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ʱ۾һƬڰҷֲʲôʱһǷˣںڰѾϰߣҽжһһĹΪҵĸ׽ǸһΪŮȻòİ㻶衣
ͲǵûҵĴڡʲôҲûиңһҲĸ֮ǰõġΪ˵ŮԿãʡȥպ鷳˵ȸһǾ֡˵һҡͷǸǵġ
ĸǸŮˣΪʼûлøר衣룬ӦǺҵģΪҵĳûаظģΪ˲ٳ裬ΪҲûòǸϹӡ
òûмֻǾѾͷ˽ôŮˣĽĽڴأʱһѾͷӿڵΪ˸ֺϹŮɣȻҵĸף
ʱֻġԭһжΪֺϹӦǲŮɣǣҹҶڱЦǸŮˣӦǺ޲ȥɣıԴңĽǰҲҡΣø¶ϵ³
ǵģҺǸԵŮˡߣͲӦ䡣
꣬ٲĸףԸѾͷǵ䳰ȷ꣬ѧ˶Լ˼룬Ϊҵ۾ϹҵĶر飬Ҳҵһɡʮ꣬Ѿͷﰵ䳰ȷżһһֻǲġһϹ۵ĳŮҲη壬ʱҵõġ
һĸ׽ҽеǰҵ¡µ¶ȡʲôʱˣΪ˸ϰʦĸ׶˵ȻҾнŲȡ
һѩӥ̹յģ࣬빫׼˵ͬĽŲһҲӦò
ӥתĸףЦһĸף֪ǸϹӣΪһӥʦŮ̵ӥһϬ𣿡
һһҪԲŸ𣿡ĸЩԹ˵
ƲƲ죬ģôҾûĹһΡ
ʵǺ⡪
סڣֻһҶδͬʦʲôʸ˵κΪǸŮ˵Ȼ֪ûзҵ˼Ѿûϰ߽ҵĺõȻ
ĸε˵һѾ˽͵ķˣù֮ϢƬ̣㿪ʼѩӥѧɣ
ٶԣҲԣŻԼķ䣬йŮңȴǲġ
ѩӥҵķŵʱǴյ硣ϣ΢˫ۣδ˿֪û˸ߡ
һѶϢһգڱ㿪ʼɣ⴫
 
 
ڲѧ˿һ˸ʵ¡ 
䣬һ죬һѹȸתǰҾȵطѱһǯס 
һˣ¼Уϰ䣬и 
͸ôҵķ䣿ΪǸŮˣһ˻ͬһι̡ 
ҹȥ̣ 
ܺãȥϧˡ˵űҪҳȥ 
ûҺθɡŻε֣ȴͽ͡ 
ƺʶԼ˵ˣѩӥһſڣԲ𣬹Ҵȥһط 
䣬ƮСӭ渧ķ磬ղŷľƽࡣѩӥĻУϢҿʼ˼ˣҹش˴ɳҿԷôã书ȻǳܼϢҸоȻᡣ 
ڣȴ˵ֻܡ 
죬֪Ҵ˿лҪ˵ȻʲôҲԳڱܵر۾紵ϣһ 
֪ΪΣоӿһɸжһؼΩҺ˵ĸоûˣû¾ֻҺתؼ䣬ƮڷУ쳤ؾáһ̣Ҿ㡣 
ˡѩӥߴҡҾԼĻʱ˵Ҳ֪Լά§ƣһ죬ǰһ󲽡 
СģŻδŵֱѩӥ˻ 
Ҷٴδ 
£ҵȻҲΪδ˴ 
ģҪһȥϸϸܸܡͷһһƺܿҵ˼̫ˣ̫ˣ 
ûжĻҽ˼ŵ˴˾ϡܴ󣬴ҵȹڣҲҵͷӦúܸߣɽˮΪ˽µˮҲŵ˿ﳱʪζѩӥվһƴ 
ɲǼ䣬ƱˣǷ磬Ǿ޶˵˸ж 
벻ĵط鹬ôֶܱ࣬һطǲס 
֮ߣһϲģοһļ˶٣ѩӥ˵䲻󣬾ɫȴףϲպҴαˮǧɽ 
ллһ仰ңȴЩ滹Ҫǵģң˱ܶԶ֮Ωܣڴˣҵһθоؼ仹ҵĴڡ׾٣ȴһӶǵġ 
벻Ҳ˵ллҵıԽԽӲѩӥ˵ҿЦġҵĸܣԭǱζ͸˵÷ӣġ 
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벻Ҳ롰ɰʴߣȻҾŮкܶ
ʱǳĬġҴûôǿҵҪԼΪ뿴˿̵ı顣ҲΪͻȻĬָоҵĻҡ
ƺ˺ܾãſڣֻ˵Ļˮһеĺ涼ˡ
˵кֻ߽ܶ࣬һ
ʱֳĬˡҼеҪߣΪҿı飬ȴܿõҵġ
ת뿪ûҡ
ٴαʱʱԺ֪ǣǣѩӥҪҽ֮ǰûǸ𣿡
ȥǸط
ǣͻȻûȤˡȻҾ;Կϡ
߽ҵ֣һβҵķԣҷϤĸо
ҵĽŽӴʱ뿪ĻǴ£ȻЩɸмطҺϲ
Ҿ֪ϲҵ
˵ҾͲᷴˡӭŷ磬ȻЦˡ
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һΪôĸʵܹ㡣
жʱӿһܣˬķ綼ƽϢǹŭ
Ҫҽ£룬ѩӥθɣȻҽϰ䣬ҵļֲʡ֪˵ⷬʱҾһͷ⬣֪ѩӥᱻҵĻʹȻƲԼֻҪǸŮйص£Ҿͱý˹ȡ֡
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Ǿһǰһվţ˭ҲûжǷ紵ǵ½ǣǵķ˿
ҵԵ˵һԲ𣬿ƫƫ߰ҵͲͷ
ѡ˳Ĭͬʱ룬Ҹô뿪
ʵǸ߽˺رֻǣҷôҲ߲ȥԺڿڣȴû뵽һ
˵ҲǱ˶ҪֻҪҿõ㹻ˡ
ĳЩң뿪ȴο
Щ޹ءĿڡ
ڱУΪݶԵø߰Ҿ̲ܿסҪϧӵ뻳Ϊûѣ˶ҿҡ
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ʱҹˣǻᱻĻˡҲֻ֪ڱԼΪԱãʵǸ˼ӡ
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꣬ûйһʦֻӥΪ¡ʦһڣҺúԶԶҲɵġһˡһ֪Һ֮
ʱŮ黳ӥֳϹϲأ
ҵĹƣ˭ƫֻ㡣
𣿡
ĸԸĹƣһӣ
ҲĹˡЦ
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ӥǰҴںԼǷ񿴵üںˣΪ뿴ӣȻεӡѩӥļͷҸ̻ģһܺÿɣ˵
 
 
һüҲҪҪֻҪܵĵ߾ͺˡ 
뿪𣿡 
˵仰ʱ򣬻ͷһôʹǣȴš 
˳ĸоãһӶţѩӥ˽Ҵӹȥﳹ׵ؾ˳ңҲԽԽ̰ϢһΣҷһ˽ҵķ 
û뵽õĻô׵ĶѩӥΪԼѩӥһȴĴԵ֣ 
һзվڴǰϲ֧Ϊѩӥ͸ҵΨһ˵֧ʮˣֱһ֡˵²ڣʱͿԴ֧ԣ֧͸ҡӹƬ̺ľҼһͷ͸ȼǵҵʱ˵㽫һ͸ңҲһ͸㡣˵֮һѱסңܽܽ 
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ҺߣǸŮòҹˣȴƫƫʱңŲǺ¡ 
ѩӥƽϢҵŭȰҹȥ֪ĿУʼǸˣĸףҲΪʲôҲƽЩһҵ̬ƺúƽ͡ 
һ߽ĸ޹ΪҲҪ˷ЩѾϰ˿Һܽѩӥ 
𣿡ֱӿڡ 
ѵҵŮҪ²ܼ𣿡ЩҲŵı 
ҲΪֻŮ 
㡪 
һֱ㲻ǶŮ𣿡 
һ΢΢̾ϢˣˡһתӲѩӥƺߵ̫ˡ 
ڻɸո̾ϢǷڹָֻӣֻҵĴԭĿģңȷģҿЦ 
ѵ𣿡 
ȻУҪֻʦġ 
˼Ҳ뿪𣿡 
һ뿪ġ 
ǺǡﵱȻֻǣҲ㲻ҵķִҪ͵ҵΪʲôѧܵʱҪ߶ߣô𣿲ҪˣŮҳһ̣ҵǾģҵĻѩӥʧͬʱҲΪĸһϯеҲʹľԽԽԶ 
ĸƺһ£Ժſڣֻ仰ĸӳסû뵽㵱ŮôίһʼͲ磬Գı磬Ҳҵı 
ǵģ 





£ĸ׵


ѩӥҵʱʲôҲû˵ֻǽסҵ֣ƾеҲѸоҪֵҵУҴʱ˿̵ʹࡣڣãˣô죿
СѾϰ߶ҴӲ¹ʲôȻʱǺµġģδйĻҡ
ǰѩӥˣһʰİ
ѩӥǳڵҸоĵƬƬһƮϣȻƮڵϡ
ţһ
˵ӥҺ¡
ȻǼ⴫ĸо֪ڹҵıӣҵıѾΪϰˣҲϰˡ
ǸɵѾͷûзΪʲôҪȥأ
ǡҺ»ķ뿪ң֪а취ġ
ڻߡ££߷ķ˿ֻҪǻһ𣬾ͲҪ˼룬ʱΨһܶǵǣ𣬶һ
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ͻȻͻȻˣҲ֮ˡ
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Ůҵķŵʱڸѩӥ͸ҵ֧ͬʱˡ
Ȼš
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졢첻ˡڵ㡪ŮǾֶġ
Сˡһ죬ʱˣһôأǰǻôϵѩӥԶΪβŲ̶վͲΣˣ
ΪصϢĻ˻ң˼ѷɱȥ
òĸ׵޹ҵĽŲЩҿһԵŮʱסңҷĸ׵Ĳǰ
һڻˣΪ㲻ĸ׵΢ٲյӲסҵ֣ȴûʲô¶ȡĴϢ֪ʹ࣬ԽԽԶ
ˡߣôԼˣ
˾ͺãá͸ʣԲ𣬶һ֪ңⱲΨһԵҲֻ㡣
ʲôʱˣ㻹˵ЩúúϢǿѹԼԵƽ
ֻǡڲϸ˵Բ𡱵ŮҵĸΪͻȻоƽҳģʵαװġΧŮǵҲ֪סĸ׻ǵʽ
ҹȥҳǺȻұOO@@޹ٴΰʱĸ׷ſڡ
˵һٲ˵Ҳûˡĸ˿Ȼ΢Ľûе˵֪ǺңΪѾܾûһĸˣʵֹ㣬ԼԼԼ˺ģԼŮҲĮԴ
Ȼ֪ΪʲôҪңѹ˫۵ĻȺĵȡ
ΪҲľԣԸֳϹ۵ˣƽӡ
ˡ統ͷȣˣ
 
 
˵ԭӵģѹ֣ѹֱ˶˵ҳһ㶼㣬ԭұӵġһ̣ҵǸӵģе֪Ҳª֮ľϲ֪һԭĸһְ֮ʹġ 
ҲŮˣӦöպ۾һŮжôҪȴҵˡҵʼ 
û˭ҸˣΪ³˶٣ƺڻ䡣꣬ΪҲŲұѡ빬伯ǧ谮һȴ٣ҿƣһڴ˰ҲԺҲĹǾһĸףֻϣԼŮⱲƽƽĶȹ㹻ˣ 
ҡҡͷҲ֪ǸúŮˣǸøмԭôһβΪ֪ĹԭҲһֱԼĿࡣ 
ǣôˣ㿴ҹ˵һֱΪҡ 
ĸ̾¼һĸ׻ԼĺأһжֻϣԼĺӺã¸УһУĸԸ 
һ̣ƺ˽ĸ׵ģҲĸ׵ıһŮ˵ı 
һĸ׽˽ŵҵ֣֪Ƿ̫࣬Ҳԭ£Իֲ˺ٺΪ׼¶ˮķɫɻָ۾Ҫһİ˵ν۾ɡҲܿ츴ģΪѩӥǸˣҲֵиˡĸ״˴ⷬ˵̫࣬Ƴе 
㲻ҪƽһΪʲôҪЩ 
ΪҪѩӥнɣм仰Ҫ˵ 
ҵ˵ͷ뿪˴ſȥҡ 
ѩӥҳĸײǰʱĸѾ˿ˡ֪ڱһѩӥ 
ѩӥܵͳ 
ˣԱߡ˵߰ѩӥֺҵַһһ̣ҾȻ뿪 
һĲµıǶһôĸ׵ĹҿԽˣȴһܿ࣬ҡһճʣ֪ĴһãҰи㣬ϣչ󡪡Ȼá󡯣ô߰һΪԼŮҲһ̣Ҳ޲ 
ĸ׵һҵİ͸ŨŨı˺ѩӥص֪ѩӥһˣһֱҵĸס 
̾Լδһᣡ֪ĸ״˿ɿֵģڲٱҲڿȥѰǷʧĹˣ 





£뿪乬


ҹڵϣΪĸ׵ͻȻٱǰЩҪʱԼЩҵ˼
ݵ
һԶԶЩȣĸʱǸ߸ϵ˾֪ˣһԹˡһĽ乬겻üôˣ
徻乬˿̸徻ˡҸо˶ˣҳ
ȻнŲĻҵֱӱĸ׵ǰһŮĹӭҲ֮
ͻȻְˣҲǸһؿĸײϸϸĸ׵
Ҳڻ
ƺ˺ܾãõҵ˫ϥѾľǸҲǵҵĸײſ˵ˣʬͻ֮ᡪ
ɣͻȻĸ׸еҲⲢĸҪģԣֹǸˡѩӥԱҵֹ֣ҵĳ嶯֪ڵҡ
Ų°ͻȻһֻֽסǿҽڹ۲ҡź治ɫޱ顣
ǺˣȻҲôصŴʱ˿ɱҵĶС
ǣȴվǰ˭һŮ˭ôЦ
ɱҾ֪شū澣ŮǶ
ֻѩӥҵıһشҽΧشŮҲŮһ
ߣԭʢǸŮ㣬ĸȷ֮𡣡ûеľȣֻһ顣
޻˵ѩӥ˽ҵ֣ڸ
һΪĸҪĺ⡣ҵƽƺԽԽʰԼˡ
Ŷ
ĸǵ֮ˣǰںԸľ乬Ҳֺ󹬣ѵΪԸЩ𣿡
˼ñݲ
һ˼ϣﱾͲʺϴĸ£ʹġ
㡪ӵС˵ǱҪأһԵˣӦ˵һԵľ
ȻʮͷҴųһֽв̵ζ
һûºʹӦ֪ĸҪʲô
 
 
һԥ֮뿪ˣֻһҵĳҲǶڲ²⣬ҵ˻жôҡ 
ȼǵߵʱʲôҲû£һ仰ֲ۷һֻǱĴֻáʱ䱾ٻݵģһ 
 
ѩӥĸ׵ĺ£԰¡һʢļڣһϮһϲĸо 
ĸ׵뿪ʼûи̫˸УҲѹУҸоĵߵʱġ˵Ϲ˸оر׼Ҹҵĸо 
ҸеĵǣҵķɫѾָ𪡣Ȼⶼѩӥҵġ 
۾ҷôˣΪһֱΪָֻǳ¡ҲѩӥΪᣬڹĺҸҲûҪҺܰ״,ҵ̬Ҳ֮֮,. 
ǶҶҸʱ,ڶԺҲʱǶι. 
Ҹмĸװѩӥһ˳ҵ,ʲôп,ʲôҸ.,ʱԼʹȥҲĸԸ. 
Һû뵽Ϊĸ׵ͻȻ뿪乬ĻᡣֻʱΪֻҪѩӥߣﶼνģʹڷĺ󹬡 
ºұǸϵĴҲҵĸԽӳҾסʮ԰ӣΪҵ޴˹﹬⡣۾ȱѲԶҹκġȻ,һ乬Ļѩӥ,Ҫʱʱҵ,ʹʺϴֻŮ˵ĺ,ʹΥ˸,ʹΧ˶۶.Ҳں,Ҫѩӥ. 
ҰٰǻֲʮҵĿǷģȴǱģʮûòʲôûУûиףʮ󣬵ӵò֮Ҳʲôӵˡˣĺܱ΢ܱ˶ҵĺãΪӦõġ 
û뵽ǣҵֵ̫ܽˡ˵ͻòڡѹ֣ѹָң. 
Ǹ˶ǰ̬ȣͻҸ̫翣Һ̤ܲʵΨһľץʱܣѩӥһ 





£


ʽҹݣԡһֿʼϿɣҲԽԽ֪
Ƶ˸鱦ŮֻѩӥҾסԷûͬ⣬ΪϾǺ󹬣ȫֻдһʸס
һʧ䣬ԸԼһֱ乬ѩӥ顣
ѩӥס˹һ빬źܽլϾʱңŪ١赶ظǲ룬С
ҽ乬еһƵԷһƬȻѩӥصȴʱڡ
ΨһһŮСˡ
뿪ѩӥĻѩӥҷ
øһ˾٣ǱĲʱ˹˰ɣŮ˵ЩҲЩ
Ѳ³ʮͷں֮û֮λЩǲףŮҲǲ򵥡
΢΢һЦһ֪˾˴̽ʧˣ¡ͷδתѱ䣺СȥΪ
ǣϹϾ
һղԷؾǺһɣȥԹǲá
ˣһѩӥһڱҪôһһں
Թ͸ҵЩͱˡ
Ϊһ֮ĸһʹĵҵҲ֪һвȱΪһ˵ĲԣеŮ˹ǰһλұһһƬ֦ڡ
ˣұһˣ֮˵΢΢̾˿Ȼңסҵ֣ǱˣҪһ
һ
ҲоҵĲҵֱҲĪҪ⣬ô˵ҲһҲί˹ġ˽ŵҵֻ֣Ҫúõİڱݣ㲻µĲȱһ仰ǴյҵĶ˵ģȴҵġŴ˷ڱ˿ϵܵŮ˵Щ强Ļѡ
ø󣬵һμͽҵĥþ⡣
ѩӥʼնû˵һ仰Ҳ֪Ƿ񿴶֮Ĳӿ
һллܳһǣǣŬʹԼЦŮˣҲ̫ϲ
ò衣С
һв㣬Ϊ˲裬¡
ǺǣÿȻ빫ǵһĵúͶҲóǸؼ֮ˣοŮ˵Цноɹ֮ϲãһ˿ײ䡣
 
 
ɱ΢ЦȻˣպпһҪҶһ죬һҲȥġ 
úá 
һ֮ŮˣУŮ̫ۡ 
ѩӥҵҵ˳нĻ 
ӥҾۡ̾ 
ʱߣ浣㡣ҵĶߣر۾ 
Ҹоõҵߣʱʱ̡̿ 
ǸǸ򵥵ҪС 
֮˭Ǽ򵥵أ 
һͻȻתҵӣһѱסңκ۾ǰһֱΪֻҪߣҾ۾ǡ 
ҽֻءôҲںֻҪ㡣۾˳ȻɣҲҵĸ˭ỨȥԸһϹ۵ŮأǿοĻҲǿοԼġ 
󹬣ôһǿĶ֣Ҳ֪ҸúȥδӣڹиԴ 
ţƽںǼʵġֻҲȥǱˣҲң졣 





£


ٵʱ԰һҲˣѩӥ䡣
˵ЩһƯһƬһƬģа׵ģз۵ġ
˵Ƭһֵģǵ԰
˵ϣÿһĻ㶼ҵߡ
˵ԣϣߣȥһƬһĵطһУһġ

֪һжôߣһֱġ
ﰵ˵ãһ꣬һԺһҪѩӥߡԺҵһѩӥȥ֮϶˵Ǿ仰䲻󣬾ɫȴףϲպҴαˮǧɽһۡ
ǣҸеǸѩӥ
ѩӥҴеʱ۾ܻƮϵĸоȻڵǾ仰ҵЦ˴ߡһҴ߹صĺˣҪ뿪¡
Ϊʲô㣿ôĽôҲֲ㰡
ΪҪȢ㣬ʲôҲǣֻ˹ҲʸȢҲ㡣
֪ҲںЩ
Ҳί㣬Ҳί㡣
֪ոǿǴ̣Ǳ䣬ôȥ
ѩӥһѱסңңһԺһƽµĻ㣬󹬣ԱҲ㡣
ѩӥĻĬš
ҵʱʹ֧ѩӥ뿪ʱ˵һ仰Ƭá
֮ܳһʱҶڴСȰҼΣ޹
ѩӥ뿪İº߳ԷСںɢġҲ˶ңΪСһ˾ľԳǺľҴӦɢġ
΢ǰ棬ҪҪһܣһ԰ССҵĶ˵
̾˿ԩ·խһҴֲ
ܵһʱܲһο󹬣Ҳġҹȥ밲
ǣ
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ǰƼ΢΢ͷһδ˵꣬ȹڴһǰȥ
ϥǴһʹͷҲ΢΢ΡվȴСԱߣҡ
һãǵһμ棬Ҳд˴񰡣ǺǡͷŮӽĵҲ֪΢
 
 
һû뵽Ҳ԰ɢһ˫ḧҵģȻҷžʹӲվ 
ֻǹ۾в㣬Ժ󻹵öСİȻԼͲˡ 
һлնһСλˣ¡ 
ˣ⻨԰ҴҵģأǸŮӵ 
ѵǣһסˡ 
ðѾ£ȴѵÿ԰й䣬á 
һֱԷɣһʱ򡣡 
⻰ǲֻµʱ롮ĳˡд輼տɾͲˡø˵Ĺо͸޷ǾѩӥҲںԵ޶ԣһЦ֮ 
ڣŮ˵ٶȴŶˣҲ㶼ˣǹһˣѹ档ֻǿҪ£ҪպǹȤֱ𽹬ұɡ 
һлˡ 
ҽ֮αл 
Щ͢Ů֮αĿףҸо˳ࡣСһԷʱʧİȫֻˣǲСԼ޹ͳµʼѩӥ 
˵ʱʹ֧Ҿһֱͣش 
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֮ǡѩӥڣԷ̽ҵԽԽࡣ
ǰһλ
һãڼҹͣɶЩδѡΪô磬ѹȫҲΪҲ֪Ů˽ʲô֣Ϊÿһʾõ˺ܶ࣬ǿҳ谮мӰɣȻҵˣͼҵҲ١Щˣһʼǧ谮ңʮ꣬Ҳۺ죬˽İЩΪС
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лл㣬Ҳɣ
Ǻǣ˵һţŽĳֻ˶ȵġ
Ϊһ˿ʵȹװͷæ˺һ֣ͣ룬ת˸Ȧ
󹦸ˣһãһǽĽġЦ
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ǵģ˵ҵȷΪ˽Ľ㡣
ҳǰʱһЦȴΪ̾ġΧ˵ı飬ǵЦҴô˵ộô¶ǵЦ޵ݡ
Ҽߣһ̣ҺԼ䡣ңȻ̹ȻȥǧأҵĳȴԶ֮⡣
һ˭̺㻻װ϶ǿѹµķŭҲвײѿ
ҶΪңԭҵװ̫졣
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˭ֻԼ̫ɵ̫档֮бûʲôˡ
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д£ѾԵĸңҡˣɲãϾҳˣҲˡ
ҡ
 
 
ɷҽҵǺģҴǸŮˣ˵Ļᡣ 
һȥϢɣʼû˵ֻ֪뾡뿪е 
ҽŲ΢̧֪˵档ҲһΣֻᱻ乬ǸĿҲҵ˱ŪҲϲ 
裬ΪһɣתɲǣٶȴȴǶҡ 
ЦˡҲ֪˵ĳٶȿʼת 
ǣڵȸԾΪͿԻ 
һ֪նԣһ븸һĻΪ 
俴ı飬ͶϺ޲ɱҵĿҸеǣһ̣ҵȴõġ 
ҵ˫ָʱ֪˿еġһҵָĻĽŲҼӿ࣬貽Ҳ֮졣󣬸ȻֹӦء 
ҵͣ 
Ȼŭ㬶顣 
Ǵ֮һ£ǾǣûĶõˣڶõͬʱҲ㡣ң֮֮ 
ҪȥмǸΪһεϧڡΪһϵѣЦ뿪ˡ 





ڰ£


Ҳϣʶ˼ơǸѡ˵õģȴڵġ
Ǹ󵨵ˣϣһعǵͬˡ
ƣ࣬òԲٻ£ƫƫѡң
ЦһѵԼû𣿡
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벻һһӴ˿˵Եòˡ
ǹͲס
Ǹܽ˵úˣѩӥǸʱʱ̿˸оĵˡҲϣŮ˶޷ܣĻûҸоǸˡ
̧ͷգһƬڣҡҡͷ콫ͷ
˿ɷ֪һҹ¹⣿
һĬ
Ҳ̧ͷҹա
Բֻ¹ܱʵģԵò̫ʵģҹҲԵ̫Ʈ죬ʵ
ҰЦʶͲʵ
ҲǸ졣֪ѩӥǱ߻᲻ͬ꣬ʱ˿̻᲻Ҳҹ¶¹˼ң
ҵһʶļƣô߻᲻ҲһˣҪǣǷ˳Ƿ񰲺ã

ƵҶѩӥ˼ҲҶٸѿһʶİǰʧ񣬶˵Ǻܻġ
һô˼Цˡ
˼ĳˣ
ҽͷתһߣԻر⡣ʱǱ˴˵ĳĬʧһֱСһԷ
ѩӥ뿪һ£¶ĸоȻûϰߣԽԽǿҡ
ҪʵԼѹǷ˼ԣȥ˸鷿
 
 
ҵĵ⣬ڱҵ֮󣬸Ծȡͬ鷿ĻеʦһԤ¡ԤδΪˡóΪֻǵһãûйҶ 
Էҡ̹˵ҵڳ󣬵ǸмġҵĽգ 
ʱҵ̬ȣǶҵŤתƵе⣬ҲҹĿ࿴ԣһŮӵзǳòͬʱҪӵһŴͷԡ 
һߣʦԸ߹غ˵£ѩӥǱߣҲ 
û뵽ӱ˿ѩӥ֣ҲһƬӿһΨһϣܽѩӥ 
һ㲻СˣǱѩӥĻᣬӦøм̾˿ٶȴüƻǸѩӥҪõö࡭ 
ҴϸĻӿڵ˽һģҲ֪һӣֺαض˵أ 
Ȼֺαǿأʦϵ 
ѵʦΪƻȲһ𣿡 
¶۶ѩӥԹδⲻ޼βѩӥ֮ʱ۶أ俴ˣȻмҵһҲϲΪҺѩӥ˵ˣֻΪһ㣬ұмϾ޳ѩӥһ˲ܹ࣬Ϊǿ˵˸֮١ 
ἰ鷿ֱ߹غ˵£ΪҵҰģֻǵҪڵһʱ֪ѩӥϢԥһͬˡ 
뿪鷿ʱӭļơʺãһһЦ 
ΪʶһʵΣû뵽ⶼġ 





ھ£(һ)


֪ͨȥμӹоеһһȵĹʱ԰ĿСվԱߣһûһµ߿ȡ
ת콫ҹ԰һҲòˡ
ѩӥߵʱһʢļڣ񣬲£ȫǡ
СңԽԽˡ
ǳЦôΪ
С빬֪һһȵĹǺش£ʸμӹ޲λȨ֮ˣʹǺҲֻʹϲļλӺ͹ܲμӡСڵԺҲΪŮ
ĻмȻˣյװ絹ˡ
ǰЩӴõĽѵţʵСС׼˼ǳɫȹ﹩ѡ
俴ȹʽеĴлõġһΪҵĸо׼ȻϹ
СտʼҺܲģڿ֮󣬰׼һҪ˵Ļʻ˶ױ̨ǰŵĿʼΪױȴһҲûš
С޵óŮ˼ҵĽ
̾ϧǸϹӣԼ֪ԼǺһˣһӣʼͲ֪ԼʲôӣǲǺܿҲһ˫ͷϲױһܷģҲ֪ҵıԣҲһЩķʽҲˡ
Ųᣬ֬٣ӣңü֪ɷŮӣ
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ˣɣҪȥμӹ磬Ҫ޿䡣
ǡ
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£ˬʵӪĶһһ޶ĹҲĹ֮´к
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һղҲԽˡҵԱС˵
 
 
ˣһǶһҵͷ 
ֻǽ֮һ֮һһŮӵ˽ҿ̹ġ 
ԭҲڣһ֪ʧˡ 
ѵҾͲѵΪ⹬ֻʸãҵȼ˱ˡϬ죬ЩмܲסҵͬʱҲΪҶ֣ϾŮӸϲǿʤȻҲƲһСŮ֮ϣοһ乬ϹŮӡ˵ҪһطҪȱ˹úãŲһ׵¡ 
һ˼ˣ⹬һһȵĴ£Ȼٲ˼λＰˣֻǶһҲǵһкܶز˶Сŵ˼λλ㣬𷣶һ 
ˣμӹãÿ궼õı´󡣡 
һȻûнǰ㱾£һΣһѸ֪㡣 
˵Щʲôȴˣ֪ãǽҲҪٿףҰ͸ɣ 
ȻǺãֻÿɾû۸ˣֻܽͱˣҲҪ˴ҲףҪ֪ܶɶûı 
ȻϰߣҲѽܣ䲻رﲻ⻹ǡ⡱һ¡Ҳףôôᡣ 
һڴлˣһ䲻ȴ֣һҲãҪ۾⣬Ҫģԣڸŵⳡʢһᡣ 
á 





ʮ£磨


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˼֪ϯŮǵĶЩúÿЩյϳ龰չ⾰ƹáֻǲ֪ŴʱϯµŮǣ̬Σֻθ룿
ҳԼ붫ʵϣκһطԼ磬ΪһĶҿҵԶֻкɫ
һͻأĿҵĳ˼Ҷٸ޴롣Ŀ̫ȣҲ̫**ô޹Ҳεҿ˹·ҿ͸һ㣬Ŀ⣬ĿˣؿңңȴҺûаȫУ̺
Ѿ֪ҸоĿ⣬ȫȻû֪ĸ֮ˣҲʸμӹ硣
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˲˵ҹɫܺ𣿶һ䲻ܿȴҲ
ƺϲɫҺ͹£ÿһ¶ԶܿɹġҲڣµӡ¹⣬ʣ䡣
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΢Թ˵Ļ׵ĳĶϾǸŮˣһȱݵŮˡ 
Цպһδ˵ĻҩʱҲˣû£ûϯˡ 
˵Щʲôû˵ڣֻ˵˾䡰պл͹𣿡 
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ȵȣǸϯһֱҵǸˡ 
뵽ǸҸеĪĻŵ˱ҴʱվԱߣһᱡ̵ĿǸ˵ҵȻҲòĶȥǺˣڴкĿģ 
ܲϲѽŵһμ¾ôϲԺǾôţ 
㾿Ǻˣ 
ĪǸҺɫҾôأҿɲǸƲŶƤ˵š 
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벻֮ˡ֮Աǡ
̾ѽƽʱɲֻǼ˹΢Ƥһġ
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һ²ȿգ͵ǰȥƱգҵķ粻ӿҵĺúۣǲƬʱ䣬Ҹоޱȵĳ׹ǰһ̣ӿǿɬǿЦ
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屻°ƮСָ֪оѩӥҷɵϺüΣʱָоöƮģҵǡ
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ĪұϷˣͷ΢ͣҶһһ˵ǺˣҵֽС롢ިЩʣ΢졣
ŵأ˿ü̫ΣգҵʱΨһ뷨
˼תһȻôߡ
 
 
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͵ת俴ŭʾҶԹި 
ƴ£ôˣºܸˣܹΪԭµģ¶ˡǸᱡ֮ˣǸ컬ˡ 
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ԭԹºǸѩӥ뿪˹ѽ 
Ǹѩӥкֱ£ֵùں 
лһҪʶʶ 
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շ֣ĳ谮ԡƵʾáިϷˣ 
£۾һ֧ձߡ 





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˯ŨʱСңЩõķ˸ѾͷҲ£ԽԽˡ
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ܿʧˡ̾˿ȻᣬǱˣ˵ʵܿһۼһ֪֮ͻȻҲһЩܿǰ֪¡ҲһһβĵĹѡ˳ĬСΪĲ豭˲衣 
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˵֮󣬴治ټȴʼȫľɫŮӣҲǴУұͽ˹֮󣬶ң䱦Ը񱾾λ㰧뿪벻һŭ֮½ͽӣҲǺҵ⡣ֻһֱΪָ˵벻һŷ뿪ίˣã뿪ƫҪ֮СҵʱǸ˭ڹŮĿҲ֪һЩ£ֻǡʱգҲ֪ԭ빬Ϊպ͵ƣǸ᲻¶˼ѡҳ֮ 
ͻȻޱȵĿǰŮˣĸ׵ĲȫŮˣĸǲҵģŮǱġ 





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ѾΪѹ㡣ܿҲŴΪ谮綼ȥҲǰʢ˵Ź㡣סҵ֣أһҪСġ
ģһ۾в㣬Ҳ֮ˡ
ȴͻȻ̾ҽùЩˣǾɫȴδлöһҲµˣҲǡǾɫˡ
ҺǺЦܿ˵һҲ֪ܿղˡ
һ졣ֳĬ˰βſڵֻǡ
֪Ϊ۾¶̾Ϣӿһжһˣνʧ޵ãҲԹ
һر˻ܿܽʶҡ
ܽʶܿһҲο
ܿһһţȻףȴġ䣬ѵʱʱ䣬СµĶ౸һ˫ꡣ
ɷϣܿģһ磬˸оģʹⷱĺ󹬣ҲȻ飬ֻһ㣬ҺһŮӣ˭أңҲġ
ùźҴܿȥƬѩӥֵ֣һС˵ֻʣһƬһƬҶӣҲһܺÿ
Ӵѽ벻װĶһþȻܿĵһȥˡУĲ˽üø֪ôҵԷǲСѾͷ뿪ڸǰ̺
ҵ˭˲֪˶һĵطôҲ֪һһԭ㡣
⻰Ǻ⣿һﲻƣŭ
һ⣬ֻϣ´һʱǰ֪һһҲǰӭ㣬ҪԼѰһ̫ʧˣȥˣһ֪ܿǸ֮ˣԽҲٸܿдˡ
 
 
㡪ƿԣҪ־òףƬ̣ʢˡܿ֪ڴˣʲʧ￴Цˡ 
ضҼǶ̽һģһЩҳɣЩؾʡ˰ɣܿƢ˵ 
ǡ̶ˮҲܿΪ衣 
յÿձһãδ뵽ܿҲڴˣһӼ֪Ϊ˴ 
һ£ȴڼǰӻ˸һΪӣ̽ʧ񣬺οôЩӣϡ 
һһ£ǲġ 
һ㣬úܣպͶһģҲ̸ͦġ 
пտҪԷһѽ˵סҵ֣һȻҲҪȥܿﰡѵԵ 
ȻЦӦ 
ĵɴǰãŮͬ£˵Щ޹ؽҪĻڱտڻ㵽мӡαȴҲҪαһ·ȥȻۣȴÿһŮ˶ģƺѾϰߡ 
Ȼ̱ԣǰȴҲܹ˵꣬˭˵أ 
ҶԣЩ޹ؽҪ˵ֻںںģĵġһѩӥ飬ӣڹнһ֪ܿҲӣ 





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ѽԭǶһһڴ˴˿İިͻأĴұ̾ôõôˣǿϧˡ
뽫С֪й棬Ϊƽظ񣬲һѾͷʹ֪أǵùԹԵظ
ިδСֻԱ²˵Ҫȥ鷿ҲҪȥǵͬˡ
ҲδǰСˣ֪һǾǶ˵棬粻˵
ϵ𣿡ҵĽŲֻĻδԵùںҸоСֲĶһ£֪Һʱô󽫾йȴ֪ҲѾ뵽˯
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΢ǰ档
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ҪĶȥѽЦǺǵʵԭ뽫ձãܼæ֮еĽˡһԵ΢δ˵۱ֻýһ㣬ȴδڣͷ֮Ͻͬĸֱܸ谮⹬ҲΪĹ
˵ЦˣިֺУаæһ˵ިһĻش𣬲˵Ҳʵ֪һ֪֮ͦġ
һȥ鷿֪ҪȥĶأ
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ҲҪȥ鷿Ҳڴ̺λˡ
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һȴΪǷ˿뵽ѩӥ˵Ļ벻ҵĶҼӿȥ鷿ĽŲ
 
 
ǲҪδڵ΢˵ֻһ˵ĻǱ˵Ĳ 
ô뿴𣿡 
˹ɫ뿴š 
һЦΪνȴҪȥ 
Ҫȥ鷿 
ҿ뽫ȥǶһһɣ΢ 
һ۾㣬һҲδɡ 
ǲףһϹҲô˴ѣֻǽҪˣǸѩӥҪˡ 
 
ǵĶԻϡֻ΢һҵĶѩӥҪˣ 
ҪˣΪǶ֪Ҳ֪ΪҪңҪֻҪһжν鷿ɱȥ˵ĻԶԶ 





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ҵĵԵһҲ⣬ֻ˽ҷһߵ¡ʦҲڣ֮ûިҲˡ
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һ˿Ҵĵ׻ι֪ǲܵģ
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һִ̫ˡ
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סԥһ󣬡ҲʧΪһð취Ҳ汾ݹĶ
ûȤֹ̽Ҵ£ҹעһֻѩӥһȥѩӥ
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һһ𣬺ðԵˣĮľŮҸо˲á
һ֮ǲһȥݹһҲΥãֻǡһѾһ죬һҲֻлˣ
㡭ŵΣյζҲʶԲϷ
Ҫŭ¿Ҫľި˵ЩΪ˵ںһһĴмġڽѩӥһҪȥģҪӥعõһҡ
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еĲɢԽԽ󣬡һ㿴ϼƵҲˣ뽫ῡʣƥҲʡ
ôҪѶһ޳ȥ𣿡
 
 
ǲ뿴ѩӥپ塣 
ŵѩӥ˴εʤȫ벻Ϊһ֮ĴҲ᲻ܳŵ 
㾹ô뱾˵ǱҲø˵ô˵ղҲˣΪѩӥһ޴ʴȡ 
Ȼ˵һҲ޻˵ 
˳鷿˲Լʱ򣬻ʲôνĵһĨ顣ΪĨ飬ҸԸһУԣ¶˾ĳѩӥ 
ľҪ𣿡Сĵѯʵ 
ǣôãεᰲڹеأ 
ǴǱߡ 
˳ȻɣҲֻ˳Ȼ 
С㹫һɣ 
ˣֻԼһȥѩӥԷɡ 
СĹһ˳۾ֲ㣬ʲô£С𡣡 
İɣչ˺Լǰ㲻ߵʱҲҲúõ𣿡벻ѾͷҲ£Ҳиˡ 
ھͿҪӥˣǴδй̹ҲܽᷢʲôٵʲôֻҪڣҲں 





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ʰԼƽʱôںױݵҽشһ£Ϊӥˡ
СһЦѩӥ˵ǽŵýأһһȵĹ綼мһˣȴѩӥġưѹãС̺°ɣ
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δ˵꣬СڵͷİɣСôãȻ֪ϲãѩӥʧɫġ
ǺǣѾͷҡ
Цﶼʳˡ
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СִҪҳûзԣϾһ˳Ҳȷʵв㡣
ſڣСģģֻ˸ͨȥˣȴûиұͻ书һκβҵġ
ڵǴδй㡣˶ãͿѩӥˣûи֪һ֪콵һôǼЩȲˡ
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ҪĶ۾㣬ԼȥȡɡҵĹƽԥһ󣬹ûãһ˵ûôµ˶ǶҪҪҲҪҪЦС
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ɲͬķΧ˹Ҳȴ΢
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ԽԽֻţⲻҵˣ챾Ǻӵġ
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ͷУֱ˻ߣֱʹȥԸҲҪ 
Уһұ˹رסң·ϣΪҲȥϵۡѩӥ𣿵Ըѩӥһ̣ټ 
һѣڻңﾹȻʺѹֵķŭ 
ָôȥԣһҪ֪˭ŵһС 
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һˣ˽סңȴֵŪңȻިϲǣ 
ٴλȴһƬľȻ 
ʲôû˵ȥҵˮѹֺܾ֮ſڣԲˣѽǧС 
ĬԺ˵²Ҫѩӥ𣿡һڣž˻ơ 
㻹ֻΪ룿 
㡪 
áҴӦ㣬Ҷˮʯ֮費ܡ 
ʲôҲû˵ֻţٴ˿̣ܸů 





