢ҪͶʱ侫ǱУʶĻôҲԷֱӵӵжߵӦ֮
ѯʹЩʧǣǰһⶼԶԶĳ֮ǰҽߡҲֻܹĿһϣһأһԷֱܹߵƽ֮ԥݵΣأ
һ򶼲ġ
¶ҪһεģڱؿѯʹڿгԺ󣬵õĴȻǲʶʱˡ
ⲻٴڴڻ֪Ժ󵱻ϵǰȡһ֧񡰽
ȽҵǣӮˡ
ʱ䵱֪߸ҪξΡ
ʱڵǸʱʷѾļ
˵ǵ磬Ԫ֮ʣνԪֱ˴˽֮£Ѫķ̹ᴩǸʱԭɹžӴߣ
ʱйǳɼΪҽߵļأԹһ֢ȷǻεġ
ȻʵҪʵʷʱʷԥߵ߿϶ͬǴĳ˶һ⡣ҩʱ϶ҪԥߵиƣչʱܹߵҽһѾһܴĽչ
´һ˻ӺŻȥＯҩģΪʱĹǸʷҩдҩġ
-
ٻصԥݵʱ򣬴ǰӱؿ˵˼㣬ƣΤһ˵ȻѾһʱ䡣
ʼʱ򣬰˼ıԭҪֱȥԥݵġ߲º֮±ʾҲһЩˣԶߵġΣԡЩ߸ΧسǸһЩҲǴ˼ߵĻӵео߲ʱһЩ
ϾԽ߲صĵԽǿܱȾձ˵ͬ߼һ뿪Ĳǡ
ڵ֮˼ջһľϲ
˷λҽѧ湱׿ǵҽʷ֮ҽߡ
һλȻʶܹλֲָУҽҲȻ߳ס
ΪҪһǣʱߵķӡȻǼ˿϶ҪϽиԥ֮صߡǡķӵĴڣʱ䣬õܹˡ
һ̣ԥԭްǰ·Ȼ˿֮
ֵԥҽһ֢֮ν⣬ʼŸЩĲ˰ҩݵʱҲʼݾǱߵ߲ôġ
黹ı֮ǰ˵ˡ
˵ĵ飬ݾǱսͲúýʬ崦Ϊ˼ʡ£Ľʬ֮УʬҰˮȾΪɫġʡġʳҲȻĿʳ
ĻЩ˶ܹ˶Ǹ̶ȣ־ǳЩӽ֮УѾãȾ˻ʬ壬֮ز˱죬ͳǸģ
ݾеһȾ鵽Ǹ̫ãǱԼŪ˭ʼҲ鲻ǸԴλ׸ױ˵Ļʵ޷Ҳֿܣһİһݾݱ͵ˣһǿڲ֪бҧһڡ
ϾЩǳ˱ں֮еʬһƶϵĻô˳ԵĶ˻˵ЩͶԻȤ
Ϣ̼Ͱ¶ԭЩͬ˼˸һɶ
ԺͷʬҰսˣô̵ˣ
СӦһֵݾǱʵҲ
Ż۵ĺٽӺݾҲ
֮ݾǱߣݾûô֡
ʬĴǴ˵ģֻǶȽûôɴ䡣
˵һһȺ˼ֱûһ׵ġ
Сʵ˰οѷѳɶ֣ͲҪԼԼˡοⲻѾ취𣿡
һ䣬òŮ̧̧ӣʵ˵ǱЩչ
ˣףӦǡҪ˵˼ǱߵĻ
ʲôλǱƺмλҩõĺͣȥĻҪ̫þͻù⣬СԼԥ֮ҩġίʵǡ
˴ˡ
׿ԼǱ߾һݡԼԥߵ߲ɶǳһֹ̬ȡ
Ͼһʼ׼ĿҪȵԥ߻ȫˣ߲ȻԺмԥݣȡƽͷϻʵۡ𡱡
ճһҪ¶£ôת˲ʹһˡ
Ҫԥ߲֮£ôȻʵŰԥ޵׶
Ļô۽ǳǰܣ˵һ¡
ĳɹôʱȻҲ˲
ԵǸʱǾͿ֮½ԥһдãƣ֮ʣһµŬõͶɹ֮ΪС
ԵĻҲһһǰ
ǻԥλĵطԥݻ˵Ļкܶ鷳ʰ
ʧܣôҲ£ϾԭĴǵŸȫԺȻŬδɵڼ䣬ҲͬȻǡ׬ˡ
䣬òŮЦһ£˵˾䣬ġ
˵ҲȻҲǲ뿴ԼһսսŬȵòڽһ֮󣬴ʼԹۣſȫͻȻ֮ܳͣһйԼ
ҪĻôδ̫ˡ
ģҲûкõҪԼ˴ʱ侫Ͷ˴Ĺͳɹ³ֱ֮ת֡ˣ׵׵Ϊ˼¡
󷽲̶ȡ
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ʱͬ˵µʱ򣬶Է΢΢һЦʾԼ֮ΪıʿĴԥݣΪıǴ¡
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µ֮ǰҳ˸⣬ʲôҩĲõĻȥҪ
ţȥһϴ̬֮Ҫȥɲһ׵¶
µǰ˵ʱȻֵ߲ŰͬǸɱƽҷ֮ʣǿһֽš
ĿǰΪֹû˭ܹĿŵ˵Լ뵱ʵۣ³ֻʼ˭ûнǲƤӸ֮ǰ֮Էӭ̫ӻؾˡΪǡͳҪϻʵµ̫ӵͳ˵ġһϡѹһ
ֻӭ̫ӻȥû߲֮׵ıʱҲֻܹ
ǿֽŵĵطҲΪ֮¸Ǵ𾴻ҵţ¿ѧҪ̫ӵѹ˵ľͬҲڡܳķ°ܡˡ
