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棬ݻƵҶƮ䣬һƬƬҶµĻȣһεƬҶҵһǸ翹ڹͺͺϣԵЩͻأ
ֵǼѾժòˣֻʣɱĹϣһ֪ӵ˶ҪġȻǸѾСŮ˵ǿһٷĴͣʲô˲ˣʹȫȥںСѾĥóѪˣȴȻò׹ϵǼӣǰƵϷһĨÿĺΣɷǿɰҲΪ̫˷ˣСŮһʱһŲȿգֱֱˤȥ
ϣСŮͨĽгժµǼӣֲֿЦ˳㲻ᱻСŮվҲ˲ϵͻҳ󲽵ȥ
ΤʵҲΤһѣ21͵ĪĴԽΤСŮϡԽҲգΪλҪøʳľأĸһֱһգΪĸ״˵ԭ߻άƵļΪĸ׵ʧȥеľԴȥ򣬾ԷҲѾǸˡ⼸죬һֱƭĸ׽ǷҪʳ£ԼȴŶӣżӣ񲻽˻ˣ
֣ܳѾŴˣ21Ѿ20ԽһʮСѾͷǹҵˡ
첽ţѾܿƾɵˣԽһۼӣ汻һб
һԼѣǼСĵķڳȻŽ뷿ȥĸס䲻ĸףȻĶãȻҲϲ
ŵǸ˽Τǲಡ齣ȴԾβպ͸߹ʣʱڰ룬϶һйµŮˣΪ֪Ͷ֮Ǵҷ緶ȴҵأⲻܲ롣õĹ۲죬ټ21͵Ȼλ˳Ǹˡ
ĽŲ۾Ѿнľ֮ˣЩҪŮ˵
ΤĿڡ
첽ߵͷʵĺ£ôãΨһһˣҪ뿪ֹ¶ĸоȻ뵽һɬ̲ס
ҪޣΤ΢΢һЦĨôˣһֱ֪ĸǸˣǴ˿̣ĸ׵
ãҲޣޣٵĨȥԼˮĸ׿ġ
һֱܿ࣬ĺѹѵ̧ĸͷһԵİˡ
ǵģҲ֪ܿ࣬ĸʲô˵ڡ
֪ԼˣΤ˵
 
 
ģ᲻õ㣡 
Τв֪ʱһ壬建صݸﾡһΡ㡤ţΨһĶһ˶ݣѤ֮תֵ˵ԨһеһУһ˳ܾͺˣӦýԼĲҳΪŮӰԣ֮ǰʲô˵ЩһĹɣ 
δ˵Ĳ֪룬ֻýӹ壬ճ˵ԼҲһβŴԽʷصĳģǺƽŶԣȻʱ˿̣ﾹǲһδϮķߡ 
壬ţҪκ֪סǸ˵Ķ÷ǱѰ֣֪֮Ǻǻ 
ãҴӦҴӦЩʡ 
⡤Ҿͷˣ֪һ㰾ȥˡ˰ʲôϲ򱯡գվӲһy 
㲻ҪңϾԼΨһˣ뿪Լ޿ˡ 
Բ𡤡˵ѽǸ˷ģ֮ȥ׵ȥ򡤡 
վǱ۾ȴоƺкö໰˵ݡ 
õéΨĵĿ޺þûصڿС 