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ظĵһ±һͰˮؽҷ£˳ȥˣֻһˣϾЩҵġ
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ˮݵͷˮе룬Χҡ
䡱һˮͰһɾ޴ơˮɽУһӸҵӣ漴һıţҾЩˮһʧ
ΪʲôΪʲôҪѡַʽިĺҵͷ΢΢Ρ
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ַ£Ƕ棬֪˵ЩʲôҵިӦò˵ 
ʶĳ棬һ֡ 
ףѣ 





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һôˣѩӥסҲӣ˵Ŀ𣿡 
Ϊúõģе£ҹҡ˵תˣܸоĨЦ֮йأҶʹ˰ݡ 
˵ʲôΪʲôɫͻȻô 
ӥܶ㣬һԭҵ 
ôԸΪިһͬ𣿡ԭǽ⣡ 
ҽͷŤһߣȻЩʱ˺ѣԼѡ 
ҵͷŤҪֱ飬ҸоҺԶ 
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⹬гԼ˭ǵˣһϹ۵Ķһ˶㡪Ҫ־͹Լ˸ĵӣƫߣͬҲĸգǺǣҲûõȥ㣬һҲһ 
һϮȻ£ĿĴˡ 
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ûκηӦ˵ҵĻһῼǰ㱣ܣѩӥǸʥĶһǺǡ 
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ž 
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Ķڿյصʹ˦һ⣬ķӦܿ죬ҵַ£Ѿ˦⣬ȴоʹΪĸʹ 





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ӮˣĻҳ𽹬ЦСĺ
ʹµ·Ҫطҵʡʹܣʹ֮е̨ͤˮ鿡

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һЦƿңԭǸϹӣѹ·۾
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󴦱ͻסٵһȥдһĹ㣬벻ھȻŵ𻨵ζĲƽҲٸеֻţֱץסܵûж⡣ӻδͣȣѾֻսû°ɣղ浣㣡
ԭǼƣЩССʧǺúõġ
ոǸ˾ݹĴī飬ġ
޹ء˦ϵ֣Ťͷ뿪֪Ϊʲôûκһˣ缰Ҳ͸ǰȻңҲֻ˽ңȻҡ𡯡
ѩӥˣҲԸ𣿡ƵЩȻЩĪġ
һҲǽǳӦ֪һˡ
һϣҼƣҵĶ࣬Լƿⲻҡ
Զѩӥչ¶գԶިΪʲôޱ飿ѵһ𣿡
һδˣ෴һֱѴ˵֪Ļůҵĺ󱳣д˿˿㣬ģ¶ȡ
ǰѩӥҲסңȻһֱתתҲͷΣǴ˿̣ȴһѣθС
Ҳȥ׷ĸоԴںδֻ֪ʱ˿Ҫů
ô뿪ңΪѩӥͻأƫƫ¾ôɺϡ
Ҳٴδȴģô̰Ļ𣿡
 
 
ѩӥݵҪڸ˭˵ƽƲѩӥٶ࿴һۡ 
˲ѣһǰһλĹ⽭˸˳ǵġһ仰ѽġ 
ѩӥѩӥ֪仰жҡԹңҶں̸һ仰ȴұƵ˾ 
֪ˡԴǺãһֻң뿪 
˵֮жԹõȷǴڣãáᣬȴҵϡ 
۾Щۣ֣ѾˣƫƫҪио 
ءؽƵÿѭĨϤȥȫµҪôҲں㡭δ˵ֻ꣬з˿ 
ǰ·ããָúȥδӣ 
СʱĴҵ˹һ𽹬ͲӰɰСˡ 
ҲδֻǰС 
û°ɣС˫ִңҡ 
Էɣ 





£


ٵʱ԰һҲˣѩӥ䡣
˵ЩһƯһƬһƬģа׵ģз۵ġ
˵Ƭһֵģǵ԰
˵ϣÿһĻ㶼ҵߡ
˵ԣϣߣȥһƬһĵطһУһġ

֪һжôߣһֱġ
ﰵ˵ãһ꣬һԺһҪѩӥߡԺҵһѩӥȥ֮϶˵Ǿ仰䲻󣬾ɫȴףϲպҴαˮǧɽһۡ
ǣҸеǸѩӥ
ѩӥҴеʱ۾ܻƮϵĸоȻڵǾ仰ҵЦ˴ߡһҴ߹صĺˣҪ뿪¡
Ϊʲô㣿ôĽôҲֲ㰡
ΪҪȢ㣬ʲôҲǣֻ˹ҲʸȢҲ㡣
֪ҲںЩ
Ҳί㣬Ҳί㡣
֪ոǿǴ̣Ǳ䣬ôȥ
ѩӥһѱסңңһԺһƽµĻ㣬󹬣ԱҲ㡣
ѩӥĻĬš
ҵʱʹ֧ѩӥ뿪ʱ˵һ仰Ƭá
֮ܳһʱҶڴСȰҼΣ޹
ѩӥ뿪İº߳ԷСںɢġҲ˶ңΪСһ˾ľԳǺľҴӦɢġ
΢ǰ棬ҪҪһܣһ԰ССҵĶ˵
̾˿ԩ·խһҴֲ
ܵһʱܲһο󹬣Ҳġҹȥ밲
ǣ
ظоӭŮ˽ĿҵϣȴηӦ
ǰƼ΢΢ͷһδ˵꣬ȹڴһǰȥ
ϥǴһʹͷҲ΢΢ΡվȴСԱߣҡ
һãǵһμ棬Ҳд˴񰡣ǺǡͷŮӽĵҲ֪΢
 
 
һû뵽Ҳ԰ɢһ˫ḧҵģȻҷžʹӲվ 
ֻǹ۾в㣬Ժ󻹵öСİȻԼͲˡ 
һлնһСλˣ¡ 
ˣ⻨԰ҴҵģأǸŮӵ 
ѵǣһסˡ 
ðѾ£ȴѵÿ԰й䣬á 
һֱԷɣһʱ򡣡 
⻰ǲֻµʱ롮ĳˡд輼տɾͲˡø˵Ĺо͸޷ǾѩӥҲںԵ޶ԣһЦ֮ 
ڣŮ˵ٶȴŶˣҲ㶼ˣǹһˣѹ档ֻǿҪ£ҪպǹȤֱ𽹬ұɡ 
һлˡ 
ҽ֮αл 
Щ͢Ů֮αĿףҸо˳ࡣСһԷʱʧİȫֻˣǲСԼ޹ͳµʼѩӥ 
˵ʱʹ֧Ҿһֱͣش 
ֻչ 





ڶʮһ£Ȱ


żղࡣܿҵ֣ۣѩӥǻΪζһһѻӣ
ܿҡߣ˵ڣЩ»ҪԼܡ
ôˣһʲô¿Ҫ˵ܿûʲô£ҲΪǡ
ܿӾһʲôҲûˡ
һ̾ڿһֽСӣ˭Ҳûٿ˵
δ𡢵δ𡪡ҹβͣػ䣬ڴ˿ȴԵöϣ⼸ΨһƽѹܿƽͣסôžĵطҲǱҲ벻ĸ
ǣһ䡰ݵȴɨǵ˺徲ܿңЩΣһžԶ빬֮ȴΪڴ˳ֶҲˡ
ܿ˽ҵ֣ڿοҡһ΢Цǹӭ
ӭ
ɣŶһܿӣûˣҲ̲סòֱͻȻòʱ˰ɣ
֣ܿܿܳӵĴʱΪ㳨ģκʱܿʤӭ
ѵ˼ЩˣԸˣ˵ɣվ۵ûš
л
ܿȡˮݲ裬ܵϸ΢˭Ҳë
ܺȵݵĲ裬˻ˡ
˵ЦˣպܿĲ裬ֻܿڱǡ
ġ豭һַ£ղһ˺ܶѽ
ģһкá
ѩӥˣŶҪʱأϾôãȴ뵽ܿ˹ѣһ춼ֻԼմˡ
ܿ˵ʱǶʤӭ
ǱҪˣֻǱʵڲ⣬ΪιƲѩӥһ˵˴Ҫ֪֮ǰѩӥεýš
Ҳ˵ˣ֮ǰѩӥ;һҲúϢ
 
 
ȻǱҲ㽻ãȻ빫á 
һסɢȲ裬 
Ļñůģ΢̾һֽŵ֮УֻҪܳ裬䶼ǺĻůĵģһҲѡһ仰޾ıһ̾ҿǰޱȷŮˡֻǿ 
һĨЦ֮УĸŮ˲أҶһҲҲ˭أ 
ܿӿڣҪοȴվ²Ҳ֪οڰɣͬŮˣⱯȻǶġ 
ˣЩˣҲϰˡ֮ǰİԹƬ̹ǰŮָֻ˴ݵסҲЩʱˣʶĲʶҲʶˣҲСˣ֪ѡҲ¡ 
ԭĿģݲݼңҲʡ˶֮档 
һֱ֪һϵѩӥοһ֮и㣬һȽˣ 
һ谮мӣԴҲһΨǴӡĻдţҲʣֻǶһ㡪ܿࡣ 
ܿһȻϵѩӥֺ֮ܿ˵ 
֪ѩӥǽˣǶϲὫһѩӥģⲻʧ棬Ҳʧ˴棬Ҳ֪Ǻںˡ 
ҶһĿľΪ˰︸Ȱ˵һˣȴǼ޸ѩӥ 
ϲʹ˵ʡĲ٣Ǵ⡣ 





ڶʮ£ͻ


Ҳûٶ˵ʲôֻ˾䡰ùеĲˮϲʱ䱾᳣ġ뿪ˡ
ܿһڲ裬ڣӦǾ䡰߲
ܿ𣬡ֻΪһԵʣܿҲðˣһεúܣȻԷˡ
˵ʲôܿѵ±֮𣿡ҵ֣ܿŵܿԸͬʶᵣպ鷳οܿҲǸ鷳֮ˡ
ҷס֣ܿһ֮нʶܿǌһĸ
뿪ܿûжϾ֪Ҷ֮ˣһ䡰úչԼġ
ֻǣϳѲ⣬ҲѲ⣬˿̣뿪ӵʱǷھѾϸꡣ
ȱһ꣬СԷȡɡ
ˣֱӻԷ
ʹãǧ֮ɲá˵߰ưؽ͵һͤԴƬ̣Сȥȡɡܿ졣˵꣬ѷɱȥ
һʯǧ֮ǣⲻ֪⻰˷̡
磬˷˿꣬ʪ˷ҡ
գգ΢ʪĽëʶѩӥʱѩӥȥǸ£ģЩᡣ
һO@ĸҲǽġ
Ǻˣڴ˸ʲôÿ˿һūҲҷˣ֮мʶǹأ
øūţ˱֪Ҫʰ𣿡ļƽϣȴ̲ǹŭ֮ǰң裬ȴ˵ѣ亦ĻԼ
㡪˶ʱƿڡ
ҵ˭ǸϹ۵ļٹҲӣһ̵ϮʱҴȵסԭݹĴī
վ俴ȴֱֱݹĴҲļӣңǼٵģҲôǸֲѵ
򦱻ͻȻסԽԽҪ飬һɾʹüͷǹһĨЦݹô׾ͱһϹŮӼŭʧ緶
һϹƵŮˡ
һһɴĻھҪ˶һһҲֻ
 
 
ſһ崫ľʹʧƬ̣ڼ⣬סʧ㡣ިި̫嶯ˣ֪ǰ˶жӰȴΪλҪ潻棿ֻΪңֵã 
ԭ󽫾Ĵ󽫾սȴ뵽Ҳһ档 
ި 
ֻǽļ淽ʽñ£˶٣ֽŵֻǱ벻ͨһϹ۵ļٹֵýðô 
ި䣬ŭȴסûŭٹ 
ި˵꣬ڵˣֵֵýðգҲֲۡ 
ֻһġȻ󽫾Ĺһ֮京ɳӰ̡ 
סިߣ˶˵档 
ިˡ 
λߣ· 
꣬£ġȴǸɵģż·һǲա 
лл㣬ިô컬ȴʱһѣѩӥ 





ڶʮ£


˺ܶࡣިҶǰʪ
ղлл㣡
Ǽ顪
ˣɣڿɲһԷ
ѩӥڵ𣿡
Էһȥأǰδ⣬˿̲Ȼԭ֮󣬳ԷҾ֪úȥδӡҲ뿪ѩӥαˮǧɽﶼǵԴһƬãȻ
뿪ҿԴ뿪һ仰ƳŵȴҲһ˿
һ֪Ǹ鷳֮ˣ鷳ˡ
Ǵ֮ˣ÷ֵ˵ĻľľǼ١ʶѩӥʱƬ˵Ǿ仰䲻󣬾ɫȴףϲպҴαˮǧɽֻһ䣬ʱľůˣ޷˵ΪţڣӦңң˰ɣ𣿻Ȼκŵʱʵģֻǣûȥȵŵʵֵһ졣
һΧһʤмλȨأʵΪһʹǰ̡
ҡ
뽫һˣͽͶһһ̡֪Ҫ˵ʲôȴЩףҲá
ߵһʱСɡˣި·ݻǳЦһ£ת뿪ˡ
˼ͣ£֪վﲻ뿪ЩΡתٴǰеɡݸ뱣壬ܶ
СæеɡƵͷϣܵꡣ
˵Щʲôȴ²ֻ֣΢΢ͷȻ뿪
ߡި˸С
Сȥȡɡʱ򿴼ѩӥƬ֣ڵȹС˵
̾˿ɣ
ˡСֱԣѩӥ֮便ôˣ֮ǰһֱѩӥ˻Ϊˣȴ
ҲСֱǰߣԾҲ˵ʲôֻһֱңɡҲһֱҵͷϡ
һǰ洫బŲ֪Ϊȴˡ
СңȴҸӱ򵥵鶼Ҫˣһʲô
ǲСѭĨȥ
 
 
ŲҶϸ֨֨죬ҲȻֹˡ㻹Ըҡ 
ӡò㴵ˡǰʶʱӣǻüΪ̫Ŀȥüʱ˵Ժٲӣڣ㴵ڣڣ 
ӣΪͣΪ졣 
ԭ΢ϮһƬҶƮҶǰȻ䡣ҲתصģΪҸоȻ֦ľֻʣˡ 
²ʱ䣬ʲôı㣬ôİٲƴǰĶһң㻹Ǹ𣿡 
һǴǰǸңΪʲôǿأ۵׵ıƺިõӶ 
ѩӥò㴵ˣɲΪҴһ˸ղף 
һѷУ֪ҪҷȥƬ¡У£˽ΪλǾģ֮ǰȴɾñ˴˿ĺܽ˱˴ű˴ˣȴоôԶĵĿɬ 
ˡһΣûп˵ˡ֪ǲ̴ѵõա 
磬ɺܴԼˮﻹгʪζ 
𣬴ҵģ磬ҵķ 
һһ顭 





ڶʮ£ӷ磨һ


ǡصõȥ𣿡ͣ߻ѩӥĻѵõƽ
شңһ
òڵƺҲ˵ˣֻǾվţܷϴƷζЩá
ѵİǸިǸƣ
ߣֻҪ뿪ȥﶼСڹ˵ĵҲΨ˲ŻҲһС
һĬ۽Ử䣬һ޺ۼ
ˣһعɡ
һֱֻѩӥ֪Ƕôںһˣ죬ҷҪ뿪ĵΪԥĴӦȴԥˣױ㻹ң
ԭѩӥһ𰡣ѹҲոմˣϯΪݹ׼Ľӷ磬ϧûڣˣС֪ͨʱ׼ʱ̤ԷС㴫
ѩӥŵֱۣоһ²͸ˣ㲻¡
ΪҲҪμӣеĹǣֺαضһˣһϹ۹ʱ𣿡
СЩ˵ҪѡһȥףֻҪǱӷĹһɶҪμӣΪʲôСҶʡ
ԭˡ²ȥμʲôӷ磬Ǹݹһ󹬵Ⱥɣ
ȥ׼ýҪɣתѩӥѻĻ˵ڵȴǣԱɣ
ﻹӭ𣿡Щɬ
书ôǿȥ磬Էǲڻ£߱ߡ
һһ֪ѷȥű֧壬
СΪױҽͷŤһߣҪ磬ƽʱɡ
ôأô˲μӣ϶ᾫĴ磬Թ˹ɫֻҪ΢¶ѹȺ
ǰôǵ£ұǸ֮ˣǸݹʵҲֲμӣˣֺαض໨˼ôôɣ
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Ҳʥˣ֮²мһˣֻ
ƺԽԽĸľˣҲĸҵһƬˣ۾ȱҹڻΪѩӥں۾ֻǲκ¶ҪˣܵݺҲҪǸҵ׿һİţȴʲôˣ˵ޣƭ˵ģޣҲǼ˵¡ȴֵң
 
 
һеһУֻǸϹӣһп޵Ĺƽȣмڣ 
ȥʱ򣬹ʱ䣬Ҫ̫磬Ҫ̫ҶСԸȥȥл˵Ǿȥ 
ƺܲԸμϯ磬ϴξйʱҲ 
θͲԸҲμӣΣҲμӣˣֻͨһ㣬εˣⶪ˸ 
˵ɥĻ֮ǰǻԹ谮мǸʵĺš 
ҵĳ谮ҪڲӰκ£ҵ۾ǡǡеûӡ̾˿ڹж꣬Ӧ֪Щ֮бͺԣһʱĶֹܵ˶ãʱˣˣˡ 
СŹ֮һΪ˵ġ 
㽫ںεأ 
⡪ 
֪Ϊˣֻҡҡ֣ȥɣϢһᣬʱұɡ 
ǹúϢСˡ 
ĽŲƶٴοڣǾ伪ԣ浽ʱǲġ 
СлȻ˹ŵ 





ڶʮ£ӷ磨


һȥ;УܿԶԶĴ
һһЦȻܿƽӼǽĳٵأ
ū澼ܿСһ
ܿתǰӽǳЩ˰գ΢΢ͣ٣һƽͬ֡
ѵýϯأҪúôһ
ܿһ㶣ꡱЦøĶһΪŮӿû㡣
ݸһЦ֪ߣܿҲ
һͬߣһͬΨһźǲͬϯϾӣǹݵľҶ谭ĽãǸѩӥأںݣûо룬ΪλǸоģ
ѾʱҲѾһһһ󡰸OO@@絽ΪǺ֮Ȼʧˣ΢ã볡ʱΧһƬꡱؽҹĴ޹ˡ
˶Ժ󣬸ſڣӷǱרΪģΪӷ⣬ҲʾѺãɾ֡Ȼд󳼷׷׶ݡ
ĺ󹬼¸ɫˣһȻ١ǸȻмȻҸо䣬һЦһսݹһˣǸ֮ˣ
ǿ˭ֻܿڱǣػṰͣҲϣ˻ݡԶƽƽôϵĸľҲǾֺãǲݸоƣҪСĽֺáֻû뵽ިġסݱǸѡ
ҹĿ磬治֪˻ǲҡ
̣˷ˣλһɡ
漴֣ʱ˿ֲ֮ڶλ˻пʼ貽Ҳʼ̸ЦѾԻһ͡
һϣһ𡣲ʱ˵̸ЦҵĶУƵǰе˶Ӧһģɣ
ǰĲˮһڣǰȹζҲΪ׼ϡ֮
޹ں󹬣裬Ϊһɣīͻأ
δȸڣѻ볡УģܵõĴңҲΪ׼һֻǡ
Ҷˣں֮£ƺĺܣҲǲ֮ˡ
кҪ󲻷ԡ
иϰߣʱϰ
 
 
ԣҪ˭Ϊأ 
½ǴһߴһȵϢҲԾĴһҴȥߣԭި 
Ӧסҵ֣뿪 
һҵ֣һ֮ǰһҲΪ׹ǺģҲһΪ֪ÿɷԸأ 
ЦҶȻŭû뵽֪ǶԼ̫ţҳ󣬲ǰ󡣵ʱҵ˿֪ 
оިбި֣֪˿ȫ˵ĿⶨǼϣǸ 
Ҫýʧˣһͻвʣ뽫һԷ 
ɨҵ˲Ҫɨ˿ɾͲˣ԰ɣ 
һȷвʣعóިЩ꣬оĳڵңĿ֮£ܹҵˣָмġ 
ȻһӲԷɡȴûҸоһůΪ֪ڵңĵҳ󣬵ʱ򶪵 
СިҲַסң뿪īȴĴվס 





ڶʮ£ӷ磨


ʱȫһƬǰĸƽһɽŵ档
֪кηԸ
£뿴ˣȻҪǾͷΪһɡȻǾ˵Ļȴն˵ǡͷ˵ǡ
ʲҲˣһͻвʣҪԷϢˡ
ȫһƬǶû뵽һṫȻҲŽҵ˻жңһں˻ں
Ŷѵ˽Ů𣿡һתī˳ƴ˸ϡ
һҪ֪ôȻҪһкѣó̵ŭǣҲΪҲҵӡ
ҳĬīЦôԼŮҲܲ𣿡
ЦˣǸŮӣᶮùйأתֶһٸһλᣬԹ£ܵǸĶͣѣݹֱ顣
ἰˣֻǿй֮Ҳѹ֡
ިһ֪˸**ǷΪҸеҲΪҽ˸еǡ
飿ľ飿ҺһЦڷŭˣƫƫҸоŭ˲ҵĸףֻĴǣҺθɣ
˵һֻһļٹйǲ֪ǲкֺ֮²Ƕһóһ仰ޱҲ̫ˣǰ϶һǲ֪ļٹôһб޹أһٹ֮ϵ˵׼ˡһиˡ
һֱδڵڿˣǲζҪһš
ǹ֮ˣõԼҽãƬ̣ϯ뿪ģ
ȻһʣֺοΪѣϯ籾Ϊ׼ģһһҲӰ첻ʲôӲǰڵܿΪҴƳĬⲻ֪װԼվлл㣬ܿ
ܿ˵öһ°ɣأΪһ֮ĸ˵ˣٲ˵Ҫ˰ɣ
˵Ļި뿪ô뽫ҲҪϯ𣿡
֮Ѿɫˣһިкη
ǹš
ʧިӹĹġ
㡪һתϸǲλˣλߣ
 
 
֮ǰ㲻ᵽ𣿱˺ѡīĴިСҼſȥ 
һٹЩȸԾԣ׵ѡ˭Ҳ⣬ݹ󣬵Ҳǲġ 
īһЦ˵ĺѡǡһ 
δ̤ŵһһһۿ˾Ҫҵިסңֻǡިסҵֱѱۣȴ֪ȫһƬţֻʣºިģҵģǸīġ 
һֻǸٹҲ˼ŮУպкαҲֻǸٹеӦòںһٹȥɣҲʾãԲ̿밮Ůָ֪ñ˾أīٴĴӽŵϯȫúݵˡ 
ˣ˭˭ǣԡ 
ҽƲ벽ת˺ֺ࣬αŪһϹӣ 
ĺʲôŮ˶УΨϹûУȢϹкȤЦ⣬ȴҸо 
㡪һ£һɴδйƣϮҶʱ˹ȥ 
 





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ѩӥɱʱڼ£ⲢɹˣСʶȤ˿ˣһӰ˼ɵûҡ
֪վҸǰȴ²֣µ񣬻ʲô˵أҲǸ֮ˣΨ
Ϊʲô㣿Ϊ˵Ҵߣ뿪Ҫȥʲôסȴ⣬Ҳ֪ΪʲôңΪҲǸҪңҪܣҪĥңǣʲô
ӥỽôãһλӥӰ˶ȥޡ˵ĵطһƫƫסˣһֱôȥǸطʹľҲһĿֻΪڽ̹ġ
ڹΪ׵ﻹл᣿
ë˲ҽ۾յĸ
ףҵˣһڴлˡ
Ҹǰסҵ֣أ֪ҲǴ⡣
ǰ֪㣬ڣ֪ˡ
ҺԼܣһȴԼİŮӶػˣ֮ȴҹ֮ͬҺޣͷϥϣ˿һһ˿Կģߣצǰĵӹǻṳ̂Ѿ
ֻǣǲ֪ҪĲһͷ㹻
ǸƽĹˣеĳ˭Ҳûἰ̤ϣϥߣ·ֻصǵӡ
ȻģԷ˹ŮõĵطԷҲ̸۵Ľ㡣
ףǽŮ˵ͣȴƫƫôŮ˸ʵ߰ҲǣⲻΪݹʵǿ󣬸ԭΪˡҲǣӵһɽɾһƬҵмŮӲģƫƫǸϹŮӣĺãֻŵĶ
Ǻչɡٹˡֽһ
԰һ㣬΢Ҳֽֽ̣һϹŮˣҺͽѧһ񲻸Ǻǡ
΢˵һãôѧһãҶҸһᲢۣ
˵ǣЩģαôѧѧ
΢õĻڶ࣬һЦ֮벻һôϲɵȥһصá
˵ʲô׵㣬ǽÿմõģ
ǽǹϲһģ
ȻֻǱͦΪõǵģպѷ֪֮θ밡Ǹ֮ˡÿÿһ뵽ˣҾΪ亹
 
 
㡪İеķߺҪԣ뽫ŮʬΣʹҪٲҲں 
ĪҪô˵ҲһǶȻ̿պ³ġ 
һл㣬Ϊһģһμģлᣬһӱ౨ 
ô㻹շҽñ𰡣΢Цһ浣ȲǸʱˡ صļw w w.2 7t x t .c o m (ȥС˵)ṩÿС˵Ŷ
ᷢԤϵģ 
ð͵ʱ򣬲ƺӦȰ¹˺ˡ 
벻ףһϹ۵ŮˣкαôΧתһѩӥҲˣƺި࿴ܱ**治֪ͬһϹ۾Ǻ֮ˣ΢˵ľ伵ޣİ֮ 
֮Ծ⣬£˵Ǹ֮ˣ߸˵ֱʣǰ㹥ļƣ󹬣ûΪ·ѻˡ 
δʢװǸߵӣΪ㻹ʲôֵҫ𣿲İŮӣʱֿѩӥҪ㡣 
žűƿһԭһֱˣϰ伸Ҿδֺ 
˵һ飡˳΢쳹ڡ 
ҡеıյӦ䣬ѩӥ 
һƬžֻ౭ˤĻ 





ڶʮ£޻


˵һ飡ѩӥ̫ණзŭ飬аգһ˿ײɱ
Ҫ˵ٱ鶼һǸʥĶһڡ
ˡþͼ΢ȴͽ͡
عձȥƬﱻˣɤӣ㲻ҲûިˣҲˣЦţĵĴ̣Ӳϡ
顪һɾ޴ѩӥһŰǶҲ˿ӡ
ŵ΢üȻƵܿˡ
ڻָһƬţѩӥδ˵֧Ƭ֪뿪ȻĵϡǱ֪ˣжյĽ⿪ˣгһ˿ɣϾǼ˵£Ҳֻǣѩӥκ¡
һȥˣȥˣֱ죬Ƭ֦Ҷ飬ס˴Ƭ⣬СȣΪȥó档
ˣȴΪֲǳһĨЦΪʵĻѩӥȴǸˣἰҶҪ˻һȢңΪҲĥңĿĴﵽˣң
ѩӥ
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׼úûشһģѾòСú˵ˣ̫࣬ЩմߵСˣȴѩӥͻȻС˸ʶ뿪ˡ
һԲΪң㾹ô衪ԣһָֻҵĦţôǻôС
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ĿˣĺҪһŮڴˣֻΪң˶Ŀడ
Ϊң㸶˶࣬ȴ˺㣬㣬ңֵ˸𣿡
ʹʹԼκο඼Ҫʹ
ͣ˵ҲͣĵᣬͣΪҲãȴůģٶĿҲԸ
˫ס֣ʪʪģӥΪÿһ£ʹزҲڣ
ҺεºܣΪңˣֵá
 
 
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ιңһҴ뿪 
һĨܴܴЦɢ仰ҵȿþãȵоʱ䶼ϣڿˣֻΪһ䣬ܹкθϵ 
˵һģӣֻҪǣ飬кηұºֻ֤ǰһжʵġ 
Ϊǻߵ𣿡 
ԭǸоºҸҲǼٵģī˲䵽ȵףñߡ 
ö´ˣѵǺ𣿡 
һʲôˣҲܳΪʲôˣֺοǡѩӥһҲ˵ǰڶô˵һǰ΢ʱ 
һЦǣ»治Сި໤һأֻãһףƫƫ˱ 
㡪ԭ֪࣬Ҳǣῴ˿أ 
ҲĳǸˣɷϣžգȴƫƫϯ֮ϿƽӹֻΪ˶Ŀ뱾ԣ£һ䣬ǲñѡ㣬ϧ㲻˽ⱾƫͰ˼Ϊԣһ͵ŵɣҲ̤һԭˣѽ˼͸ȴزҲԼһһ̤ġ 
Ϊ𣿡 
Ǵͬǣеǰ취Ƭ̣ѩӥ㱻֪ĶƾճֵΧס 





ڶʮ£밮Ե


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ѩӥΪ赲뿪𣿡֪һΪǰų˻ǴΧǣûɵģҵȴһ
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˭Ҳ߲ˡϣһ
һ㴫ѩӥһѽƿԶվǶ𶯡Ȼ󣬶˵

һƬƬҶƮ裬ʮָԾľһģһΨѩӥû˵ǣƫƫҰﲻֻŵһƬҵƴ
˺ƮеҶȴͻȻ֨һóǽûһְѩӥʹУȴٸ
Ϊֳϴ״ȫվʧ
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ѩӥīҷߺ޵ΪӮǣ㰵ʩ
ǽӮˣǰܵòҲ̶ã񡪡Ϊǻܳ˹𣿡
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֣˳֣ѩӥȥ
Ҳߣһôڴ˿뿪㣿Ҹߣ˵ȥãҵȥҪȥĵط
 
 
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Ǹ˰īľȻתһĨЦܺùˡ 
ǹҪΪ˵ӡ 
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һסҵ򦣬Ц˶Զһ֣û𣿡 
ҴյҸǰһһΪǿ㣬뿴ʹӡ 
һཻΣޣ벻Ҳ֮ˡ 
ֻã˱㣬һ£պ̤һ 
ҺǺЦ񲻸ãҲʡȥݹס 
ȻôףôƫƫҪ㵱 
պ֮£Ԥϵģ 
ô㻹Ǹѩӥ֮Ȱ㻹ˣһ˦ң͹ԹԵŵɣȻ뿪ˡ 
ƺŸոĨҸζҪȥץǷһɢˡ 





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˻ǸĴǰº͵ĸһǵһθܵȴҾøİ͸ˣһкáһһ˵ı仯³ġôԷҲضˣȻ
˱ãߵҸǰסҵ֣Ĵ¶ȣЩӿˣεĺܰ
˴ĸȴʵҸеαƣҴ˫ůнֳ˳
ԷһֺαͷԹ̽
һ䵭ٶԣҲǰǸ⡰ֺáӣ̾һֱ֪㣬裬ӦףǴڵңѰռңƫڴˣΪҲֻίˡ
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˵ЦˣһǺ׵ĺܣұԹ
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Ҳ˵˵֪ѩӥأҲ󹬵ʱ߹㣬ѩӥעԵʹ׵Ķ㣬պ֮ҲϲѩӥԣҲֻ±ӲҪڵңԵˡ
ľް㲨˵˵ȥöһԹԵȥΪνΣЦһԼ֪ԭԼôҪһΡ
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һԵѩӥأҲȥס
㲻ҪˣˣĹ
˺ֹǧǧĹֺֹһһҲãҪȥġ
ĪҪִԲ򣬷ݹֱ飬˷ҲüޣҲüޣ˵һӳ䣬ﳤȥ
 
 
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ףûаѩӥ˷ȥݹֺηƫƫҵгѩӥôỹ˼ȥġעԵҲҪѩӥ̫ԶͬһطĿı 
طµԾĴ 
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һܿѹܿſͻأĴһ˴ﴵ̫ûܿǺʱģٴηŵ£ǳЦЩʱҲ֪һһܿվôá 
ѽһôӣűƲ벽ˡ£ֿڣܿһֻ֪һȴ֪ҲĶҡ 
̾һǲģѩӥ̶һģʵһģҲѩӥ̵ġ 
ʱ˵**뿪Ҷһ̸׵𣿡 
ҵ˵ͷѩӥˣΪȫֻܹԹԴڹУҾͷҺףŮҲڰҽϾܿ˵Ҹô죬׸ô죿 
һܻа취ġܿסңҵıΡ̫ˣҲΨܿǰſ΢һԼ 





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һ޵ĹζϮԻ񣬲žｫ
˵Ǹʱڣָ߹ڿյ£ۼϧ޸жԲ
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ҲҲΨ˲ŻôЩеûġ룬Ǹ϶ŮӱҸڱ۵ʱ밮˷ֿӴããĻᣬҺѩӥлģ뵽ˣЦˡֻǣҲΪʲôҪ˵ڣ̫𣿻Ѿϰ߶Ա˵ıӶֻֻİϾʱĻ
ЩͬŮ䲻ͬȴơ󹬵ңЩŮֻĶ
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ڶ˼𣿡
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̾˿Ϊպ˿̰³̸ÿÿ˼ˣб֡
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ԣǡԣһԸѩӥ乬ҲԸ游ƺĺ󹬡 
񣬹ѩӥ᣿ 
ԣͷ̧ø߸ߵģ½ƮƮ˿ 
һůƱסңϴڻ԰һȴ̣ĹΧǡ 
ڼҺɻҲ֪Ϊʲô̫ĲģȷҲļûިǣƫƫǲܾ̾һСިҿȴΪ 
Ҫƿңҽرס㣬ܵõ㣬֪ӣҸе£㱻紵ķ˿Һ˵е϶ʹ˱¶ȥʹټҲʵ˵ 
ƣοˣһֵáԭҲͬһ뵽Ǹ˵ 
ڻҡơˣ⻹һҡ͵ͳڶࡣ 
ȥȥס˵ 
һϮҴ˸ͷԶʱһƬѣ͵ƿ⽥˺չԼ߲ 
ġš 
һҲģһ۴ˣҲΪ˶һȥˮҹŨһиˣŴ¡ 
һƬɫ 





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ѽڣԸЩƥιһңСԵúܻϲȴ޶ԡһϹ۵ˣٶΣʹٻĿҲֻЩ޵ĶСѡЩԼĶʣµı͸ЩɨԷ澡ҪнһӵֻЩȷʵô
俴ϲɫϲķΧȴĸоĵÿ˶ԵúȸԾ
С˵ÿ׼ŮǳžۼգҲɵļ˽СգԴÿεıѽˡ
С˵Է̫ˣѽڵ̫ˣŰԷóɺɫɫůɫû뵽һڱؾĽ޹ءǰҪ۵˲Զڹǽ֮⣬Ҫۣʵϼѡ
վһŮȲϣҿԺԼļžۣأ̫ˣŮɣǿܵöܲΪıеӹ࣬ǵĸ𼸸мҲ޼ҡ
СҷһԺڵܹĵطǲ˵ѵüѽڣҲؼҺͼ˺úþ۾۰ɡ
˶߹ˣСҪչ˹
ذɣչ˺Լ벻ġ
δŲƶС֪㴦ҺܺãһڹչȫǶһĸǣһ˶ž۵ĺӡ
ô˵С޵ˣԷ壬СĹһ˶Է
̾˿ҽŵգһ乬ûѩӥ֮ǰҲԼչԼһä֫ȴȫҲôչˡ
С޿֮⣬ֻǡС׸ĸ˫βŽΪ澣ôõĽռʹСؼһžҲ޼ҿɹ鰡δ˵ʡͬǸŮӡ
ͰԷԼļҰɣ
ͨһСѹǰСллܰСԼ⹬Сܹ̹ҲСĸ
ַԺĪҪô˵ˣΪͣʵãԺ໥ֱɡ

СֻҪĴңҲ㣬֣ĵһƲʲôˣʾк֮ģݶһڲ壬ǶһҲ
СףԹҲһֱһһġֹ¡
ɣһʲôģһס

 
 
ٶԣҺܸмһֱҵչмӣȻԷɣ뾲һתһ룬ֿڵҴŸިһڴ˵ 
Сʡ 
֪ɣպлֻͣϣ㽫ŴĪҪʣĪҪἰ 
СҪͣⴧĦ˼أСֻ湫ǣбͶĿڶ࣬߸Ǳ鲼ԷΧ֪Ҫһˡ 
ҪĵѶһʹûеǰɣҲҳ޿ɱܣֺαٱܣ 
ԼǣСȥ뽫 
΢΢ͷСĵ㣬Ҫעˡ 
ģСὫ뽫 
С뿪ˣұ۾ʯϣżзϮСһֱûжģǶϲΪġϾ֮УҲչҲ١ 
ި֪һǣ󣬶ިĪΡһֱѵʱ̣ͦҲΪ˻Щ飬һҲˡʶʱḡᣬ뵽йˡ 





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ңһʱިѵ֪Ƿе£ûа㵢顣ިި˴һһָʲôأ
Ұ˰֣ʾҶ档
ſڣ֮ҹΪ£
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벻ިڹĿо˵ķ
ֻǽѽڣ˽žۣһεĺܡ
ȻһκνҶƽղ𡣡
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ĪҪֻ˵ǺþƣǺ£뽫һһɣǰıӣȴ˱ľƣʱһɾ
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ި¶ɬȴֻƬȻҲҲһָЩ벿ۡ
ǣ̬Ҳ޸𣿡
֮УĶǱģֺαԼۣ
ȴԼ˵Լ˵Ӷ֪ǲֺܱ
ިĬȹڣɣһˣѾϰߣֻҪ˶һʵڹⲻȥ
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ǡިЦҶȴô̡
Բ𡪡սеľƱͻȻԼިǰô޵ݡ
ֺ˵ԲأިвһֱǸ𣿡
ǵģʱգһѽ֪ˡ
ǣҪ˵ˣǸɱ¡һЦȴԵðˡ
֪һڱ˱оƣҲԥͷһľƻȴۣȡȿȡ
ިһεıҵı˳֮˵ȾֺαǿԼԼԼܡֺۡ
ިɲԲҪôáսеľƱЩƲסĲ֪ҹ̫¡
 
 
ģһ취ѩӥ⼸һ档ҵıȻϡ 
㡪Щ˼飬 
ҹҽΪ𣿿һǺܸˣΪԥˣѹ𣿡ǵģҵĿģû뵽ިȽ˵ģ¶ިھΡ 
ھˣިҸǰ俴ҸоĵĿĿңĿҺܲڡ 
һҲԸǿýԼΪѵ£ģһѺܸмҽͷתһԱܿ 
ûѩӥᰮ𣿡ҵͷתʵ 
ʵʵô 
ǺãǾ˵˵ǰ£վӣȻΪжıȥ 
һûбҲûа취һһʱգһͶģΪע 
㡢οˣѩӥֵ˸˵ԸߣĺǣҲԸȥ˼ 
ѩӥֵãһֵýˡ 
һĬ 
ިȴ˳Ĭѵüѽڣ¶ȼѽڣѾˣ 
һһ֣ûϣճһĨʹ 