ֱҪֿԥ֮صҩģȻͬʱųϢ˵ǸٶȾԥݣֱ߲
ȫֱͬӷųϢҲȫϣΪһǸܵϿ顣
һ˾ܾԥҩƵ¸ǿ۵ͷϵġ塱ĸñӣôʱ͵¿Կʼݵʱˡ
ģôأ
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һʵۡҪĳĴñֱӿûзӦ
ΪǶԴ˺ݵĻôҲʵ£ʱǿɾͳһƽˡ
һֱΪֹʼճĴ첻Ϊ뱻ϷñʱⶥϿĸñǴˣһǷǳίĴ
Ͼʼ¸ųķԲᣬҪԥ߳˳µӺݣ߲κãյֻжߡΣ£û˻ǵû֮Ϊԥ֮ṩҩģû˼ǵǵá
ԣȫһֺãΪ
ˣҲҧҧǿеİ¸ΪⱾһ޷ܾġ°ܡ
ʹǲӲԼ»ڸɴʹ˵ҪһֱŴ£ôҲҪ޶ë
ġ°ܡһ˲ԣôҪӲˡ
ͱ磬вһǡҪĴⲻӺ߾ߵĻôɾͱĺŲ˳ȥϵϽأӴ˴һ𡰹١ˡ
߶Ҫ˸ųȥסĵطӵ㲡˵Ʒô군ˡ
˵һȫûǾܾصİܡ
ΨһܹԼѡľǳġơǳӲġơǰߵĻ컹ӣȻµĴͷռˣǶҲһͷǾֱӱΪƽһ֮ѣͬʱñıвҪѲȾǵϽء
Ȼ¿϶ǲģвľߡⳡĽ֮УʼվλõһΪԥݣܹõЩߵĲǵƷ
Ҫ̬һ˵ĶǱӣȻšǡ֮ȵǷӹȥĶģر˵һֻǸǴкǲһӹȥĻ᲻ǲ˵Ʒأ
ΣȻܹı¿桰ˡϷȴܹĽ⵱ǡˡϷһŮһķأ
Ȼȥԥݣܹóĵ¸Ǻܸߵģ飬֮УҶµĵ£ıôˣֻܹʱµġڻҪôֱЭӦҪĶ
֮УʵҲû̫֣ҪṩҩģҾλԥݵƳҪô漰ߵĶ
Դĥڱڵĳ֮ǰȻǻᡰͶҪҩġȻԥһղãǾҪһջڱµġв֮С
鷢һĻôԣһп˵飬ǾѾˣǻܹǰµǰָǲܽµвΪع°ǰΪҪôɵĻôָ¿߰·ߵ°ǰҵĻᡣ
ǱѰ֮Ϊ˲ΣԥݣðűȾΣ뻼ͬʹ࣬ǾȻ˵һ֮£
ǵĲԸæĻܻؾҾˣοҪҩĳԺصˮˣֻҪԸԥ֮һ֮ٽ߲ĻָұЩҲûʲôġ
һĺڵĲٺڵĲܹ
񲻽ְ̾ҵ⣬ǹˡ
˸֮Ҳֻһˡ
ʵ˾ãҲܰ˱Ƶ̫ˣȻĻɡ
νӼ˻ҧˣЩûмʡ͵ĵơƵ̫ݵĻܷ˷Ч
䣬µͷõġҲǴҪҩġΪûа취
ҩһͬ
ȻӺݻܹó٣ڵǳ֣Ӻ˲ݵԺЩİտӺݾԭΪû˿ڣһֱõĻĵس
Щ¿ѵĻĵ֮Уһ־ͱٸȥ˼ҩҩģҪ˵ĻʵӺǲȱҩģչҲҪΪԼӺ㣬ܹѼҵȫԥߣԱżǱ߳ʲôʱ֮衣
ģʳͬҲǲɻȱıƷ¾ȫûҪ޶ëΪȱʳǸԥЩؽһЩʳһµİյʳȫԼҲȻǴһķΧ֮ڡ
Ϊյļڡ
ȥ鵽SSRȼǱʳӵĽܾˣѾֲֳȥũջļˡ
ԵʱֱӴǱ˵ݵĻ
֪ȥЩĸǸʲôӦʲôºȻ֮̾һ䡣
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οԼܹأȥڶڣǻЩٲû¶˵ϻĶľͺҲˣ߿඼ûȥ
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ǽȥʱǿûʳʱͽʱյļֵһŶۣͬն
ֻݵЩеԹ˿ԥݵȥ겻ɺµºǽղˣæŸļλȥ޶µëء
Ҳ֪ЩǸ֪ˣǵǷúùһЩ
Ͼ˺ǽôʮĻˣܵ˵Ҳʵǲܹ˵ǳԿʵҪ˵ĺͷ֮ʵľ޴ǵĲƽ⣬׷ףʵԼҲøΡ
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Ұβ˵˻ҪվڵƸߵϵİΣ㲻ҰҾҪ۸ñӣ˸ñ֮һҪ̬㵽ı֮һǻﵽεĿģǻۻһ̶ȡ