ڶ  ĸ


ÿﶼɽ˺ģΪڵǾͷͷֵĵľеһɿݵ£һʮģСһǰǸȻѾˣ˱öӲˣȴǷǳòСһߣŵ϶дšĸĸ֡СãؤƵģҲޣֻǴضĸףȻʱؿˣϣܵõһ˿İǣˣûһԸûһԸ⡣
ͷ쳯Ŀ˺ͻͷڴ˵˲ǽݸ±ЯŮڴˡϥȴֻһŮ˶԰Ů˳ӣ䱦˴ҲǵֵסŮİֻٰôҺҲǺԶ·̣Ůһ·Цգϲ
ֻ꣬ȴǸ̰ƤӣһͷҪ´ֵ֣ĳۻңĻŭš
֣˺֮УҲҶܣֻǽǣŵ֣ǰߵ˿·
ǰ˭Ǿأ¿Ůģ̿
ǻסĵط𣿡ʵ
ǰ
ǻסĸأ
ϵȻסڻʹѽĵؽ͵
ԭסĵطлʹĴ𣬲ʣǿȥʹ𣿡
˵¸Ͻס죬ȥ
˵ȴиСؤڵعǶǿͬ顣
¼Ů˵ɿ֡˵֪𣿡
㿴ָСؤÿǰòã
¼ŮĵοСؤĸʵýŮҲһ˼ˣǣŮСؤǶȥ
ʱѾ˾ûԶѾ֧Ų˲ʱˣֻĸף䲻ģԼΪ
СЩţΪɣ¿СŮƼݵӣҲǼΪͬ飬óһʮƱݸ쳯˵ʮѾֵƽ˼ˣϣܰĸ׺иơ
ǰүºֱǲţĿĸΪ𣿲ӯһʱ˵ˣֻĿͷл
С㣬㲻лҵģЩƤȴĵ
ллүллС㡤ð죬ڼô֡ʱ˰ִ׼øһ˺½
 
 
СлˣȽĺɰɣ˵꣬ŮͷѾˡ 
үүǺףɣˮῳ񣬻ܶ顤ͷȻװ21͵֪ʶû֮СǴѣںץһĸľһ㰧 
СĺÿɣһǿԺԶһ飬ġ 
¿Ůİֿ˿ǿСŮͬ󣬾ĿѣƯѴŮ˼Ҳܾ̾ 
츣Сĺ°ˣʹһϰɣ¶һԵ˵ 
ǣү츣Ӧ 
үô˵¶ЦݣԻȥǵģȻѲԽʱҪ¸ҵػȥ 
ллүллүֹͺںΪĹϵԵЩǶôĸмԸŮ 
С㣬ҪŶ˵Цһů 
ллС㣡 
һԸŮıӰһϣȥϣֵͷ˿׵壬ģúõģ 





  


ͷ̴ͻﲻ쳯óɢأ̶ֳȿ֪
һͣվ˵̴ϣһ֣ǽݸµ̴
ڣվǶЩ֪ȴ˽ʲô
Ժ͸Сɣº͵˵
Ŷ̫ˣԺҾаˣ亰תߵߣץס֣ԺǾǺýŶ
С㣬⡤ִֵԸҲΪϲģֻϾС㣬ȼɭϵķ⽨ᣬԼôԽأòӵĵ
һС죬ԽԵɰǳ
£ΪҲǺõģߵߣ˵
˵ĻǲҲϾϴ󣬸οԼҲиģҲٶ˵ʲôͷӦ
¿ľҲһ͵Сǰʹɥ֮ʹڶηС
̫ˣЦ
ݣ쳯˿Ҷĸ֮أԹ˽֮ܵءӽͷ˴һ˱ص
һ·ϣַǷˣˣġСԵġ֬ˮ۵ġǺ«ۻңСھȴٴϽ֣ԶԽϵֺúܣǰЩڽҲû˼ȥ쵹Ǵ۸ˡ
Ժһ֣òã俴˼οԼҲ͡
𣿡Ͼͺ棬ֻôһ˵ϲʡ
ȻǺǣ¶һЦݡ
صһ˵Ƕˣ˵˽ͷĸ˵Ļ֪λɡΪţɫ㣬һ֪Ǵҷ緶
Һأ
ѾͷһĻЦ𿪡ү˵ǲǣתͷ¡
¿ŮεεģοϥӣôɰŮҲһ°ˣҲͷӦ͡
أ׵ģ춼˵!գһ˫а۾Ϊɰ
һԵ᳡в޸̾ȥǺǰǵŮʱøѶûУڣĸŴ󻧣Ҹ
 