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ˣިЩͳ
ͽˡ
ǡúչԼȻظˡ

ãҲδŲƶ֪վǶȻʧ˵ЩʲôһҲ˵ڡ
ֱǰȥ俴ҶԷ·Ѿġ
طµḧһ󣬱ȻȻȥ
Էһ¶ࡣ֪Ƭ빬жԶ֪Ǹ߸ߵĹǽǷҵХ಻֪ѩӥǷܸܵҴ˿̵ģֻԸǺҹеܽ˼ݡ
˭ХȻֹХһĽŲȴСġ
һƬžûκ˻شȴҸеܵսеǰɨȥȴɨһް㶯סһһл䡣
û뵽Ȼ书īǰ
ԭ㣡رס֣ؿڣң
ô֧Īѩӥң󶨡
ɺζҲֲܡ
ǹܲˣҪδһ֧»ġ
ƲǰˣһܻһεѹһڣҪҸоŭô
£ԲҹĸλӶʢװһԻȴû뵽һ°ߵĶһȴֻεӰֻ´
һϯǽҷ̵Զԣ䵽˾أѩӥˣôֻҹҲ۲ãѩӥ͵׵ο飬;ȴҪ˵ķ̡
ȻˣֺԳڴأ
ֻǷǸؼˣֻǣֻһˣȴñеʧΪڣȴѷɳ⹬ǽˡ
Էʵڲʺڴ˾ôˡһˡ
ǡøһһ䣬º󣬱ʦݹʱҲҴ֮գѩӥ֮ʱ
ҲδѰŵڵϵЦµʱѾ㹻öԲߣǰҪıѰ֧
ԽԽ侲ˣԸһ㲻Ҫڵ˵꣬ȥ
ֻǣһ仰ȴſڵϵֲһ£ν棬ʲôˣѴȻ˵˷óڸҿЦ
ּڵѰ˵Ҳ롣
 
 
ʱһOO@@ĽŲҲᣬŲҸǰͣ 
ʲôҪ˵𣿡ĮҲв͡ 
ѵˣϲӰ˿ãôþô˵𣿡겻ɢ 
ô㲻͸裬ܵһԷˣ 
ãȤˣ˴ѽڹÿɺá 
н㸣һڵĺܡָⴥһϲȥʰ 
˱ˣ˶٣ֽŵôѰ֧˵꣬ʰָ⻬ 
ָȴһʹ 
ѽ̫ˣʰģȴõָˣ˵֧ɶ 
ҽҧ˫ʮָĵʹӲסŮǰٿʹҶѷ֣Ҷ׹ڵϣվȴסá 
һȻйΪһ֧Ҳøд˴ɣЦȻԵá 
񣬸Ѳٳһһ棬ΪҪѣ 
Ϊϲ˵꣬һ 
Ϯһζʹҧ촽Ҳһ 





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˶Դӵ𣿡
īôƽһȴ˲ʱԷһƬȥַˡ
μ

˷׷ҲÿһֱϵĽţվƾֱҲʹһѽе˹
㡪ҪƫְڴˣҲδٶ˵ʲô
ǣ벻벻ľȾ˻Ҫ࣬ôҲ֣֪Ϊ˵ıǸı
Ƿøһأīٴοڣǰǰƽ
ֻǼſڵѰ֧֪۾㣬֪֧ѩӥöǷԣԱʰ֧ȴСĲȵõ֡
øشⶼҪƽȥ
һ۾㣬û뵽۾Ҳˣϧ˫۾ⷬ͸
öһܿ࣬Ҳܡ
绹δ뿪ôãǱֿɾͲˡ
лѣиˡô˳һǵһο
һOO@@˶ȥָֻһƬǣ֪δ뿪
⹬Եܲáƽһ仰֪ΪΣ˵ȴо⡣
һ⹬ʲôԵǺ𣿡
˱Ĵù֪ѡΪǾ㻹ǽ˹ˣ
һЦ㻹û֮ǰһҲڣοһҲҪȣһ˷м㡣
ûм಻ҪĸмֻҪ㿴η˲ݹ١
øԴˣ
ѵȥַΪöһж˾η𣿡
ǰɣȴñ˶һǱһ档͸¶Щ
㲻Ǳ͹ô֣ÿһЦ񿴵ˣҲԱˡָʹսתȥˣûº**ҲйĽӴ
 
 
ⶼ㶴Ϥˣ书Ӳѩӥ̵ġ 
޹أ 
ûбΪߵ𣿡 
һǰסתߵҵ֣ȴҸоһ׶ĵۣôãһȴûס 
Եĸоֵ˵òᡣ 
ӹġ֣ȥͽֻͣʹӾ磬üͷš 
ҵĴ𣿾Լ̾ҡҡͷԳһЦôܣ 
ҼִŮˣⳡϷԽԽ˼ˡ 
棬һûȤϷ 
ϷûͲˣͻȻҵ֣ȥŮϵҩȻ˲ɾһӶˡͻȻסԽԽ㲻ˣֺʱأ 
סȻЦôͻȻôãеŵˣ 
û뵽ȻҲЦӡУǵһЦ⣬Ц 
ʹʹ֣һǱŵˣһǱȽϰ֮ǰǸҪôһҲ㡣 
һΣûֹҵ뿪ȴˬʵЦֿ˵ͰŵˣǱһú浽ףȤȤ 





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Щƣ۵ص޹ҷŵĶʱСˣһǱҺ˵֣æ˹סЩҡ
ôˣôųȥһŪ£ֵһˮҲպָ
Слл㣡סæµ֣ԵظмֻߣҲֻܰϴһۻ࣬мܸм˭
˵ʲôźС֮£񿴵ֻСչ˲ܣ빫˵СεĻʣ˵߰ҲãʹҲܣˮ䡣
ˮϣ̹̣ߵ˿ڣĵۣȴֲ
ֱðɣһԺٲ˵СĻˡ
˭ôģ˳ôÿһ˫֣պɻҪġ
ɵѾͷֲǺòˣҪÌһصʮָֺ꣬αؼƽ˭˭أҪǌһһǵһǣպСӦǡ˵һЩο强ĻΪһ𣬱ľ乬ѧı͵꣬ҶҪһһġ
ôͺˣСֻǸŮеĶթҲöˣЩ֮˳һԸͷġ
һҲһ㡪ܻһġ
ͻȻūһ밲
ԵĸоСһ빬ཻĲ࣬˭ҹǲ˵ã
ʾСȥǸˣ˵һ岻ʣˡ
ǣȺţСȥȥΪҩ
š
ָʹδ֣ǸŮҲ湻ݵģһֻŶҾĵۣôΣûֻۣǡȷİ֮ʧ
šѵһ죬Ƭ̣СѾЩϲصԭ֪ˣ˰ҩӹҪúСΪҩ
˾ΪΣˣ͸óֹۿˣҩʵڲ
 
 
ͦİҾ˵ĸӼ˹᲻ĵġ˸߲ҵ˵˵þ˶ĶƵġ 
ҳĬЩȻСңҩ𣿡 
ݸһЦϣôϣ͵ҩǺҩϣ񲻸һƬ⣿ҪǶԲҵ֡ 
СʱͷӦͣؽҩָϣָһǰĻҲʧƢʱҸоһȻǺҩ 
ѽƬ̹򣬹־˲٣ŲվͻȬһа̣պӦҲʲôԹĵģ 
ģһЦ֮ʲôģǲףţôģԣģһЩСϷˡ 
СæһҲˣ챾ѽڣΪæôЩȥϢɣ 
СۣˣҺúϢСȸˡ£ΪҸǺñӣҵ˫ڱ⣬˳ȥˣܵģ˭Ҳ˿㣬˿ˣŮЩϧˡ 
ѽڣ˱ˣިƣҩûмˣҲֻʣһˣޱߵĺڰ 





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ɷϣī͵ҩǺҩգѾָ⼸գƺިңʱҲֻ˵Щ޹ʹĻ뿪ˡ
С٩ң˵Ǹ˵Ůӣ۾Ȼ㣬һ㶼Ӱ˶ҵĺãˣȻָıǡ
ǣǣʹɫƽҲҪ̫˶Լãֻһ֮మϣˡ
ǼɫįСδٶԣ漴һңҺ£оƺƽЩҲůЩؽǸСҵƬ¡
̫ûɹ̫ˣо˶ҪùˣС˯һҲˡ
ǣúЪţʲôҪСǡ
벻ʱڻôһ죬żз紵Ҳһ˿ζҶӱ紵䣬Ʈҵϡϣָоѩӥ֣ظҡ
ƤԽԽأ֪Լ˯⽥ŨȴѣƺѾܾû˿ôɣҲܾû˯һĵľˡô󣬾ͷԼһΡ
һѣѡΰѼ䣬оҵů֣Ϥٸҹλشҿѣӵڻ
һѹʱֱʵʵĸоºоĵΣΣ
ӥˣҵþáˮʪۿһ̣ʲôҪܣͳͳں
˺ܶ࣬ҵ۵˵ˣôúţ˯ˡ
ͺˣ㲻ڵʱܰΪƬΪµģֻҲܺúõĸ㡣
ɵѩӥһѱҡ
ҲͻȻ뵽ʲôƿս˫磬Ϊù
뽫
԰֮ҹ˵취ѩӥһۣ̼ǵõıæģû뵽ҵ⣬δҿڣҵ󡪡ԭΪҲֻ˵˵ȴϡ
ټһ棬Ѿˡ
ֱңһҪ˼ģڽһ档
ҷЦţͻҸֻţޱȵů
𴽱ߵЦһɴʹ䴫˳ƵѩӥĻޱȵ𾪣ʧˮ̵ĺ
Բ𣬶һɱҽ̱ȥ壬ƽķһжδ
 
 
Ϊʲôظожʧ 
ǲԺģ˵˼ģҲʳԣһĹǻ뿪ط˵ôƽɳ⣬ȴо̹ǵĺ䣬ƬǰоôůȴȶĺҪ䡣 
ֻҪֻҪ˵ߣ֪Ҿͻ޷˵ĸߡסĲоҵޱȵİ 
벻ͱһ˾˼ҹѩӥô޷㾡ҲҪȥѩӥ 
ûлˣվͬҪ߳ֻܻһ 
ǣһжֻǼٵģվֲҪҾ˵ʶԽԽģҲҪŪҲģһıһ³ 
ⱲҶ㡣һҵĴߣȴ䲻ѡ 
ͻȻһǱûʵĶذ㱻˳ѪһƬʱɢʶּ 
𣬸ܵƬů⣬һԭһΣôʵ 
˲ʵ亹ֲѣް㲻ʣոʹĸоڣĨĨգʪһƬôѩӥůΣζʲôȴôʵʵΪһоոշ 
˻Դңôˣоõѩӥôҵģһں˼Щʲô 
һ紵££죬оЩ䣬˼Ҳ紵ˡ 





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ʱ䣬ҳڸոǸ޷԰ΣƽңȴƷޱȵĻ̿޴롣

Сҵ˻֪Ҷá
ʲô£ŬԼһ㣬ƽһ㣬˵ĻȴԵĮ
û°ɣСɫáС˵
û¶Ǹո˸Ρ
ΣǺǣѹָղСôûӦŵСΪײаأԭǻѽμѩӥ˰ɣ
μѩӥûȴǸ붼جΡվ˦˦첲ͼʹԼһ㣬Ҳһ㡣
Ҿ˺£֪һСǶϲóóȻҵģȻˣ¡
ѽԴôҪˣиˡ
˭һʼԷû˵ã˵Щαĳ滰ǹѣҲ᲻Ҷ¡
СȴٻشΧһӰ
һ˫ůı۰ҵȻһůػҵı
ӥỽЦˡģȴƽһŵվӲǸʵĲơ
һӱ³ˣոչμѩӥˣξڣҲʵʵĳˣγѽţСſšС˵ȥˣʱֻʣѩӥˡ
ܣиоһһΣ֪ΡѩӥҶѵϢо֡С˵ξڣ˱ʵʵĳˣΣҶȻϲѣҲӦǾ䡰γ桱ˣǡ
ּˡҵľѣƲסļȴסˡ
̧֣֣ʮָۡ
ڵȵˡ
ˡ˵߸ҵеĳôƣҵҲԾòһ¡ŬԼֻǸΣʵǷģѩӥһֱమģ˿ֻ̣మ˾۵һѡôһڹʲôһֱһ̵ĵεˣΪλҪԥԥأ
뵽ˣҲһеתرסѩӥıš
ֻҪε㣬öһܶٿ඼ĸԸ㲣ʲô
 
 
Ҳֿˡ 
ů˵Էѩӥӵżз紵¾ƮƮǡһɾ¡ 
˭ùģԼû뵽һὫʳҲΪ֤ξվǴǵġ 
ˡ 
ƣЩ죬Ϊμƻѩӥۣɻ󣬵һʵȻвģΪλҪִξ 
ѽȻһ㿴ƶ飬ȴû뵽ؽ˹˵뿴ҹ˼ĥҪͽһۣҲ 
ЩʼδģƵû뵽չ˵زһҲպնҪúõĴл 
պлǶҪúõĴлˣ֪ҲѲ˸ϵǰϲǶܵǣ 
ȻܼһѲ֪ǧΣǣôô 
˵Щ˽ĵĻһֻƽ£һӼǵöһͺáὫĿϣǿޱȵİġ 
֪Ҫ뿪ڵ죬οǻǷżƵ飬һ֮ڲˣ˿ֻ̣밲ĵѩӥĻʲôҲ룬ͺúøܡ 





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ĹζŷƮʫ⣡
ҵ˵ӥƶжǲΪһ֮˽ڲ壬ԡ빬֮ǻҪӳ顣
˷ò׽ùұ¶ҪߵģʲôҶҪ뿪
𣿡뵽ԺҲЩģô׾뿪ϵڣ
ңһġ˫۵ҽرڻ𻯶ȥ
ҽ򦿿ļϣ۾ů֪ΪΣ޵ĳ嶯
Ȼؽҵƿһ㣬⧲ģһɴʹؿڴһѱңɳеһ֣Ѿѩӥסôǣҵˮ
Ա۾ʹҲֹԽԽˮ
˫ֳؿڣȴôҲƲ
벻ǸιģҼ֪ңȴɵɵΪǲһΣŰҵǶȻ˺ҵģֱڣԸоֽذײҵؿڣȻšҴŴʹǽⷬ˵˿ڡ
ذײؿڵһ̣ҸеʹȱذײһҪʹ
һĬֻƬҲмٶ˵𣿸оԽԽ»ȥ
ѩӥȴͻȻұĸһҡΪλ᣿ԵúܼУڸоôǧҪ£ʹҡңûл˯ȥĻᡣ
ѩӥѩӥҶһڼ²͸ˣôĸı³㾿ˣֺοһŵӣֻᡣ
ǳһĨЦ㺦±ۣһֱ˵ǣҶһǺ֮ˣ˵Ҫߣֺңֻ֪Ҫһ仰ұΪ׳ΪΣΪ㾹Ҫ˴ҡ˵ѲȻ
ѩӥʱԣͷֻоһƬʶЩңѩӥᡣ
ϣϣ۾ᣬΪҿˣոֽذײھΪҵᣡôЦộ
Բ𣬶һὫҴᱧȻԼҲڵϣҷϣû뵽ֺŮˡޱȵʹ࣬˵
ˡ˵ЩαĻ
ͻȻЦˣӥһҵȴǲġ
 
 
һԭңѩӥҵʹʪһƬҲں 
ᣬǲܿƵҵ۽ǻ䡣֪֪жమ㣬һ˵ж֮⳹׵նˣҺ㡪޵þ뱾ֻһ֮ 
֪ĸʱһܣ˵ҵ۾лḴġ˵ҵԽԽࡣ 
̫ˣңҪʲô̰ȡУˡҲ취κ㡣 
δĻҼƽýĮ˵˵ʲôҪֻҪһ˵ᣬһİҵ˵ᣬΪʲôҵǰһƬڡ 
ҸоõѩӥɲǼ佩Ӳ 
Ϊ㰮ҡңԭҲ⣬㲻ĵҲˣԻҪң˵ҰγĿڵĶذѩӥȥߣҪ㡪 
ѩӥı飬Ҳҵذ书ôӦòµģվҶ²˺֡ 
ĬĬسţδ˵һ仰ֻḧҵҵѪԽԽ࣬ʶҲԽԽģֻ˵Բ𣬶һ㡪һֱ㶼ʵ⣬Ҳ֪Ϊ۾ǼɫԽԽ԰ףǽطڵϣſһЩ춯һԼҷ𡪡 
Ȼһйƽ֪ˣҲˡ 





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תѵʱǰ֮գգ۾һƬڣСжǼ²䣬ֻǽסҵ֣ͣظˣˡ
С밲ģȴСȥɣһ˾һĵһ仰ǲˣΪҲǰ¶ҵ
˵Сһ㶣漴ʵС֪չ˺£빫Ҫ룬ϿãϾĹ˻кܶģһ˵С֪ȣҲίЪţСȥˡ
šҳֹסȥСȥ˵˵Щ춼˭Է
мˣ뽫΢ŶˣܿҲΡ
֪ˣȥɣѵȲҪˡ

ҵķԸǣֻ밲ҡ
ǣСˡ
š֨ѽһСˣڴϲͣţơިܿң֪ĳڹģǸīұǲ²͸ˣڹĺ˵ϣ˵һмֻᣬҲʵûҪȻǿҶ˸ͷεϣҳʲô£һ棿һ֮ĸܳںҲӦ΢ãýֺͷ붼֪Ƕ˵ĶأҲڰһѡ
û뵽һˣҲǣôˡ
˸ֲ쵽£ָ⴦һᣬôԤ׵˳µУڼձߣ˼糱ˮӿ
ЩЩͿ֣ԭǼٵġݵôãô棬鲻ԽΪǰҵġߣһӦøмֻǴңûдϵĿЦĸ׵û°ᣬĲģıѣ뿪ȴҿ޵øγϡ
ΪҪ˶ңΪΡ
ǰֵϦԵΣʶʱҵķԣȻҷƬ£ҲƬУıˣľΪޱسˣ٣һҴ轣٣裬һɾ£ĸҲڰޣҲǸʱһжˣ乬Ϊǰ·õģȥ˷ˣڹ**ҲںΪعܵһ۾Ϳң壬裬Ҳ̸䣻Ϊ˱ȫԸ
Ǹ߰ČһΪһУӣϰڴԹˣ㲲˻Ǹ
 
 
ҵģûаѱƣĸԸЩ³ȡ 
˭ֻԼ̫棬ΪȫΪǸ˾ҵȫ 
ԽԽҪ飬ָݽҲܣȻľ 
֧͸ʱ˵Ƿ˵֧ϴʮˣֱһ֣˵²ڣʱͿԴ֧ȻľУҼһͷ͸˵㽫һ͸ңҲһ͸㡪 
ۡһѹֲסѪڶ 
ſڴߣڴڵĺţֲ˳Ϊʲôʱ˿̣ԺȫǺĻ䣿 
̱ȥĬĬѩӥҌһԼһΣһΣ֮Ҳû㡣 
Ϊ䣬λˣ 





ʮһ£İ·


۽ǵۣȻƿ
һ޴ӰֱҵĴϮȻһʵĻ
ȡȿȡոȥѪζٴϮ
õûУһ˵һ߰ź󱳣˳ҵȴǻһ𣬾īոôǴ˵ģΪλڴʱ
ҵĽӲīô˵˵صĲؿϵһġ˵ΪȥǵѪգ˵Ҫжأſһö˶˵³Ѫ
ҽͷŤһߣάųĬˣƺ˵һֵҲûˡ
īȴһѽĻرסңͷ̾Ҿеۡ
ɲԡ㣬ңǣǣ˵
īҵȴһµ㻹Ҫ
ֻóλá
˵꣬īѷŭҵĻҺ붼Ҫ롪̱֡ˡñˣ
ͷ÷ΣоʧһӽŵϮȫ
ԽԽ壬īεĽҷƽڴϣоԽԽϢҽˡ
Ĵͷ︡˵ﱻĻ棬ϢԽԽŨҵϣǸ˦һӡ
ͻȻһѴȴһůڽţޱȿ϶Ŀ˵仰Ȼһָֻҵҽ˫ۣٸл֣̿벻Ҳкµʱ򡣡ûп˵˼Խҵľѣ૵Ļ䣬ңҲӲˣ֮ϷŸոտʼǸѩӥҲãҲգҶ⣬ֻǹȥһûκˣҲȥΪѡ
Ȼյ˫ۣȻҲֻǶһ١ڶһϯޱȵᣬ³ϢȵģǴ˿̵Ķģǣ˵ĻȴͷҲʱѣΪʲôҪǣңʧȥĻ𣿾ǳͷҲ˰ɣ
һֱī뿪ҵͷصһ仰֮ϷŸոտʼͣػ죬ֱͷѡ
Сң뽫ˡ
ҵͷĬнŲ
ΪިЩʲôվ˺ܾãҲδڣС֪ʱȻ£ټ޹ֻʣި˵ĺԼżĿ
 
 
кδ㣿ڿڣһ仰ȴҲ֪λش 
ɵԼ𣿡 
ֻҪ룬ûʲô˵ġ 
롪ǣֻԼδ䣬ֻԼǶһֻԼδʶǣǣ𣿡ҷʡ 
һһǵǾ仰㲻󹬣Ըߡ 
ߵﻹһקקӣҷ˸ިҲ뱻ҵĺܻ࣬ĺ١ȻǣҲ뽫һ 
Ҳףվ˺£Ϊѩӥ˶㣿ѹסŭҧгݵ˵ 
ףֺγףȥˣҲˣӴˣڶһûѩӥˣ˶٣ʹҽŵһѩӥİ· 
ǣԹԵĵ𣿸ոʱɿԷȥʡ 
ިһֱֻңܽ£Ҷϣ㿴žͺãҪҡ 
ܽ£ҶֻϣƽƽӣԸӣ 
лл㣬ި 





ʮ£ǰ


գҵѺһ룬ֻ黹Щ
żҲңʱұֵرĹ˳ǰԼֱˡ
Цҵ£еʣɺЩˣ
һ·æʵΪһġ
ǱŮв֮ٹգȬ֮󣬱ʹϯΪúóϵĻ
ȫƾ
һһ˿ɸоȫ˸ãǱŮĹѽ
ȥǶһ̫ƫִ븸ͻ񣬶һȻ࣬Ҳ֪ȥǶһ̫ԣ£˸ŭҲΪƽ鷳˵ұվԸ˸񣬡븸ԭ¶һ֮ǰԡ
æңд˾οҲ˻δȬԺڱǰЩ˰գǱĹŮ
ɲǼ䣬˵ľƺ֮ܽܽǰһ㶼ӰȸŮĺг档
ѵȻǿϲɺѽʱĲһ㶼⣬ۼҺ͸ԹںãҪڸǰĳ裬߰ȫ֣
һĨײЦȵľ㣡ǸͲסӵˡ
ٴվü˳ۣԭ㣬һӲ㣬δԶӭĪ֡
߹δңôһʵ˸˶ʵڷĲ£ƣû뵽Ҳû˸̸ɣ
ȴȷңŴҲοֻǣԷ֮أôҲǹ޹Ϊ㣬еҲٲõģպҪҪǲǰͨһſɡ
ǣ֪ˡȻԸоһɷߺ޵ĿͶѽֻծǰ࣬ǷҵģҷģһһҶһʲôҲûˣûйˣҪδңҶ**ס
 
 
ʵԴӶһ乬ڹеЩӶнչˣԷͺñǽĵڶ޹һʱʱ߶һֺαؾЩȽأ 
֪һأҲ˻˹йأңΪֲðԷȻʲô˶߶ġʲôˡȻҲǰ뵽ˣ鲻ࡣ 
һܽˣպҲԷԡ 
һϯǸһҲȥʮŭֻǰڸڴˣ㷢ҪһĸĹŭʵǼ¡ 
һֱ֪öѩӥֻ֣ǲ֪ΪΡ̹Ȼһ䣬ѩӥںδʱһʹΪԼǸˣվǣʹƭˣ˵Լˣ֣Ļǻ鴤ҲʱˣȻ;ˡ 
ҽͷתڱʶһǷѩӥһˣʱж̣һʲǾ֮ˣ̶̵ʱգһˣ븸˵ֹ꣬ȥ 
㣬˵ҵŮǸ֮ˣҪ̶ʱȴһ£ֻҪպĪἰ˱ˣһת˵Ҳǣƽϻۣ˵Щ޲ɼĻպڶԣҪ㡣 
֪Ҳֻã鲻ѣҲ뿪һսսǣû뵽һȦΪľ֣Լƽˡ 
δڶ˼ҳ޲ҪҶע壬䣬ע¡һԣٶԣֻ˵࣬żʵʱӦ䣬ҲǵĻЦЦһϾȥˣЩĲɣҲϲ븸䶼Ҫأ˼Թŭұ࣬Ҳˡ 





ʮ£ı


˺õĲʱ˼ƣ˵ǸмģĽӴУҺ׵س޷ܣޱȻ֣̿ʹǶ԰ôεިҲûйָо֪ŵѩӥʱ룬˼ƵĹƣұˡ
ԴӸһ˲ԷԷ֮һɵ֮ͨԷٵĶˣ΢ǲ˵ܿҲˣިͼ⼸Ǵδֹīʱ֪ݲָɸ谮Ķһˣһ˭޼ɵؽԷʹɣҲ˷衣
Сȥ뼰˵Էһ𡣡δúˣټ֮ǰѩӥȻʹǳںģҲҪġ
ǲʰɣԷڣ˶٣ڹϴָЩ˴˻ᣬ˵һͨ𣿡Сһĵ˵
С֪һƬ⣬Ҳвˣʲô㻹ǰô˵˵ȥҷâ¶̫࣬ҲᱻҳЩ˵ġ
òײôలµĴţǱ֪ˣһ粨
īҴδҲӲ֪˻Σ˵ҴδϹںࣿ
ֻҵķԸȥǣľͲҪˣ淢£Ҳһҳе
СǴ⡪ֻſһֹ˵ϡ
ˣҲ͵شٶ˵֪⣬ȥɡ
ǣСȥ뼰ˡ
Сҽ޹ڵѬ㶼𣬴ķһãζ㵭ȥˡ
˶˵ұˣߵˣ˵˵С˵ڸУԽԽãĸıĴЦΪڳеĶһı䣻ֻԽԽңԽĿеĶһҲԽΣڸǰĵλϧ˶ѡŴıһСǾԽԽ׽͸ˣƢ˵˵ͱ䣬֮ǰôѩӥ̶ʱգǰѩӥˣȴƶ顣
޹ζɢʱһɵĹζ紵˽ǳǳһЦ߹ȥ˴ջص£Ʊ㵽ˡ
ưݼ
ˣ̧֣ʾ¡
ȻҷԸСȥΪһò裬С뿪ֻʣ֮ſڣ˿ɺЩˣ֮ǰԷǲýΪ˱һЩҲֻˡ
ģЩ񣿡
¶ȣƺû뵽һô˵
ûʲôֻǶһһ˱оʲôˣһԼˣһҲˡ
 
 
Ϊ˵ʼգƴδ 
Ϊ˵мӣ㵽ȴ˸оý˴ˣǲǾͲһˣʲôһݱˣԷýΪɣ˿֪ڶһȫǽڣ 
ǼԹ¹ԭ¼ƣֻҰĹ˵⻰ʱܵͳóе 
һûֹˣԴ˵ֻимǴˣһôļֲһԣһ⣬̾һҽ˵ǴˣһճյصһԺ಻нĽ֣һĸԸصȣǴˣһֻһӶҪɵˡһϯ˵Ȼƽ޲ҲΨԼ֪ѹ˶Уס˶ 
ֱڻ벻ͨΪλĽѩӥཻʶ˽׼ȴû뵽һжǼƵĴϣĪҪٻЩ£˰ɣص˵ 
ҲĪ𣬴˷д˹Ϊ˸лˣܷ£һ֪˶Ϊ˶һ룬ԣЩ£˰ա 
ٺòˣ 
ЦƣúɣҲϲ˵֣֮ǿɷָǰ˵ 
ûٿ֪ΪҸոơ㵣û뵽һͻȻƣû뵽һָǰȻҺȥûʲôЩõġ 
Ҳұˡ 





ʮ£̸


С˲շ±˳ȥˣʱŵĲ㡣
˵ɵĹ𻨼ӶҶϵѩˮݶɣ򵥣ҲҪһأһڲ裬ʱһƬ㣬ҲĹζҪÿǰУѩˮȻǶղеģֻĶ䣬ȴѩԣⱭ֮ף˿ҪúƷ
ű˿ȡȻǺò裬һڱپ泩
ЦڌһļУʶ˱£ദʱƺҲ£ҪʴԲȱԲȱҪˣҪµ˺ʱ⾳
û뵽ǵá˵ϲ
һԼ˹£֪Σ
¹
ܽҹԲȱ޹أ̸ֻģ¡
뼰ԼһͤҲ˾ƺ͸㣬ʾ⼰Լơ
Ǻþƣ˿ҪϸϸƷһڿľζЩҲ˾ӦǾ䡰Ʋþöûôɵظоˣ̾
Ҳܾûп˷ɵĹˣպҪԸʱҡ
ңһ仰Ц˵
ԸΪʲôСһ˵Ǵ͡
ĸȡûʲô壬ͼ򵥡ǰҲΪһʮˣ᲻ˡʵΨԼ֪뻻Ϊʲô᲻ã˶һΪʶҵʱҽжһ
ԭˣǹ۾Ļ𣿡
аֻһİҵ˵ἴɣԹһΣʧˡҹɵ˵ֻΪĵһĨˡ
ѩӥ𣿡ʵ
Ȼһо͹ƽЦҵЦһܿɬȿ޻ѿϧҿǰ˵ı顣ĬһƲֿڣԲ𣬹һᾡκ۾ġ
ڰʾһȫȫİ𣿡Ц
شҼ˵һһ˵о֮ţֻϧûԺյļȫƾԼıĵλʵףһ
 
 
̧ˡ 
һθˡһðһ䣬˿ɷڵǰأ 
⻰Ǻ⣿ԵƵĺЩ٣ĵһ仰ʵĿȥˡ 
˲ؽţҲðѶһĻ棬һǿŻȴһֱֹ鷿⣬Բ£ϧЩŻԾͺʡ 
ڴжֻƤë鷿أƵЩƣǲڵǰġ 
ǣһ˸еֵǸʦһʵѿкα£׸Ϊ¶ҪˣΪǹʦȨֻǸء 
⻰˵ãʦûбʫ飬ҲϲɳԤδΪⱾһѧģٵ˵ģ 
̾һ˵ÿ˵񲻶ڹʦˣ 
벻ƽʱһֱҺԵԭֵ͹עġ룬ƽʱܺǺǸˣԣԼκ˶ţκ˶кԼĿܣǣʱԼҪƭԼô便ʲôֵεģ 
ҲαЩ£ֻҪԼƽ̹ˡ 
˵ǣˣʹ˷һԷϢɣ֪Ϊʲôĵﶸһ񣬲ǶԼƣǶԼǣԺԼǷڵľһѡ񲻺ڡ 





ʮ£ŭ


ƽ͵Էſڱ뿪ˣҹɫȷʵʺϽȥ
أСûſӭǷʲôˣƽＴʹſڵңôգͷϤļ޹
ƿ޹ţһʱӺϮ죬ѭĨϤֱȥ֪ΪΣЩţƽ޹ʵġ
´һƬҷɵЦˣҲ鲻ԽƬȥÿԼ߻һ΢ȴãõޱʹ󱳵ɴڣҲ赲˽Ϯ˯⡣
Ƭϣپޱȵů㣬Ժ뼰ཻһĻĻʶ֪ϧҲ̸ϧǣĪģҷһʱûֹԼģΪָоһ΢
ΪԼȻһЩҲͣ˵ԼѩӥֻǹȥиңֻˣһѣʱĳˣҲ飬顪Ȼİõı˫ۡ
һʹʱҵ㱻һɾ޴Ƭ
˭ҳ˺ЩȻѹ֣ѹһоԭиһֱҵĴߣҾ
˲һüͷֱ˦󴦵ȴͽ͡
벻ҹǱŮӹ뷿ϰߡ
Ҳ벻һѩӥһο¶ġīﺬ̵˵
㡪һδֱȥȴڰ;£ѽĶ֣˵գǿϵıҲռˡ
ңΪƾ˵ҷֺ𣿲һƣұ㵹˴ϣǵ͹㣬ԭΪѩӥʱúõ飬ȴ뵽̶ʱգ㾹ֺǼƹˣ̸¶ϲɫﻹɡīһ˵ЩҪұ⡣
˭˭ֲܣ˭̸Ҳҵ£ƾʲôҪһҪʶҵĵһҾʹû˵ҶһǸ֮ˣ㿴ˣҶһһ֮ˣʧѩӥһҼƣû˼Ҳһ
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һĶǷйĻάһƣãƽڶα򣬵һڵ֪֮Ҵһƣƣ£ʱұ¶ĲִܸҶҪǷҵ˫ֻҲĽٲ˶⣬վˡڶαǰˣΪǸ֮ˣ֪Ƕ滹ɨľȴıʲôΨгܡ
ǻ׽ŪˣԺҳȥײˣôҲû뵽գ˻ͬ֡
ڵű޶ԡīЩգҲЩ˵ǱӣӦ̫׽Ҳǲҵ⡣
 
 
ǣѽǰһ֮ѽôǿôӵһˣֻɵϲС 
һЦľԶɱô˵һǺףõĸƷô˵öһڳԶһĴף˿ɾͲˡ 
ǱԺõĸƷҲãǱڱҲã˵ѹסʵǱӣ뿴ߵĹҪҲãԴҲգ 
Ҳ˵ȷڳĴˣúúֲ˵ǣȴ˼һ˫ֵסؿڣʹԶһ㡣 
ҵ˫֣һֻѹסҵֻ֣һֻֿʼȫԽԽ 
ͷʱ龰ôôôġ 
ſҡҺȴ޼£̵ֿʼ˺ҵ 
һӽŵϯȫҳ״䵽ȵף벻ôһᾭΣѩӥ֮ʱĻ䣬˿̣ҸеľֻǣΪҵѩӥȥû뵽˿۽ǾҲһƬŮˣˮģҲվǴġ 
еĽûзīͻȻֹͣеĶذҲ۽ǵᣬȻұ˻ܽܽҪůҲס壬һֱҶظ˵һ仰£¡ 
֪һҾΪǶҵģĻ˸миж 





ʮ£


һҹīĻﺨȻ˯ġģò˵Ļһܷۣδйߵһҹ˯Ȼѡ
գգ۾īͷˣᣬƻС
ллмһߣһȴ־Щ޻
Ҫлַ㻹лҷŹ㣿īϷʵʵЩƿԣĵǶôھϣ֮ǻҲ˯˸þ
лл˯˸þû뵽һô׵ذĵĸм˵īҲû뵽ΪԵĸоĺһ١
īʲôҲû˵ֻǱңûԼû뵽һ᲻ᷳһֱΪֻϰѩӥĻġ
ҹ治ǸŮˣΪԼڰѩӥǶԼȴ˵񣬶īĻȻҲˣҿʼɣ̫
ģīԷڹﴫˣһʱ䣬Ｘе˶ΪĻģΪĸŨ֪ÿ˶Ųͬ˵أʧģߺ޵ġ˵ȻҪֱĺãʵʲôҲû
ϵأ̤Էǻʺϵʱʵĳ֡
ŮҲ򵥣ܳλ뿿ĲֻҲͬΪŮˣҪŮ˻Ҫɱ
Ϊһ֮ĸ֮Ҫڶ޵ŮӷͬһˣҪ󷽣ֵ¡ͬ󹬵Ů˻ԴףˣˣӣȴȨҲûУôʹӵٶȨҲʬ⣬ΪıЦɻô˴λãƺӵϵȨÿһ˵׷
һμ˸һʱлмǾ֮⣬һʱΪԼڹǲùʱգʵ֤ҹȷʵãȴǰŮ޹ء
䵱˵ͣȰ뿪ѩӥཻ֪࣬δңһɳμʱôĮͱ˵ǷͬһˡҲ֪ڵһμҵʱԾҰؼΪΣǳһƬģ棬ֻһˡ
ߵҸǰȻطңҵ˫֣ЦЩûˣɺã
ˣһкá
ŹˣЩӱģɱһ룬Էǲ٣߱徲ԱûǸˣղĪҪְ
ˣдһܳСȥΪ׼ˮġ
ǡСӦ¡
²Ҳ˵Բܵ빬ʱԶѽЦܺ׵شĻ⡣Ҿʲôÿһ仰㵽Ӷ棬޲޾Ҳ˲¡
Ϊ˲ΪԼڹһУǰѡ񵱸ɲˣһ˸ı仹Ҫлһ̻壬棬һһ˳ߵڣ
 
 
ӿɽҲ˶٣˵Źദһ˴һ׮£Ǵ֮ˣ˵зִ磬պҪúΪ㸸ѽ 
ԭ˷ĿģøŮˣܲ¶ۼؽңȣֶβ֪Ҫ߶ٱˡ 
ģ˵һзִ硣 
Ǳˣˣտϧĺܣ֮ҪٰϯúһѵÿԺ֮ء 
·أȴһǹϣöһǸж·࣬ȴԲٰϯ磬һھΡ 
ܿ˳ɣͺοˣ㿴ѩӥ㣬˾㣬֪񣬹Ͳôִˡ 
˵ǣȥǶһ̫ˣ˸ⲻ˵Ϊһ˲ģպһȡѵؼر֡ 
 
ڹȥͷı˵Щα׵ĻȤ벻Ҿ**գסò״뿪۵õ˴ϣбһòΪӪհǰ˺ 
һۡ˵ã 





ʮ£÷


£ҴȥӿܿЩûˣ֪ÿɺáڼ䣬С˵ܿΣԴ֮ûԷֹǸ֮ˣϲâ̫¶룬Ǹǵּס
Ůÿ˶˼ȴͬһ˵ĻȱõһҲΨܿҸоġΨһ֪Ϊ֮ˣ˼ˣԥˣô֮࣬һѷ֮һ֪Ƿϰߵҵĸı䣿
ո̤һ÷˱ǶӦˡǽ֦÷躮Կ⾳һĨЦҾǶգһֱ䣬ֻᣬҲˡ漴һĨĵЦȡĨЦΪܿˣһû뵽㾹ˣұ㿴֩ǰ˿оţ˭ңӣôţˡЦȻҵ֣ҷ䡣
һδ̸ܿˣ⹬жһҵҲֻܿܿԷǶһֻԼˡҼԹ
ɲҪҵѽһڹУܿʲôݵλһһЩ԰ӣ̤ܿģܿסңͣؽͣί
ɵϣ㿪ЦءЦ
һһʱղͻˡܿһЦ
ˣղһӱŵһ÷㣬û뵽÷ոζ쿪ʵ
Լܿ̾һҼǵó빬ʱֵ죬֪ΪΣһ캮ض컹Ҫ䣬ѩԼŰɫҲĸмƣҸȴɵļޣãαܹվȴҲ˹ҲĴңֻƲټҵ鱾ʺϹ빬һŭ֮½ǨӣУҷǽǾ÷˶ζհ㸡м뵽÷ԽԽ㣬һȴѡʱչ¶ҷ
û뵽һ÷ܿô࣬ʶʱ֪ңʱֻĸ׿ȴɱϯ˵Ǻ÷ҷĵĹ¶䣬ϸǺ÷Ҳм֮¶
һʱ䣬Ҿ֪ΰοܿͬܿĹ۵㣬÷㣬ܿ뵽ԼıͬģҲ뵽ҵıѡҵԸԼ÷һǽǣҲã¶Ҳգǹ·ҲȣֻĬĬΪԼ¶ҷ
Բ𣬶һʱֵգŵ÷㣬ЩˣɱӰǡҵ֣ϧ䲻֪վ˺£֪һʹҲ¶˿ڣֻ֪ЩȥˣҲҪˣΪֵãҪһǲܵģһҪ飬˳ҲԽȥ
лл㣬ܿҼ̤ԷǺˣ˶ˡ
չĲ֪дʮоż٣˽һӡܿʵһ仰׸ҡ
 