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ڷϳµҽҩ䷽֮Уӻ⵽ƳλҽȳԥߵߵЧҩڱٸǵ޾ηվչ˶еĲ֮£ɹԥߵ߲סߡ
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֮ǰ½ǧıٸݣŴҩȥǱߵĲ
䣬ݵҲǴѪ޶˲֪ëÿһſھһСҩģֲܲ
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ȻߵıʿȰˣΪżд÷ǳˮƽװ׵Щ˿Ժб̲صġв֮⣬Ҫű˵ȫûġ
˵˰Ÿй¶ȥԴǴµĻôЩ˵ĹֽԲ̫ࡣûг©ֿԿóһ֣дŵҲνǲ
Ȼ漰µż£ӺݳļڼΪ˱ȫ̶ûв£ʲô˸ץסСӡ
ݱְǸܲģ鶼ġ֡
ڵ֪Ϣʱ򣬼ڼԼģΨСȥԥǸ߷յĵطԼţȻ֪ԼãƫµģӦòڲ̵Ⱦߣʵûа취˷
ҲﲻʲôæֻܹȺִ֮󡰸ҩĵʱ㿴ĸãҩЧҲܹõĲҩϾ
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һյģҲһ޽õľˡ
ԭ̫ӸӻҪ̫ӵġͳٴչָȫ˿ѹһͷ˭ͻȻ֮䱬ߴļƻİֻܹҵĳٻ
ԭҸҲͰˣϾԥǱߵ̬أʵûй򣬶ͬʱҲΪԥʱߣ߲̫ҡĸ̫ӵǻ䣬Ϊۣ¡
ԥôİգôſͷ߸ǻĵǻ䣬˵Ĳյ˿˿ĲϧյΪֱܱڿڸ
Ǿû뵽̫Ӻеȫһ
ϻʵ۵ûʼиֻµʱ̫ڹǶ͸ӣҪǰлӸĻû˻ʵ۵֮лôһˡ
̫ӱʱҲϻʵ۵Ķ˸飬ʣôһö硣
ԾΪ̫Ǹ׾ˡڻʹǸطܹȫûʵ۳谮ǵǷϵʲô̶ȵ˰˵ĻҲ˲ʵ۴
ҵ̫ӵʱ򣬶ԷҲȷǣ˵ĲһǸһ
֮£ȻĸӼԼжϡ̫ӻΪһõĹˡ
ڰѵʱŰֵַ̫ӽӻһʱԺ󣬾Լˣƺס
̫׾ֱ˵ˡһƤһߥ޺Ƶüλ··аһҪأǺġ
ⱻõİ֮УҪ¡Ҫֹԥĵ¶߲ӳ̶Ⱥٶȣﻹȵ
ڵЩĳǳеİն͸ԺͿԸ̫ӵǻ˵ʱô̫ӲգȻΪʱͿֱӽ˵ΣѹӵǻһɨҲԽ߲Ÿոս̫֮۰աͷѵǻŪļһ㣬شٴ컹ʡ˲Ǯ
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̫ӽŪľݺȣҲ֪ʲôħܹıʿ˵
Ƿ飬ǰվԼ뷨ôӦֱӰֵ̫Ӹ¡ƫƫ˶Ȱ̫ӲһͰˣֲܹײԻĸΨһҵľ̫ӵֻûôҲֻܹ£ıʿǣ첻ľݾ֮С
ܹ̫Ӹһ鷳ȫθµϡ
ŵȵԥǱߵ½ԺһҪȥµӺݣⲻ֪ߵغСѾͷƬ֪֪ʲôµĴۡ
ݺ;߱޶ëջļͲˡ
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ݡǱߵЩӡ
һε¼֮УݡݡҪôǺԹҪôǺʶУӦֻˬһǣϾ֮أĶܱ߼طţԥоݲŻоȡ
ʵṩԴԼڼͨĹ֮ǷǳӵģһĿߣһȴ˽ϣٶȿһ㣬Ϊ֪Ĵҩһ죬ݡҲͲཫҪˡ
µȻʹöнˡ
֪µһЩ¼ģֻһصʱ򣬾аΪ֮ԸΪ׳ǡ
ġ飬ҪĸӷͬѰ
ȵһлָһ죬µİնȻỶŸߺµ֡
Ԥϵģ޷ıδ