 
21͵۹ֱ̫ƽˣȻ˵ǣ⻧˼һƯһ֮ 
ǵɽһͤӣԻͤ裬ǾĵġóȷʵǽݵĴ󻧡 
Ůǡ˴˿ע⵽һСŮֻʮģ£ȴ¶˵ò󳤴֮Ǻ֮ˡ 
ˣżûн 
ЩŮΪʲôСŮ 
Ǹ޿ĹŮһԽ͵ 
һȻҲ˼ͬ顣 
ˣѧǰӾӣ밲 
ɵģ˵ֶ˼ֺøУЦǸúӣ꼸ˣ 
طˣʮˣһ߻شȴڱԹѾʮˣֻǴԽС˶ѣ 
ͬ꣡סСֿ֣˿䣬Ժ͸֪𣿡 
ǣˣҲòѽ˭ʳĸأ 
һԸ˵ôЦŶ̫ˣ 





   żһ


ʲôˣҳȥ棡ѹ֮˿ûʲô֮ģøǲֳֺ֮谮Щ޷ˡ
ûеݣڴ壡һ21͵Ļǣִ˾ϲЩŴŮ䵹ãһִʮĳԺӡ
Ƕ̵ֺʹģһ˵ţһ߽еĶ£㣬ǳȥ棡
ҵĴС㣬ϴ㱻үӣΣҲһ͵լŮݣľڡ
᲻õģ֪Ц㣬
Ƿ֮أļ£Ůװһ·ȥҺ츣ҲͨڣΪѡ
쵽ʲô
ӣûУңңеȣмַӵζ
ɵþЦ
Цʲôϱүˣ
ЦøˣǸ
˺ˣ׼Цˣ伱ˡ
ãҲЦסЦ⡣
ڳĸʫĴ˵ôܴ˵Ȼ
ԭˣӶгˣ
㡤ΪīˮһҪңʼ
Ǹдʡ
㼸ף
棿ʣҪĶֻ
˵ٻҾ츣Сڣ˵һȻ
һΪƾִһʫģټѧģôҲЦɣ
ĸ
ǲӾۼһǱʫ֮ʿ
᷿֮ڡ
磬ʫĻǸƼأкϷˣĽЦ
ҲһһɫµӴ˿ȥӢʮ㣬ȴʮ־£һ˫ֱͫ㶣˱Ľ챱
˵쳯Ľңûǲ֪ģĽǳ͢سȨ㳯ҰӣҲҪ֣˵ʢ˥ȻĽңȴԽӴĽ챱ʮͣ㱻ｫ겻ʮ쳯Ͻͳ쳯ӣͷ֮ʢνܼ
ʵʫĻҲûʲôģҫԼǼĲɶѣھӪǿ浶ʵǹĽϿʼžӪ
ϣĽ챱סӪ֮£۴Сܣ̸ۣ
Բ𰡣磡ĽʶԼ졣
Ľ챱ϵϸϸƷһڣüˮϺõɽȪˮȻϣӴȥӰע⡣
װƾĸоһ֪Ůӡ
 
 
ôôˣǶμʫĻģôˣЩͷ 
˶ź 
Ϊʲôܸо˶Ƶģһʲô״ 
ʫĻʽʼˡ 
ԺɻΪ⣬ʫһס 
ĿˡԺɻΪ⣬ǰʫһ㶼ܱ¼áԭΪǰĶһ֮ضûУû뵽ڻó 
ôڴĿ 
ΪʲôƷŻô𣿡ʵʵȽϹġ 
֪жٴٹ˵ĹεʫĻ쳯ĽҾٰģͷȻǰ;ǲ͵ 
ֻ𣿡ʡ 
㻹Ҫ䲻⡣ 
ǸûбҪȥֲȥ٣ʲôõͽʵڡ 
ҲŶһʶתֵʲôϵǲմְˣ 
ȷһҪμӣٴ 
ͷô飬μӲŹ֣ 





  