 
ܿʲô㣬һʲô˵ĿʹټֻһܶպһǶһˣɻԸ⵱һ֪ѣ 
˵꣬ܿһѱסңʣܿУһԶǶһ 
֪ܿҵĻ˶ܿ裬Ӳˣֻ֪ܿǴģøýˣηâ 
պ󣬸Ϊҵϯ磬ʱܿһҪҽ˵ĿģȤЩͶŮ˾һǻ̫ĸˣ˴˷Ŀġ 
ѵô³谮㣬ϲɺأʱܿһ׼ʱ 
ܿлһ󣬱Էˣſڣŵ÷㣬̲סڣܿϲ÷㣬ɷһ֦ң 
ϲȥȡǣֻǣһ֦𣿡 
÷ǿֻȡ֦ѾУԼϱܴ֮Ҫһ֦÷֦Ѿһʱ𣬶Ǿ÷Ҿ̾ͻøС 
ԽǺ䣬ԽǳĻľܲ˺㣬ï̤չ¶绪Ⱥ 





ʮ£÷ѩ


һ磬Сź󣬱Ϊѡղμϯ˷ǸרΪҶ裬ŴãȲҡ԰ڣҲ̫⣬Щͷۡ
Ȼһ֮УССϯ粻ʮÿ޹ʢװ಻ʤԴӵһβμϯ类ƴĳ˳Ժ󣬳һЩҪġòμϯ磬Ҳ¶档
ֻǡǰָܼȲҡֲʧأ
ķɫã۴ʲôɫ·ÿչǣСΪѡ˼ɫȹĵ٣Ŷ޾ȫһʱ䣬Щ΢΢һβμϯʱΪҴ磬εض˵һΪ㣬˶ȣһΪ潫Ҵùɫˣȴ롪
С˫ֲͣæµȴҲûţˣǰܿժ÷֦ǰ춼ѿήˣСôȣû뵽ղȥʱȴָðѿ
Ц÷ͺǿպҲ軨Ѿϡ
ǣ
ͻȻ䣬һЦˡ
СæµˣȥΪѰһɫ磬ȥܿժһ֦÷ʢ÷֦ɡ
СûٶԭȥˣԴϴȥ뼰ƵҲѧˣԭ򣬶顣
Ҿϵķɫȹһѩ׵ֳϸѩ׵磬СΪһ߸ߵķ٣򵥶󷽣Ȼ֦÷ڷϣ˱á
ɫΪףдһ˿ů⣬ɫѩͷϵĺ÷˺÷ѩȲҡ಻⣬Ȳ಻ףǡô
̫ˣ˼򵥵װ类ôһԵڲͬˡСϲ˵
ֻЦЦûٶ˵ʲô
ʱ׼ʱĳϯϣΧͬһһֻǣһΣ뾪ϲÿЦȥСңԤ⡣
СңϯЩˣЩ뵱󳼣ʶިڸϯϯīΪһ֮Ȼڴ֮븸ͬϯڸ࣬ɶȼڿϯλҲζ޷Ե΢ܿڿűߵλãע⵽
һ͸λ΢΢ϥ׵
񣬶һ󲡳˵֪īԱߣҳ谮мӣԱߣ޷ǾҪīľ룬ġ
 
 
񡪡ɸ͵ 
ǣ֣ǰҡ 
ոȣ㻺ýǾѽͷ֦÷ǽõ̬չ¶ɰһ֪ǴЦ˵ģǺЦж 
ˣһ۾Ͳ㣬ɫʽȫΪһ޲ٰ죬ֻβͽˣҲ֪ʱЧϴΪһ׼ĿеıȽϣҲЦ˳㽫ϴ⺦ҵڸǰźۼش 
һʱڵ΢ЦϯǸΪһģɸλһӣҲлһݱ棬һ֪ÿһεϯ綼вչʾ̼ǵϴζһ裬ȻЩС⣬ϻĬֻǣ֪սвչʾ 
˵ǸΪٰģȻǣԽõķͷҲ 
ڣһߵ󷢻ˣ˵ǣһΪضһ֮ϲΪضһ֮ϲ 
飿ҷʵΪδ¶һ֮ǰ֪ 
īһ§סң뾪ȣ˾֪Ǳ뿪ݹҲЩʱˣҲʱعˣ񲻹ǳô˻ѸҵĴ֮ϲʱҲ˳汾ݹ 
ʲôȥݹҵĳô죿ұͲǸլʺˣг𱨳жҵĴ֮ô࣬ôҲľʹ˷Щҵֵң 





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һ̻塣
֣裬ϯҲʼٱһƽ
ӣܿī֣ȴʹľøҶͬһŴϹһҹˣ񻹺߰īϷʵ
һ̣ȴ˵֣ȥˣϾڴ֮ϣһһܹע
ǿҪϲˣզҪ뿪ˣһӱȤǲѽЩֻ³˸˵ıˣ˿жѰǸˣ벻ҵ뿪ô˸ˡ
ȥϵľƱīȴһƱŵЩ⣬룬һĨ޵ЦЩӣԶһչмӡһǽһġáΪԾ;һɣҹڡչмӡ͡áҪһҶǣҪ뿪ҲҪֻ
ÿˣùΪƣǡ䣬ĽŲīĽֳأҲվ
롪Ц֪ΪΣЦһ仰Щ
ȥݹľƱͽˡ
ӹƱջһɾĵȴָ⴫ָʹյӦأϯָһƬǰǸƽ֮ϾһƬţֻһЩصվѹĴ
һ˿ɬĵ״벻Ҷû֣һ֪Ҫ뿪ˣҲŹҡ
Ǻ⣬ƽʲôǵòˣΪμѽⱭƣҪˤί쳹
ѽ˾ǿ˫ֽӹ˾ƱȻˤƱ˵ʲôǿҲָʹοʹҲֻʹƬ̡
һǺ⣿ȴбŭ
ڵ˹еָһ֣ұٶһΣһεϯӮĵĲһΣͬǡ
˵ⲻˣӵĵطǰ˼֣Ҳ˼֣Ҳǰĸӽųء
֪˶ңިưߵīĿⶼ콫ȼˡ
ҹŭһ֪˵ʲô
ѵ㲻ΪղŵľٶһĽ𣿡Գ͡
һ䲻Ҳ޴˵˵ȴ£οһãһᲵ˽ʢ⣿
üд˾ٶֺ˵һЩΥ֪֮һϲ̫׽Եɢѩӥ֮»ڻ಻ұϾǽãΪЩ²̨ⷬ˵ȴԤϷˣƵ£Ҳ취ƵȻ㲻Ҿͽܡ
һ˵ĿģҪ׿ڻش𡣡߰˷֡
Ӷһ˺ܶ£Ҳ࣬Էһ̸£һǺ뷨Ӧ
 
 
öһԷ飬Ҳᵱ˵Ⱦٶɣұ֮ǰҲȥ͹Щʱ򣬵֮ˣҲδù¶԰Ρû뵽ʱῪΪ˵ȻĻá 
ҽŸոδ˵Ļ˵һ¶ˣֻ벻ΪͻȻһеָһʹ 
Ѫˣīץҵ˵ЩǣЩȻ 
£Ѫһϴˢԩٶһں 
㣿Ȼ漴ֲȻŭ벻֮㣬ƽںʹʹһЩСϷһֻ۱һֻҲͰˣ벻㾹ҽЩϷᵽ֮޲ɼ档 
ԩ졣Ӧڵء 
ԩûһݺһڳȣ˴αԩġ 
ˡ´βˡ 
Ƕһȷʵãһֱڶһһǿ븸ԭ½һΣһϣԶһиᣬϣܽ˻ͺá 
һ㲻ǱĺŮ漴ֶ˵α㣬Ϊ֮ 
лú÷ʡġʣ˵ĿУһ֣ʤ 
īҷûҶ૵ôŮˣ 
ȴһþˣһʼͬһſϷ̬ȣϷꡣ 





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ٴÿ˶ԵС̸Ц˵ǲһ¡
īҵ֣ΪҲָѪ˵᲻ҪѪϴˢԩ
ֻҪܻһһҪ˶һΣīΪҰ˿ڣŴ˾˿ΪʮమǸӰġ
йأīЦЦҵ֪
Ǵ˵ĻǹһֻͬŮӣҲʲؿ֮ˣ಻֮ģ޹ʱݺһúηҲָ
īЦȴҲǸ
ԡһδݹƽ˵ȴԸоһ漴ĺұҲЩǵģҺǰˣϲŭ޳׽͸һɱ˵Ϣ޶⡣
֪ƾո仰Ҫī˵꣬һֻѴҵϣֻҪҵ㲻
Ҫһ׾٣Ѵ֮ԴҲȡֻǣΪһһ⣬˷ֺõأ治ɫ
Ȼûۣ˼ϸ壬侲ǸĶ֣˱ҪˣպҲЩӡīɿ˴ϵָҶ˵
뵽ȥҲǰ취ī϶ֻˡ
ʵһڴ˴˺һЩδõ顣Ǹֹˡ
ˣī˼֣֮ǰҲ˽Ǹ֮ˣôһЩٶһΪڳҵĴס
δڣд˹ñһ°ɣ⻰Ǻ⣿ѵѰ
ȴϯЩʱˣԹ˲ͣ뽫˺͹ʦҲЩ飬Ǽˣڻع֮ǰٳһ׮¡ȫסˣ²īʲô
Ŷ˵Ҳɻ
ѹֻͣϧԽǹһˣ͸һݺԵ˿Ҳ̹İԭҪøͻ鼰ƣĪΪҹ֮ǼưɣͻȻЩЦ벻īҲɾٶ
˵֮ǰҲǹǧ˺뽫·æ¸ˣֻǡûҵʵѡѽ
ڴ˶лһƬ⣬ľϵڹ֮ϣ˼Լ£Ƶϯ´мȴ֮⡣
˵ҪΪѡʵŮӳңðҲڻصһˡ
еиѡī֮⣬δʲôġ
δֻī˵΢òѣںڶ๫֮УҲĳ谮ƽҲڱ֣£΢ͼǰ䡣ī΢û뵽ģΪἰĻȴ΢ƽʱûڱô΢
 
 
ҡ΢еĴȴϣ˵Ҳ޵Ǵ±ôˣ㽫΢ͻƣտνǡϲšѽһϲһϲһ飬ϲ΢뼰ƶ飬úá 
лл֪ҪãȴڸīѹĬŻ¡ 
΢л 
Ҳ΢˵ҲǸĹˣȷʵΪҲùմԶʼδ˵һ仰 
ôԱſɻ⣬Ϊĵ˸ùޣǲǸúúôлīֻ˵ 
Цһָ֮˲ǼƣިһϣҸ˵һ̸Ƚס 
ףɻ 
öһʹһǲʣҪµʱ䣬棬һһЩ飬ֻдһк֮һŻĸԸȥݹ 
㣿Աкκô 
һƭûκκôƭҲֻƭ£ʱȥݹûаֺôһɵðգµʱ䣬ʱ񣬶һҲĸԸȥ 
ȤʽױӦˣҲں໨µʱ䣬ʱһкɣҲҪԹԵ汾ߣУһαֻҪлᣬұҪֻ 
ãһ˵Ǵ֮ˣһʲôҲűɣҲ֡ 
û뵽׵غīЭ飬ҲƣҲںҪˣȻֻ£Ӧûǹˣɤӿڵȥˡ 





ʮһ£


΢Ĵ鱻պУڼƵĸۡϯ硣ƲǺƿǰҲǸ˼Ƶӡϣû뵽Ƭ֮䣬Ļ±㱻öյʱ䣬Ϊ˷Ļʵ׷ҲЩ֪θ롣
ϣеľｻ˿ö֮еľ輧֬ζݵľζ
ƾһһƲ֪ʱīϯǰ⣬˲پơ
Ҳһף˺΢úϡī
ҲվǰľƱһϣ˺΢ͬͬ¡˵꣬һں±еľƣȴһѶȥ
ã˺ȾơīľٶڼǰЩΣֻ⣬Եĸо׮£ϲȴ˿ϲ񣬲ǻһƣҲīˡ
ˣƱ㲻ǿˣǣȥкˣ⡣ƵԶһ˿ʧ䣬Ȼ£ܲζ
ӿȥɲǳף΢ġī£˵
̾ͲమˣȴӲһһӣıϯҲ˵ƣīעֻǣû뵽Ҿ˵˶һ
㻰лѽֻԼֻҪǱ϶ģ᲻ֶεĵõƺóصһȴңҵĳԣֻҪõģôͲֶΣƺ
Сңϣҹܹˣһ˳˺Ⱦƣ಻̫ȥˡī׿˵ɣ뿪һƬ
ڻԷСϣ˼ƮɣҹˮҲԾĴһ
䣬ǿЩȥɣСһԶ
ԼŵһɳʪζǰǺСĶʵ
ѽ֪С
һĨЦӦñިĳʶ֮ذɣԺﲻȻһЩƬ
ǰǺިƽڶࡣ
˷ǡ
뵱ʶ龰һΣިʵĴҵĻ䡣
벻ҲЩ⣬ȴƽδ˿СֱѨ赹˰ɣ
 
 
պұʱֻǣ㣬ҹǵһΡ 
תʹԼިިǺοࣿ 
̾ҲΪԼֻԼ䡣 
˷Ҫȥݹ˰ɣֽʵ 
£īµʱȴһЩ¡ 
ҵĻިȴĬˣ֪ҵĻк塣 
ãҲãܻܼϼΣȻЦõͻĲңҪȻҿҪһΥʥּ֮ˡ 
֪ި飬ԸõҲãƲͬȨأԣƲںݱ·ҡֱϣ֪ިǼƣ汾¡ 
ިպҪ£㻹ٽЩɣ˵˻ǲԸިϣ֮ԶЩ޶ǣУϾжҲһѡ 
׶ٽһǺܸˣΪڵҡިЦ 
ҲЦˣˮҹɫ̸ӳʶЩĵģ˸еģǶ̸衣 
ֱܾԺ󣬻һҹĵһû䣬ΪһҹҾꡣ 





ʮ£


صԷʱҹСվֹ֪ʣȴĶͣǲȥϢδһ뿪ˡ
ڴϣȴ˯ȫޣоޱȵѣԺһЩ£ȴڻôúµʱ䡣
һ˿ĵ״˼˯ˡ
ڶ죬˯֮ױԼҾȥ𽹬ϴεϯ󣬱û΢ĻҲδ¶档ϴεºǴҲǣô߰ܵǰʧ棬ܸأ̼ǵõһƲҳ󣬽ԼҲ棬һδţҪ겻ˣ
ȻţֻԼȥȥˡµʱݼţȻҪץʱϧ֮顣
һҼδڹУͷһˡһŮΡΡ˵Ц˿Ҽǵѩӥұ˺ܶ࣬ٻ˵ĺû˵ġ
𽹬УƷĹŮΪõĲ裬еĵǱֱΪֹ
ǹŮ˵ʱ˫һڵأ빫治ڹѽҲǰ׵ȣҪȻȥӻعū澸
üôôŸϱߣĪ𽹬ӭ
ǹŮʱŵʣūˣǡ治ѽ
ЦҲδ̸ˣҪȥݹ֪ղ᲻õĺܣȴû뵽˸գˣҲΪ㣬ӻع󣬿Ҫǵת˵һý
ū֪ˡ
뿪һ𣬡΢
ع΢ȴҲӣСһ뿪ˡǹŮϹϾĴ
˵ӽʱ䶼δڹУ
ū澡ūҲ֪ȥ಻Դӵȥ
Ĳ裬ϸϸƷһڣ軹һԷɣŽ㲻ôСɣ
ū澡ԥƬ̣ǹŮǲӦˣǣ
ȻڣҲòˡ֪رܣԭ򣬲رҲãôҼԣָʲô
ʱ򣬸ȥ鷿֪ΪΣҲ¡˵ǹʦҪҲģתһ룬Ž֮ˣǹʦڸǰ˵ʲôɣǸҽҪȥݹҲЩôġ
 
 
Ǻԭ򣬶˵Ǻ£ԽԽˣң·ٲʢǸΪͻȻֵĶһΪİɣ 
һȥݹҪΪأȰ˵սҵֵ֪ҴеĿģҲΪ׶Ҫ𵽵ãͬ鷿Ļި͹ʦ 
ģһȻӦҪȥ㲻ԼΡ 
жһĸʦһԸд 
ʦˣ˵ʦԤδһĺܣ֪ǷһأȥǼף 
ʦЦĹˣǼࡣø˵ĹʦѹָôҪڳ֮һϯ֮أҪúúʦѹϵάˡ 
ʦԣ鸣죬Ἢࡣިһ˵ʦĻҿԵ׸ƣ֪ިǷԷθϣҺá 
һڴл뽫ļԣİպҪ̽ϣһͽȲ˥ 
ãôõĹôĵĽԤ֪δĹʦʤο 
һ֮󣬸ֶպȥݹҪע⡣Ҷһһ£˳ĻһҶᰴҪȥ 
һн׵Ҳ뿪鷿ʦިδ뿪һЦվЩǲ֪ģڸУҶһǸõ˶ѡ 





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ֱԺҲ֪Ϊȴһֱüԭ
һջūһݾ﷢ʬ壬ʱΪʬ巢ŵĳζ룬ڴˡѹ֣һֱѰ£аٸн⣬ںһֱײ޿֣˭ôĵӼӺϲҪ˲ֹһҲʡպһ֣źôңȴԱ˲֪Ǳǽңвʡ
ڹֵ÷зֲɴ󹬡
ʬ屻ʱ򣬸Ҳˣʱζ԰ѹֲסθһӿ²ֹЩվȣұļƷסȴһ
Ĭһ󣬺ȻȻŭΪǰں󹬣벻۾֮СһεʧδΪȴԼ˴ʵΪ֮ŮˣʬԻݾ֮УھóѬ죬˹а
ϯЦˣǺȴҲеڵңǰҲǷռȴաҲ谮һ̲࣬ɥ񶼲мΪٰ죬ǸŮһ̣Ҷûкõ飬ʹ飬ȨǰҲ΢΢ڹС
ǰڹкεȷ⣬ȴ³ʵɱ
ĻʵҺܴ𺳣뵽ԼҲ֪Լպ³ȻΨһȷǣҶԸûüֵһܲҺܲңΪ˵ı
ò˵ǸĵطǰҲһںľӰĹձǱһ㣬һжٱἰƹдδйˣվҲ糾һɢ٣֮ǰõҲæƲϵȻǳ΢
΢֪ĵڶձֵҪδֹúõİʵҪҲ֣֮Уɸһڱؾˡ΢ҲֻܰԴᣬ룬΢ôãںбҲǸ֮ˡֻǲ֪ڼƣǷҸ
ֻǣһֱδͨ򡣸һڶ϶ԾģҶ˽⣬ǶȻίԼ˵ţ˵Ծȴ̫ǣǿǣǺΪ
ϵģިҵңתһ룬֮С
ҾǱ򵥡ֱ뻰⣬⣬Ȼ
ҲΪ벻ǺΪ
 
 
Ҳ벻סȴȻЦˣеǶжգǰ㺦㣬ȴ³ҲǾȡҲһ׮¡ 
̾Ҳǡ 
ǡˣҪȥݹ𣿡ިȻֵ 
֮ڻʣһ£ʣµһ£úõԷһһľҴߣҪʱһУȫպ䣬ҲǸɵˣȻѡסһС 
ҲҪˣΪΣǱ˵ˣҲˡ 
ҵͷЦҲǰ 
ި򵥵䣬뿪ˣ֪Ӻʱި֮Ѳ裬̸ɵġˡ㡢ҡ 
ص޹£⼸յķңҵúúüƻԺ·ˡ 





ʮ£


Сҷŵʱãֻ˼ڴߣȴ䡣
СæеӣԱߣҼϣôҪúðϧԼѽ
ȴЦˣСЩΪױɣȥҹĥԼ壬ҸͲ֪ô£ƽʱʱСѺڱϣѵر硣
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Ϊͷһȴվδٶ˵ʲôһĨЦ䶮ˡ
СΪһ·ɣ
ͷδٶ
ԶԶıһЩĺֻǲ֪ϻһָоǺơ屡ɣʱԺިԼϻųìɱеˣ
ȥصСǸҪ
ɣ̫Σˡ
ѵ£뱻顣һ仰Ҫ˵Ļ˿С
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ʱķ˲ҵĶǣסȴͽ͡
ǺԼԦоԼйҶΣͷȴ޾⣬ƬһֵһƮƮɢڿУջΪ
еһɲǼ䱻˶ȥһָ֮ƽ˳ƻеСèһ·š
û°ɣղܾˣԭǼơ
˵治ף˿ڴҲ˳
µʱ򣬼ƱЩ򽻵պҼƱɣв³çˣ̫ΣˡƵǵ
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˵Сƶһˣ
ƲǴ⣬ƽЩǸҲѽ֣ɹһܼôԶǹ츳ˡ
⻰֪ǿ佱һڿһˡЦ
 
 
ƽݵУǰһΰɡ 
Ҳá 
뼰ƣˣƥŶУоʱҵ֪ǵңϾҵ۾̫㣬Ƕһϵ˵̫Σա 
һξ֮ҶԼ˵лл㣬ƣϵĸо·ҪࡣҲǣŲڵʵģϽյġƮģʵĶǼƮĶãʵԵòпᡣ 
ѵ¼ѽϲָоպпУʱˣҲʱ׼ĸо 
һڣЩɬ֮ұҪ뿪ˣֺУпУҲΪ˷дʱһأҲҲĵط 
һȣת⣬˸ո»飬΢ùÿɺã 
Ƶı飬ȴҲпɬҲల£ྴ 
һ΢ƽ޶ֻཻʱӴΣҲ֪΢Ϊ˵͵ǰʢˣ㣬ҲԵϣպܰϡ 
Ƴĺ⼰ˣ빫ġ 
Һ֮ˣһǷģһĵ΢ãһҲȾЩӣպҪǡ 
ס 
һһЩˣ˴һȥ 
磬绹䣬ʱЩˡ 





ʮ£ִ


գ鷿һ磬е޲һЩȤĹ£ڸҲûԼ飬ֻިйʦڲͣ̽šһֱƣ޷⸸ΪνҴ鷿ȴֻҴһߣҪҸջҪҴѧʲô
һƵûţҲڴ۹£ȥ԰ߣʵܲסȤվ
ҲǣҪͻȻЩҲȷʵȤλ汾͹һȥ԰͸͸ɣػش︴յĺʱڣҲȥͻ԰˵û뵽˿̾顣
ި͹ʦӦ
ȻҡިйʦӰ԰
Լŵһɻ㣬Ҹ̾Ǵشأ︴գ԰ʤѽ
ٹ£ٻ֮ʱٻޣǺþѽʱǿĿϾӡިһ˵ȴͻȻֹסˣȻЩεĶ˵¹ٲ⣬빫롣
ЦΪλֻ˵һ㲻˵ˣʵһ⣬һۼҪǸ֪ڶһѽ
治ͬһŮӣؽˣϷѡʦ˵
ʦ̧ٶһˣһʵһŮһҲ뿴ʱãֻһۼУӱ˿Եˡ
̾ձѰҩΪһκۼ
У⻹Ǹһ֣µҪκҵۼ˸һʲôΣһӲǿҲһҲòˣҲ˯һˣԶһԸ˳Ȼĺ⣬һм
ǱĺŮסҡ
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΢Ǹʲô˭׼ڴ˺ҹȥղŻ̸ЦĸŭƽΪһ֮׼ǰأ 
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ѽĪк᣿ʦ͵ 
᣿ǣ鷿ŮԲýΪƫƫֻжһãѵЩҲ˶һƻ󣿡 
΢ⶫҳԣɲ˵ިҲ̵ŭ⡣ 
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ת۽ʱڣԷЩһٹЩʱҲҪˣ׷ţ֪һꡣƸ̾
ѽһˣһҪˣЩһǵ뿪乬ʱ乬ƹģҲѩӥΪµģ˵ϲһ䡢ʱƮʱǷϵĸо
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һܶ漣˵Ȼֱ紵ϣۡҼǵҷɵʱҲкܴķ磬ȴµģˬģѷǡ 
īҺͼԽԽǷŭȴƽڿһϷֻżǻңһұҪ뿪ˣҵ档ިʼûҺͼưֻ֣ңҪȫԼ 
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ǸֻǰˣֻҪڿģ͹ˡ 
ͻȻި˵Ǿ仰һ֪ӣҲҴ˿̵ʺϲ 
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еذ׶ʱڼ׼ذ״ҵı֮ǰҺԥؽеذıȥ
ʹֱһذ׶ʱ˵ϣˡѵһ졣
һƿң۾⣬һƽ۾⻹η塣벻һڱ˵ҵη塱𵱳乬֮ʱеŮң۾ӦþСη塱ɣϧʱĿ
ΪʲôΪʲô㣿ƵɫЩ԰ף˲ЩȻЩ⣬Щ£ĶңֱҲˣֻһ֮
ֻһ֮ңʱͣ˽ŲþȣͿüˡ˼˫ۣЦˣЦ˼ɣȴʼأᣬҵ۾ָɲΪᡣò˵ĹĺйΣзֻҵҪȥˡ
㣿ô֪ƣ۾ѵѩӥǡѩӥ뿪֮ʱ۾ܿˣһϯ꣬ƱĵڵϣŴȥʹ̡
ǣ˵˵ȥһҪл㣬ѩӥĹƣôңѣԼִҵģʹᣬҲһ̣֪ѩӥ֮ˣһ֮Ầأ
 
 
˵ˣȴЦˣ벻֪һ¹ƣ벻㾹ˣƾͼƣôϷ 
˵ұͲʲô֮ˣȣֺ³ƣĺܺ㣬㾹ѩӥУղأһж㺦ġȻļ˵⹬֮˲ңҶԲںΪҪѩӥ 
Ǹ֮ˣ䱻ҴһʼǣٴȥȴͣƶԼ壬һЦһֻѷļͷ 
һ㶣ȴıۣЦû뵽㻹书 
û뵽黹ţұΪУȴǵôߣҲøҲͰˣ㾹뺦̾ʴ㼰Ʋˣ³ҲҪң 
̾һȷҾȡԹκˡֻǡ벻ͨ©㻳ɵң 
ĺܺãһóӣ֪ˣһĺһŮ˶ģΪʹѩӥҲĿÿһοңڽҪͷǻŵһɵĹζΪʱŵζǣ𻨵ζάּգΪÿһʱżȻζŨϸŲƫƫǸϰ֮ˣżȻڻ¡ 
Щ͵ЦϸڣܱʶƣǸ֮ˡ 
㼰ȣҶһʲôأţⳡϷʧȥ˰飬Լʧȥֵ𣿡ҺȻоޱȵıܣ 
ЦȴվԼûһһ˵Ҳ֪Ƿֵãܽʶһȷƽһ£ǿѡϣҶ˶ƽ֮ˣʶںϣཻ£̸ģһɽǻȴûһĵطһֱ˵һֱ˵ֱҲ˵κλ 





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żƵҵĽűߣԼһڽˣһֽ
ɷϣҵȷ缰˵Ǹ֮ˡƻ֮ʲôûֻǽƾͼƣ㼰һϷֻǣȻԹԼڼΪôŲƵĹƣЩѩӥ㲻;
ʵ֪ѩӥһûԶΪһɲǣؿһ֧ذײĿ֮ϣߵúԶأֻǣû뵽۾֮ʱҶȥ̣֮ԭĺܺÿŨüۡͦǡôӲʵ٣ֻһۣҵ
ֻһۣ㣡
֮û׷ѩӥȥֻеǹɲʣ³ȫǰݱͣ޺֮ģȴҪҡֻѩӥ̤̤ʵʵӣһ˼ģϷ˼䣬ƫƫ;֮ģȴźңΪ֪ѵļƣҲΪңҰİ֮һ˽İ֮˵ʣıʹ縸ҲΪԼλԸ׳ԼŮ
һУ֪˲ǳǳԱơֻƴҲҪǹɲʣȴվҲѩӥ֪ˣҲڣҲעǸ¶֮ˣ࣬ҲʹߴӵˣҲ޹ءƬ֣˲㱡ӥֻڱԼұʲôӣԶĶһԭû㣬𣿡
ժһһа棬һ˹ǰľȴƽ˼˸УŽεĻ䣬żƵѪмС
ңΪܴʵҲȷʵֻܴǧ©һ书û뵽ҵ۾ѸһΪݳĺϷҲǽƾͼƵꡣ
ֻ̫衪ҶޣĵҪҺ̫֮أҲ̫࣬ԲŻһѶذ˽Ȼ̫ɣ**ף㼰ʱղ࣬Ҳ˲ôˡֻǣû뵽ʬôı֣ʪȣʱղȴȻʬõĿȫǣǵ֮Ҳˣ˶ΪܴԾ
Ȼ֣¶ڸǰʱĮ̬ȣñӻؿݾ֮Уһǰǧ谮һĹȴ³ȴʼδģôҲЩͬˡ
 
 
΢ǸɵϡұΪУϾĽ㣬ʴȺܶˡҪǣƣҲΨǴ֮ˣǻ֮ˣԲģǰұʧԼԣ¹ƣԼֳøյġ¼ȴ԰ġ̡ǹ⣬л뼰߽һУǰҵļƻߵģˡж¼ڹ˶Ǵ֮ˣοڹж©ٳ 
ңˮˮٹգҪԶݹʵûҪ¶֮˭أ˼ܶңܳ󣬿Ǹ֮ѽ 
ٴοѾûϢļƣˣ΢ҲˣܳοΪУʹķһҲݡűǽöȡЦлأһ·ʣǶԵˡ 
Ǵ֮˲ȱ棬мǣ˼ơ¶ģһ͵ԼؿڻȥʱؿһϣһǻѪպõصһ֮ϡ 
ºڸľչ£ȬˡƵʬҲ֪ȥû˵ûжʡԷģΪƵѪŪǲƬ֣Ͼѩӥĵط 
۾֮£վûж壬Ϊʦ˵еĶԶټϼƵҲǸСĴԾؼˣҲΪ棬Ϊˡ 
ֻǣިīȴǲ֪νͣʦĻԵ޻Сţοôˣ 





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ӣпڴǰؿŴľɫҲÿЦ˿Ȼģ˵ֶ͡
ԷȻԾĿƬһ֣һϸŷ֣һǷɫģַ۵ýޡǡŮӺױķۣѹԹűôһŮӣǡô
Ƭ֣ҽвֵĻݲݡִΧֶ˼ѩӥ˭̰ĿţţҪȱʧͷɿһЩƬΣЩƬνػûһŮ׷ȻӴŮ裬һɾ¡
ǿþáóˣ۾йɬϸԷĻ㣬ޱĺţҲĻͻȻŵһˡ
ˡСͻأشεۣ벻˿죬ĻЩʱ򡣲ܻңѾ̫ġ
ǣȥɣ˵ұ㳯ȥ
ԶԶرƼΪ׵ͦΣһϮɫĽԶԶţȴҲ֪ʵز·ֻѰıɴϻ˵Ĺ˷ԸʲôߴͶһɻȻɵĴµİˣȻīˡ
ū澰ݼ
һ
ī΢΢ͷļ˱ʶȤ˳ȥֿڵҲȥɣҪͰúõһ
ǣСˡ
˶뿪īһһŲھҴһԶĵطͣ˵ԵЩְκһֱϥƣЩܺͽӲ
īһֱûнֻվҸǰҿ۾֪һֱңҲ֪һֱڵҿڣֻƫƫһִֵŮӣǽܣҲڶ˵һ֡
īضţվţϥ֪˶ãһ̾Ϣȴͷ絽Ҹǰҡкһʱɲ٣ִ֣ȵùŮӡ
ȴû뵽ϥһᣬһʧƽ⣬ǰȥаһֻԼ̫ˣϵԼȻᷢᷢģֻҪͶͱˡ
еһī§סңҲ˳Ʊңı飬ֻҵĽǶȿȥܿ°͵ĺ뱻ĺܹ࣬Ȼı΢鲻
ǵһ֣µظѽܳѽīҷϣ˫ֳ࣬ҽ֮䣬˵빫۾֮ʱжȽúܣָˣЩˡ
ҽŲŲ֮У治ɫֻǿһЦɣ
īһЦսң˵ǹΪΪأ
΢΢üźۼرܿǴ˼һⴧأ
һԶīδٶ˵ʲôֻһתι
ֻ㣬ҵ֮ԼѳգԼߵģ㵱δǱҪҪա
 
 
ȷǌһʧڴҪҲӦõģֻǲ֪Ҫһλأ 
յʱܻĻع۾ٶ໨ʱҲֵõġ 
īлЩͣЩ´ֺ֪αӡ˼лԡ 
īȴɫ˵ӻЩ갡Ǹ֮ˣ˵ڼͷԴˣΪüþգ²ؼĵԣ󹬵ĶԹ಻۾ΪͻȻģֻҪסȥݹҪһжԺ󡪡 
øԵˣֻⷬ˵ģȴҸе⣬ǰ۾㵹ҲʲôϾΣյ￴Ҳú£ֻżмΣգҲǵһʽȴҸоһĪѹȥŭϵϢҸоΣգЩ 
ұţīЦˣ죬һˣǰһ̻࣬һ̾ͿƤЦԺָԴ 
īḧҵ٩ʲôţҲðǰֻҿ㣬ͷҲֻңһж޶ԣͷҵӶ֪ҲܿҼסˣҪҿԸ˽ˣΪ۾˵ 
Ц˵ɲ²һѽҽתīͣϣȴɨ۾ 
īǺЦȤȤû´Ļں±˵īҵ°ͣҲòӭĿ⣬۾Ц⣬Ҳжһеľ֮ɫ 
˦֣վʱѾˣһ´ֻǲ˽̫࣬Ϊǌһκ˵۾˵ֻǿǷбء 
īҲվǵʶˣȻ˿ܱǱɵŬˡһתֵٸʱúðһУʱҪúñڱ 
һлǵģ˿Һܸмīллܸ죬죬˵ĺҪ죬Ҳˣ 





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īǸʶȤˣΪһֱԷû뵽ù֮뿪ˣǰ˵Ǿ仰ʱúôߵ¡Ȼǹʱҵģܶƿúͨ͸ȴֲֻԼǸϷ֮ˡ
ϴһůһع񣬵ͷһһذ׵Χҵļϡ
ȻѾůˣķ绹Щ˵ģҪӣСоǵǡ֮⡣
СЦˣǸ͸Ŀ˶ڱΪūΪ澵ίˡ
Сʱֵ̿ɷūˣū˵źСĸ
˿ˮҹɫСҳȥ߰ɣݹҲ֪ܷҹɫ
ҹˮǶഩЩ·ɣСҾֱ˳ȥСβ
һͤǰվźﵹӳɫ벻ʱڣ˸о΢䡣⴦ͤ˼ǰСҲͤ⣬ģ˵ΪͣʵΪãֻպ໥֣һ˵ֻҪĴңĶݺң಻
ЩҲǼ֮ǰ˵˿̾оãǣ˷ǣ
Сûп˵һ仰ڵҿڡ
СסԷʼߣҲЩʱˣգұҪ뿪ˣԼȥ·
СԸ湫ҡ
תӣƲȴҲɫȻ֮ǰΪä֪գ񿴵ˣʵЩ⣬С̧֣գڹΪҲΪ㾹ȻԸū澣
С࣬Ҳ󸻴֮ˣֻڹߣźС֪ˡУַθ
һЦҿɲҴжãң
СУȹӣСǼõˡ
˵⹬źӻ治٣ֻ֪ӣһռ㼸أ
һл⣬СͨһڵϣŵС֪˻⣿һֱСԹĹûжĵģ빫
˵Ǳίˣüʵ
Сؿң벻һͻȻĮСʲôС
 
 
һɾʯ£ɹڵϵСվҪ뿪ҲûʱٸˣѵҪһһһоٳ 
Сʱɫȴվû³֡ 
һʴ㲻ΪҪ**һһЦҲʣǸ㣬ԷȴΪ𽹬£ķű𴦣Һܺ棬˭ӣ 
ҼСûп˵֮⣬ֻĲ˼飬û뵽һ֪ôࡣ 
һʼ֪һ书ԲŻҵɢȥѩӥ;衪ϴΣƾѩӥ˵书Ҫ뿪Ҳ£ƫƫīϢסѩӥҾͷ֣ȴǻССҪңһֻɺϣʲôôֵΪ˺ң 
Բ𣬶Բ𡪡СտʼȷΪӵķԸԲﶯֽţ㱻ӺǰģҵҲܲܡ 
žС˵꣬Ҳһ˦ȥﲻܣǣ㲻ڲ˵ЩܿЦ𣿵ҵʱûԥ 
Сס᲻ϵػ䣬ʱգСԸΪһиۣҪɱҪо֣ܶСаԹԡ 
һƽϢǻķŭȻֻ֪Ļ˭Ҫ˵Ҳǵĵɨϰӡ 
Сϻ۹ˣʶСЩСҲʲôȷСӡ˵꣬Сѵ˵ϣ˫ĿԲ˫΢ЩѪϸһһ룬ȻǶ̽СıϢ˿ȴҲ²֡ 
۾֪̾㲻ὫĻ֮˹Ҳ㣬´˶֣Ϊİ£Ҳ³ֵ𣿡 
Сø࣬ȴ²֣εı˫ۡ 





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ڶ죬ոշұ̤鷿
һôô£ҴȰ˵üۼǳ硣
Сˡƽ˵
СǾߵǸŮƫͷ˼һС˭Щ⣬СɫҪע⵽Ӧò¡ԸûӡԻرܣŮ˭뱻Ҫ

ôԵ޹ʵأʵ
һǱɱģΪһ䷢˵ҽö˳ڸġ
ɫһȴ˵ֻö롣Ǹоĺģոǿ֮ǱڹУһĪв
Ÿı飬üͷ̾⹬в̫ƽѽ
ѯʵңҷŸǰȥǰңҷƵ书Ͳȴذ״ԷСֻǸū澣˶ãȴ԰䷢ʲô룬֮ɱˣһöΪɱ˹ߣ˵书Ӧǹ֮ˡ
⡪Щǡ
Ÿ˸Ŀ⣬üͷһ֪ԹʦмӣĪһʵ벻˭ܹɱ˼ƣڶһҲֻһû뵽ҵô󣬸û뵽᲻һеκҡСֻСյΪй¶ȥŽڡǴ֮ˣԭҪһһһͰɣ
΢üͷ˼˻һſڵʦڱôˣʵһֱĻϲ⣬οΪҪɱ뼰أ
ѵûвԶһԽԽأԶһߵҲԽԽأڸߵĹʦܵ˸Ĳأ
ЩȻ˵͹Ǿġ
һվҪ뿪಻֪ʱлһûΪЩʲô¾ͽһɣҲöһ֮ǰΪֵһЩǡұȥԹʦһԣճ֮ǰ
ҵ֣ﾹȻϡ⣺һҺñ߻㣬ǰǰǱ㡣ȥݹЩˣǷʦ㶼ҪúñȫԼвԼܵ˿˺
ŸҵȴЩìܣҲ֪Ϊң˲īΪڵŮɣ
뿪鷿ʱި⻹ҡһο
ި
 
 
ҿɬһЦЩʱûԶһˡ 
ިϲ֪ұި 
Цβ֪һ˵һ˲۾ģôΣިѱҼòʲô 
ިɫβϲ뼤ؿҵ۾˵֮Ƿ֮һأʱȥŶި۵׵һ˿š 
˵Ȼǲһµġި۾˲ȥݸЦǰ֮ΰüĿӢˣ̸¼Ǹٷιӣ֮˱٬Ϸ˼䣬ʵĳº塣˵˵һǷ׼ѽ 
ިЦһ˵ިپԼˡɫިֵֻҪ۾ܺããȥݹҲ̫ί 
̶һ仰ҵıӷᣬ۾ͣˣˣСˣ㲻ôһ𣿡ȻˣҲިʼգʲô֪ 
˵ˣֻҪ۾ܺããިңһΣҵһ۾￴ҵӰӣϧҲһΣһգұֻǹ֣֮ȴ֮𡣡 
תިƻᣬިҲ㣬Ŀڣһλãһֱ㡪 
˵꣬ܿˣ˿ȹڷз˿ߵķݣзȥ 
ިټˡ 