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롣
أΨһĶݵǶʱ䣬Ȼټļҵܹ˭أ
οΪݾʵۿۣ˵䲻ĻǣھǸзϡ
Ѿûȥʵ
˼ˣݳʱĴ߲֮УԼⳡֻ֮ʧȥΨһĶӣɫ֮ϱ鲼̬˳⻽һˣȡֽ
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Ŵ֦³ѿ²Щֵ̾µһĴ졣µĴ֮ʡ˵ʱ仹Ƕ¡
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ӵ귢ߪȡӺݿʼյ룬ٵ߲Ĳ̫ƽ֮£Ƿʱ䡣
վڴߺȻ̾Լһдʲô̧̧ͷڵӦõķ룬ԥ߲סⲻǴ˽һõĿͷ𣿡
䣬µͷ⵹Ҳǡ
ֵ֮߹ȥԥߵսҪȼ
ʼ¾ƣӺݱѹ飬ѲУܹҲΨ졢ݡ
£תͷ߹£֪ƭĸ۷δ飬
ƭʱòŮ̲סԴһ£Լ̰ĺƭġ
ǰӲɵЦЦĿ˳СĻԼ˳ëµ֮ĺͣݵλ̳治ԲصעҲֻʣݺ;ݣ߿ƽͷ뱻ߵĻʸһЩ
һ£ȻŻš
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ԼסĶȻ˵õ
ȻĻҲʵûа취뵽ʲôĿԻᵼ¼˭òĿԡ
ʱ֪Ժȷǻᱻ٣ֻٵǸˣȴ벻ġ
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ʵʶǰӵݣһͨѰ·ĻȻǲϳ⾿˭ģƫƫǰ˴ŵġһɫۡ
ȻѲԶ¼λԥݵĿꡪǰгƵ۵ƽ
˼㲻֪Ϊ˻һȾߣϵŧӦǡһȾߵˡ
ڵ֢״ʱﻹоȡ
ݺͰûʲôԥĶӣļɫ۵˵
ڽ⿪·ʩ֮ȴĻзһʵıȳҪСһȦСӡ¡
ʣ뻳еӡģĶӦܳ
ҽȴδҪ֪Ķ࿴һֻۣʱɨһ¶ѡ
ԺΪŻڻ֮еƽҩԺתͷǰؿǱԵƽסߵ꣬׼Ҹıٸȥ´һ仰ƽ䡣
Լܳߵƽãǡ֮ǴȥĻܻᵼպЯʹȾ߲ⲢǾԵ飬ֻſԡ
ҽߡҽ±ǡмߣƶ򿣬Թѣǣͬһȣ֮롣[1]
еĲˣжֻǲˡûݡ
ߵƽûκԥҽΣΪԼģȻĶ
ڵ˵ĲԺǲˣҲҪ֮֡
ñٸȥƽϢת¡
µģСְˡ
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յƽϢʱڽԼ֮͹ҩġ
ûݡ
һط޶ë飬²޶ʱѡëûļݵҲûзŹûôȥϵĿأûпǾϵܹҵعµˡ
Ͼ֪Ǿ֮еĵһݣ֮أԴڵԴȻǲ٣ôʱͲͬһ㽫һԲ
֮صûСˡĵطдݸصżȻյͬλεвҪº͵Ķࡣ
ΪߵĿǺܡ¡ӵ֮󣬴ʼûһͼݵȨһⱾֻ֣Ÿһʤ߳ӹܼݡ
ǰ֮£ԺпܾԼͷ˾ϢǺϵģϾûʲôĹǣһ˵ĽǶ߲ܺٺòˣἫ˵ֱЩ˲ߵĵطһǡ
ڵ֪ƽԺҲûмȥȡͷǷԸǰ㱨λٸҼͬѾ˼ιǻûкȫƽҽģȻƽű굫ǻûʱҪڸߵġβ׶ΣҲûʱȥƽ๶һʱա
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ʵһǰѾû˲ˣֻλҽڽĹ۲쿴᲻ͻȻ֮䱬µĲˣֱһ֮һŸȷ½յ״̬
һµĹ۲ڼ䣬Ҳûг׵ţڽѾȫ˵ƽ֮󣬱ȥŻ𡪡յЩ߲ڼ䱻ǽӴıȽ϶ĶСλķݣһûȫٻ٣бǰ