ǲΪƱʵҲҵģ˼ҴԽ︻ԣĴãһƶϴļ
뵽ǰһǾһʲôĻȥھģֻײԸ˵ˡһڷͻȻ׸ǿ壬ʱúõؿڵǿó
СشӰóǿ壬ֻǿѩͨ͸ûʲôоʵؼõӣϣһů⣬Ӧһů̵һֻ룬
ϸǿ壬ƺʺ֮ܺ⣬Ҳûʲôر֮
̫ˣ尮ĸΰɣ
ƺҲ̫ܣƽʱд֣ƺǸ֪Ůӣǻѿ忴ôصĵˣǰ룬һιµġ
˼֮ʣŶ
ԭþأ䱧Թ
ٵؽպãЦСʲô𣿡
㡤ô˵׼С㣬ôֲ죬֪Ϊʲôرϲ顣
úúãʲô𣿡ֲбŰ֢ܲеȻ
ù֣˵ҪʦѧݣҲϲͲˮһԼĲ
ѧݣвǰϲǹˣҪһסɽˮϲк׷أǣȴĪص
ǰ֪ģһЩ黭ᣡΪϲȥ棬˼
 
 
ҡѧĺϲ 
ϲһţôܻϲĵĶǸģ 
ǡϲУúúðᣡ 
˼¶һЦݣа취ˣһԵһ㶡 
ԭνİ취ҽ 
пʼģһ±ô죬Ǽల£ҲٵģϾԼǰ˹ݡôɹķȻҪ鹦ˣ˭˵ʦٵʱҪӣʾŮбأ֪ǴĶĹӣʮСӣ֪ʲôŮб 
һţү˶ϲǳĽ֮ҲҲж˼˰ˡ 
Լѧϰݵ츳ϰǽڳޡ⵹л߽СԭǸŶͯģ 
˹⾰һ۵飬ת˲ꡣ 





   ż


Ľ챱Խ̸ӣǲһ˿뿴ʲô
磬ڿʲôĽϺʵ
ȥǱɣˣĽ챱
ŶڴĻǴΥġֻǴЦģȻĪЦˣǾ֡
һţһ˳˴᷿
ǱߣʽĻ
ʫ뵽һףǻд¡ϾУⲻʱͬҶ̣ӳպɻ졣һǰ˵ĻɣⲻǳϮǡ
ܶõġ˵ˮ½ľ֮ɰެԨգʢĵ֮Ⱦֱ֦ͨԶ壬ֲͤͤԶ۶ɡνգ֮Ҳĵ֮Ҳ֮Ҳ棡֮պš֮ͬߺˣĵ֮˺ӣ
ƪ£ѧʱͱù죬дȻǵӦ֡
ʫĶȥ֮СʵԨ˭УôûнƳأѵĹѧ̫
ʱѣǲͬʱգôЩǣҲҸһ㣬ܴˣ
Ҷ׫ģֻ˵
ԭЦûôóһ㶫
᷿ڣĽ챱ŵʫģȻˡΤļԼϡ
Ľ챱е£ŮӵĲǲ˵ܻ֮ϣȻ׵д˺ͳ֪ģ
ˣ
ӣʲôԸ̴ıʵ
λΤĹ뵽᷿
ǣı
棬ʫиͷʣҲ⣡
˵ǻ᲻Ჩͷʰ
㿴˲ڶ࣬ǲǶ˼ˣĳһʫǲΣֻǿЩɣ˵ȴڵģ©ˡ
ô˵䲻ЩйˣԭΪĿԿһأ
ӣҼ룡һźµӹ˵ֻǱϹϾȴӢ䲻˶ɼǺεвЩġ
 
 
˼Ƭ̣ʵ˭ 
ˡ²棬ӿȥҼˣ 
Ǿ͹ˣȥλνǺģ 
ðҺһȥһкģЩ˷ܡ 
ԲҼֻӣı󲻱ش 
ʲôҲӺòã 
㻹ԺƬ̰ɣȥȥȥҲỵ£Ҳδһ¡ 
ƺˣҲټ֣С󣬵ĻӲ£ֻԹԾͷ㣡 
ıһ·ߵ᷿ȴɻ󣬵ʲôˣʲô 
ԼȥɣҼ˾᷿֮ڣ 
ͣ 
Ŷһ˱Լɫ£ĸߴ䲻ݣȴһǿҵѹȸС 
ŵ̨֪ǰкμ̣ԼѧӦú˰ɣֱһŮ΢ƫһЩӦò¶ʲôŰɣ 
αǫأĽ챱תϲزסһ˿΢Ц 