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΢
ƿţӳļȺԱߵһӺݵѾˡ˿ңӭüǵЦᡣ
ʦõˡĶȻʹԼЦòá
Ⱥµҡʦ󣬷¡
΢΢̧֣ʾڵ˶£ֻʣʦ˵ʱһĨЦʦЩ˿ɶǌһΪʦ׼ģʦɵúúƷ
ʢ飬ܳ
ʦɱ˵һڹнʱյĵλȫݹʦͣݶһǣһƣԵݸ˶ˡ
ˣɫˣû˹أ
ûйʦֻһĴ΢ã³Ҳá
нգΪҲȻˡ
̾һ׷뵱һ󹬱ݣҲǳԾ˿ͷܾίҵùʦæűܹôೡıҲҵùʦڸǰ挪һԣһл鷿һнʦ˴һʵ֪γ
˵۾ʱӿֳЩĵ֮ɫȻ˲㱻ȥˣǱҲ׽һ˿ۼ
ҶǰľƱһڽеľ˿˵ľƱҲǿտյģҵȻһЦùľƱٴΪ
һʦһҽƵݸЩϲЩη˿
ӹƵɲǣҵָҲɨֵ֣žƱľһЦ
ʦһǶô
ҡ벻Ǹ˾Щ֣̿۵벻⡣
˱飬˰գʦһ򵨴󣬵ΪһŪôյӵСࣿ
ֻǸȡ裬ҪλֻҪⷬж񣬲һСαųܵˣ治֪ĵλ
һȡ裬ƣȻȥĲټҶһˣ֪ʦֻҪƣҪ˲ã
ɻִļ磬ϵܺ͸¶Ľšͳ˿Ϊȥ
ʦα˽ţѵΪһǹݣʦҪܶԶ֮ݣֺοίԼΪҳຣҲ˽աԣ㲻ذҵɹֻҵһȹŮˡңҲ󣬶𣿡
 
 
ԽԽɳڣЦˣһָֻȻסҵ֣һѽ뻳С 
˳ƻеɲǣҵذҲĿڡ 
뿪ĻЦſɴŲ˼˫ۣûͨΪǰһ̻ԸίһͻȻɱ 
ҲϲҵŻҹвˡ˵ 
㣿벻󾹻ϡʦ˵İںޡ 
֪ں޲ɱңҲֲңһеֶαѧģҪ־͹ڼ˹֮ˣŮˡ 
߻ҵλãȻ£ƱŵȷǾˣֻϧǹѪζˡ 
ʱ򣬱ס˶ڽɪɪҡ 
ҡҲǡҪɱġ˾ơ˹Ҳ֪ô죬˼ȥĲǹġҿ޵ڸĻ 
££һ֮ܽ衣˵⻰ʱ򣬸ֻһˣЦˣȻ۽Ȼᡣ 
ڵϣʦʬ屻ǿڻľǰޣҲգ 





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԰С꣬ߵŮԷɡȡһͷŷ֣һˡ̾һǲԾһĨЦþ˼ˣֶεõһУҲһУվȴֻȻһ¶һˣ
˿ɫ´꼴Ϯٹ˲˫֣Ϊɡǰȥ
Ƭ̣һ޹̧ͷһӡֺȻĿһЦ֪УܿľǰҲȴֻŵû㣬һ˵ģӦǡ塱֡
һŮǶɨΧһУʱŵùڵϣŵū澲֪٣ʧԶӭ빫ˡ
ǰŮ۵Ĳ˼飬ȻһЦ˾ţҲߵģˣ̲סͣ˽Ųܿ˿̿ڹУ
عĻӴ˿ڹУū칫ȥ
ҲãҲûܿˡ
ƹһЩˮ鿣ͨһС㵽ӵֻܿ˿ͥԺŪЩݲݣСҲĽܹڣɽ֣ԶţǾ磬Ҹ
ӡߵŮڻܿһ˵Щʲôȴֹˡ
ܿعͷǶϲõĻѿڶһˡ
ʾߵŮ£Ҳڲסϲãԭܿޣʶôˣȴ뵽һǵһμ㣬ҲΪվΪˡ
ܿꡱһЦЩûˣһԽԽˡ
ݸһЦһ˵Ŀɾ䶼Ļ
ǣҵĶһܿ߹ең԰ȥ֮ǰһֱдţ˵˺Щˣ˵ûᣬһֱҪ㣬ҳӣҪһοɻҪЩ£ǰ۾һ£ұ룬⼸գ㶨գǰˡ
ܿ㻹񣬽ұĹģһ԰תתţȴ꣬޴ɶ㣬ĴܣܵˣҲˡ
˵찲ҽҪһ۵ˣܿЦ
ôΪɣ죬Ҳǹ֣ǰһ̻ģ˿ַ̱ˡ
ܿ죬˼˵͸¡˵һ˼ʮ꣬ͱ˼ʮ꣬Լֲһ棬һǼ٣˵󹬰ɣı컹죬׽͸˵ĻζѰζ
 
 
ܿ⹬һֱ֮ˣȻҪһ֮˶Ķ࣬еҲ˷һԵɺ֮㣬Ҳ˳ұҪȥݹˣҲлˣԡܿء 
ܿ˫һȻգô죿 
ʵұֻ֪ԵҲ಻Ū˼ǰҶʶһǲף⹬УԵôĲأ 
ܿסҵ֣أ˵棬ֻζһȥݹúչԼвù֮ġ 
ѹемصͷ 
ôǸ֮ˣദʮ࣬ԲⲻһЩ鷳һ䣬ҲҪĳЩϣϾǸ 
ܿһסˣġʵһŲµܿ㣬㲻˼ƽϣɲ˻᲻ΪѣӣҺǵǣң㻹ᣬҲҼ꣬ѵʹһ𣿡 
ܿ̾Ժ˭˵׼أΪŮӣֻ˵ǰ֮ˡ 
һ븸˵˵㣬ɱҵĺ⣬ֻǸһ仰ߵů¯Ҳϼ 
һܿһѱסңʵ᲻㡪 
һرþԡ 





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ԹźտƤкã˵˻ʱҾԼЩα뵱ԼֳϹ֮ʱ㾡˰취ҲҪԸˣȴʥһȰˣЦŮˣǵһֻҪо֮ˣҲĸԸġǵĸΪɫһȴҲӲڹԼӵеòֻңպˣ
СŮƱҵĻˣӵһ£û뵽Ҳ˵ǰ˵Ļ
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ʵҲǣСŮΪūΪ澣ԲĻҪ⵽𷣣ҷֲԼһǲңҪѡҲԾҲǵĿգҲҲк֮ƣֻû֮ǣϾûȨ
ĪģеϲСŮˣֻûй֮˵ϢҲ֪Ժ᲻մȾ˿ҸоɣɣڹܿɹĶ
ҽʲô֣Сʵ
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ԭˣɵڹӦûలµġ
̶˵ϴūżȻ԰ƹǶͻԶԶȥˣͬһ㣬оʱҪ𻯶ȥߵĽøңǶһūл룬֪ʱܼˣô㱻ɵˣΪױū澺⣬ϲ
ǳЦ̶Ժ⹬棬Ҫס˵ԱӴҲϲһ㸸һ£鷿ȥΪ֣ǷҪԶЩҲȫЩ
Ҵԣ̶ʱڵϣߵлūлū澵Ķˣ˶ū澶С
 
 
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ǣ 
̶ȷʵɣʩ죬㽫ľɫڸȥĵ˵ͷ 
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лޣǹ˹ɫ綼ÿ 
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վߵӵм䣬žתһȦ¾ƮƮ˿Ůµͷ˿߸𣬽ҵٳг޺ϲҲұͰķɫӳĵĸӰ𪣬ű̶۵ľޣЦˡ 
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꣬Ҳֺ۷
̶ȴһţҶ˵ū澻ǵһμ˵ء
ֻҪôлõõģ仰˺䡣
һһţ˶Ŀ⼯ϣϢԴĿĸоǽ̼ģѹֹô֮
Щߵīµ̨ңϣ£̧ͷȥһƬͬ޺ϲһߣɷǺÿ
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һǰһҪ뿪ˣҲҵϥǡ
ңң۾ﾹ͸Щᣬ˵ȥݹҪúð࣬£ŮԴףñ˴˻˵Ĺ񡣡
һϯȴ˵΢ΪӦԼŮչԼȴΪ룻תһ룬ЩȻΪһ֮ΪԼλԼĹңڹ˽һҲ
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±ú˼ģȷʵ޹أỹһġ
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ֻܿǲͣصͷͣز۽ǣ֪ܣҲٶ˵̶ߵǰ˵±ǣһʶһŮб̶Ӵ񣬶һϲʺϴں󹬣븸鷿ΪīҲãֻҪܱȫɡ 
˿ֿܿ˿ı̶˵ͷ 
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ҴϲӣҲ뿴޹ص㣬Ӧöҵ˼ɣҲĿīⷬҾȻԼΪҡǡУǵһΡҸ֪ˡ 
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תͷҵ˵˾䣬˵棬̰ɣ 
īһ֣漴ūŵߺݡ 





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ⳡƺƴ󣬿ǰĻҵĳĬиһ䡣
īеĶǰȻǰ
һ·裬Ŵ󿪣˳ɢȥž˿ֻīˣ棬ҺڡŲŲӣƿӣһʱԭĿ˵ĺã
ͷǰеĶǰţʱЩη֮飬ѹݹڶ̶ʱڶһ⿴ЩʿѵصĲǸ߳οǸ߰ʿ
Ѿ˳ˣǰһƬɫͻȻٿһۣҲһۡҽͷתȥͻȻ䣬ѻͷ
Ǹ߸ڳǽ֮ϵӰި˭һǶη紵ô¶Ӱߵðģҿ࿴ңô¶
ԽԽԶĨӰҲԽԽСɴǶһֻ򣬷һʯĵͻȻ۾ˮһ㻬䣬ƮɢڷУӰ٣ֻо΢ٿһۣӰڣа¾ģͷջ֮Уаټ
ΪܷһУϾƺûʲôֵģû뵽㻹ǲᡣīش
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һ˵ɫһ죬ŭݵú˵ҹһû˯ˣҪ˯㲻Ҫ߶ҡ
Ѳ㼤һ˯ţī²ʵ
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һۣǽϵĨ¶ӰлƣҲһϮţеˣ֪Уѳ˯ȥ
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ҵȻڹгŶδ̤һлҹ·һڣбЩۣǳģѩӥȥƬ£ҳȥѩӥȴ
ˣǱЩҲһʱīº͵˵˱飬Ҵ˺һ
 
 
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ī룬Цû뵽Ҳ㿴˳ˡ 
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īһƺû뵽һдһʣֻ˵һû뵽 
ˣһΣ˵ǡ 
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ݹҶԣǴһһһʼҵбû 





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Ǹ߸ڳǽ֮ϵӰި˭һǶη紵ô¶Ӱߵðģҿ࿴ңô¶
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һ˵ɫһ죬ŭݵú˵ҹһû˯ˣҪ˯㲻Ҫ߶ҡ
Ѳ㼤һ˯ţī²ʵ
ôأԿ˯ˡ
һۣǽϵĨ¶ӰлƣҲһϮţеˣ֪Уѳ˯ȥ
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ˣǱЩҲһʱīº͵˵˱飬Ҵ˺һ
 
 
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īҪ˵īҡЩȻȴҲѰ˼īԴӸͬһ֮󣬱ƲǰʶīˣˣҲ˵ 
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⻰һ㲻ˣӴ㡪 
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ǰľƱЦݹڴĴ£ֻԽԽǿʢ˵㽫еľһ 
ī΢΢ͷʱ죬ǰѾԻЦһ֮ 
̶ϲֻμķŮվƱƵزīǰ˵šϲ֣˭óްԹԹīԹҡ 
ǰҴڣֻīŮˣҺȻȤֻŮ˲³ç޴ϯ磬һذףٿϯŮˣʢװ磬ȴ֣ǡôϾҶһǲ֪īеķˡ 
ҼīĴֻһЦ̶ƽʱϲЩذ嵭֮ɫ𣿺Խôأ 
̶ʱľ·嵭̶ģ̶ֻôô̶ˡ 
īӹеľƱһֻ٩ҵɵ̶Ŀǽ㿴ģֺίԼأ 
һЦǣίǴһذ׵·ίˣЦ 
ɨīȴţ۾ȻĵĴڣΪҴ۾￴̫ණ⣬мԹޡ 
ٿǰģȴûθڡ 





ʮ£ӿ


ؿű񻶣ȴԵ¡ī໥ЦϯµĴ󳼳У۲мĿңۼʵĿ
ͻȻеȤǰƱҪ£ȴīһѶ˹ȥ벻ˣȴܹ˵ߵҡ
תͷĿȴͷ´жȥǱơ
ֻ֣˺ȣһ𣿡
Ǳˣ㡣
ҲмЦһǵûտǶһ޵ӣȴ֮ͬһ㿴ű֣һҪȱԼϲƣܸϲ֮ȴʸҲû𣿡
ī۵һ˿ʹɫڣȴߵȡ
ôеȤ⻰ԹĮ㣬ݹ˼󹬽ڶ࣬պҪǸԹȥҪԼݣѲǸ߸ϡ˳谮ĹֻǴһŮ֮һҴȢ㣬ҲϵϵɲҪˡ
Ц⻰˵ҲʵڣȢֻΣ޹ذ飬ˣֺαЩŮһʶ
һסĻˣһҲûҪλʲôֻǣһ˿ģҲֱƺ𣿡
һ㶣ûϵһ˹˳ûϵҾһںɫĿңЦȻʶȤ
δ˵꣬īһѽƿǱĻ磬δһԣʱֵָֻˣ˵֮ϣ㲻ҲˣҳԶײƽǶ̫ˣԼݺ͹еˡ
һæͨڵϣ˲գˡ̶ˣ̶ԺҲˡ
ϯ¸ͣҲߣǰƽ˵ͻȻ
̹˵ûϵīΪǷĻŭ
αŭ˵ֱ˵㣬ҲʵǴϲ֮գɲҪ˵ˡ
īһ˵ɫѿ˼ֻΪιϵ
ҷʣѵ𣿶һ֪ģ֮ʱѡףֻΪһ˳ۣҪϷˣһϸҲԭҪԭӦǴҪһɣ
ԭ˴λģī˵̫ණҲȥϸϸо
˰ˣڰȾɣçײ񣬾ͷ°ɣ
ǣ˹
̶ʵ
ٴȴҲǰǰˡ
һˣɷлعЪϢһҵݸ¡
 
 
ⲻһ˵ĻϯķݣôںϣīĻмּȣ̧뿪ǲ뿪 
㲻ǵһʶһˣһʲô㻹𣿡 
īȴЦѵ˵ƺΪȻģȴˣһعɣ 
㲻Ĵ𣿡 
īˬЦҵĴϲ֮գ㳼Ӷ֮ 
һӣ˵Ӷӣ 
ϯ˼īɫãһȴֲ⣬ǰһ̻ŭݵĴΪƬ֮һãȻĽĿƵīߵϡ 
ֱī΢΢Щʪ⣬ȴյøˡ 
ǳЦī˴ңǻΪҶ˸顣 
īһЦˣкβɣ 
Ҿҿɲãֻµʱұ⹬˵жΪΣǣ̾һǰ 
벻ˣȴҲһں󹬵ĶթС 
īȴֻǳĬǣҼ¸ȥ 





ʮ£谮


Щ֮ϣеȹڽɣֽޡҹգ˲
ī߰еľƱһĿҡ
ĬãӭīĿ⣬ҸЦα˿ң
īЦֺα˽ţǶް㣿
Ҷһ죬˿ȷʵţΪûǣĴ֮գһûаȴΪԼˣܲţ
īİɣ֪޸Ĳ鲻ԸûнĽ֮ǰҲᶯ˿
˵ʱһоɲ٣īǸӡа룺˵ҰĽȻᶯңֻһԶҲᵽЩ⡣
ôô˵㰲Ĳˣī٩д˿ǷԶҲûˣΪһѩӥѰˣ
Ҳ̹Ȼ㵹ԽԽ˽ˡ
īһ˿ЦһǷڹҽѡΪ׶Ȣݹٴεؾ˺󹬣
ҲκˣҲҵԶҪڹ֮УӲݹ˵һģǸǽڣѼա
˼뿪īЩŭ
īʵ𣿡
롣
ҿЦǳ룬ֺαض˵ʣ˷֮ģȡͷϵΣͷ˿ٰ㻬䣬ڸһƬ
Һ£ٲ
۾֮ǰϡīصǰƣһһ
ʱһ۱㿴īҵߣһֻҵϣȫ޽֮У˳ǵһΣʱұͬ߹Ҳġ
ˣͻȻڣЩΣ˻±ץסһ㡣
΢΢˵ͷȴְסҹ˯Ŀɺã
 
 
ܺãһ·δ˯˰ĵľˡ 
īһЦյɫҲȷʵЩȥ糯ˣ㲻ϲ⹬Ƚڣ¿˯ɣ˵˴ʰԼǰ˵ּ¸ûͬκ˲룬ڴ˰ϢЩʱ㣬ʲôҪֻܷԸŮǣ˴͹ 
ĬĬؿȥЩ̾ò˵īǺܺˣһʱ𣬻ǳĿģٴ˿̣Ѻùˡ 
죬īҵĹ¸糯ɰʱȥϣ˳ֱӹʱһ˯ʱƬ÷ɢʱͤ￴䣬īÿһζҵңߡҲ˵˷ĵĻֻҰѾԻ̸˵أƣȻһ˺ȣҺЩˮˡҲ⡣ 
һʱ֮䣬󹬴ǵأҶӹ¸Ҳȥ˵īж谮·һն޹¸󣬴ǰǴδֹģƽǵó˿Ҳˡ 
ţǿЦֻüԶҲҪȥھĶ£Ϊīǳȴ뵽ÿͬߣȴྴ 
ȻīǸ˼֮ˣҲ벻Ϊ˴ң˵Ϊһ֮ôɫŮ飬ʵûҪίԼ 
źҵĹŮӺҲһȵɫźڲ࣬Ȼ֪īնҹҹͬҸǹ١ 
˿̣Ϊױ˵ǣѹִġ 
δ˵һ仰⻰ǽī˵÷ǳˣȻԹžò裬īҲ⣬֪īȢңΪҵա 





ʮ£֮


תݹѾһ࣬£԰תƣֵļϣԵЩɢ԰УЩȻ޵ĻżһҲþࡣ
ͻȻ䣬һһԼԼޣϸƴӺԶĵطַƽڶࡣĵһӿ˭˭ڴеҪ֪𰸣룬㱼˳ȥ
ݹܴǵһγ¸ԺãȻ֪Լںδֻȥ
ҪȥӺӺ洫
Ȼȥɣҳȥתת
ǲףӺɡ
ôź򱾹ӱ񱾹£ҪȥߣҲҪ𣿡
ӺǴ⣬Թв죬Ӻ·ԲšӺŵ
ֻһ˳ȥߣ´ֻȥ֪ǡ仰ұ㾶ֱǰȥӺһｹǲҲǣҲǡҲΪֻǣҴ˿ּСµû⡣
ԽӽԽֱһˮ鿣˵ıӰҵȻƽ
ô᣿ôôƣֻһĨӰô𣿲֪ʱѾᡣлټѾҵĵȻֻкĿִһ˵񻹼޸ˡ
ˮм䴵ôͶ룬̴ţԣ˻ȥȴƲ벽
ʡҿŷԼ˻ơ
ͣˮм˵תҽԼȹڣס
һòˣīİȴһ֮ڸ˵ô
һʧ䣬ʱգǣˣ»ᴵ˺࣬ô뵽ôݹĺɵ
ȥߵۣ˵һŹӺǱǸֻӵХǶˣ֪ߵˡ
һӾĶһ
΢΢˵ͷ
⹬еʦϢǹⲻȥ
ر֣ӵХҲرöһ뵽һλˡ
ԭˣ¼ɫʪδɣλ˶˵ǺܲѰ
 
 
̾һʲôѰѰģǹȥˡ 
ԣǶǹȥˣԻｫķſڡ 
ҿЦҹΪжĽҽʱյĵλòã 
λ֮˹ú뻵Ӳݵλֻģ˿̣޷⣬Ҳĵĳࡣ 
㿴˵ǿͨ͸ 
ˮ 
ں󹬣ֵǮıˮˣֶŮӵ󹬣ջɢӰ٣һվ˵ЩҲȥͲڴ߶ˡ 
ˮĵطƺر󣬼ֵļҲо΢££·ٴοˮӣת뿪ˡȴ˼ˣÿʮɣĹˣҲɽһʱ֮ǡ 
ʮ壿 
ǣ֮ÿʮ嶼 
лл̧ǰȥ 
ٴδÿһҵϡ 





ʮ£ˮ


ʱ·ȥޣȴû¡
Щ滨ݣûԶޣʱ˻ЩݣһԶǴ뿪ǸԴˡûϲŭûа֣ȻһƽȤЩҲʵڣ
£֪ߵһ԰̧ȥ㿴ǰ漸ŮӴӵһŮŮӣȻˣӵһμ𣬱ֻɫȹҴ統ī£ͲϲңײңҪһ
ƿɻع¸·ֻһˮ鿳ȣҲˣҲΪҶһڼɵΪ֪˵ıԱǣԽԽҪͷϡ
һĲӣǳЦڳм䣬ӯӯʧ񣺡á
ԭֽ̧߷ϣЦ㡯ɵѽݹݡĿһ֮ףΪһ㡯ǡ
һԭ⡮ݡ˼ѹ֣ѹֵīΪʱô˸е벻⡣Ҳ⣬ΪīὫݡ͸ң
ȶһ㡯Ϊ
Ȼ߽ңЦѣֻҴ˫۾ﲢûпЦ⣬мֺ⣻һЦ治һҲίˣֻʶȤֻǲ֪Ϊһڴأ
ΪڴˣȻҲΪڴѽ
ŶѲڴ˵ȱģ
ȻǰЩȤ˵㣬˼ȴܿµЩˣԲͱǴӱͱһ붼ú¡
һֻĸģ߶߶ݹ󹬾ɫˣ֪ߵ⴦ˡ
Ǻܵô𣿴ôûһѽ
·أһ߶ţ
ߵߣµذҴһ飬Щߺ޵̶ֽ̣ʱգ㾿ʲôֵ֮ôġ
ЩЦԭΪҶī˺֮Ҳпԭ˭أܲһʱҲΪջģϲ顣
Ц˵ĺ֮סǶһأøһ裿
㡪Ǹӣ󹬼ڶ࣬ǧܷá
һ֪֮֮ˣ˶һһԻϢȥڴǰԺ֣ŵᷳ
 
 
ֻɫһһףȤȻƷ֮ϣҵһ᲻٣ٴ˸񣺡һлع¸ˣͲŽ԰ˡ 
ҶмӣߣҲٶԣֻؿһۣǰȥ 
˵۾ĵһڣ⻰Ȼ٣Ϊһҿ˲ơ 
ֻϧ֪ұ֮ˣԵҴ߹ȥʱ׵ضײҼ硪 
šͨһ죬ˮһüˣֻܹĽ̾ȡʳˡ 
 
ѽˮˣ˾ﰡ 
Ľں䣬ߵļŮڰɫ߶ȴҲˮȥȣ˹ͷǲ϶ҲԼҪ 
ҲӾҡˮвҺȻЩˮǻҵúܣȴʮ㣬ڹжͳİɣ 
ϣˮŰϵŮԶæļūţҲһľ¡ 





ʮ£ǷǷ


һĨɫӰӺƮ룬˳ˮȻǰҲ˳㵲סҵȥ·
ҿɫƽңޱ顣
ٿˮʪȹס͹µ壬߾¶Ӷ˵ϡ
ī΢üͷֱһգźۼؽƵŮϡ
ҪΪ̶ѽϵˮۻδɾˮȴգʵҼ
īɨһۣתңҪѯһоô¡
̶԰;⹬̶δ˵Щ强֮˼䣬룬룬һ仰δ˵꣬
ĵؽ֮УҼԳɾ䣬԰˵
һûϵƽû뵽һܽҪ˵Ļôֱ׵ĸ˵һ
ī˫üһߵҸǰϸϸĿңҪҵ۾￴룬һʵ𣿡
ò˵ֻ򵥵ļ֣ѡȻīʶôãݹΨһʶˣĻЩң𣿡ܽҲܣ
һЦһֺ֮һʶһ۵׵һĨʹɫƹֱߵǰмЦˣҶһ޴Ҳ飬Ҷһĺ㣬еǰ취ΪԼվڶһǰޱ𣿡
ɫһ䣬һָ֮Ҷī
֮оҲ׷˭˭ˣˮͺعЪϢɣ
Ǵ̶޹ίҪΪ̶ָɣ
֮ˮͲҪ˵Ҳȥ˵ɣī͵
һһС˲˲Ұɫ
ֹܾһԵҲһĮĸŮӶܲˣǽλöԻҲǲùԹžң뵱ҲҲǾʡ
ߵīߣȻī֪Ůڶ࣬ҲܺŮˣҲԺͷ鷢
ô˵īŭɫһûϵҾֱī䡣
֪Ǹ鷳֮ˣԺǺ֣ȥˣֺαطϣһʶ
ɫһǸû뵽īֱ䣬Ҷīõǡҡǡת˲䣬ϱ㱻ıֱΪһŮ˵ı
Ƭ̹򣬱Ͽô仯Ҳʵίˡ
̶̶ˡ˸񣬱뿪ˡֻǴıӰٿȡ֮Ǳ
īͷңǳЦԩ㣬Ϊβأˣǰһ̣ŮĮ飬һ̣º͵ЦôĶԱȣȴҵıӿһ⣬ãҲٻûа
µԩ¶ȥˣ¶ҪͣΪԼףﻹôԩ˵ŵùҪͣ
 
 
ǣȻӣ治֪ôźá 
Ҳһǰȥīظ 
һȥ 
̾һǴ㣬οҵ߻һӺȥúܣֺαң 
īȴֻ˵ԶһҪѱ˱ƵǲŸģ֪ǰϲȴ뵽Ӱ֮󣬾㲻һеҲҪȥ 
һ֪֮⣬ҲˣϲպҲȥ˱ǡ 
벻һҲǷϲĻǼ⣬仰㹻ˣϲպұΪ㴵ǡ 
ˣżöҲᷳˡܻᷳһ졣 
īЦɲҪŶһ޶ġ 
һ޶ڣ㵣⡰һ޶ɣ 
ˣ֪ҲѽʱҲ㴵 
ѾòҲòˡ 
īɫһ˵ʲô 





ڰʮ£


յˮƽϴˣҵѣֻϹżҹ¸˵Щеûģīÿ춼԰ģӹõҲɢȴܾЩʲô
԰Ϯ
Һܺãʳں󹬣֪ˣеΪλ᲻ɢ֪ިɺã˵ҪȥͷΣôǷңڽҼݹôǷԸˣܿǷֵõ˸ĳңǷ񱻸˳ػغ󹬣ֻźһεı̶Ǻִ
һеһУƺԶȥˣֻ֪ϾʱǷң
ʲôأһϮһһ̧ͷŽߵīһǷȻĵ
üͷƺҵĲ
Цûʲôֻϸ
ȥϸϸ
ˣޣ⡣
ǣҶ֪øʲôŻĶˡ
תӣīҵˡ
ǡһûܴϿֻ䡣
ʱ䣬㻹ȥɣϾǴ
ҵҪ󣿡˵꣬īбŭҪԼȥŮˣ
Ǵ
ˣҶκãȻ˹ȥЩˡ
īε
ˣҲ硪˵꣬ȥ
ī뿪ıӰ޿κΣһʱ䣬԰ָֻǰĲ첢δתȴôҲˣ֪ǴûˣĶˣپˣ
Ȼ뵽Լᣬеǰ·ããһжȤ»ʳλ񶼲Ҫģ˳ȥк𣿿һϸ룬Ҫģ˼ȥԼҲ֪ʲô
֮ʱΪѩӥأҿԷȡʧѩӥҴĻǵرһʲôأ
һߣĿġϴεӺСûеҷԸ֡
żд߾Ĺ˻ͣ½Ų밲̬Ⱥǫ֪ǾΪīҵٳмӣһСҡ

 
 
һỽͷһһŵ󣬾Щ죬ٿŵԭǸ֮ˣ 
㡪 
ǳЦﾹǵ£ 
˵˫һһΣǣ 
ˡֵ 
һǵûÿʮգղʮ壬Ҳûʲôϯ磬˺ιʻУ 
ǰ˵ϲϾʱдֲ࣬Ĺ¸̫±֮شࡣ 
ԭˣû뵽īϸ 
ʶ꣬ǵһμһŮġ 
ԣ˵»ԴҲУֻ֪ɷлһ 
ĵʱһ˵ҲѧһֻٴˣҲˣǰ׳󡣡 
ˣʶ֮ձˣ˹˹ͬһˣѹΪݹǧ谮ֺαִЩſĹڲǣ룬λҲϣ￪ĵ 
ϣҾݹīһӣÿԹ޲ 
վǰ棬ں棬˾統Ƭ֮ϣǰںڷУ紵ǵ˿Ҫ 





ڰʮһ£ݺ


һص¸ʱɫѾ
һƣӺֱӻ޹Ϸţȥʱоɲ٣ֱȥҲûʲôθڽˣֻú˯һҲ֪ΪΣһõ£û뵽ȴĸƣۣԼ̫ˣԼƬҲûɹ
۽һƳ米иӰζһ˭
ӰһæһһƽȴͷҵɢţҲҲ
üͷȷҲʶˣǺˣҳڱ޹
ȴңֻЩҵſڱȥ˵ء
ְʹһƣʱˤڵأģǱ
Щ۵̫Ѩ㻰
ȴδشֻƬһƣȴǿſȥ˿ͳƵĸԷ꣬ȥˡ
ֻš֨ѽһһûȣ˱һĵĵصҵ޹ڣֻ澪֣ͣزƺ
̧һԭīվ⣬ŭݣ䣬ٿվŵḶ̌һĵ֮ɫжʱȻˡ
ūҲˣūŵС
īδ˵һ仰ֻĶżҲ̧ۿһϵңֻǴҿ˿Ҳ²͸˿Щʲô
ĽЦ㵹˵˵ʲôѽ
ūŷûĽ̵ʻֻſڵϲסĲﲻͣ˵ţūҲˣҲˣ
˵ѽ㿴˲ţٿūţ²ģ㵹˵˵﾿˺ѽô˵ҲǴ׷ҪһͰɣ֮ǰһĽȥѧᰲؼˣû뵽Щ˼ῴˣҲ̫ˣǹŮӣʣһеŮֻ򵥵ȥأ
¸»ֲʰɣ
Ľɫ΢䣬ʵǹܲˣ뵱ӭ谮ΪǸ߲ˣȴ뵽㲻ҲǸˮﻨŮ˰ˡ
ǺŮҲòۡ˸ʵλãҲ˵
Ľ̼ռҰֱˣ̶īĶ裬Ƥֳ˴˵ȳţ澡ɨ˵ҪϾĹԺú˼ѽ
ôһɳӰһѪ
һֱһδī㿪˿ڣˣȽūŴΡ
ǣ
ԽԽСؿūűߣ˼ˣɵΪĽͻٷ̫ˡֻԽԽ죬ߵӰֻ
 
 
أ 
±Ҳֲʰɣī 
ĽԾԣǹԹԵһԣ۾ϲɫǱ©̫ 
ī߽ڣ²ؼģʵ޻˵𣿡 
⻹һλ֮ǰҶһ鵱ǡޡһҲҾò޲ʡ 
檡ٿĪ磬Ҫ㷣˿̣ˣԡ 
ĪҪ̫šĽһŭ 
ûʲôˡ 
Ǵ 
ˣ⽫ñϷ㻹ѵҪϸϸ׷ʱۼ˲ֹһɣ 
Ľɫһף˸񣬴Ҵ뿪ˣ뿪ˣ۲Ϊ 
ͷϣڵīұ۾ۣ 





ڰʮ£


һذȥ֪ī
Ҳۿֻؿţ֪˿лҪ˵ҵڡ
ĬãīͻȻ뻳Уرסң˿˵ίˡ
в죬ǾůůģŮȴ˵ίһǧãһί֣
ī̾һվҵˣ
ûУҲңɶһͣһ˵һýͣмͣ಻ͣŵùҪ͡
īұĸҴûлɹ֣֮ŭΪҺҵԽӣ˿ⰲţվ㣬һ룬ôǸūţոǿ֮ˣĲ
ңҲȷʵ˼˼ҪӦԣŮ˵ͨ
û˿ɣһǸʲôһ𣿡
īҪⷬ
μġīЦ
ҹ˵֪һоĽ̲һ֣㾹ţҲȷίҡ
īЦָҴ˿̱ȥĽָ˵
ˣһǾ仰īϣպܺŮˣһٲŮˣҲٲŮ֮ƣҲ
ΪеһԱ֮ʱұˣҲݹҪűˣʱһãҲˡ
ܲҪȥǺãɣ
⵹Ǹİ취㲻Ҳˡ
һʹīͷҧҼһڣûȫȴҲҺʹ
ո˵Ǿ仰Ľѵ
ȻīЩﻹΪһ֮еƣΪƽǸĮˣ뻹˺һ档
һ֮С֮ˡ
ұСӰ֮κҲߵģҲκƽ֡˵ĵҵ۾ȣȴһ㱡
վīǸΣյˣ˵ӰĶżǿռûеõ治ĺ
СӰ֮Ҫҵ˲أҲҪǿ𣿡
 
 
ī˼Ŀңᶨشһ᲻һеؽߣʹ㾡С 
һ𣬸ɬЦܺޱңһǺܸмء 
īһĨаЦɴлѽ 
ʱһͷԼԼƽһȦ 
ҿɲ֪Ҫл㣬ҳԴȫģҲûʲôл㡣 
ʲôҪֻҪһġīסҵ֣˵ 
ɲˣÿ 
˵ǷҵĿʵڲ٣ҽʱ䣬˰£ǷһˣټΣһʱҲ壬ҲûϵպеʱյҶ˵ģȴҾľ 
պᷢ˭Ҳ˵׼õ²Ҫ 
ҲеһסҵĻĸмңʵģ˵ֻҪһģ֪ҪڽǲܵģΪĻϣҸʱ䣬ͬʱ߽ȥǸĿĲݵˣԣܶãҶһֱȥ 
ⷬ˵ļϿңҳĬˡ 
ôһģܿͻᵽģΪѾԸоԼĵһЩ仯ֻû뵽īᰮңһֱҶҵĺãǾӣȢΪ˱ҼΪĿģɣݱɰ飬ҲŻʲôңʯõĸ顣룬ֻĶѡ 





ڰʮ£Ů


ʱ䣬īĹϵƺ˱仯ĿҲٿܣҲʾãʵģ˼
ìܵĽ壬ڹȥ£ҪǣȴֺǣҵĹȥ̫Ҳδһ£ɴ˵ע̫վֻһŮӣĲҲ䲻
մ޹ܳūŵ£ںȴĵطķзÿһ԰ӣῴĹŮūžһ𣬽ͷӶȴǡôĴҶС
Щ˿Ҿһģķ̻Ҹо˴ۡһ֪ǸҥԷ͵ĵطҲǸԹ⿿ҥԱɱ˵ĵطνġɱ˲Ѫˣ
֪ҽʱյĵλЩ֮ﻹκβң֮֮ЩҥԶԼҲѡ񲻹ܲʡ
տɺãϹ˵ԶԶ
չһЦнĸһܺá
ϹߵҸǰϧĿңһýΪЩ޻̸֮ԹҲͷˡ
޻̸֮һϣ쳤ڱϣҪô˵һܲˣˣҲܲȥǰ˵˵ȥ˵ˣԻͣǸ˵ƵĵضûЩлˡ
õϺ
΢΢ͷŭһͻһºͣ빬ദҲǢһŮдΪʵڲף֪ж೤ʱˣ
ָֻϸϸ㵽ʮǶʮˣ㵹ãָһ㣬ǹôˡ̾һĵ˵ҽ֮ʱûִݹҲûôˣҲһǰŽù񲻹꣬۰һҲǺк󹬣ʱ䲻ȴһŮ˺ľഺһ˳ɳһͷޡ
벻ڴѾôˣѹֶһ㴦µ󷽣Ҳǿܵ
ǣܵȴһЦֻҽʱճЩƽҲûʲôԽٵֻ˸˰ˡ
Ҿֺο˱Լһʱ䲻ȴҲó㲢
֪ҽ֮ʱʮ꣬Ů㺵ʱ򣬴ῡʣ۲ΰԣһŮӲƫƫǺ󹬣ϡıɫŮӣҲԺΪҲɵͷҲ޾ļįʱҲҿˣ⹬ֻˣһΪȨ費ֶεˣһֱĵˣǰһˣǴԿɴĳĿģȴվҲʲô³⹬Ůӣһһֻ֣ʬ⣬пɹЩӣһĶˣӣҲûζɣ
 
 
ϵһȥȴһᡣ 
ɫأЦҲֻ˵˵ÿɱȥ⹬ʵеˣǴϵŮˣҿýʱǳľͨ͸ֵôҲˡ 
ͬΪŮˣͬΪŮˣѵ谮ңоûаֲ죿 
˵ûУҪˣеģҽˣΧһת꣬Ҳ˿꣬꣬һŮжٸԺģˣǴûи飬ΪûˣĵͻȻˣҲԹãԹΪʱȡҲȻˣ鰮ҿĶˣʵҲãҲգˣֻȻȹҸϹˣʳǣ󹬣Ҳ㹻ˣ 
һһ𺳣һΪû֮ˣǶһˣвû֮ˣ̫֮ûԼ 
Ҵ˷˵ô࣬ҪжమãòǸ֮ˣҵһμãۼǣֲ̨ףʱֻ⣬ټվΪˣΪǿգ׶Ϊס¸󣬱֪ǶˣҿǰἰĲǣľ룬ʼնһƵģб״Ϊλöˡ 
סϵ֣ܶԶһ̹ԣһ⹬ﻹһ˿ζڣɽᣬ͸𣿡 
Ƕ֮ˣʱڹаȻҲһܿɹĸ 





ڰʮ£


죬Һ̸˺ܶ࣬ϵĿҲ˺ܴĸĹۣһΣһ˾⡣ʵŮǸϣˣңҿ϶᲻һеҪĬĬ֮ˣҲҪôѹֵĹ룬վɣһûнֵĸ飬ҲҪţԹ޻ڣգɵ
īǲǹŮעҪһ
ڶҶĵīһ㶣еĺԥƬûȥ̧ͷңЦǹôýָ㡣
īЦεΪʲôеŮ³ôࣿǱˣǼ޴ˣ
īվߵߣ뻳ǲǹеЩ
ǣô˵˵ȥҲںֻͻȻ뵽Щʵġ
ѽʲôʱҲôƸɲ㡣īһҵıӣ
ƸУ
ѽźãԽԽǸŮˣǰ㣬Զһӡ
ҾҲƸˣԽԽСŮģˣϵĻӰңīӰҡΪ뷨вɵú
ôˣīңеʵ
û£ո˵Ļ
ʲôģĿʼڻˣѾϲˣ㲻Ժᰮˡ
һݽҧס´īüͷһ壬ĸҵĴôΪѵ𣿡
Ǵµô࣬˭ԣϴǱ
ô˵ҵǸˣΪ㲻Ů˷ңī˫һձȻҷλϣȵطϣƣмֲڡ
˫΢΢Щ̣ͷʵ٣˵ģֻһŮˡҵ־ؿڣǿȵҾֻǺˮؿڸպˡ
ջ֣ȴīã̧˫Ŀƻȣؿңһī
쿪ض˲ûһδ˵Ļ
ƹ˺ܾúܾãīؿڵ˫ԽԽյīҲ˿оʶҲڱ߽⣬֪ȥĺʲôһᡪ
ī͵̧ͷԾĿңɡ
ҵĺڴڵĺʿЦˣû뵽㾹ҰҧңǱȤ´һסЩġ
 
 
ߣ޲Ҹضȥ 
īȴЦҵᱧҵ޹ȥһī 
ģֻǴȥԵ㶫ոջҪ㲹ɣ 
˫һ̣û뵽īҾôСŮҵĽģѵ˵ҶģŮӶ̫ˣƴζƿ֪ϲˣҵ˿԰ֵðΪʲôһһְ˾ͻǵĸоҷģվֻһŮӣηŵģ 
ӺīҾֱ޹ԹԵȥȴīסȥ׼ЩƲ˵ˡ 
ǣ 
ܿԷ˰ɣҲ˵ 
īһЦԣһϣԶ² 
Էҵ˫ȡ 
ҿ᲻ãҵϣǰһʲôұ۾벻ˣҲùһûʧܵһҲˡ 
ұīһ˵ģһģ㸺ҡ 
ưοƾһ仰īҲػرסңӽԺһīΨһŮˡ 