ĳзݽͳһʹ÷ˮɱ
ڷŻһñȽϻΪҲһԷŵ̫˼޹š߲սٶȵûϢųȥٶȿġ
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գֵյһطʱһֱ˱֮ȾߵĳкȻһλ֮
ԶԶı㴫һգ
ʶǾġ
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һĿѵǰݺݵص£û뵽ĸҷѻ𣬱һ仰˵ָֻ̧¡㡢㡭˸졣
òŮֻûбĿǰƽȾߣΪЯմȾԴ
˵ٿЦһ£ݳ⣬ʵҪҪ
ʲô˲ԴЩ𾪵˵ţһֱû뵽㾹Ȼʱֻȫҵ˵ԥݡ
һ£ϢųһԭֻĶˮУûָܹϹȴĵһ㡣
žʱ䣬̫ӵչ֮£ǲ̫á
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ֻǣ˫Ưĵ̧ĺȥٴζԾʵãֻЩ̤ԥݾڣܹ뿪
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Ȱ޹߲ͬԾȫء
ʵ˵˵ȥ˻᲻߲֮Ѱ߽֮Ӻأ
仰£֪ԼһΣˡ
лҪ˵[1]ҽϡ


118 
´һ֮ ²û뿪վţ۵Ŀž
һֱߵȵֱٸꡰʬ塱 ɨһƬѪ֮֮ Ϩ֮ǰȼǰƽȾʱӵĻ⣬ ȷ֣źһͬ뿪
ȥ·ϣ ԼЩ̲סĿڵ㷽š
Ҳ֮Щ֪ô˵Ľϲɵóּ־֮ɫ
ᵽ˼ЦЦ ˵֪ʳڵ⣬ ˵ ֱɱҵ·񣿡
䣬Ƶͷ
ָоԼµ ָæͣ Ҳǡ
Դˣ µǲ⣬ȻǴǳǳ΢Ц ԭҵȷǲʱֵġǣ
˵ʱ˫۵ʱ˼֣ ǾϷŹң ҲŹ
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ҡĿصĲν֪׾âǲص֮
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Ҳûĸʱɱֻٵ˾ǰԭ򡣡
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Ͼ֮ǰھǱ߿ɲһڣѾЩıʿǺȫֻʼնεסľȨ̫ӸûлԤԵҲûбרҵ㹬̫Ӹȥ
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ҩһͳڱؿ֮еĶҲʱóŷŷˡϾ
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վڰǵĽǶ϶ԣҲȷǲҡʲôûȴҪ̫Ӹԡ
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һܹΪһذԼοȨߣһΪԼѾӵ˵ĵȨһֻǡʽĶҪȥԿΪյǰ߷ôֳ°յ˵һݽȨˣˣµİϣ˭ܹǵĻʵܽǺͯѡ
ڵײϰǶԣԭҲںʵ۵ĵ˭ĵֻǸʵܹܲǴƽĺӡ
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⻹ûСǻλߵλأѾֱӵĲѰյ߸ڵزǵȵԺ˻ʵۣǵӵÿʲô