   ż


תͷһ˲䣬𺳡˵𺳣һ㶼֡Ӣӣµ˿ǻɢһӢü˫ںڵӣʯһʱ˿̣һ㣬ֱҲű
˾ȣĽ챱ΪǱԼŮʵ
ŶûʲôĳյĻʱָ¹ڣʵʹӴк£
Ľ챱Ҳ
ڷƺ֪ǡ
װ磬ȴǸѵһˣһ˫ǻ˵һ㣬С˼ɰһơ
㲻ؾȣҹǰΪʫ֮£Ľ챱Լˣ𷽲дʫģϸꡣ
ԭеɻǷˡ
ھӦ£֪⹫кμ̣
ƷʫģʫɳƵҲν˫ֻǹ֮ˣ֪ǺҲνĽƣǴӺζأĽ챱һȻ¶ĸоȴһ͡
Եв֪η壬ԭΪһʱ׫İˣſԺɻΪ⣬ҪһԱһʴд
Ľ챱Ҳ𻰣ֻǽ»Ʒһڣо⼫ˡ
⹫û£ˡСŮӸˣôѹֵЩ뿪Ϊã׼뿪Ľ챱ȴˡ
֮Ⱦֱ֦ͨԶ壬ֲͤͤԶ۶ɡҲվıػΪഫ֮һ˿ľģ˼Ѿ䣬Ǻε﷽ѽ
ǣ϶֪ƪдúãȻôĹ죿ͻȻĸоЩ뿪Ϊðɣ
ڣҿ϶ǻټģ
᷿Ѿܾˣү츣϶סģǸýЩȥˡ
Ϊʲôҽе
 
 
ʲôˣô˵˵һʮµӣɫ£˿ʶ⣬ǸӣĽϡ 
ʲô˲𣿡СûûСˣʲôѿڶ 
ʲôˣæȥʵ 
ڳˣһΪһҪ޵ģ滵ҲҽȥݺݵؿĽϡ 
ĽϼȻģоһ緽ףģŮװġ 
ӣʧ֮£Ȼ£ȸˣ䣬һ·˳ĸ 
Ľϻԭأ˳úúÿǻ߳һ㣬ôôÿ 
ǿȥүˣ㲻ӣһߣһ˵ 
ôɣҲ᲻ãĴҵˣ᷿ĵ˭ȽϸȤ 
ǸӰˣûʲô˵ģ˳˧ˣվǰ̫ѹˡ 
ŶЩʧ 





ڰ  ѡ


صУ¹ѵǶˣһ𣬾͵ǻȥˡ
Ѿͷ֪ȥ棬ôǲ֪һ㣿ԭΪŮƤһָǺ֪ܡ
ԲүˣĴûкúõȰС㣡үǲεģϾҲġֻǣĲĨɱȻԣ
Ĵ˽ⲻģ˵ԼŮԼȻֻڼﻹǽأ
֪ˣԲ𣬺ǵˣĵĳϴ֪˿ԱҪ
ϣص̾һ
Ҳһüͷӡ
϶ʲô鷢ˣǿҵԤеһʲô¡
ǲҪӦǣһĵģΪǻţԼ˵
үˣǲǷʲô£ʵ
㶮°̾
Ȼǰ˶ʮֻ꣬ô꣬ٲ
͢ѡ¼ѵĿڡ
Ƕ㲻ҲңӦŸµģȻҲڡ
ĴȰ
ԭ͢Ҫѡ㣬żԼһѾ˼֮꣬ѾŮʸֻԼǸˣᱻѡϡ
 
 
˵ҪȥŮСʱҲȥˣ֪ʹܴ󣬻ҪԼȥأԼ֪ʹͺñǸһֻϲɵСôܷɽǸȥأ 
סͻȻͿ˳һһӾͻѽүܲܽͨһ£ҪǮûϵֻҪͺãҪ֪ѾѮѽ 
ʹ࣬񵱳뿪ԼһֻȴԶǧĸо»ʹ࣬ңʺϻʹ 
ҡͷʥּѾˣôͨڣѾǰ϶ʵѽٶǮô죿 
ƽʱǲЩԸģֻҪǸӣȥźǸͷʲôģʲôҪҽòã 
Ҳǲ̡ΪԼ͵ô֮Ȼܵ˵϶ͬġүһа취㲻ģȷطòã 
ţһģҲҪ 
ģֻҪϲͲȥΪҪɡ 
طúϢһ¡췢̫ˣԼҲҪʱúһ 