ڰʮ£


ϡҡҷ
īΪһƣǾ뱭еЩ룬ҵ顣
ҼǵǲҺȾƵģ˷ô˺⣬Ϊƣ
īһЦľֻ̬һ˿
Ҳÿɷ񣬵ͷƱľһ
īͣҼвˣ̫ˣöԵ㡣
ҵͷһسԣҲ֪ʲôζڳԶϣһûʲô˵Զάϵûô
īЦԣСҭţǰôûôܳԣүǲƽôܳԣ⣬ŮӣÿôԡʲôŲ֡
Щī˵ԥţȴôҲ˵ڣ°ɣ
£˵
ҳɣīοҲú˵ɣǰҪ±Ǻúõһ𡣡
ҵͷһ볦
ī߹еľƱٺȵúá
īߵҸüīң㾿ֵֵðֵֵҽģ
ǣԭΪ·ǣ§סңҪ㽻ȫңҪֻһˣҪҹλشгڵī֡
Ҫࡪ
īһѱңһ쿪صǣǰǣһԳȶˡ
ſ໬ҵĿУҾܵҵĹ裬ͣʣ˫ҵıϣͣ롣
оҵĺ٣ҲɿڣֻǲϵؽϢҿУ˫֣§סīĲӣоԼưצһīϡ
īɿҵĴҴᱧϣֻźңδӦī
ɴһ·۾ٵ䣬ҧҵĶ䣬ҵĶϢһԾĴһ飬𡪡ֹȴû뵽ڵƲԼģǰ˻ƣǰȻ󡪡
īԽҲ֪Ķŵ˫־ٹͷһ·ͣңӶٵѡǣһֱ¡
 
 
ֻޱȣǧֻСڿҧܣҪӿȴҲڣ־ޱȣȼһôҲ𣻵ǱīƤһˬ֮⣬Ҫĸ 
īһ񣬿ԽϢڵĻҲҲԾҪӿ 
ܵҵĿīһƺߣѹЩѣȴ־ޱȣ˫ȫߣÿһ㾪һ˫Ƶǰֻһȴ¡ 
ϵЩңīһֻ֣ҵ䣬һһֱֻҵıһҵ˵ϣʱһԼī±¶ɣֻѡ 
īرסң֮ûκξ룬ҸоĳЩ仯 
¡˵ͳ˻ơ 
ȻĦң֪ʱϵҲȥ 
جج䣬īٴȴˣԼһѵģȴЩ˵ĿɬҲԺ󡪡 
֪һŮԸ⽫Լ彻һ˵ʱģٵѾˡ 
ĽҲų⣬û뵽ô죬Ҿô׵ĶīģٶҺ£һǸĶŮˣѵǰһֱִŵĶ׾ٵıī߽ˣ 
ұ۾һΣǾͺúðɣ 





ڰʮ£ͽ˱


ʱɫѾ˸ٸлʹ
࣬տҲĶʱǿλ˼ָ֣ԵĿλů⣬ī߲ãϳȥˣϡŵµϢ
Ӻˮϴ裬ī³һš
ϴԺרĵͤһΣררĵصһ˹һԷ룬Ů˴ֶ֮󣬱˵쵱ɵأԼȫ
һʱʱһȥˣīûҲûŶӺңͤһ죬һһܡ
룬īһ֮æǱǣסˡ
ҵԺһ룬ֱ߳¸ȥīĽһӰĽЦ绨īңҿı飬ǴĽ̵ЦҲܲ³
Ҳ֪뿪ǶģֻǱͿһ㣬ʪһƬˡ
ˮ봵ģҲƲסĳ鴤
ԭͣЩĿҡ
ɫ̫ãǲ
һ¡
ֻܷԸǡ
īҡ
Ǻ⣿һ谮в֮
īֻһۣôı㡪
˵ĵػ˹¸
īǲţҶһһıĽ֣ŮпɲգҶһһᷳ
Чʹܿ죬һʱīˣڴǰңīǴ뵽ұ˵ɣұ£æúܣ
һΣúõĵġǡҡôͽľôԶ
ȷʵæѽæŹ»Ҫæһһ滹Ҫ뾡еİ취
ī͵˵к£˵ûôʱġ
ôᷳ𣿡һһ߽īһôᣬֺαǣ
㲻Ϊǰɣ㣬ѵûںϷ𣿡
 
 
ǣϷԭֻһϷҿЦǴģô˼һһϷ 
һʼֻ棬ֻû뵽һ߰ĮĶһһŮһôϷǲ档 
Ϸȴˡ͡¸һһ棬ǿϧˣ 
ô˵ҲĹҲ޷ 
ˮҲƲסصīⳡϷֺα˵ЩңֻҶһ̫棬Ϊģ룬ֻһЦ 
ֱģ˵꣬ȥ 
ڣһҲ𣿡 
ߵſڵīһתͷ̫ࡪ 
ҿ첽īǰž˦īһ⡣ 
īŭؿң̧֣һƣеһ룬ȴͣı飺ڲ˿̫ࡪֱҲûףѩӥƣިϴγ޹ǸūţһˣǶǣ뵽ǰձļ֮ף붼öġ 
ʱ򣬵˵ˣīĻҵĴ̵Ѫܡ 
īⷬһһ֡ 
ٶ࿴һۣҹ˷š飬ʵڿЦ 





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һ죬Ҷһڴǰ۾ûнֻ࣬ԶоδãȻãȻ
ߵϦһؿһƣһӿ˿ǣѩ׵˿˲Ⱦ졣
ǣǿ죡ΪԼٲᶯ飬ƫƫͶˣΪԼǸر֮ˣεץס˵ģҲǸ߹ԼˣΪԼҵ˸ˣȴǳ˵Σò¶İˣһǻѪʱ㱻𣬻裻ҸѧϿеĵڶŮˣ֮ˡ
վǶˣһɵãȡȡ裡㱾ͲһѰռҵŮӣСں󹬣׸أǰĽѵѵ𣬶Ҫ˵㣬ųԣ
һֻ׸ųڴڣȡϰŵͲŷ˰׸룬ͳֽ
û뵽˼ǵң֪ҵȥֻǣڹϻ
װһϮɴ£ſȥ
װҪȥĶһԵӺҾֱ˳ȥ
̧ߴΰĹǽаһӣȥ뿪ʱûٻͷ࿴һֻۣӺɿѽ
ȥĴӽԺ޹ء
һ·裬ʩչṦֱӷɵ˹ԭľɫȻȹȥ̵۾ԼܿлҳƯ룬Լ𻯳Щҳ¶£Ҳһֽѡ
һˣǺԼˡ
һһһʱᣬתȥһĨǳ׵Ӱӳ紵ȹڣޱȵС
ܿұȥرһ
һЩδĹˣһЩر㺣ڣȻܿί㶼ӿ˳
һôô㲣
ˣ˵Щ强Զ
ôˣ㲻𣿡ܿеʵ
˵ܿôᵽݹģ£ܿʡ
ܿĬһ֪뿪󣬹жǷ˺Щ仯
Դ޵ݹ󣬴Ӧ󣬽˳ػغ󹬣ȨҲ֣ûʲô¶ˣֻӱǰĮЩһֱΪϴж˿ݺѺ󹬷˸׳죬ҲûЩ˿ټǸб̶ĹŮ鷿źû뵽ۣ˱ΪԵʣƽǱߵýЩû뵽պޣǣʵڱﲻǿȥɽ;˳
ԭˣ벻뿪󾹻ôǱ̶ϻұڹжһΪû뵽ôͽˡ
 
 
ܿܿˡԥƬ̣ʵ֪ܿ뽫𣿡 
ܿһ㶣漴Ȼߺ뽫ȥ˴󽫾һְҲ޹ֻ֪뽫ԺҲûסˣ˵뽫ʰϸ뿪ˣȥĶҲ֪ 
Ȼˡ 
һ뽫磿 
ҡͷ֪٣ֺαܿأ 
ˣܿӳʲô㣿 
ֻܿһľɥ޹ʣǴΨһ뵽ı㣬Բŷɸ㡪 
ֻϧҲԹ˲ϾұǸ޵ݹҲǺ֮á 
ûϵƽ£Ҳͷˡ 
ŮӽһϧϣһȦһȦĹâ 
 





ڰʮ£ԭֻƭ


Ȼһ飬һһ𣬳ԾؿܿطſңһЦƽ˳˿ȴһ䡣
ǧأҶãܿǰһ̻һõΪգۼͷˣѵҌһעҪ¶һˣ
㾹书ܿĮıԵ񣬾֪Լһıʹƽ͵ʵ
㲻Ҳ书𣿡ܿü㌪һѷɫܶˣղ˵ٰܼϹôãûб˽Ҵ
ԭһֱ֪û뵽֪˶࣬ҵ˿ҲΪ˴ҡ
㲻Ҫȫµ˶ɵӣ㌪һŪŪڹơ
һĨЦĿתĿ;Ϊʲô
㾹ҡΪʲôһ㲻仰ܿЦ𣿡ܿЩ͵˵һЦ
Ҍһʴܿ
ͦģȻΪ㻹ԻڣҲŹģܿ˵ߵǰԽԽԽԽƫƫɱҵĵܵܣɱΨһˣܷŹ㣬Ҫ㸶ۡ
ܵܣʣʱ˵ܵܣཻôãû˵һܵܣͻȻһĪǡ
ƣδ˵ֻǺ޺޵ĶңеĺͱɫҲ**ֵĿ϶ܿƣôʹûаһأܿ뼰ǽܹϵҲȻˡԭԭǸνĻ֮˾һֱΪ֪Ľá
ֻǣȴܣΪԼܹڷĺеһ֪ҵˣû뵽ν֪ѣһʼһơ
үҌһ̫̰ģһδεĳͷ

ܿ侲ȥЦҪΪԼŻһδεĽѣڣЩСԸԣǰͲֵһᡣ
 
 
վǻˣǧ©뼰ƵĹϵŻܵ**ôǱǣִģҲǾȡǰںЩҶˣѩӥ¹ƣѩӥָ˭ȥ˵ҵҲƲסļޱȵĺޣΪǹƶѩӥһҴѩӥ 
žһɻʹϮ΢ЩҶãֻܺ޺޵ĶʧǵŮˡ 
㾹˵ҵܾܵȡǣҲǣܿһЦ˼㣬³ذ׵ûôɣ㌪һл˵ûб͵߽ҩҪ˯ˣн죿 
⣬ܿŵ벻ףԶһΪʲô˶ôãҵܵҲҪ㣻Сôɱ㣬Ȼ²֣ƣҩ¶ǸѾͷ͵͵ҩֽţһߣȡ˻Ļᡣ˵һֵ˴㣿أУ 
һɾ޴УܿĻʼδģһıҽȫˡºҿĽһδεرݺãиɣҲȥܡ 
ЩҶ֮𣿡 
ֻ׵㣬ڼȥҲ²⣬Ҳǲҵܱܵôᡣ 
ܿȾ֮ǰô񡢳ˣɲ⣡ 
վˣ 
ܿһЦûţ㌪һڲ𣿡 





ڰʮ£


ܿƲذףһһҿ
汻յĴۣ֪˿ڽӣԱ۾Ҳã˵Ҳһֽѡ
߽ܿңܸоϢһҵϣҵĦЦҲ̫ˣصôĻɼһ㣬ֻ֪ҪĥҲνˣҲ˵ıԣھһĴ֮󣬱һжνˣ룬ƣˡˣﻹоܵĴݲУ
Ȼ˹ɫҼĵһͬΪŮ˵Ҷе㲻ˡ
ҽ˫ۣᣬڣΨһı
ŵҵƤµı䣬ҺȻĸҩҵɫֻΪɫһŮ˵ĸǻⷬȴһ
ȻǶһ˾أ治ɫҺȻ룬ҪҲǱˡ
͵۾һЦƣдηҾ˺⡣
һЩ˵вһ𣿲һϷеάֶã
㣬ʲô
Իͳһöɫҩ裺Ҳ޷ǹݹҾ뿴ΪûЩݸô
סҵ°ͣǿнҩҵĿУһҲĺҩǶҩֻǻǰ˵ҲøмңЩҲʲôֵø˵£ҲãӽԺûжһû㣬ֻһ̻Ůӣ֪ҵſɻأ
㡪ߣ˫סĲøܿøĺݵŮˣԭ㾹Ҫַĥҡ

ʹ಻ı飬ܿЦ绨룬һǵգܺϱģʱ˹ˣҲ֪ǻθѽǰǸ߰ĶһΪŮ붼Ȥ
˺ң
ܿɫһǣҺ޲ýʬΣҺǶһҺŮôΧת
ǣŮ˹ȻƶʵģʼɵŮ˹¡
ܿת뿪ȴͻȻʲôתұ󣬡Ҳˣһǻ书֮ˡ
䣬ƻҵıϣͣسƣȻץҵ˫һʱ˹ͷѵƲסˮѪһ
 
 
ĵڵϣܿ뿪ڣѩӥΨһĶҲûˡ 
ˮģҵ۾վŷ죻Ҳӣʹһߣץһ֦ͣϿ֡ 
·ƣ˫ĥƣҲں˿̣ҽҪɥʧǰһֻ̣Ŭؼ¼һЩҲԸǵһЩ 
ˮͣػ䣬˫ֲͣزϵּվΪҵֵԵò԰ѱ档 
ΪʲôΪʲôҪ˴ң졪ЩѱּڿƲסԼС 
ĵڵϣ΢۾͸ҶǴ۵⣬ܴܴ󣬺ůůΪʲôȴȻо䣬䡣 
ڱ۾һ̣ǰ£ӳѩӥѩӥѧգĸұӳ乬ƣʶƣżިҼīΪīϷˣ̡ô£û뵽ֻһ̵ʱұȫ 
ټˣҵĹȥ 
ˮٴλ䣬մʪ˼ձߵҶ 
һƮɢڿС 
 





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Ӻվ˺ܴľһ㣬¸µֻһдᣬʲô⣻̹˵ͦϲģȻЩǸźҲԼܱźǳ˽ĻʲôģϣҪ¡
԰ƽīͿЩݺݺУ΢˫ۣȥܡ
ѵôͽԺɲţŮˣô׾ǵģ
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˵ǰͲˣīҧ
Ӻҿֻ˵ͷ
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ɢ 
ǰһ͵԰˿̾һĳš 
һʹ˷Ź㡪ī˫ʹһ̴ľȥӦ飻ĺ쳹԰ 
¸ڣīεڶһ޹ڣ䣬ǰҲǾôûо 
һĻֻ֪ǸȾϵϢǱģ 
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īһ˿ЦûôϤһжûб䶯ʲôûʲôҲûߣûаֵĶ 
̧ȥ°һſΣϷһذ׵磬Щңƽһߡüͷøˣߵô綼ڷźãѵ뿪˵ôȲ 
ĺģīʲô 





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ļѽǸýǵôѽܿӿ𵭵Ĳ죬ΪīļΪʲô˶ôں
ϻ˵ҪҪΪ𣿡
 
 
ðɣļܿҲȦˣǶһܿģҲ˳Ӹһ仰˵ϲҲôŮ裬ӣԻȥҹˣŹҪȥ 
īĶͷֱð˫ֽճȭѹ»ŭһһҹˣΪ׹ΣԻȻȻǻˣһ˴ 
ܿīвҲЩη壬Щ⣬ŵһĸվֺαذǿأЩô˵ܿҲˣһΪһŹҪսͲǴĶ֣ټ뽫Ѵȥһְĺȥˣڴ˵ȡ顣 
īһŭިȥ󽫾һְĺȥˣһڴʱѵȥνĹ˾ިɶʵڿɶ 
īһӣȥǵƲº󣬱ʾ̤ƽκԹޣȥĺŮ 
ܿƳɹϲãȴһαˣǧ޹ģֺαһһ˵ĳ嶯ۼأһ֪ˣжԹ޴ġ 
ԹޣīЦҪޣĸоһɱŭһ˶飬Ҳ̩Ȼ֮һһ죬ҪԹڱǰ 
ѱⷬܿ˵ʲôīˣͳȥ˽ݹ뿴κˡ 
ǣ˽ܿ 
ܿպ޲ѣת뵽īߺ޵ӣһϲãֻҪǸŮܾĥ۸κδҲԸ 
鷿ָֻһƬһĳ 





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ˣλ֪أ
ѽݹԺҲļˡŮЦĶҿĻŲѡ
 
 
ң󣿡 
ǲ֪ɣǴٹˣ̼־޺Ѱ֡ĵط 
ӡˡһ죬ȴΪصصȥ¥ 
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ʲôҾ䵽ֵط 
ı뱯ʹŮ˲мʹģҾ㣬͸ˣʧ䣬ԼôߣָǰǷŮӣһƽ˼ҵŮӻڳ֣˵ôأ 
һϯҸӱˣѵ˵ҵĹȥ 
ԱߵŮƲ̿ģ͵ˣ̣ҿѹûȶúϢȹϸ˵ɣ 
һ󣬷ŵͷҲǣҪи͹ֶ̣ҵӽǽҺ̰ɣӽ𣬱źɣ㿴Ҵ㻹ǲɣȻһŸѾͷźźȵġ˵Ť֦̤䣬ŮҲųȥˣǵĶԻ 
̣ôţﰡ 
ôţȻǵȬ֮ӿѽѵôϵô˶ѵҪ̹ɣ󲻳ûˣǻҪΪ˰ 
ǵԽԽСֱʧı۾ˮ䣬մʪߡ 





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ͻȻ֮䣬ҶŮ֮С
һʱԣֻ̧סΪױ֡
΢΢һ㶣漴Ȼ̱ǽСĲûУǺˣСȥ¶¶һ˵С㻹Ϣգ⼸գСúõһ˼ʲô¶С㶥š
лл㣬Եĸм
΢΢һЦ˵Щʲôȴ̵ûУĥĥЩʲôѽ
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ԸΪǻϲҲ࣬ɻ˵ɣ 
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ôǵ£򲻻ͬӿ͵ġ 
Ц䵽ֻ̻֮ʱ˲ãѲΪﻹװ׵ŮˣЩŭһû 
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вң 
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˼Ƭ̣ˬʵãҾӦ㡪 
ź̳ţҺһصص˴ϡ 





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һ·ޣÿһͻһƥոҹϣֻΪصﱧһ˿룬ص 
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ѽԹʲôɣ 
ҵͷͬҲôá 
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ǣҪʲôҪˣҲԸʹ˽𣿡Щдʵ 
˵ôˣҲֻ˵Ե޷֣ҵҲң˸ͲڣҪҸоκмǹҡ 
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īЦҲȲýֻǱ棬ȱ˹飬ֺα˻ˮ
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ѻ˵ިͷˮףī䳰ȷһйء
ûʲô˵ġīеĽިȥ챾ɱ㣬ҪǸ˻᲻Ϊһᡣ
 
 
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⻰ʲô˼ߴިʣīˡˡ֣˵˼ˣިĲ˾īԿһ 
㲻֪ҪǸ˸ۡīҲǱߴ˵ 
ިһûκ˿ 
ںһ裿ˮﻨŮ˵Ҳ̧ˡ 
ˡҵôϹ۷ĵİˡި˻䲻һɵģ쵰 
нŭ⣬ԽԽҡ 
īһת˲ͱŭڸǣⲻӻߣңڣ˼ˡ 
Ȼ˺ôӲҪȢ㺦䲻֪ˣ˴ڿΪһ֮һˣ 
īһӣߣľȡ̬Ǹ岻סˮﻨŮˣƫڱǰװһʥģʶˣ˽ӳͶ˵Ļ˵Ů˸òúޣòøۣި˸ 
ިŭʹīīҲʾ֣ͬȴΪã˫˫˵ϡ 
īި̵룬һŮҲֵˣôˣôĸԸΪȥѩӥмƣ󽫾 
ިһī⣬֪һ֮Ż˴ŭתһһʱʹѣõڳīʱ򣬿ת˲ȴһˮǸ 
īިǲ⣬ʹ飿ȻĻΪһʱŭԵƫҲһۿʪ˰ɣ 





ھʮ£ڲ


ިص˿ڣеֻǻ֮ȥıˣֱˣġ
īǸһˣһһ䣬޸˵֪һС乬Сܾ䳰ȷѩӥƬຣ˳޷˵İѩӥָ֪òʱȴҲѩӥֱ֮ʱΪΪ˲ɢǣѩӥɳȥ˷ˣڹпţƬĬĬصȣòź֮ˣȴڿȻѩӥϱ֮価ĸȥȴȻһ֪ܴ˽ԾѩӥʱѡԾ߾֪¹ѩӥѩӥ˼ĵʱвһţҪѡ׹Ϊ˱ѩӥȫֻñУȴ˼ƵĹƶѩӥҲ˶ѩӥʧȥǴһĻ䣬ʧִѩӥҲһ̣֪ѩӥİģΪѩӥָ۾Ϊ۾ֻİ˵֪ʱıߣ£ֻҪΪԼΪѩӥſӽƣƺ޸㣬ĸԸΪﲻֵ֣Լ㣬ΪĴ򶯣Զ㳨飬㣬ת˲ͽ˵ʧˣɴҲ뿪ģΪһὫѴ˵ˡ
ިԳԵ˵ţľګīɵɵţɫԽԽʹ
˵꣬꣬˵ϾһƬʪ󡪡
īλƵվָިٵģǼٵģ˵ϸǲеʣΪʲôΪʲô
ިҲվͬûľżȥҶһĺҶҪҵһΣҲٰ㣬˵꣬ʹˣͬʬ⡣
ݱ⣬Ϊδؿި뿪ǿʧ˻ǰǶǰʡ
ިˣīҲˣһٳһսϢĽˣ˲⣬˭Ҳ⡣
ި̤Ѱһĵ·ʼһطһطң˵µأҲһҪҵ
īʹ˳ĬˣҲĮˣӴ˺󹬼һܲĳңֻҪ˭Բἰϳͣ˭ɱ⣻УñǰҪĮҪ飡ΪǸŮˣ
īĺ԰Ĭ֪˹¸˫˺ȥϵķһƣš֨ѽһˣƴĺĺѵˡ
ӳһƬ÷֣ǵΪµģΪȡѩӥеλãԽ÷֪ϲ
Щ÷ûˮ֣÷Ϊϵϵĺ˿ҲʧɫԶԶȥһƬġ
߽޹һϮȴûκθоûκα仯뿪ʱһֻϯ϶ѻһ㱡Ļҳ
ߵǰαߣǼҵǶ£ǼرڻȴôҲо¶ȣϵϢҲˣеֻһƬ䡣
īҪⷬ
һ֮С֮ˡ
ܺޱңһǺܸмء
 
 
īǲǹŮעҪһ 
Ǵµô࣬˭ԣϴǱ 
ģһģ㸺ҡ 
ôᷳһôᣬֺαǡ 
ǣϷԭֻһϷ 
ڣһҲ𡪡 
īⷬһһ֡ 
һͣڶ࣬ԭһô죬ĺˣǣʲô 
һһ 





ھʮ£ʹ


īĿϣͬĴࡣȥޱ飬ľֻǴصĺвʱ˿ĵȣڿѹ֣Ҳεĺܺá
ֻǣִνĳĽǸĶһʱѹֵ˲ˣҲƲסġʡˮҲ˵̵ĺˮѿһԿõˣҲ˲߽⡣
ֽǾ˿չѩ׵˿һ뱻Ⱦ˺ɫʱˣɫЩϸΪ;ɫǣΨ֪˿ѩ׵ġ
Ҫ˵жأŻ³Ѫ
īʹþסԼĿڣŴȥޱȵʹࡣһ뵽һľƱ˻˺ѿǰۡ󣬵ʱһ֮ϣߣͣᣬͣľ飬ʹһѪġʹôڸո֮˺˵ǰ֮ʣ
ѹ֣ѹֵ֮ʱĽӽֵôţһΣǿ֮ʱһǿᣬʱ٩һ侲˵СѹһֱôĽӽʹȻǺ£ԭһʼô˺òף˰̺ˣֱԼذ˺һΡ
Ҹī޺޵һ̣ޱȵĺԼ
һһīԳԵĺһؿһϣһһѪ˳
ԭģôʹŻγѪԭôʹʹȡãأȫ͡
īе˿ǣԭɫ˿˲ֱȾɫ˿ī룺û뵽ѪҺһ¡
īӱ۽ǵԽԽ࣬סԼĿڣôۣһҳܲסôܵأôأ硢ʹҲ˰ɣ
һ㾿ĶҲԭңֻƽ£
һǹټңǷʲô⣿ǰߣվΪռǸңǺߣϣͦţ㣡
һһҪúõģңҲ㱣סԼȻ㲻̫쵰
һһ
һ죬īڹ¸˵ʱ㿿Ǹϣ˯ţһ۾ͿһӰǰζһϮ£壬ȻתȥӰôҲͷ
 
 
һ̣ޱȵĺ£ˮСǣûֻؿĨӰ죬𻯶ȥޱȵĻţץȴץס 
ȻҲұ۾ˣ亹ʪ·Ҳ䡣öһһܲãҲĳطܿѡ 
ԣ뿪˹¸ػشΪҪȨǷԸֻҪ֪úõģͺá 
ī̤¸ʱ˶סˣô㲵ǵĴӢȥĶˣΨһóԭƵĵطĮȴǰҪѪ 
죬벻һԴӰ֮ 
Ϲ˿īȴǰĮıӰ̾˿ҡҡͷԶ롣 
īݣͣᣬ὾Ҳٲȥˡ 
ŮҲīܶԶ֮Щ󳼾ǫ񣬲Ҷ෢һԣ¼ŭͷĬʨӣ 
һʱ䣬յ͵ȵףīе˼˳ϣͬʱҲ׷Ѱһ䡣 
ûἰҲûȥ¸йضһһг˹ǵĽɡ 





ھʮ£޾ȫ


ҹǰУﲻ
ûڣֻǰĸ֮˵Ц֮
һפüĿ価ǲм֮ɫ벻̻֮ؾ֮͵ĵطû뵽ֻһôˣл壬Ȼ°
̹˵ƽǲֵطһҲòڣԣԥ̧׼뿪
߼һһ𣬽¾ҲƲ벽
鼤ΣѰҴ֮ˣɷܣֻ˲˵ӰӣϸһǴдġ
дٲطѡ˽ȥһ̽಻Ҵκһܡ
ӣ롪ſһλû֦չŮ˰ŲõЦкŽȥĿˣüۻ֮ôܻôӣ
Ӹ̤룬˲㱻ҵĸЦ֮û
ȥɫŮŮһ˵ĿЦŮ˵ĽЦʲͣػص
żѰոյٲҲˡ
̧ͷ¥ɴһĨӰ֣ǴﴫģʱһϣҲɵһġȺ¥ȥȴ˶࣬粽С
ͣ˵ĺȲ𣬿з׷⣬⡪
⣿
ɵÿЦҲǣôأԼ̫ˡ
ת뿪
̤һҵĻͷ㿴һŮӴӶ¥£еİɫڿз·ǰŮӾǰ籣ĽһƬƮڵأȹڻڿзѩ׵ϸøϸƺӱӯӯգӨ͸ǾɫüĿЦʱǧɫҲѷɫࡣ
˳ԳԵصţʱ֮̾ƾŮ·ʥַֻԶ۲ɽţ˲£ҾŵЦţţȴȻɢı֮
˫ֲȴȻֻ֪ضĨѩ׵Ӱ趯ߣ´һһЦ
ţǣֵطԿ϶ǾˣòƣϵϢǲıġ
 
 
һϣ籣϶¥¥˼Ҳš˿жʱһգƾŮʹ𻯶ȥһ㡣 
ȴӰʧڹսǴżѣֲʹգǿƽ룬ֻ¥Щݡ 
˵ѽɱﵷңҵⲻ˵ҿ˵ˣһŮ˵ĴоѾ˾ռߵˣԲҲ 
̧ȥһźµŮˣȥʮͷȴȻ̴棬˵Ŀµļƣϰˡ 
ͣϵĶǺŮˣ˵ϰɷҼϸոǸһ棿 
̵۴ˣųڣѰ֮ˣҲЦ˵Цˣôˣһôأ 
лλ˵ 
ӣƣ¥ôˣһϲһûĻ˵Ǻҽù¥ҿôô˽ѽ˵ˣҲˣҲˣҲϢˣһ˵꣬һƬӦ֮ 
ǿɷ̸֪һ˵Ҫһ棬ǹˣѵҲܼһ𣿡 
һǹˣ£Ѿɥʧ˼䣬ǼҲϲɣɿе񣬾ܾĻӲû˵ֻò鲻ԸǹԵƬ̣ȥ֪һ벻Ϳӵˡ 
˵꣬ҡҡеȣ߿ˡ 





һ£


뷿ڣڰжױʵۣÿϾǳȥرʱҲһѹѹȺܻҸоƣҲ˵һ˵ˡ
ſһĨЦԭǺ̰ǰкˣпյתˣĪҪСٳȥӦӦͣױжòˡ
Ѿͷ浱ҺôǮۿ˰̱˵˽ҪˣС类ӲԾˣĻܹڣ
֪Ǻˡ߹ȥΪ̵˱ˮ
Ҳվͷ˿ɢ󣬡˺ܶ࣬Īʲô£ں̶λʵ
̺˿ˮŴ˵¶
ɣδڣȴʵЩ˻ҪСգ
˵Ҳǣ˵Ҳǡ
̣ͱǶƿˣ
ѽ̣⾿Ϊ£
̷еıӣɴλӲҪ㣬Ҳü˵ϢˣͲˣ˵ĹˣСʲôģ˵һġ
ɻͷｫѰ˸飬벻Īǰʶģ
һãȻһ˼С㣬֮ǰļһƬհף벻ͲҪˣʮ**֮ǰʶģǲأ
һҲʵѽҼǹ¹ڳģʲҲʲôˡ£ǰһ֪ǼˣҲεĺܡ
ҲǣҺǸˣΪ֪֮ǰʶʲôˣҲܲ²ԼǸʲôˡа¾ģẓ̵́Ǹûйȥˣɲⲻں⻹롪
̰˰֣˵ˣףҲǸô͵Ůˣ֪Щ¶ԼҪԣʰʰҰڻһֱӹȥɣһҪȥкˡ
ȻһЦлˡ
Ȼԭ֪Сˣ
ЦҲҺ̳˶ˡ˵ҡеȳȥˡ
ɢͷ£һҡȥ˻
յſڣͣ½ŲһŰ¡ӱӳ˫ָװã죬תͷ
ȷһʳڵˣ͸ŵ֮ǣҵͷһƬհףްϤ֮УҹʶΪк޸оվǰĲһİˣ
 
 
һſڵңʱȸԾվ˫Ȼڴ࣬΢΢˼£ȴû³֡ 
΢΢һЦӯӯڣֱߵǰ̧˵Ҫ⣿ 
ɿңãȻ⣿ 
ǣСŮ䡣 
ԵĻ˻Σôܣжһģ 
ݸһЦһǸֻ֣СŮȷ⡣ 
ɫ˲ЩһһǶһ˺£ôˣط 
ɫϴˣҲʶʲôһڴ֮ǰû˵֣ڹΪνϳɶһҲǲ⣬ǣǾú˼ҵӿ˵֮ˡ 
ҽȻȴϲһ治ϵǰȻЩꡣ 
վӣδ㣬һҲǵһμ㣬Ҳһ˵˵꣬κηӦֱĳſȥҾˣҪһԼǣһ˵ʶҵȫ޸оϤҲûУϴˣƵ˺ࡣ 
һĵĺ 
ӣ֮֮˺࣬ϴˡ½Ųδͣ 
ĵૣôܣôģݿƣϵϢǱѧҲѧİ 





һһ£ѩӥ

ĵһ졢ڶ졢졭£׼ʱĳҲţֻҴ衣żʱҲվֻһζδͣ
Ȼȵ˳ɢȥʱкңǲǣɰһ¹ȥˣҲЩͲסˣǱִžжˣҼΣ˵˵ǸִˣҲƣˣҺôҲһҲᡣ
вϲҲᣬֻ̫ǿҵİУң̻֮ص˽Ҳ̫ˣôôȥȵʱˣȻͣġ
һֱΪţҲģֱһϡ
һڶ¥ʱ𲻾ã¥ҲһҲδ⣬Խ棬е𺳱Խ¥ºȾԻ˲ʧˣ˶ϸϸʱо̾
վƲסµĲӲ¥˴ɴ¥ȥ
һϮ£ƮݵϢΧһжԵø롣˿̣վȺ룬˫΢΢̧ͷ˫ҵķмɴȻ۵ɡ
ͣҵӿ˴δй𺳺ͼᴵӣȻ䲻࣬ҽеļû˴ӣӵҲ֮٣ᴵҼղң
˺棬һ̽˵ľУҽ˶¥
ͣپسһ˻
к£ҸŪеǳЦӵǾ̾
Ц֪Բùֺȵգ
ӡѧõģ
ֻоһ㻹ǵӣȻǶһ˵ǶһʱôĿ϶
ЦϴˣֻǾӵɺرҲδ룬ⴵˡ
˵˼ֻ֣ⴵˣѾѪҺˡ
Ҳǰѣ˵һֱҪңÿڴ˵Ⱥ֪ˣȴǹӿеĹˣֺαִţڴ˷ʱأ
ң̾˿໰ʽֻΪһ䣬㲻ϳԼǶһҲǿɷｫҵֵһأ
һЦǸˣδкβףЦȤ벻ӵֿڡ
ɫ糣Щĵʵ㵱оû𣿡
ƣΪĸо
ѩӥ
 
 
ʲôرѽֻô֣ǲ 
ѩӥѩɽѩӥӥѩӥЩ 
ѩӥԭ 
Щܵ̾˿ʲôҲǵˣˣ֪Ǻûǲã 
һоʶңԴҲ벻ǰһ˿һɴա 
ҲһѵЦݣʫѣԾƻѣ벻ѣҲһˡ 
ҳЦһѣ⵹ϲҲϣպлӶѧϰ 
ˣܽʶҡңֻ֪飬֪ҲãĬĬ˵ 
Ȿһ̻ŮӣӲοպֱɣԻ˵̲Ϊڹӵġ 
лҿһЦ繫ٺһɣ 
ֳã 
һٴ̧ͷŶ¥ȴֻˣҲ֪뷽Ǹ¹Ӻģ˾̾˲ʣ˰գ˶ڳ 
Ǽٿ˿¥µĿˣҡͷЦˡ 





һ£۵׵ı

ҵƽֻǶ
ÿ춼ȵ˳ɢȥʱ򣬻Сһǻ죬˿ĹϵЩΪû뵽һĸĻᵥԼˣҼÿ϶һʱڴһλ֪İߵúܽϵǱѰ
˵úЦʲô˽ύԼ£ʲôʱ򾹳ǲ෹Ļˣ
̻֮أʱҲкƵĿֳ̼ǵȨƣҴ򲻸ƽˣĴмҲмӣӲԤļ棻ҺݣȴҲûʹҲ˽ֻάž֮ˮꡣ
ά˺ܳһʱ䣬Ƕʱÿһбӿ޸жҵ֪ҵ֪Ϊһֱţӵͬ黳ܰӺǡôֱԺһǶƽ޲ӣҲøж
ԺδйҶһҲδἰһ֮ǰһֱҵĶһֻƾģȻŶһʵڵģΪûټѰңûʡ룬֪ҲҲˣֻҵ˶һ
޹ء
ĽӴҲŷһĬˣϲеĻĵףȻϡ˺ܶ£ûʣҲû˵Ǳ˴˳ĬҲòΣһѵõ£ΪǻˣҶ֡
ҹĻٵʱɳĿĽ㣬̨ϲͣ趯ˣĳ۾գҲգңҵ趯תҺ֣һ۾һİ̫ˣȻҶ΢Цȫ
Ҳ΢ЦֻǣЦŵһɰ˵ζɻ󣬾ʲôһЦݶ˱ˣôŸɾһֻʲôĳأ
ԣʱ̲ס˿ڣӣӣཻһʱˣ˵˽ⲻҲİһֱ棬Ϊμǹһˣеǡ
Ūеٿе˵ȴʣ⣬㸧еʱпʲôд
ɻдָʲôд
̾һǴҵĶУر𣿡ʵ
˵ͷȻҡҡͷĬһ̧ͷң⣬һҪҲˣǺûǲأ
֪ʵʵңΪ֪ҶǰһƬհף룬ҲʶģҲľеĶһҿ֣ûɡ
µЦ룬νûǲðɣĸоأɽ˺Ķ˵ҲһƬհףﻹ֪ûǲã
һЩȻȴӰˡ
 
 
ڵùú𣿡 
ݸһЦһȥûеˣﻹ̫أǣк̣㣬֮أҲˡ 
ֻҪúþͺã 
һֱȲּװƽЩֳ֮ˣкǺ棬㾿Ǻݣҽеɻ˵˳ 
εЦЦҡҡеֻһƽ֮ˣ֧Էѡ 
ô˵ô˵ɸһĴˣֻⲻÿźЦȴоᡣ 
ңһ˵⣬ɺã 
̹˵һ仰ɴ˵ȴ𺳵һ䣬Ϊ۾֪ڸҿЦ˵ÿһ仰ҶǵģȻ䡣 
ллĺ⣬ÿ̻Ůıһ˶˵仰ɣֻⲻ಻ϲͷ¶棬⻹ûҵʵֵⲻһе뿪󣬶һŮ˵¿ʼһҪɺġ 
ʵɣ˼ڵһ㰮˳𣿡ɱ˵ʵ 
ҲҰˣǣ𣿲뿪ֻҲǷѣûôһݶ顣 





һ£֮ƪһ

ҽС޸ĸʦʦֳ
ҲʦΪȡģҲףʦΪλΪȡ֣Ϊҵʦֽѩӥҵúʦֵ෴ʵҸϲѩӥ֣Сϲ˸ϲ
мʦ־ǸĬˣͬʱҲǸʴӱˣ̳ʦıգǿ书͸߳աңֻʦѧˡ
ȻʦͽһȻоʦǸįˣΪʱһվɽ۴η紵°ڣÿʱҾͻʦֵ
һֱǳ꣬ʦֺͻȻ뿪ˣʦʦ˵ʦɽһҪ飬˾ͻˣ룬һһ£ȻټʦֵʱһԺ뿪ˣȻֻж̶̵죬Ȼʦֵı仯ԱǰˣҲˣҲꡣ
ʦֵĻᵽһжһˣһǸŮӣһرŮӡ
ʦ˵һŮˣʦ֣һǲǺʦ˫ԶһƬҸ֮ɫ˵ŮˡʦֵĻҶԶһ˽ԽԽ࣬ԭŮĹǰһ°ӣֻʦǰŻչ¶ЦաÿÿʦָһҶһͻֵվǰĸо
Ҳ֪һʦһֱڽϰһּգҲУΪʦֵĸǹˣʦֵŻôͻȻɽ
ʦٴ뿪ʱʦҽеǰ֪ҲɽȥˡѡȥǿݹãΪҶصҳΪݹʦī֮ÿϯʮȥࣻīһֱΪҵһ޶ģ룬ΪûʦֵǸжһŮҲʦֵ洫
һֱΪʦҵԼİ˶еˣΪôҵʦ֣ļįˣ·ģôҲɢȥǸжһŮȴ׵ػеǳϣһֱʦߣҵʦ־ͻһֱҸȥ
ֻǣû뵽ǣһź뼤ʱ򣬿ľ˵ʦ֣Ҳһμʦ֡Ҳ鿴ʦֵƣȻĿڷһֱ࣬ʦ˭ģ书ôߣ˭˵ʦֽסҵ֣۾գҲգĿңֻ˵һ䣬Զı۾˵չ˶һֱҸΪֹ
һ̣ҿˣΪʦֵ飬ĵװģһҪúչǸжһŮˡ
ʦָ֣ϻݹΪīҲΪһǸ鷳ˡ
ֱԺīŻعһĻĺ׹һʦҪŮˡվʦֵĹǰʦ˵ʦ֣㿴ŵŮ뿪ºͼ޸һˣŮˣֵð𣿻شҵһȵķ
 