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ķչǸزôջʲôĽҲ޷Ԥĵ
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Դӵ³鵽ſ֮ΨһġSPر𿨡Ժϵͳĳ̶ȾֱӴŷŷµĶŷ޻Ѫ⻷֮£޵еġ
ϵͳû뵽Լ鿨ֵһΡҲΨһһλ¬ȻǲԼ
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һֱأټ⸱ЩģҲ棬ȻûƲȥȷԼȷ顣
ۿŰ۵ĽҴææĳųķȥĿⷶΧٿӰ֮ȥѯϵͳŸղŵһ⡣
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ԴˣϵͳıʾЩǺĻƵ⡣
ԽԽϵͳͻȻɨƻеһӣǲæתƻ㿴ƻһС
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СĵĽӹǰδйСӵľ飬һһֶ͸¶ССŮӤԸȻǳãȫַҲȻûп֣ԲԲѴһ㶼
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ΪһȽƫĺɫ̥ǣλϣ̥ǲССһ飬ϸ۲֮ԼԼЩģȥСŮӤһݿɰ
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Ϊһ̳겻Ҫߵ佫˼ôʲôôأ
ֻҪѰչ˺þѾܺء
ʱ˿ȫûԼкӵġסʵҲĬĬ뵽
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ҪǱĸô⺢֮ǰͱҪеĹϵףԺӵĸˡͼµ
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ݱɳȥ̽Ϣ˵Ļر⺢ӵĸǸŮּΪŵġ
ԴСŮӤԺ󣬼Ǹѵıӱ䱾Źÿ˸Ǯ֮һ쾹ȻŹӻҪŸճõŮ
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һʱĻ񵽵ʱ򣬸պĵڶ죬ں֮Ưһһҹسǵĺ֮ƯµʱڵǣһЩʱĻСŮӤ˵ںУӦöںˡ
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˵Ϊʲô²ֱ˾ԥݵֱϵתΪ̬Ƚϡش󡱣ΪܣҪؿһȺ˸ըӣдŲܹһЩ
ȵ֮صؿʱǱҲմһʱ䣬ĿԻϢĳ١С֡ˡ
Ͼԥ߿ɻҪһӵġһܺķôʱ䣬ͶôྫԥݵȣƽǸǱɱȻӺطˡ
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Ҫľһԥ֮أȵȿסԺٻӺݡ
й飬ǰѾϢرؿӺݵһ˹ɻˡ
ţһ˳ĻôڽǿԻصؿġ
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ڴ··ϣֻʲôһȻ˾䣬ТǰɷյҼĻرؿˣ