ھ  


գڵʱȥүˡ
үˣؽе
к£³üչһԵˣ۾ЩףԿó޹ĺۼ
үˣȷ飡ͻȻ£³çС
ʲô˸Ͽ֪֪Լ˵ЩʲôǸӣмҪȥģ
үˣҺԼʲôЩһˣС㲻ԸԸСȥֻΪү˵Ĵ£οСͬãǸɹ˵ˣôܵ˹أԣү˳ȫδԼΰᣬһ˴̫ˣʵΪ
αأȰΪһˣȲȥôȥأ
ȥһͻ˰ˡ
үǲӦԸ𣡡صؿͷȻѾûʲôµġֻ֪Ҫ֮£̸ɫ䡣ǣû·
´δоΪãҴӦ
үܴӦ˽еôܰôõһ͵ȥأ
ллүȫү˲ҪС㣬Ȼ¶Ȼɣ
뿪˷䣬ڳϣʱһǣȴֵһصɲô壬ϸԹۡ
һ·һһľͻȻоôϤһǿҵ֮Ȼ
ˣİĳܿƵģڣҲʲôıһСΨһģǸҽ֮ƶѡ
Һûаµʱ䣬ڽݶһʱ䡣Ժ飬Ǿ͵ȵԺ˵ɡ
 
 
ôܵˣأ˼ 
Ŷ͸ʲôأƿ˻⡣ 
ֻҪģҶϲЦȴһ˿Ժҿ¾ͺѳԵĲˣСһֱǵģڣͻȻͿĲˡ 
ӵסģԲģһأЦȴЦᡣ 
ţԣʱͳ˸ӣ㶼ϲ 
ôУʱûҪˣ 
ҲŲأ֪ΪʲôһӾͱú˺ܶ࣬ڽƺҲôؿ־ˡ 
ԼȴЩʧأ᲻ãϾô궼ӰģͺԼһһ᲻ 
ӦǾ仰ûвɢϯɢģվҪɢ 





ʮ  ټһ


ݶȫһԺСɽׯŴɽׯз֦ܣ˶¡ԺڶȨҪ๺֮أʧ顣ԭ⴦Ժ쳯Ľҵ˽լ
ӣѾ鵽ˣı󹧾
𣿡Ľ챱΢΢ǣµӾӪϴԵӢһͷɭֵϻ֡
ǵģΤǽһѾߣһλС䣡ı˵ִֻУûΪʲôҲɻ
ΤԺͻȻĻ棬һŮӣμʫĻᣬõʫġ
֪ˣȥɣ¶ϲŭĿ
ǣ
ӵһ¡
⼸죬һƺ£ĺìܣ޷˵Ĵû⣬ºҪ֪࣬Ǹô죿
ʲôأô񣿡ʵЩӺ֣صģ
УҲû˯ã۶ѣ
ҷûʲôˣͽ£˵ڻʹҲ÷ˮأһޱǿ
ֻ΢ЦĵصŮӣǸ˵ĻʹԱͲˣˮأǸӣ˷ģ
ҵ֬ˣϽȥһЩɣͻȻȥߣ͵Լɢɢİɣ
ððҲҪһЩе
ͷСĽҲĦַ࣬Ƿ
֬Ҫȥ¥Կ롣
¥ǽľ¥֮һ֮ˣҪԵǵ롣
ڻ緹ʱ䣬¥Ŀ˻ࡣ¥Ķ¥˸ٴλ£ÿԸӽϵĳ
ʲôʵ
ңҡҡͷڻ
УһҪһȻһ˳ԣģ
 