 
˺ʱ䣬ɴֻû뵽ôƫƧˮ鿻 
̼ǵ˵ĵһ仰վ󣬲֪վ˶ãȻڣʡ 
תͿһֻۣһۣб𺳣ø׵˶ֻǣҲףΪʲôϻôŨҵİǹɰҵĽؾһ 
˵һŹӺǱǸֻӵǶˣ֪ߵˡʱҲ֪ԭǶһʦְŵĶһȻرѹʦþˣ˭ֲᶯأǰ⣬ɢˣΪòΪϵϢ 
ҸоǸ֮ˣõ鲻ʦ٣˵ҵһλ˵ʱҺȻʦôҸΪ֪ʹʦ뿪磬ȻСͬʱֹʦ֣ΪʲôҪô׵뿪е˶һܣΪôĵôܳܵˣ 
۵ŨûǳȴҪûµĵĽɫĺӵ뻳˵޾Ϳ޳ɣʦǰиһ¶ľʧȥҲҪУ뿪ʱ̲ס˵˼ˣÿʮɣĹˣҲɽһʱ֮ǡ 
Ȼҿ뿪ÿһ̤ϡ 





һ£֮ƪ

ԺҾͳֹʮ崵ֻҪϾʱʹ
Ϊֻ֪ҪҴһֻҪҾͻһֱȥ
īĺãûа㲻죬ӼĵһҾ֪û˻᲻ϵģҪҿĳīİֻҪҸô۸Ҹ˭ҪˡһһֱһֱҸ
ֻǣû뵽ҸĿ죬ȥҲ졣գۼ䣬īҲ֪еԵɣҴ۵֪ɰûа취ͬ˴
ҵڶμʱô㲣˱ȵһλҪŨҡ˵ҳīȥҲ֪īȻܶˣҲ֪īˡ
һ̣ҾԼǶô˽Ϊ¶ôõͻȻоů˭ֿܵůأ
Ҳ֪ī˵ʲôֻ֪ӱˣӰˣֻҪһ;䡣վֻǸʦˣֻܽ
Ҳ֪ʲôʱʧģֻ֪īͻȻŭЩ£Ҳģֻȥ
ԣҿʼߣֻΪһ񣬵ҿҪĻʱ֪һôļΪҺʦֳģ¼ҲֻҺʦֶ˻ᴵ࣬ʦˣôᴵıˣһ
ǣѰ̧ͷʱҴסˣǴݹ̻󴫳ģôܣţ
Ϊ˲κһᣬһ˽ȥôĵطôôӣһҵĴҲô׵˻ֵطҲԸͣ׼뿪ǣҸո̤ŲһĨӰ˲ûҵģƶ벽
оİߣŮ·˼ӣƫƫ׹ط
Χ˵ľ̾ͽ̸У֪⣬󲻹£Ļղһ̣Ҽ϶ǶһˣһڼǰʧģҲ˵һģһ¶ҲǱѧҲѧġ
ҷѾŲĻᣬȴôĮȻҵ̹Ȼİǰֻһ·ˣһ̣ޱܡЦЦȴޱȵķ̣ΪЦӦʱЦѵҵ˵Ŀ
˵˵Ҫ⣿˶˵ѵڽҾһӡҲûôһ仰ȴô̶
ҽһȴ޸оɫûһ¡˵ʶʲôһҲû˵һ֡ôܣСôõѵ˵ǾͿǵ
 
 
Ҷ˵ҽȻãȻ۾֪ǵˡ 
Ȼ˵ӣδ㣬һҲǵһμ㣬Ҳǵһ˵ 
һ̣ҽһʵʧˣ 
޷󵱳˺䵽طǣۼһĮȻԥţҪҪīΪ֪īڲϧһе뵽ī˺ˣԸԶҲҲ 
ĺѽӽûԶҲ 
ǣΪʶΪ֪ʱ֪ôҵʦ֣ΪһУҲûʦֵЩѾ뵽ѪҺ꣬Ĩ֮ȥ 
ҺңһᴵҺľһ 
Ҷ˵Ļҵַѩӥˣ޸оҲ֪µʦ֪˻ôĸоֻ֪УЩ˺Ϳ֣ 
ҲãٲٱˡʦֵԸϣҸҸǰǲñˣǵʦֺǰһˣлҸˡҺ뵱ҸǸˣ֪ԼûлˣΪΪʱܾˣ˵ûҵʵɡҲ֪еʲôԲңνˣֻҪƽ£Ҿˡ 
ƽ޲ӣ˵ҲһҸɣֻϣӴ˲ҪšĵĬĬ˵ţûжһˣֻ⣬㾡ҲҪҸ⡣ 





һ£

ڸ¥ϣԶãһƬ¥
ˣҴ꣬һǧʮ죬룬жٸһǧʮһӻ
꣬ҳ֮Ļÿɫ绨ѩ£Ҳľˡ
Ҳһǰƹܡ̼ǵõ뿪ʱֻ˵վֻǸѰŮˣŷƽӱˣӪٺã׬Ǯٶ࣬һŮ˵Ĳʲô
ס̵֣ദҶǰŮĴ̫м˵¥飬御ˡ̣ⶮ˼νƽ棬ܿ˻ȻҲʵΪеˡ
̷סҵ֣̾⣬ôãȻһ£һӶմʪ˫ţ£Ůֻиӣ̫ǿ˲ã̫ҲãҺ³˶ʮˣöˣҲˣһȰл뿪ɣǸԸִֵĹҺ̿ϳףΪ㣬δػʣϾ̬׬Ǯʵ¡
̣ʲôҲĲˣⲻ㣬ܿ͸͸ȫˣңȻᣬұϾʧȥ̫ණҵ˵һƬհףҲ֪ԼҪʲô֪ǾǺ£һпԴͷʼǣҵͷأҵͷ˵һŮ˲󸻴ֻ󰲰ȣΪΪֵȥһӵļ䣬أûУʲôûУľżһ㣬ÿԵ޲Щ֮£лȥأ
һϯ˵ѺۿһԵˮҲֹסµҲ֪Ϊ̵ļ뿪ҷŵǷе
ˣȥİȥˣ󣬵ŷâ¶Ļɰңɵ۵СѾͷһͤͤŮˡֱһѾͷңɰҡǮѹˣ֪һ棬ȥӿͣôأΪˣһֱĻмʵҵ˻빲ĺýãʣôأȻﱾǸӡ
˵Ǹְˣҽӿͣͷƻ壬Ҳ̫ôߣΪ֪Ƶֻ̫˲գҲһЩеӹ
˿̣Żÿڴ
С㣬ѵóΪβȥأҶ棬ʵ֪ĿУûˡ
Ҫæôʱʱأ
óӴС㲻һĺãӶᵽҪΪСΪСǲأ
 
 
˵ֺγˣÿ׼ʱƽʱϾʱҲңһֻͼһʱʣֻʱҲĥˣʼûһԹԣǸˣȫ԰ԼĵĽǣҵĵһǸհ׵ˣҲ֪ҵĹȥʲôģҴӴһֱãҪͻȻĳһһָˣԼ᲻ĶԼĲ˵̫ƽˣҲһ˺ 
Ϊ֪ҺãҲŲô˽Ҳ˵һ̻Ů䲻ҪͻȻָˣԼĲ˵˵Ƕ˺ʱѶˣ֪һӣҲһҸ 
ô˵ü˼һ󣬲ֿڣЩֻ֪ҸǰʱӦúúõİգ¶Ҫ˼̫ˣԼۣҲۡ 
ͻȻޱȵĽǰСԶҲѧġ֪ˣľˣĳʱܻ˼Ϊ֪һ˺Ҳ˺˵ˣҲϲþһҵ 
ЦѵдԣܺãڳЩұ취ŪȻԺúõĹԼˡ 
ȴС㣬˵ЩУ׽㣬ʣ׽ӣܵȻ𣿡 
ˣǲ˵Щ˸֮ĿǰıǺúϧǰΪǲ֪Ժᷢʲô 
ͷģչЦˡ 





һ£Ե˿

վڳǽ£һϮ£糾͵ި̧ͷ΢۾ųϷ˶ΰ֡ݹӿޱ
̤꣬꣬ȫȻûҵ˼ˣûκ˿
ûзһһҵңϳһĲɣµĺۼٸ̣֮
ݹһվҲرܵĵطκϣˣΪΪԶһĸԵӳݹȴȻѡͣݹݹôīôôҲа¾ҲΨѡһʧ
¶˾ģި޷˵̤˳š
ӣͦΣӢڳУޱ飬ȴȻ·˵ߣŮӣлţһעӻһôҸ¡
ҽԶջأʱʹҵ۾ЩͣǰĲ豭裬ȴһ紵ҷϵ˿ˣץȴ˿ա
ؿ˿ɳ⣬ҲûץҲվæҲ޹
ڴϵިȻƮһ˿Ҳû룬˿ɵСèС
Щ죬ӵȴƳ˿һǵʱƿ
ިм˫ֲסĲǣһһὫ˿̯Ŀѩףֻ˿ı߽Ǵ˼һôϲһô˿ϵһй

ͷһôϤٸҹλشѣҲ룬̧ͷ
Ȼ߱˲䶨񡪡
۾ʪˣȻԼٿ۶ֵˡ
Ǹ̽˶ǣƵ˭
ҺֵؿŴǸźµˣû뵽ҵ˿ŷ紵Уֻ̯ҵ˿ϸϸĿҺܺ棬˿ʲôûУΪλôĻһ
̧ͷȻұ㿴һӢˣû֮ȴ˷ָֻ֮ĿңĿȣЩڣҺһμŮ˲֪Щкұܿ۾һ˿ѣ˱ˡ
ջӣȴʩչṦҷֻһ˲䣬ұĻƿҵĶࡣ
´βôΣյˡԵĵǡ֣
 
 
ȴҸ 
ҵϷҼС㣬ϿſһԵ 
ȴδᣬ˫ֻգҲգĿңô 
ŭǴðģ֪˵֮١ 
ֻ֪֡Բֻ˵ 
ôһҵҲһ۵ӿһĨʹת˲ţǲۻˡ 
ԳһЦҺòҵ㣬׷֣˵ֽ꣬ұøЩ 
һֱУҲգѵóɨ֮£ԣҲ˲࣬ſڱֱҧȥþȫҧ 
Ϊʹֵģȴû뵽ֻƺһҧҲںԼζȻ˿ڡ 
̧ͷȴȻЩ꣬ú𣿡ʣۡ 
һĪϵңԲŻ޼ɵ㾡еļ䣬ͷû˰Īͬһʧ֮ǰʶģ 





һ£һ

㣬˭֪仰ʳڣ統ҳʱ۵׵ʹɫһ̲סʳ˿ڣ޷һûκμ˻Ҫװʶ
ңǰˣҲһҺŪˡ
Ȼһ𣬱ҵ˲佩Ӳȥ۾ȻضңҪҿĸ͸
æܹһͬض
ĬһȻ˵ϣɫ糣۵޲Ƕһ𣿡
һʱסңǶһͬһϳ˶һǰͬӽϳ˶һҲɺϣѵѵǿеĶһֻʧ˼䣬Բϵˣ
ûзŹ۵׵ԥͻңֲҸǰϲǶһ
Ҳ֪ôȥشǻ߲Ǻ񶼲׵ԥôشһԵˡ
λӣϴˣҼС⣬ǽʲôһ
⣿ԳĲš
ǣС䣬´βҪϴˣҲҪдˣʲôһţǸͲʶ治֪ΪʲôСһ
һǣ˭㣿ҡ
ָ״̬ǰǰ֮ҲΪһʱ嶯ΪжҲûôˣЦһλѣһãȻӦûʶˣǲʶˣǰҲǽΪǶһ෬ͣҲûʲôλһﳤȷʵɣûжһļ䣬Ҿ͵ҵˡ
ǰ㶼ݹЩ⡣
ѵӦôط𣿡
ҵ⣬ҵ˿ݸңвϣȷǶһ¼䲻ôƵˣ˿Ƶϲöһ
հߵ˿Ҳûпߣ¼ô˿˶ˣֻһ˿ѣⲢδкβװ
һϲһ˿һذ򵥣ֻ˿ı߽һĵطȫһƬذף˵Իͳһ˿̯˿һģһһ˿ǰһģˣʰȥղ񡣡
ϸĿ̯ǰ˿幦ǳͬһˣ
ۣһģһҲ
㻹𣿶һިި
ިȻҡҡͷһƬհף˵ʶңΪʲôǵģֶоأԲ벻ˡ
 
 
ި۵׵ʹɫҾޱȵۣĨƽѱеļ䣬벻Բ벻Ҳûаӡ󡣡 
ި۵׵İɫŨңҪֻҪúõģͺãǷֻҪۿúõĻţ˵Ķˣûʲôϣˣȴû뵽ݹʲô 
һΣʶΣʶֻҪã 
ǰ˵ҵľۣҿóǰԶһתۼ䣬ʧ꣬Ժ󣬺òˣ˾վǰȴ˵ʶǸʹɱ˾ңȴ޸оʹ޲ߣоۣȴǸо飬ֻΪı 
ǰˣ˺ܾãʧˣǰһҶǵˡҲΪʲô˵ЩʱҲδ԰䣬ıѡ˳Ĭǰި˵ıֻ˵ЩһЩ 
˵۵׵ʹɫȻɢ࣬ת˲ͱҾ֪˺ܶࡪ 
ҵıһᣬô򵥵ĻΪÿ仰ܣ˳ӲǣðЩչˣÿնңһֱͦá 
˭Ϊǰδ˵ѩӥȻިһ𣬿ѩӥѩӥʲôϵתһ룬ЩҪֻҪ֪˶ԶһãοˣӽԺ߻һõģ 
Ǿͺã⣬ӽԺһߣٲܰίģ仰˵նƾģƳŵ 
ᶨõĻ߱Ӳȥ 
Ҳ֪֪¥Ůӣ¥Ļʱθ룿һ뷨Ҳ֪Ϊި뷨ҲƻһĿеӡɣ 





һ£


ۼɫ磬վި˵ި
һڣžףôˣǰİҾ֣һеô˳ڡ
ިҲվЦ⣬Ҳûϵһֱ֣ɿһ㣬֪ǰĶһôġһμˬʵЦݣֱ飬㲻ٿǳӡ
Ҷ˶٣ŵˣҲûȥˡ
۵Եʧ䣬ת˲סȥ
ˣұˣôҵ¥ؿҽȥأ
һֱδ˵˿̷Ҳ룬˵ӷİɣһһֱС㣬Σյġ
ި˸һ£˵Ǻãպһڴס£ֱ˱ɡ
ҵ˵ͷˣϡܸоеĿ桪
Һڴϣż·˶ǲĿ
ԭСǰжһѽʶôˣô˻صģ治ס
˵ͬİһ
ԸղǸ빫ӸӲһ빫ǰС֮˰ɣ
ҡҡЩҵ˼֪һ˵ҾͲ̣ܾǷܶࡪ
СǷģǷݳǷ˲ءЦ
΢΢һת˲ǰ˶ųصز˽ȥ
Ӵ㻹֪ѽⶼʲôʱˣԽԽôˡδ̤ţֵĴü˵Ѿһ꣬ɻô̶
֣ϢϢⲻǻ𡣡ǺƢ˵ţ˭óĲм
ӣҿɸǣԼĻ޷죬ëңǳԲ˶ߡҲʾҲһ¥Ů浱ԼǴҹˣҪǿϣΪ㻹û»ܳȥ֣ҲþԼʲôݡ
ǰŮˣŨױĨķ飬Ƕ˼֮ӲǶøϰߵڮٷ֮ʣк޲Ҳ˷һ˿˿
ɫƽϲŭŭʲôϿȥ׼׼ÿ˵ȼÿġ
ҹ˳صͷһֱۣ¥ȥˡ
 
 
ʼСԣֹֻףһЩˣЦþ͸͹һ 
ҡꡱЦȥɣȻ˵ǹ͹ָһֻ͹أ 
ѵҵЦ֮ʱҲ˴룬Ϊȡˡ 
֪޵ľҲ¶ĻҲ޶ԣһŻңΪɾСҿݣˣԻͣ 
ˣ¥ϣеش̵ŭ⣬ǰʱ¥裬ڣҪҪɫҪǮ˵̬ƫƫɵϣǼÿһȻֵÿ׬Ҳöܡ 
£Ҳֻ᲻潫ˣȻʧǮѽôǮ֮ˣҪʹ 
ңεĵ⣬ҲĴôѣΪǲԸΪأˣǰڣҲãұˣ˴㣬ҲףΪλΪ 
ӿΣĲǷǰˣΪֻިһ棬ұǷܶ࣬ҲǷκˣһ 
ǰ˵û뿪ˣû𣿡ǰܵ˵ 
ԶԵʱҵˣҽӹǴɣ 
һĨЦԵеҺ 





һ£֪֪

վǰ棬еɫ룬ƺ̣ިۿһʪˣ˫ҲԾĽһ
ԭôطôСϥ
ԭǺϱͷƻ⣡
Ƿ̣뵱꣬ô߸ϵһ¥ô˳̣׾ʲôŽĥûпֻۺͻںޣ
ѹһھͻؾҪô߰ôǿôܹܱ˿Ĵأ
ǸĵŮˣվſЦͣкˣĺǰȥݺݵȭסˣΪѿȻѡرôطǰأ
ǣһѵ㲻֪ʲôʲôҶ
˶ĥ㣬ֻϧ㣬ܰίôأ
ިһֱվһϮûҹɫû˲
ŴӶ¥֪ΪôֻŴóǣ˭أ
ͬɫļգһǺģ˵ѩӥǣѩӥѾ
ѵһеިԿ϶ǾˣѩӥʲôϵأлһҪúõĲһˣި
ֱҹ˳ɢȥިȻǶŶ¥Ϊɵƻͨ
Լ˰ʱһ˲Ŵިһ֮ûЩƿϵި룬ӦþǸˣȻǸ֮ˣިһ˿ΣС
¥Ӧþˣǣ׵ҹɫ
ʱһϢ
ڴϣިշתߣҵˣΪԲһеĴƣôźأһֻҪйأ̫Ĺǣܵһ˺ȫ֮ߣīûзƤµʱ뵽ī
УǸǺιϵ˭**䵽˾أôʧ䣿һ书ҲʧȥˣЩһҪ⿪ô˵⣬ʹһҹߡ
 
 
ͬһިÿ϶ᵽֻǣڣި⣬üިިվǴȵɢʱ뿪ިĵϨ뿪 
ʱިǵһĸ¥ϣ״ĵžʵڵ֪Щʲôֱȥ򲻿ԵģȥҲǲףֻȣܼĻֻҪ˴ 
˵һ߹ӣȻһֱֻһԹߵĽɫñ˭͸ܵ**ʧȥѩӥΪÿһߵ˼Ψһ֮ˣʲô¶˵˵ 
ؿԶݹʲôֻܸվǽ֮ϣĿ֪ˣΪػ˻֣ؿ۵׵ᣬһ̣ôϣԼһ磬ֻ 
֪īΪݹ֪ˡ룬ǵһеĴڻ᲻Ҫùһ㣿ԶκκһУɶΪֻҪҪģ¶ҪģԶֻ֧֣ 
иɮֻ˵һ֡ա룬ǳգҲҪյף 
ިһŮ˵˼ö룬֪еתͷȻһЦվԼǰ룬ʱʹ˶ڴ˿̸öãնԿЦݸжã 
ˡ£һɨǰķꡣ 
ʲôأ 
᲻ˡ 





һһʮ£ȥ

ި棬˵ĻеЩھˣձǴȥĻģииިЩҪˡ
ٿϵ裬Ҳި֪ҽҪ
ިЦÿնڴ裬ÿһʱ㻻һΣΪ˺ȲʵĲˮ
һжھθ¶֮ɫިסҷϵ֣ЩĸԸɲطϡ
ĺůʶ¶ȣȴֲʧ
Ŀ۾̫黳ҲӣҲſڣިɲԸ˵˵һ£
һ˲ĲΪͻȻˣ
Ƕ˵ǶһһӡҲûУҺ֪Լǰʲôġ
ިûԼ֣ԥˣ˼ҪҪ˵˵Ļָô˵أѹָĹݹܾ**ʧȥֿ䵽䣿˵ڵģԣϣԶǹȥͬЩҲһˣ£ָ˵أ
ҿި˸Ŀ⣬жʱЩ⣺ѵĹȥܲ𣿾ݡ
ިһסҵ֣һݸ߹вһ˵
ΪôݣΪȥʲôر²֪
һԺ֮ңСѧ黭й⣬Ƕ谮мӣŵԵ˼ңвʣڼ޽Ҳ跨˳ҵ֪ˣŭ죬ץȥܹв֪ʲô£ѰеĵطҲ㣻㱾ʶѣ֪ԣʧٺ󣬾һֱ̤ϱ㣬һҾ꣬ݹҵ㣬ȴʧȥ˼䡪
ިҪ˵˸ţеȴֻިûж˵ʵҲʵĻм䣬һʲô
ɾʲôҲ˵ѵҵĹȥĺܲѰȻިΪҪҴ
ˣΪֲֻѵʶʶһѽһۿңͿ϶ǶһôһʲôϵԣҲڿѰҶһި˵һʶΪβ֪һ߻һأУһȳԺ֮ңΪʱ꣬ļ˶ûأѵΪһ˷ңǾ޹أ㲻Ů𣿻Ѿ϶һѾˣ
ҡҡͷ̫˵Ҳȥ룬ǶһҲǹȥң˸ǣǿĻУֻоȥĶһǸǲἰľôֺοִأ
ͷڤ˼ިôˣһ
 
 
ҵȻһЦûʲô˵ĻԺ㻹ǽɣϾû˶һļ䣬˵ҲֻǸİˡ 
Ǻã⣬Ƕһ⣬УԶ㡣 
ިԶһһһ˵ģμˣɻиӳճյصĬĬذĸְ 
ިұǸ˵ި֪ԶһҲ˵ǲǶһǶһҲʧȥ˼䣬ڹȥº޸оֺα˴أ͵һ˰գ 
ިеܸоĵıֻǲǵùȥǲǵңҲں˵УԶ㣬û˿ȡ 
ģΪŮˣһңжôܹİû֪һֻ֪Ļ⣬ʣһ¥Ůʸ˵𣿸ҽܰ 
е֣ǳЦިʱˣʲôˣ⾭ʲôͲ˽⣬ֺαذѸһʲôŮأңǰ㰮Ƕһ⡣ 
ިһʹ˵ĻôףԼ¥Ůӵݣǣ˵ʲôأ⣿һֻһˣЩ̫ˡ 
ԣֻܿЦҲںʲôں 





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ỽ
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һԭĹˣѹ֣֮ǰ֮˲ʦѩӥټӸīިô£
ЦԭˣСҲǰЩʶģЩһֱߣҲиӦ
ʶһλˣѩӥ֪Ƿʶأ
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һʶʦ֣ʶˣôʦָһĸӦúˣԶһһҲӦָơԼǸ;Ľɫ
ѩӥСܵʦ֣ΪʦֲҹСܱɽٰʦֵĺ£ʶ⡣
ިлȻԭʦֵܣѹƣִļ˵һбȻˣѩӥĶһԲʦչˣȴû뵽һչ˱㺡
˵ĻֻȣǸѩӥȻѾˣһʦ֣ұں棬ָôƣ֪˳ʲôģ뾹ѾˣģҲϧˡ
 
 
ԭˡި˼ӦʶīඣɴͷβֻδᣬӦ֪ݹڷ£Ҳǲһ֪īˣԲſԱܻ䣬룬ˣԼ뵽һȥˣīĵطīҪҳһһ̫ˣǶһʧ䣬䵽ҵˡֻǧ㣬Ҳϲ뵽һ¥ȹġ 
ިɫصʱҲȻ࣬Щ£ǲ˵ĬΪǶͬˡ 
΢΢ͷ֮ƺĳֹʶи˼ΪǰŮӣҲΪĶ 
ۼջ࣬ҲһˣͬɫΪǸҪɷ˰ 
ɫʱżˣ֪ҵݣި֪ҵ취뿪ԣިȴվ 
λɫ磬»еҪչ⣬ҲַģԾ뿪ˡ˵Ŀһ۱뿪ˡ 
ܺܲѵʱǵɫ֪ڹ˽ǣԼ⡣ 
ި뿪ıӰ˼֪¥𣿿̬ӯ¶⣬ôôںͽĵζˣȻװ֪ģΪ˲ѿԼ뿪ˣֳݹˣҪأƫϣõǲٰ 
һȻި뿪ıӰ˼֣ 
Ҳ߰ɣ 
 





һһʮ£ô

ৡৡһŮͷרĵɨŵϵĻꡣ
ÿĹǲһ˿Ȿĵط˼
ͷ̫ͣһͷͷɻӶɨ㣬ֻһֻɢͷƲ˶
ӳ˶ãҲǵˣֻ֪԰ӵ뿪һֱظЩ£ÿظ𽥵ʱ䣬ǷǰһӣĶգľ
ʵļƬ÷ּûôÿɨҲǷһЩҶ˵÷ϲ䣬Խ俪ԽޣݹĶǺ䣬Ϊλǲѵ԰ӵ䣬˵ǲ
һɧ̼ɧת԰ˣܲʣǴˣÿϳż鷿㶼δ⣬רĵɨ԰ӡ
˵Ӻѽ԰Ҳûסˣ㻹ôɨ۰һĵŮӺһɨҲǴ
תѾҡ߽ļˣΪ׵һŷµŮӣŮ
һţɨ㣬첽ǰſ˫ۣסߵ
ҵĶָֻţǿ˳ȥ˵֡
ü価ǲм֮ɫǿưͲ˵ⰵյĵطɨҲ֪ôģڴ˴԰ӣҪͷ
ӺĻֻŽǼȰȥ˴û˸ҽ԰еҲǴµһɨĹߣֻй߲Ų˵ԵŻͷһ
üһš
Ӻҡҡͷֻҵĵ˵ͷżˮ۽ǻ䣬ãȻŹģȴ³֡
ѾͷͲŻˣǸŮѾʧôˣҲ֪ǻȴȻŴ˴κ˽ѵΪܻ𣿱ôãһƫͲǸаˣ
Ӻס԰еļˣҵˮԽԽࡣô죿ô죿Ǳ֪ˣԴôĸǲ׷ŹǵģǻǸʲô³
鷿ڣޱȵİīǰͷе飬Գ˼šָһ㣬ÿһڼ尾жȹеȥһˣʬѵĴʧ

 
 
īüͷʲôЩûش飬û˸ģ 
鷿ű򿪣īһĴùūŲһʲô£ 
ūսսЩʵĴشԴ˹¸󡪡 
ī͵վۿһ¹ڵϵūţһԣ˳ȥ 
ūŹڵϵȶʱһϢҵ񣡿īԶȥıӰᵽɤӿڵĲȥ̶̵һ仰оԼӹŹһȦ 
յ¸ſڣŮ˵Ḷ̫̌ƽӹˣҵ֡κ徻Ϣ 
̤ȥ̧۱ӺƴֹǸŮˣǸŮ˦־͸ӺһƣѾͷÿҪСıҪ 
ھҪ 
ʱһƬţ 





һһʮ£Ѫ

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īߵЩŮǰȫ¶֮ɫŭʢȻ֪£
īһ˶ʱ˹ڵϣһԣֻĽ̾ŵֻǼ԰ӿշ϶꣬к棬ԲŶ檴ˣԺҲˣ˳檡õǡ檡̶Ϊ֪ǰûʸԼˡ
īȴۻΧһУһֻƽ˵ˣĽȥˣǵԶһ㣬
һһ룬ٿḶ̌һžµСʱɷףҲરડ̶ɣī޶ԣͷβҲһۣˣֻǣҲû뵽Լһι¸Ͷɱ
Ѫ飬ΪһǸŮˣ̶ڴô꣬ҲֲڴߵĶ̶£̶ֻǴ԰ӣס԰ӣҪɱ̶ĮѪѹҪ뿪ˡúޣ̶һۣѵĿУֻһһԣƴһҲҪʰ
ī͵غȥϣĮǾ飬ôأֻαοں
̽ҲһĮȻ
Ḻ̌˳ȥߺīٲҲһ𡪡
ԽԽԶֱʧ
īɨһɹڵϵļŮĮȻҲһȥˡ
ģǱ㱻˳ȥֻǣձϵſڣīִָָӺ°ɣȱһɨġ
Ӻܴ϶ԼˣҲ˱ľģû뵽ͷԼֵ⡣ֻǣţܰɣԹŮ˵ֻһֽѣ
īЩ÷֣֦Ѿɺ޵һƬƿ÷ʵЩҲǺ˿ɫȥʱ°ϣ٣ԶԶȥһֱסˡֻǣ߽ʱĻǻ鴤һΪЩĺ˿ôֻ֣ԽԵεӰֻ
߽޹ӣӺÿջɨȴᶯһһΣޱͬǰڴϣϵѬ㣬һյ裬µǼذ׵ҵǶϷŻѪҺ˿
ÿϢ֪ĥԼֻϢŻԼһ㡣
 
 
峿ī߸ߵڵϣŸ󳼵࣬糯ɢȥʱᵽ鷿ӼһˣÿնҪ¡ 
ûϢ𣿡īŹڵϵĻ˵ 
ܣѰ˸ȻûзټӱϹϾĴ磬ͨȣ˶˷ݵʶīҲ˷η壬һֵ̳ˡ 
ǵģﰵﶼɳɡ 
ǳ汾ǵģÿն˵ܡģұǵʱҲˣٵòҪĴ𰸣֪ôɣѱٱÿֻǻ˵ЩûõĻ 
ǻӶ˶٣ſڵʵѰõĹУҲŮеƣֻƣϵʲϣҲûȥ 
īһĵӿһ˿ϣ˵Ҫκһ˿˿ǵĻ˻ҪһһĿȫɱ˰ɡϣûУݲκһƵŮӡ 
һȫɱˣԼɱҲѪ 





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ĿһüۺЦŮˣīĽֽӵŮЩ˾Ȼ˵ײͣͲһ
һֻһƳ˺ˣԽ¿üͷԽ
ЩЩʲôŮˣûϣ˵òƣɫûһơòϣЩһĥīŭĽЩƷڵأʱ裬鷿ڰããһƬʵЩŮ㲻ǣЩ绪ˣȴ룬ī˲Ŀ
īܵϣĬĬһ㾿
۾ȴɨһӿƮڵصĻ
һקסǸ
һͬŮӵĻֻŮǺЦȴһƬĮȻƽʱ˵ıӡǻʦҪһ㣬ȴʼտֿЦգҲֻܷǳһ㣬ǿǵЦ˳
īӿļжûаϸȴ޼۵׵ĮȻǱˣϸϸĿŻϵרעƻ˾ͻվǰ
룬˿̵Ǳ˿ˣΪԼۻ˰ɣĿУĮ飿ҵֻһˣֻγˮɣ
īɹ˲ֻ֪ҵˣҺܿͻῴˡһ룬泩֪δػֻҪҵһжνˡ
Ŀһͣһֻ·д֣⣡
⣿ôܣôôͱʲôˣţܽܣոջϲõʱȵס
ˡվڷ룬Ҫеǡ
һһϣǸˣϹϾī񣺡
īеĻ̯߱Ǻˣ
̧ͷһҲŮҲֻһ˲ͷֵȥشͷƻ
īһϣ¥ŮӣǾͲˣһ¥Ů˵ϣЩ档
 
 
Ҫ֪ı 
˽һ飬Ŵֻ֪ǰͻȻһ˵ģΪӸ߰壬ֻղܾЩ˵󣬻δЩ˷˵ҲǸ漣 
ǰӸ߰壿īü˼ƣѵѹѾ˼ҲѰԭ䵽¥ˣ˵˵ͨˣֻǣǰʲôŻ䵽ֵط 
֪ˣī˻֣ʾ£ޱ뿪ȻֹסĲ죬ѵʲôϵǴǿҶһ¥أ 
뿪īϸϸĿԽԽظеصһ 
˵ǲСջˣӵĺѶոֵһЩͷõȼ˼⡣ 
ǵĶһǽյ⣬ҶҪ 
עһīңѰһīɫı»ϣٲȻһӵģ 
ǲˣֻ˷Ǹˣȥˣ˿죬Ļʱ֣˿̳ȥš 
˼ˣӿ˽ŲȲҪ⿪ɻֻһۣȷ᲻һеĴ 





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īʱѰ˴żˣΧɫЦ֮š˫üôۻĵطôȥһꣿǱʶƺѾ⵱ˡ
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ʱɫ֮ͣ˶ڴͬһīһĶʱ͵Ҫˣ
һһĨӰƮȻǰ·̤Ű籶£ȻƮ̨룬ûоһ㳾һĮȻȴǺЦƺǰԼݣвſ⽫ĨЦģ۲תȴˣֻеİĴ裻籣Ȼתͷ˿ʱƮɢȥˮ߰Χͼ˸⡪
ƫƫˣ뿿˷޲ɷ˭
īճյĨӰܲЩǿƲˣΪУûΪһҲһο裬óˣˣ
ͣҲͣת˸ͬʱǰ㣬̤Ű籶ȥ
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첽뿪ż䣬¥ȥ˿̣ļҪϻ
Ӵѽ¥ɲϵŶ¥ݿڣһŮ˵㴫ī̧ȥֻһ޺ȹϡͷϺ;϶ΣһЦŮ¥ݱϴҪбۣͷβɨī֮󣬱͹ЦݵЦˡ
īһ۱֪Ů˾ˣֹ˼ɵһӶ˵ôϲˣ
Ҳ֪ͷƣ¥ҲϢ֮һϵüõģһᵽ⣬ֶʱЩԺ֮У֮ˣ˶᲻Ժأ
 
 
˵һ仰īֱͳһ׸֣һҪأ 
ôһӣϵЦʱЦһ㣬г⣬ȻǼõġ 
˵꣬ʾĸ࣬Ǹĵ˵ͷ¥ȥʱһĨӰȻˣЦֵҲĿ⼯еϡ 
֣˿֪ν£ī⣬ȴֻ֣Ҳɨ 
Ȼв죬Ļټļ 
ѽλҹͺú÷Ӱɣֺõ⣬Ȼʱ֪ΪΣжмֹǣҲҪҵ 
ɫһ䣬ĿһվˣһҲǸòȻαӣֻһ˲㽫Ŀīƿˣֿ˵Ǻ⣿˵ֻգλŮ㣬ҸҹҲˣڴ˶ʱ䡣 
īһĿı䣬ܽĲ⣬ΪôĲмƽѰĿˣѵ˿𣿻УΪıﶼǲʶһѵʱĿĴǣΪôİİǿװĮǱͶԴİ˵룬ԣ룡 
ʹ֪˺Ҳûʱʲôɫǰֻǵɨһۣһûк⣬ûбˣֻз̺룻һӽ֮Ĵȥ 





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ּһҲҵſ˵òӣһˣſҪΪԼĻڱǰˣƣҸ⣬˵һŮϷŪ浱ԼʲôĴС㣬ҪôߣͲˣղҸ㣬ҲҲһֻҵ
һ֣ҽתһߣڵķ֮֮¼ߡм˶ˣ¶Ҫȥƽϣֻˡ
ֻǣۿҪµȴٳû£̧֣һʱһ㶡
ֻץסֱֵۣ꣬ǸմӶ¥ɱµģֵȴղߵǸīɫץס˾һŭĿ֣ŵûʧɫҪȴζԷˣˡ
īкŮ˾һҶֱ֣ǻˣþקסҪĹͷ飬ʹֱһԲͣĺšӴӴֵǣΪζһ޷Ӧͷβһ̵ӣ
ǲ¥ʱһֲԤУкǲȻǸ⣬ֻһøˣ֣⣬ôܣԲһеĳȥץסֱֵֻۣǳֹĺֹһˣ̧ͷһˣץֱ۵ֶʱȥ
˲ĿŶԷԷ󣬾һ˼ģ
ѵʶҵɻ󣬲Ȼôôֵı飿ûд۵һ˿ңĴȥʶͻȻֵ˺ܲһ㡣Ϊҵһο˾ʧı顣
ͻȻǸ˦֣תҵֿ첽¥ȥ֪ΪΣƽˮľе󾪻ţһͷҲżĽں
¥Ļŷſҵ֣ȴȻضңҶ㿪ȥ
һƣǸһķŭ
ôĵӣƭǸĿڣ³ĻȴҸľѵǴ¼˴˭ԳƱأѹ֣űװȴȻڲһİǣҲףһΪλ˵Ů˵ģҲ˵ͨĺ󹬼ֻÿһЩǿɣ
ң޼ɵҺǰ¶ݣ˵Ƿʶģҿӻͦ죬Ȼô˵Ƿץʲô
ûƭֻûἰѡĻָ侲
 
 
ǾˣǴüһҲ̵ŭ 
ΪֻһҳݵС£ԲŲδἰ 
ҳݵС£֪ƾ仰Ҫ 
̸֮ȴԽԽԺʲôжҳݵС£Ǹ˿أ 
ͻȻÿܽǸ˵֪ΪʵҪ˵¸տʱҲΪΪǳʵ̫ˣ¶෬֤ʵֻǴ²δ³ʱ 
ԭôҸʲôҲѹִҪ̤̤ʵʵĹӣ˭˭ģô⵵أ 
⣿ߣڱǰװǻƣʲôǱֲ˵ǻǡ˵ң˵һҵˡ 
ҵӲԾҡҡǰͻ״ЩŶǸȻҲǽҶһިҼΪԼǶһˣôͻȻð˭ѵһǰǶһɷĳӣûнһ䱨Żߣ 
һ̫ˣһʲô֮ңǹˡҲ֪ǰĶһǷϲڵܲϲԣжΪǶһֻ⣡ 





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Ȼ֪ǰǴˣҲֻϥͷ֪Ǵ٣ʧˡ
֪Ǹһ絽Ҹǰҷ̾ңһҪ𣿡
ĿһЩ֮Уһ֮ôҾȻõǡҡţ˵Ȼδʲôס찡ô£Ƕһһǧ谮һŮ䵽¥ݴޱȵޱȱ΢ķ̫ˣҽܲˡ
ֺƣΪʲôǽҵɶһ˵Щ򱯰ĻʱҵĻôܡǣިǣðҲǣҴԼĺܴŴ˵ĻҾǾԼĺҲ˱ˡ
ǿһĨЦŴ˵Цˣֻһ¥Ůӣ֪ݱ΢Ҹ׽أ
㱾ͲЦֺαǿԼأĿңУԼû˼㣡
ô֪ҲЦ̧ͷһ˫Ů⣬ǴҪҵĶһ
īĵһ̹˫ӷڸûƭǶһҴˣ
ȥҲ޿κΣΪһ治֪һǲңôһֱʱȻҶȻǷԷθģֻǣҲףȻÿ˶ôںǵʧأһ˴ҲͰˣôͬʱû䣬Ƿ˼
īǴҪҶһīҪҶһʧǵ˵
īǴˣ仰Ѳ³жôںһһŮˣȨֻһ˵ݳǰ˵Ȼ򵥣мõأһ˲ǰŮ˵ɸƷǰˡ
ԺҶһȷʵûˡʵǲܲΪһʱĲ̾ͰԼǶһɣ
ճڣ͵סҵ˫磬ں޵һ֪ȣ뿪ҺҶӦõģҲԭңֻ㲻ҪװòʶңɱһҪܡ
ԭ˶һ˵ûᣬȻһںޱأͨˣǴҪ÷磬Ҫ꣬οһŮˣɵõ˵ĶǲõģԲϧںΪһʱ嶯ͶһЩ˺֮٣գˣˣΪʧȥĶõģ
 