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ܺðԢܲ䣬ǿһ䣬ʵǸӶĴ
µͷҽ˺֣ܶ˼ȥ֮Ǿʺϡ
ں֮ƮѲں֮з֣Իȣһԥݵ߳죬Ҳԥ֮ա
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٣ʯ󵫷óһʹã԰Щݾըƽ
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Ҫֻǲʵܹ˸ܵĲҡ
·Ժԥݵ͹ǿʼд¡ҡȫ˵ǰߵĸӡ
ͬʱҪдһݸ顪ԴܳһƬĹ뷴̫оǿаƵ췴·ϡ̫Ĺ֮٣ʵûа취ôĬĬӺݳű̫ս𣬽ûӺԭеĺƽʹðѡ
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ıܿһеص㣬ֻ뵽ݾ֮С


119 
ʵ֪ķԺ ºҲɵ۵ġ
ľֻһ˵Ѱ
Ȼ˵ӱؿϹΧʯµĺۼȴˡƱ硱˵ǡ
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췣
вƣΪ֣֮ 춼ۣ ⽵ʯо档
ͬʱⳡʯҲԽΪϲڰΪ۵ʸ ̫Ӹ䵱ʵۡҲʾŽĳû䣬Ӧĳ µġ³˳Ӧ⡣
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ҲΪһ㣬ΨӺݰչ֮Ҳܻ֮ѵݰ˶ ǵĵµĻôҲӺһѡ
֮أڻַԺ´Ӻ˳ֳġƶȼáݣȥ߲֣ʹݼȱ֮ĽӴݰȻһ¡ϰôܻ᲻ϲǺأ
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Լ͹˹ڣʲôõӺݵģ
Ӻݻʲô¶絣ĵԼء
ǰЩӣʧѾãһϢûУ̲֪ǲڵ³ʲôΣˣһĴĲƱͬȳ˼ҵеƷȫ˳
ڻԺȴǶڵµľƸе£һʱЩ㲻Լֻ뿪Ҳûãôͱ仯ô졣
ڼΪĹıʿȻҪȥܼܵڷصڼ䷢һ飬ķǳ鲻Ը߼Űࡣ
ֻźЩ̫磬ȻĻҪٴڵص´ϸһأ˵ʱѾԳƵˡ
ҪǣԼڼ˵ȽҪһǡӺúƣϵȻҲܴƫյǲҪķѵ˼϶ҪСҪöࡣ
ֻƼȻѾչһôָӦǲܵˡ춼ѾˣֲŸոմŪһʴ󡰾ѡȻҪԷʱͻȻʲôľ仯
Ƚĵݱ̫ӽգô֮ǰ뾣ǱߵĽȻҲ͵ֹ
Ϊ̫ӵʵǲȥҶԷףԷΪΪгȥĵ
˵ƶࡱӸ㣬ôΪѵܲΪǣ򡰾ɹͷ֮𣿵ʱֱһñӸ޶ûطȥ
ԡжʳľ߶ˣô֮ȥ˭ȥأȻһİӺųǱ߿϶ǲеġ
ȥ˾ݺӺطԺ󣬺ĵطҲǺݰŶһżڼ˵ȥ˴յݣ£֮ĹϵƺҲͬİ·ˡ
ļֱһɽıջ֮Уɵĳ˼Ȼڳ˼Ҳվ˼⣬Ҳһ취ԺͻȻ֮ĿԱߵʿʱԺһֵ֣ĽһûƽıջӸұۡ
ļڼ̲סƤֱĵȻ˵ΪıߣΪ޷֮¶ڵģҪܸΪҲôһ淨ϣڽеߵ·Ժת׸һ·ֱֲҪıʿ
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ԭûͻ߲ôɱƽ֮УԥӦǱеȹϷ֣ƽԺйǼ֮µսֲŻ
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