 
˫紫ʹĲʲôһ󹬼ڶ࣬һҲֻ֮һʧ˾ʧ˰գִֺţվҲֻһŮ˶ѡԼԼΪλ˵Ȼ 
īĳ׵ˣǰŮӣĶһΪʲô˵㻰ȰҪִ̫ţ˳Ȼ 
վһһֱδ˵īʵҪ׿˵ǲǶһɫǴδй֣ء 
شǣ⣬ֻһƵŮӣī˵һ仰ߵĻ³ѣ⼸֪λģܶһôֻϣֲĹҸ 
ԥˣóīжôںһֻһپ뵽ǵ֮УҲһһӣǿջЦ**Щ֮УΪԸ꣬Ȼ߲ȥ֪ڵʲô 
īˣǰЩӳֵިÿ˶ҲôأһҪأô㣬ֻ뿴Ҫ 
ʵĻ٣ȷǵĶһ˶٣ֽŵĶһֻҲҲˡ˵īһϰ䣬ٴδΪһǰ֪ܵĸ˵**ʧм䣬Ū˽յ⣬ԣҲ֪óΪһźá 
īһɣһϲԭʧ˼䣬ѹֿһ롣ֻҪһͺãǰ˭ݺ׵ģҪ⼸ܵĿͳͳֻ 
˵Ƿвûж𺳣Ȼ˵ңûһоҲʧ֮˵ĺôжңֻҪˣ˵Ҳһơ 





һһʮ£ּ

һ̧꣬ͷīʱѾ뿪ˣվ˵ƣطˡ
ôأҲǹЩһ뵽뿪ʱʧ飬įıӰһЩ̵ģվֻһŮӣһһ֮ôأ
ÿһͻȻе˶˵Ƕһ񶼶أûаһļ䣬ŨҿҲֻǶŮӣֻǶһͬݣҾӦýܶһ𣿲ǳںҶ
ֻ⣬Ƕһ˶ֻҵɶһԿ˵˽ҲãǶһͬһˣûа취Լ
뾡취ҲҪ֪ԼĹȥֻ¥Ҫ֪ԼǰǲǺ֪ܲˣˡ
һʱʱ֣򵥵ϴһұˣҪţҾܾˣЩ£ԼȥŪ
Ǵ¥ǿӣһһϮµˣ裡
Ҿֱߵި£ǰһڣЩɬؿȴЩ
ިʼտһǳɵĶЦְˡ
Լû뵽Խֻ֮ԵިһȻ
ҹסǵЦһ˵ިΪҪƭң
ިʳ˻ϵЦʱȥ̶İȡЩˣȻϴνĶһǷֻģҲ֪ǲһЩĵ£ΪֱңЩ²ֵ
֪һƬ⣬ҲЦ֮ģŹЦ뵽Ȼȥ
Բ⡪ͷ
ûй㣬ި֪һ˵ĸСʱͶˣ䲻֪һʲôģ֪ʲôģȻڵϿƽ޲ҵĵһɵİˣҲ֪ǹɰģΪҵļвûзʹ£룬һģʧȥ˼䣬УǹɱȴĨȥһһǸܱŮˣĹȥҲһ˱ˣԣҲ
ި𾪵Ŀңеϲá
˶ұǸһ߰ҵɶһֻûУΪұ֯һЦ룬ӦһģΪֻҪһ׵˦ȥި
ި۵֪ҵĻ˵Ŀȥˡ
һˣΪһŮ˾˶ݣü֮ϡó벻ΪһһҲȾŨŨİˣһ˸˾ҪİŻ֮䶼
лл㣬⡪
 
 
Ϊ˻գǰϢߣҵЦһԲһллģʲôʱ˵ôŤˡ 
ި˼ЦҲȷʵͦŤġ 
ҽЩȤ°ɣңһֱʹضûȥҲ֪ôģпǺĽ 
ި۾һȥ 
ȻģһǣϷ˼䣬νʳαʵҲ 
ϲպұα£ި֣ص˵ 
ĵһʹжʱһڻ졣 
ϲպұαˮǧɽƴӺңԶĵطУȴһֱҵ 
ҵͷʱʹǧֻڿʳģҲô£ΪިĻһͻȻ뵽ô仰ѵ˶˵ƵĻ˭Ϊʲôһ뵽仰ҵľôۣ 
ʹʹ˭ңһô£ 
˫ץסͷҪʹУǣôҲɢȥ 





һһʮ£ܾ

Щ䣬žһҵˣҹȥǲǶһ˵Ҫˣ˱ˣҲȥǿڣֻ⣬Ǿ͵һ˰գ
һ˵꣬īͳҺԣǶһôܿվǰװ㲻أ
ҲˣⲻǵǰˣǰĺŨҲǵˣ˵ǾǱ˵Ĺ£ôڶڲȥοڵֻǸŮӣֺαؿִأôľôȥɣ
īץסңûϵеʱʶңҾʹع¿ʼ
ʹ˦īлĺ񰮣ֻˣ¹߹ĺˣĹ⣬һƽ
ױڹг߹㲻뵱һûϵӽԺ㵱⣡
ʲôڹгģһжҲ֪ģȻһŮӣܵ**˱ɽյҲпԭġ
ֻǣϰôӦأȻ¥ЩѰ֮ˣȹУǼ򵥵ĶˣҪǣīûҪ֮һĳ嶯ҲݣҲĺ󹬼ж٣ֻ֪Ǹҿиˡ
īӯӯ°ݣֻЩƽ򵥵ӣ¼˭ССҪֻдԣ⡣
īȻϣǿ˿ңֿ˼ǰĿⶨϣһǰһ㣬ˣΪ޷ʧ⼸ģÿʬ⡢յܹˣ˵˽ҲãԵҲãһҼҵ㣬Ͳٷ֣ҲлҵʧԲᣡ˵նľ
ֱҲҪٶ˵ʲôŭûкôվǴʮ㣬ΨҶ
ϸ¥µĻЦ֮ԽԽǳ֪ҹɫѾŨˣ˵ҹѾˣҲϢˣλԻȥЪϢ
ԼǳӵݣһֱδһԣͻᵽҲö˵ʲôԥһ󣬲˸ȥˣ֪ǲҶһϾ΢ᣬҲֻȥ
ҿīһԣڵ뿪ɼ뿪֮⣬ֻҲѰ˸ʵλ£Ҳȡ˼Ƭֱ̣
 
 
ިЩΪνҹ˶ȥˣ¥ĵȻţԶԶؿһƣĳިиӲˣǰÿһģΪνҹȴûУǵÿγʱϵı鶼ģҹƣͽǣ׷ʲô£ 
ŵƻͨĶ¥˫ԭأҲǣҲǣ浽׷ʲô 
ȻһϮĻһԣ˿̴ֻһˡ 
ţ۵׽Ϊȫƽʱ֮УȻһеİӴ÷ôѹ֣Ҳ޾ºͳôˣ 
īЩϲɫԽϵķŭԽʢ۵Ҳӿ˱ˡ 
˵һУΪλǵЩĮȻҲͰˣΪôŨҵĳѹ֣ѵ𣿿ǰݣ뿪ԲŽӭ뿪 
˽ΪһҲǺ£ٰЩ˺Ҳһˣ´ӽڲ֪ᣬճֵʱͰķ֮⡣ѵ˺õıӦ 
ԸҲԸĮȻĴΪֻ֪ǴĲ룬Ǻ⡣ǺҲͺˣ´ټʱǵأֻ´μʱҲ벻 
òȸԾһĶʱȥ 





һٶʮ£֮

ިץסҵ˫֣ৰ׵ɫҵôˣ⣿Ҫң
̧ͷʱֹֹˣֻкܣһƬ
Ҳ֪ǾһӺÿգܡ
ިֽŻҵͳе˿ΪȥϵˮҿϴóǾ˿
ǣԽҵԽࡣ
ި밲οңȴ֪ӺΰοֻһĬĬذҲ᣻ҿ޵ЩĪԼ֪ԼЩʲô޶˵ĸеܡ
˺һҵƽӣިǸ˵Բިҡ
ö˵ʲô֪ʲô֪
֪ʲôˣԼ֪
Ҳ˵֪ģϾҵĹȥʲô֪ԼҪ˽ҡ֪ʲôҲҿڣһڣʹӿ
ˣܽһ㣬Щ£Ҳȥ룬ֻҪһ룬ľ˺˰ۡ
ҳĬţò׻Ծձҵֽȥ
ިɤӵ⣬˵뿪طȥһҪԸ𣿡
⣬ԥˣҪ֪̵ľǿʧ䱯飻Һ˵Ը⣬ʼһ¥Ůӣ֪֪˻θ룿֪Ʒǻľֹһ¥֮
ިȻʶȥңܹ黹ǲ˽ڵң˽ҵʱ¾𣿡
ިĬĬص˵ͷ𰸶˵Ǻܺõˣ֪ڽݣҲԭܣֻ⣬Ȼһʼ˵ѿ
صʱɫ磬һطҵķеңһһϲɫҲûƬͣ
С㷽ȥǸ빫ˣ֪ʡ
ҵͷŵС빫ӸӻϳֵλӲһ㡣
˵ﲻһˣʵҲ˵ףҴިīȷʵһ㣬Ҳ˵Ϊʲôֻިҵһֺܰȴ̵ֲĸоһ̤ʵĸоǸīһֲ̫ܿĸоΪһͻΣա
 
 
ЦҵһۼС֪С㲢ǷˣȻʱСˣѪۣ¿Сֵ߳˾ʲ֮ˣӿ϶ˡ 
кȻһ뷨ʵ㵱﷢˵ҵģ 
СΪͻȻ 
ֻͻȻ棬֪ôġ 
ͷ˼˵ݹһ﷢ֵģʱ̸մػҪǴ֣֪˻ԵС㣬Щ£С㵱ʱһ´붼ѪˮȾˣ̿ŶľӶģС㻹һ˿Ϣв̣ͽС˻СϴɾСǸǵ˶ʱǲã̾ͽСԺСӦö֪ˡ 
ԭˡǰݹģҺúõȥݹأһ˿ԼȥģҼȻĸԸȥˣǸԼ֮˶ƽʱҽ֮ˣ 
ֲ̫ˣ³һ벻ЩıƹҸٵصĶһˡ 
пЦҲ֪ǳѶ˵ǸǻҵԸһָԶЩıЩȣڵȷƽˡ 
ڿɲԴȥƬ֣ͻȻסֽʵ 
ȻһС㣬ΪͻȻȥ 
Ҳ֪ΪλͻȻӿ뷨ֻȥı˵ĵط 
ԥһ󣬼ɫ磬Եĵ˵ͷЩ꣬˽ҵӵģֻҪĳһһҪȥģ֪ȰңҲֻ˳ˡ 





һٶʮһ£Ϯ

Լʱŵ˵Ǵ֡
ʱѾǶ죬ӹͺͺһƬһȥƽֻصĿҶϣʱܾĴųĴҷɡ
˶Я߽ȥÿһ㷢֨֨¡žԵЩͻأɭԽߣҶѵԽ
ңСţߵøߴľʱĺˣʱǻ赹⸽ģĸλãҲǲ̫ˡ
Ϊ̫ͻأ𣬾еĻ
ͣ½ŲϸϸĹ۲ţҶҪطҪ⼸ļʱǷǳïܵģվ棬ӦÿԵס۵̫ҲľҪ߳ѹֳôá
Ҷ׿ҶЩʪϡŵʪҶùζ
ֻվ󣬲ԵĿңֲ֪Ӻ
˳ŵҰŹ۲죬ûзʲôر
С㣬ʲôѽĪ㵱ʲôʱҲôˣɹܵģǶڣֻҲЩҶʴˡһ˵־˼ֻ
Ҿ⿴
ƿһҶʱ򣬾ֵɫطɫͬɫҪö࣬ҵ΢΢ѾȻ⣬ӦñҵµѪɣ
ۼΧѰȥԽ¿ҵԽʱҾ˶ѪŻȾôһƬطʱ꣬ȻδȫȥҵǸҲĺݣҪĥġ
Ѫĺۼһֱ쵽һôĸȵȣɺЩ֡
ɫԣҲһſڵϣϸϸĹ۲š
С㣬Ϻ֡
ͬĵ˵ͷսɣֽΧ۲ȥִ˴ϸĿ
ֿѾģˣʱϾ̣ҪôֵϿ֣Ҳ¡ӦҿȥģΪ˵ܹ⣬Ƶҵ־ȻҲѪ۵ģ龰ұҵΪҲˡ
ףʲôְŤŤģһֺѩѩʲôӸѩʲôϵ𣿡Ī
ſŵһĵ׶ʱӿһĪıˣҲǰިʱҪʹԤ˳ͬߵӣڿҶϣžž졣
 
 
ͷңһˮʱͻˣС㣬ôˣôö˶˵ľͿ˰С㣬㲻ҪҡҿޣҲ̲סᡣ 
ʹľסĿڵ·ҪǹͻȻӿʹԽԽʹôʹ˲Ҿͱûһɾ޴ı֮У԰Σ 
ҵĸǸ֣ӦǸûдӥ֡ѩӥˣֹһεᵽ֣˵ѩӥʦ֡Ϊʲôһ赹ǰһҪ֣ȻʱѾûˣӥֻһ룬ȻִŵİѵʱҾѾ֪ԼҪһˣԲŲһеҪµۼ 
ѩӥѩӥˮɲͣ䣬һΪʲôôܣҼǵʱҶǺ޸оġ 
ӣʵѩӥ˭һ˵𣿡 
ҿȥģΪʲôҪ֣Ϊʲô˭ѩӥ˭Ҫ֪˭ʲôϵΪʲôôΣҲҪ֡ҹڵϣ˻ߵĺʹĿš 
С㣬㲻Ҫһѱңۣ㲻ǲǵǾͲҪȥ밡ѩӥ˭ûϵǲ룬òá 
ۣԼĿڣôŬۼһܲˣˣȻҵۼһǼǲˣžʣʹĪʹʹɱҶܣΪʲôһУͲܰЩʹһأ 
С㡪˵ˣ˵ˡԽ˵Խࡣ 
ǸˣԼҲͰˣΪʲôҪԼı˴ߵأ 
ģʹʹ 





һٶʮ£

ŮӵĿబżһ紵ƬҶ
ҵڵϣһԵ֦ѾֵԱֶ֣⣡
ҿ̵ʱҸˣộ̲˵Ҿ˶ĺĲŽȥģ
ҵĥƤѪֹ۵ץסңˣС㣬㲻ҪĥԼˣǻȥɣ
޶ԣϵʪδɣˮһѡϣĺһ㣬Ҳùôİ
˵С㣬ѩӥ˭СʲôϵˣʱһҲҵ˰ɣڻûгСУިǸӶˣأȻӹϵǳӦ֪Сˣʼնûг֣ҪСԺˣԼˡ
վͬľżճյ˵ѩӥԣҪȥ˵ұ㱼˳ȥżĺС㣬㣡
ƿӣȴ⣬ֻŴķ紵ɫۡ
תת˳ǻҹյģڽֵͷͣӣŸµ
ԼվһĺԺſڣſһңլԭסģΪӦûסֺլģȴû뵽סĵطͨһռһ
ԥǰȥţƬ̣žͿˣȴŵһѮˣĴüĿλŮվ⣬һ㶣漴ЦˣλҼҹӵ𣿡
òĵͷ
ѵѽǵһοйҹӣλ룬ҼҹںԺ飬Լȥɣ໹أ͹ӿҪȵ㡣
лл㣬ϲ
߽լӣŷôլӾûˣƲղǸ˼Ҳ㣬ҲֻһڴɨǰԺʮŮˣӹʮ
˵ָʾֱӲ˺Ժ
ʱǰһһֱĵ׵ĳ䡣
ۣ̲ס̾
ȷʵ벻طԼôľɫ԰γһƬ֣氲Ŀ飬Ƕܡ˾ĺڴ٣룬ٵʱ԰ˣȻһּ䣬Ż㣬Ʒ裬żʱ򻹿һΣ紵ʱ򣬻Ʈ㣬ƮϣȻԼڿƮǸж
վԭأػţֻ⾰ޱȵϤ龰Һֻǵҷֲﻹ⡣
 
 
⣬ôˣ֪ʲôʱѾߵǰҾϲ˵û뵽һ 
û㿴ɣҳǸ˵ 
ᣬġ˵űкƬ 
ֽΪ˺ 
ĴƬ֣ϲӣ 
ҵͷʶ 
һϲԺԳ 
ٴε˵ͷû뵽Լ԰ô⣬Ҳˡ 
ʵ԰ǰµģǻһλ˶µġȻЩأλ˶һǷɣ 
Ĺ˿԰һοˡ 
̧ͷĿңǰܿģ 
ұЩڣ㽫ͷתˡ 





һٶʮ£


Ǳ˴˶ĬţȴΣϾǰ˭ֹ˵أ
ļȿڴƳĬߣȴֲ֪οˡһЩֺ֪֪˾ì塣
ʲô⣿ֹ飬֪һ£ʲôֻҪһ˵ġ
ѩӥ˭ڹ˵˳پɡ飬ҵ
ǰһĨЦΪͻȻ
ұֻܶ˵ި˵ѩӥʦ֣Ӧ˽ˣҪҼ֮䶨ʲô飬֪ܸ𣿡
һİɫҼ˵һֱΪʧȴôȻĴӷҵѪҺ֮ǰΪģϸһ룬ôأôѡϲǵһŮӿԦģ뵽㣬ҵôƣôģ¼ָѩӥʦ֣ӦһɣᣬᣬҲᣬ֪ѩӥǺιϵ
̾˿ĵ˵ѩӥȷҵʦ֣Ҳȷʵʶͬɽѧգ˽ǰһɽҺ֪ɽȥϰһգǸ˾㣬һ
ѩӥҵʦһᴵҲ̵ģִ𰸣ʼû뵽һ֡
ͷգ㴵黭
һգҳԾ˵ΪҴ֪ҲͰˣһյӹӦúǿӲΪһԼ
޺޵˵̽ȫˡ
ǣǸ֮˻ܵ޸֮һӶֻ衣
ѩӥҵʦΪôҴδȻҲǵˣʼʦͽ֮ڣôģ
Ѿˣ
𣿡Һʵ
ͷԵĵ˵ͷҲòˣӦùúܺãҲȥֻܰδ˵¸ˡ
ʦȻδ֮£ΪҪȥأһ쳾δϵ𣿡ҽеǸ˵˳
ʦᷳӰɣ
ĻشܾﲻԣɾﲻԣҲ˵
лһǣѩӥʦΪοֻôܣʦͽҲİ
С㣬ʲô֪ˣ÷˰ɣһԿοԭǸѩӥСʦͽ֮ѽǹˣҲ֪ûлټСֺαôأ
 
 
ҵͷѹĵ׵ɻĴǺܺˣֺαѰա 
ллˣתһ죬Ҳûȥˡǡ 
Ҹһɣվ˵ 
΢΢һЦ㻹Ҫȥ𣿡 
Ǹ֮ˣѵðһֵףȻ¶˾ҪĳҾһҪֵס 
ӣѵѽһЦ 
ֻҪǲҷ˵Īϲˡ 
²£ÿ춼һ浣ͻȻһ㲻ˣҺС㻹ϰء 
˵ұ㰲ˡ 
˱˵ģһ𲽳԰ӡ 
꣬ôأ 





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ǻصʱѾ˼Ŀˡ
ּûʲôɫ֪Ϊ¶ңҲֱ¥ȴӻͳһӸŷſס֡
ҡҡͷǸƵŮˣһҲԲá
ϵ¥ҲſڣֺαոӣΪ⣬Ѿ˲ˡ
νЦЦǮƱ֮ߵģҪһܻദƬ̣ô㶼ֵ
Цƽʱֻŵȴû뵽㻹˸УÿһһʲСĿ֧ˡ
е̸ϣֻǶգƽʱȿ飬Ҳڡ
ǲ
ĬͳһЦ㿪ʼ
ദϰ˱˴ˣѵõ֮γһĪĬҺϧꡣ
ŵŵգŵˣīӿŭ⣬΢۾ѹĵŭĮǺ
һ룬Ȼֹ
ҿͻȻֵˣЩ죬ǰɵȻһɨ⡣
ԭǴ٣ôСһʹҹԵãίˣ
īüһ㲻뱾
ĺ󹬱ǿˣֺαأ
īһ絽Ҹǰסҵ󣬡ô뿴ǡñǵˣ
ǸҰ³ˣʹȻ˵ԵˣֺαڴΪСŮӣ
ڣȴī˻ȥ
죡īʹĿңһΪ㣬Ϊ㻹ңڴ˴ȡʧ˼䣬Ƕ˶ӦǹƽģΪҲżΣôңͿչ¶գ
 
 
īĻҵ˸ѽΪһôǴҷǵ˵֮ʱұô̱ˣûжٰ֮ 
һ죬ҵͷīԲ𣬴̫ˣ󣬱Щ֮̾˾֮أôϰˣҲϰˣֻû뵽˻˴һʱЩʣ˴˵꣬ұīȥ 
֪ī۵׵ʹɫŨңңһҪ޻ô𣿲Ƕһ⣬ңͲܻһī𣿡 
ҳԾĿҽīһһѰŮӿߵģǣıôѵǰĶһģ 
ҳŽּȴôҲ²Ƭ̣һǻⲻҡ 
īĴ˫֣ҵҲл䣬ڿػ˼£Цңǣңҵôֻ֣죬ĥ𣿵ҺòҵվǰʱȴоôԶֿɼĵطмȴһ޷Խĺ蹵֪ҾȡǣѵĻҲû 
ҲģҲīϡ 
īޱȱ飬飬Ҫο䣬ȴֲǰˣҲҿ벽Ϣ̫ˣܸоֻҪһǱˣʯ٣ֻһƽŮˣƽҲԼյأȻûҸоȤһǲΪһͻȻī͸ıԼ״ҵֻ뿴ţ룡 
⣬˵Ҫ㣬ӽԸ⣿īͻȻޱĶ˵ 
ˡ 
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ҳԼ֣ת߻صԼλ¡ 
ɻһ 
īԵĵ˵ͷ˵⣬ΪûɴĻԶҲ˵ڣΪǺˡ 
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ި۾˼ĿǸӰʱ꣬һ㶼ûб䡣 
ôˣȻûģ벻ôҵˣô֮ǰֵһЩ±ͨˡ 
īҲ˺ڰеˣǰȥިɣˣҲˡ 
ިĿתĿī֪Ժģʶһѣģɷ׶ΪһѵīĿرʱ꣬ÿīʶѵǱȲ𣿽˽ȭͷһ뵽ǰīģѵ˵ҵʱκ˺īл˺ֹҲҪߣúػ 
īҲûƽԭިҵˣިǷҲǰĮأͻȻһި뷨ƺԽԽʵˣި֪һΣ׷֣һ뵽ˣо˿˿⡣ܣֻҪҪģһõ 
ںڰضŶԷҪԷƻ 





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ȻҶԼ⣬Ҳִ㵱ĴҵިҪѡʲô£Ҳɲڴ¾⡣ 
ī˼Ƭ̣˵īһһɾͰҵõĽɽǱģԣòˣֻҪǱҪģ᲻ֶεȥȡɽһҲһ 
ިīһļ㽫⵱ʲôֻ㲻Ҫ֤ԼĹߣ 
īһŭô˵ǱһҲҪõŮˣޣʣأ 
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ûǣֻһɣңҶ˽⣬ǲĸԸģԸҲ߹ȻôΪЩިʶİī٣ĸԸҲ˵ʲôԸƴУҲԸ 
ǣơī仰뿪ˣިһ㣡һԶҵҵޣ 
īԶȥıӰިٴ¥෴ķȥīҲ׷֣һҪ㲻ܣ 
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ԸܿģϾ̻֮أܿס᲻ϰߡ 
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ܿӣܿ΢΢˵ͷ˵ǵü˳ۣȴޱȵķߺޣޣǰſݡһͲ׵ΪδһôãΪʲôв֮˶Ůôãĵ㲻ˣΪʲôձȴȻԵõű˶ĺã
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֪ܿ￴ƣôô˳ۣǸоǱǿΣյϢ 
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ףֻСպСǸܿ 
ҺȻ˷ܿעʱҶ˵ǷѵΪҵһ̸֪ЩʲôСܿǷܿٿܿЦ 





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ǺýãȻһˡЦ绨 
ѵΪһͬ𣿡 
ܿδֻǣ֪ҵĺýǷԸ빬أ 
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Ϊ֪ѣǣƺǣôǰʶżȻⰲŵˣˣԽеԽŨ
ǰס԰һֱĺúõģΪţһ죬һסȥīң˵۵׵ȽҲֱӡ
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ިһЦǣī㻹һû䣬ԶֻԼܱ˵Ըǰ㲻˶һǷԸǿȢ㻹ǲԸǿʹģ 
Դˡһ죬ǵһ˵ںˡ 
Ǳǵãһǰ˱ 
ĽǱ˺һصޡ 
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ô˵īĵЦˣȻ㣡 
ߵµαߣϻŵЩҵ磬֣롣 
뿪ʱ򣬻ұڴЪϢ벻һͰˣ 
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һȻڶ˵ԲҸ֪ˣΪʲôҵӿһɬ 
Ƭ÷֣޵˿ͣƮī˵ɽˣأ 
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һ浹ȥ۾ϵһ̣ҿīŵ顣 
һһ 
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˼·īͻŻŵĳ˽һ仰Ҳû˵ֻҵ֣ȥĿĵĺʱĿһϣʹ֮ɫ˲ӿ۵ף־΢΢һůҲ䡣 
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ҪĲǵϽҽķī͸һ˿͡
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ޡܡΪīȻ˵Ϊ仰ɣǵҽݹһģҲΪ
置ƶͲһ㶾ҩ򵥣ҩûҩңҲĥȥԣһѰˣƶΪ֣һǹƻĵģһ־еģ˵Ҫô˶ֻҵ¶֮ˣĵĺѾ鲻˶ʱˡ
һʱһƬž֪Щ˶ڣȴٿڣīʱɫӦúɣ
һۣһ۾ī˵񣬰Ǻοأ˶⣬ֺαأһֱţ˸ҲǿʲôյĽ֣ҡīިδһֽѣ
ͻȻۣīһ˿ǱĻˣŹڵϵļˣīֻ˻֣Ǳˡ뿪ʱı飬ǶȻ뵽īô׵طŹǰɣҴͷβûǣīķǸе죬ֻ֪īΪ֮еΪ
īҷϣеʵɻò
ҡҡͷղ˵ĻҶˣ㲻طϡ
ңһһκģ
˸ܷκҲǿ󡪡ҺīһԸ׼ҳǣߣȴôҲ˵ҲԼж̸
Ҳ׼˵ˣҲûֿܷҡסҵֵ֣ܸͨоµľġ
ⶾܿµİɣѾµʮ֮**ҲףкޣΪҪ˴ң
ī۵һ˿ɫҲŹģȻīҵ֣ĵĺǰִ˼֣ſţīҵľѴסйеĳֱĸо
һ뿪ң㡪Ҳ뿪ˡ˻ƣġ
۵һᣬҵҲƲס˳һֻ̣һʧͨˣ鲻ԽĽִıϡ
˯ʱԽԽ࣬춼ڻججжȹżʱܻῴīһ˫ۣſ죬밲ο䣬һ򵥵΢ЦҷԼûˡ
ٴλָʶʱ򣬷ԼûԭĴϣīĻɨΧ
̧ͷīصı飬֪ҳˣڳˣ
 
 
ˣīβסƣȴȻÿԵγˮ 
 
оô 
뿪Ļ˸ܶˣĿҪʵĶࡣ 
īһĨЦĺܲϲһ˹ɫҲ˺ܶࡣ 
ֻһͨˣ˹ڵ 
ڹͬԸҪɣ 
ֱӣīЩΡ 
ңɵ˵ҴȥǸŮҪҩֻҪҩһжˣ 
Ȼ˯ôʱգǽҩô׾ͿҪģȻ˶ٰҽⶾ 
ô򵥵ĵīжףֻ˭̵ʵ飬ʵ 





һʮ£Լ



صʱƿӣһľȣҵƬңҲӣƺȺʱˡ
īһ̧һͷûд۵׵ϧ
ǸŮ˻û𣿡īܣ˵
ʱûƻҪһ
Ҳҿּߣİּ߰־
īĵĸ󣬼ɫ죬æķסңǵֲ𣿡
ҡҡͷûУֻǿϤĺܣƺ
Ķûлһ𣿡һʵҺûʲô£һһ죬ǵĶʱȥ
һֱҵ֪ѣ޻˵һ֮һôĺ蹵һֱΪǶҵģѵ֪⡰Ը𣿸οĿл
˹ˣްһڣ㿴һҲ̵Ľͷת
īңòƲ߽Ӵ
īһ󡣡ҵ˵
ҵһɡֱӾܾء
ֻȥЩʱˣȴһֱûϢȥҲ˳ƽҷġӺԺ
ģҿȥǻǣңҲ˰ӵ㡣
һϲɣҲ뱲Ӷڹ
һǸպеǻᣬҪǸŮֻнҩ
ī֣ص˵īһƣֻҪǹúܺãϻһȥһҲ鲻˶ʱġ
īֻңһԡ
㡪
Ҫܿеõҩ̸ףòҩҵʱҲˣѵóҲһμ˵ĻˣһҪȥ
⣬ӡһԵĵĿڣһΣˣ⣬
 
 
īڴΪȡҩᵣأ 
һѽҩŪֵģһҪչ˺ԼƴҲһҪϵĶ⣬ΪһˣҲʦΪġӽԺ߻һһĶãҲںֻҪȫȫĶããҾˣ 
лл㣬Ȼī۵İûеõͬ⣬Ҵ粽С 
⴩ҶֱȻôۣգҲգǰҴӲǿһ̣ȡ 
ε̾˿ָҵ۾ҵ۾һһѱסңͳͷ㻹ôǿû취 
һɣͬˣ 
̧ңԣһȴڲС 
ҪӦңԼһˣȻԶҲ˹ˣ 
һĨɵЦұ֤һԹԵĻصߣȻĸԸߡȴһɬһȴұ֤߶á 
Ȼһƥһ˦ʹ˳ȥһƬ 
īԼһСĵ㣬һȡ˽ҩ 
Ŀɬӭķ紵ɢ紵ϣۡȻһĨϤĸоϮƺҲз紵ҵգǸоȴôᣬǰ˵ḧһȳ޷԰Σֱұǰľ󾪴ǱĴϵ 





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Χļ˴æܿ±һˣֶڵϲͣĿ޺ﲻͣ߶һ䣬ûˣʲôûˣڿһӯЦܿȷˣ
һϮ£ڻӳԵøףɫ΢죬֪̫ûǱȾġ
ڵϵң
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վΪλڴ˴㲻ǡлȻԭǹģīǴ֣ڴ˵ҡ
һ㲻ôΪһԹԵȥԼȻ󽻳ҩɣЦЦڵĲм
ָߺ޵ŵģ
ֻҪĵطҶá
㡪Ϊ˺ңʶһʣĴ㣬¶˵Ҫ󲻹̻֮أʲôˣ
µҲ㣬ǹʽˣ㻹ǶһһܿʱǱʶˣǵҸ˵ҵĵܵмƣǱһɱġܿ˵ܵܵʱĿﾡǺ⣬ֱ˿̣Ҳ֪ԭôңΪҾǸ֮ܵˡ
һƣ
ڵȻǵˣǿĵܵҪ㣬ô෨Ը㣬û뵽㻹Իިһ̲ͣ㣬īİ㣬ǸĹĴ㣬˵ƾʲô㲻һ¥ļŮƾʲôԵõǵİԽ˵ܿԽΪŭѪ
ͷͻȻһϤĻ棬ƺܿҲߺ޵ʹңǰˣʧȥ䣬ǰˣ
Ȼôǰҽˣ书ҩ裬һУ㶪¥ģҲûҵȻͷƻû뵽¥㾹ô
һʹȻҹԲŹʶóûٴκҡ
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ҡҡͷīôΪҹһԣû뵽վˣǻûеȵ˵ʱ򣬽ҩѾҵǰʧˣɢʱˡ
ɫȻĵĺѾɢָ״СоȻƽ޲ˣ֪ԼǱ¶ұûҪõҩҷҪлл㣬ҹƽӣҲ֪ǰҹŵһŽʱյһУ֪ЩҲԸģֻǿ㣬ôһֱڳ޷԰Σ˼һԸֵõʲô
 
 
Ҫ˵ˡܿҺŭʢҺ͸⸱ȻӣȻôȻҾͲٸһϢǷƽ 
ĴһĨЦǸõŮ´˿̶ѾΪҽ˰ɣ 
Сˡһ죬棿ɨΧֻҪһˣȻӰвɱʹԲ㣡ˮ˲գ޵ңɱҲңΪʲôҪۼͷβһ޹֮ˡ 
ˣԭ㻹иģֻҪҾ͸ˣܸˣҾٸһϢǸĲڵި 
ިֵʱĲƵĿϣҪ£չˣܿӦκβģԣµģ 
ҸҵĹƶѾʱ޶ˣջ̽ȻͶ˵ĳ˽ȥƫƫķɢҩ˯㷿أΣҲѲˣһ˯ףҲǺѽ 
ģȻ鴤ҹڵϣҵĴͷһѣΣǿҵʹȴҵʶިĻ䲻࣬ͷȥʼҽڵȻӰ벻Ǿһ桪ި롪ި 
֪ʲôʹ˰ɣÿ춼ʹжȹһҪ㳢ʹζǰЦĽ˼ΣֻҪ㣬κδҶԸ⸶ 
Це˶˵ΪҿԸκδۣΪ˰Ϊ˺ޣǺںҵ뷨ʲôҪֻðӣأҲԸ⸶κδֻۣҪܾȻި 
ģʹԸӡ 





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ĪģиеһʹīĿڣüͷܾ÷겻һӦòµģͣذοԼ
˲ͣȥҪȥһֵĴܿϿнȶһĽҩһҪȵ
ˡīĺ
ӰкηԸ
ȥ󣬿ôˣƽµͻرߡ
ȻӰ˲ʧʣµԭأǵĴ
ҲǲȻΣü֮ϡ͸ǣ⵽ǰߣ˫ĿϸѰʲô
ͻȻĿһϣϵļּ߲ӳĳʱӿ沢ַǡѩӥһ֪ǶǰµģֵıϺȻš⡱̵ģͻȻͻȻʼѩӥ£ԭҲǷԼôŬǸ֣в⣬Բġ
Ȼɬʦָеο٣ôŬҪ
ʦ֣Ȼ㲻ˣȻҸǸˣȻ㣬Ȼһϯ֮أΪĵ˲ĥĺۼֺۼѾ裬ѪҺαôĨĨȥ
ۿɫԽԽܿûг֣īˣҲˣ֣û취õҩǶһ
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ҳڵϣҲӸ֧ꡣ
ǰһЦŮˣҾ޲ˣǼһϮߵӹڵء
ҪǸı鿴ҡܿҺ
ǰҵĴҺ޽࣬ʧǣһвΪңãԸֻϣ㵽֣Ҫۼˡ
ܿһȻûһ⣬ȹгȥ
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ިԹ޻ڵˣһҾ;ý࣬Ըܲ㡪
ިһΣ㣬ϣܸƽüİ
Ψһ֪Ըһܹ
 
 
īˣܵһֿ⺹գ˭˵ǣİܲ𣬽ɽˣأ 
١ˡ 
ĨӰ˲ڻܿסˣһԵ֡һУ˹ȥ 
 
ڽˣڱˡ 
쳤Цȴ˳۽ǻ䣬ԽԽࡣ 
ˡīɳ˴æϥڵϣīֵ̿ 
ī˫üһšѹеĲŻˡ 
ʲôǿīһţҲǰ 
ֻԶԶؿŻˣ֪̻ˣδ 
ī˫ϥһЩڵϣҺʱĽסĿϣƬ̣˱ɵϣһӣɱ˳ȥ 
һǧҪ¡ 
⣬ҡ 





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ޣһ·ɱīصʱ򣬳ǰһƬ𺣡
ǰĸң΢һ㣬оޱȡ
һŰµŮվڻǰ棬ݴ㶣⽫ӳĵ˲ߣҲ紵ƮɢڿУԶԶȥмģɭ
죬ܿתͷī㶵ıʱЦȡ
벻ǵĶͦģԼڳôܵˣǼ𣿡
ɨӣһصŮˣû˵ӰӣīѹеĲһأ
ܿߣǵһŮǰһŮ˵䣬㲻𣿡
ϻ˵һ
ܿĿһšôżƫ˵һһߵīǰʵո΢һ㣬һģҺˣָھͰѽҩˣ㣬ǣֻ
ܿô˵Ҳǰ㵱ɺýõģΣڵϦϣʵ䡣סŭī˵
ܿһ˦䣬תȥĿĿƬ𺣣Ȼ죬ΪһŮˣֵ
ȻֺתǰˣһɭЦ⣬ϷˣҲ޷ިһ𣬾棬ע;˵ָƬ𺣡
˾һ𾪣Ƭ𺣣ʹ֮ɫһ仰Ҳ˵
īྭֱð亹δεĹ䣬ָܿŭˡһϮȥԶʶѽӽԵ
˫ˮҵĻƣ˷Ʊһ㡣
ܿҡεվȥǵѪգʧǵˣãҾҪһ𣬳ʹԶڱʹСǰԸѡިһҷҲԸһʹɣҾҪһʹԽʹԽǳ졪
Ϸڽˣᵽҵʹˡܿ˵¶һĵЦһһ˻𺣡
棬˲û
īճյǰһУʻıȼմͬңһΪʲô㻹Ҫ뿪ңңһΣԶҲѰˣѵ߾ʹԣԸԶҲҲ㣬ԶʬһԼƭԼúúõģ٣Ҳһʧȥʹ࣬٣㻹šһúġ
ұ֤һԹԵĻصߣȻĸԸߡǰĻڶʱҾ;һһʳˣҲԭ㣬׷ҶҪָס
 
 
ī쳤ХһѪ䱼ڵϣ˲䱻ɡ 
űٱīҲòȥʵīԹķйأʹҲֻԼţΪĿУֻ֪ԶҲҶ˵֣Ϊ£Ǹһ˵ڣ֪ҲûˣԣԸ˼У٣һֱػʦԼػڣ΢ĻҲûˣԶĴʧˣ⡪ 
ͻȻīгȥҲȥΣĹͷס˵ƤǱˡ 
 
ɰ 
ҪȥΪʲôƲ±һ˶䣬ģһҪѰʸ 
ѵ㣬ݹĴݹգҪ㣬вһʱ嶯 
Ҳʲôңʲôգֻ֪ҪʧȥһŻʲô壬ʲô壿 
īʹǰȥʧȥǣۿסһݣһƻĺϡ 
⣬˼䣬Ҳоµһһֱػ㣬׺ɣ 



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鷿ڣīڰǰͬľżǰ˸߸һ㣬Ҳֻǰûн࣬ŵķͳյЩˣȴȻȫòī鱦
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̶һ죬ǸӢĴ˥˼ʮ꣬ݣ߳˺롣
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򣬴ôˣʵ
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ǡɷ
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¶ɬһľīܽеɢȥ
ȥԺΪЩҩϣԺһЩ
ҽˣ
²ң¾ȸˣ˶ϴ
˵ͷĿλҽȥ
ǵĶԻһֲ©ĴīĶУīţֻ֧Ŀڡ
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۾ˮ䡣
ī˵ɽˣأĻڶࡣ
ɵΪô˼ԶԶʤĽɽˣû׿ڶ˵ԸɽֻһһЦΪ̫ص︺˵ԻĻˮҪӵɽΪֻ㹻ȨſԱΪ㾡УǣʧȥΪһֿ֮ŮӶˣ
˳鷿ֱȥͣ½ŲʱһƬֵ֣뾹һĹ
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һԼᣬһԼеİԹһԵй˳
Բʦ֣û㵱иҵ£ûػ⡪
һֱΪһ㽻ҵ£һ˽ģҰǸŮˣһ߶֮УһַŲ¶ĸ飬ʦ֣Һʹࡪ
ôҲںֻػֻҪҾ㣬ҲһֱΪԾôػԶ̣ΪʲôСȨҲҪҰ᣿ءءĿţһ̣ûνϣֻһΪˡʧȥֿˣ
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֧䲻֮֪꣬ҽ㣬ϣ㲻¶
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