 
ҡҡͷԼĺΡҪһŶɣ 
ðתͷ㺰Сһݿ룬һŶ 
˵ǲԣ֮£ǳԵúܶࡣһƲ֮󣬶ǹˡ 
ҺñŶһ˵һԼĶӣȫûʲôСˡ 
棬עһֹҪҪһأ 
ϣҪǺں 
治֪һŴǧСôģ̾νС죬Ц¶ݴֻһ˵ɣ 
Сˣ 
СæܹЦλѾ˰ǸǮˣ 
ɻֲʶʲôˣ˭˰ң¥Ŀǲ˵ģ 
˭Ǯæʵ 
Ǳ᷿ĹӣСָһ䷿˵ 
˳С߿ȥÿ᷿һߵĴǿģڴŵģ 





ʮһ  ټ


ȥһֱʣһ䣬µٱӦ˾ȻȴûĸоͻȻãʣϱ¶Űɣ
˭ѽΪûнʶʵ
ڳĸȥĹӣ͵
û뵽Ȼֻһ֮ԵȻǸǵˡȻ˼ˣȥкıҪ
ߣǹȥ
Ŷ
˲װ磬ߵ᷿ǰʱıǾǰһԼҲӼɫȻľͷһμͻȻЩ˽ΪʲôӶǰŮ
鷳ͨһ⹫ӣ˵ǽǰлı˵
ǽıش᷿Ľ챱˵ˡ
ıţǽȥ
һţĿҲ޷ˣȻûйټСһ˵ǴЩᣬȻףްŮͻȻٵ˼䡣
ΪʲôǳԷ֪ȻʵһֻǮ˼ҳǮĵ
һ仰Ľ챱ջЩ˼ﲻЩաԼôˣȻΪһŮӶʹǧҲ˼ңʧꣿ
治ǸһŮӣ
һۼͽץס
һƪ£֣ľӣܵ
ΪԼ׵İԲдóµ
ֹסֱⲻǸһֱڿ죬˼ҾͲˡ
ʶرˣ
⹫ӣҼС㲻Ǿ޹»ʵģ⹫Ӽ£֣ķ֣ȹŴ˻ҪŴ˵ǱʡԹŴ黭ȤŮҲȥѧ˵֪ǴԽߵĸ˰ɣ
Ľ챱е磬ŵﲻ棬ĳ⡣ΪʲôλԷֻΪ
л⣡жӡֺ˼֣ʿȵӣǺ͵ģ
ǡллҲ
Ľ챱˳һ䣬ǸδµĴСˣһ¶Ƥӡ΢΢üƺĳŮӣɵһ
 
 
ڴʱͻȻײ磬˵֪˵˼ʱ˵Ļʱҭں 
ôô죿һģ 
ϣĽ챱ݺݽе֪֪ĻܵǶôҪôһضûУ 
󡤡磡ĽŻع 
㣡еԭ˲Ǳˣڳĸס·ôȥˣǵÿˣû뵽ԩ·խˡ 
㡤ǸĽϴʱҲˣǰ˲ڳĸ𣿡ԭŮģоȡ 
˵ΪʲôҪҵĵΪʲô˲óϣھ 
ʲôˣҶôĽϿ֪Ķðķӡ 
Ĳ֪Ǻãӣưոݵģ 
ѽ̫ˣԼڳĸңȻҽǸ󻵵ҪˣôôƤ˰ 
ˣҪ˵ˣǻؼңڴȥƿ»ӣǾʮΪϼưɣתͷĽ챱⹫ӣˣ 
һ񣬾š 
Ҹ㣬Ҫټ㣬ҼһһΡੲݡ 





ʮ  ֮


Ŀ뿪ͻȻЩġ
ãĽ챱ˡ
ϣˣĽ챱¶ϲŭһ򶼽ԼصúܺãԴĦ
棬֪ǴʱŻеĶӦǰ˴ݵĿġ
Բ𣬴磡
ôˣ˴ǴӾݣʫĻᣬʵԭ֤֪̰֤һССʫĻᣬǰ
ӱѾõ֤ݣ͵ǰȥҷˣĽ˵ﲻ޸ˡݣ˷ܵĪڿͶˣһֱ鰡
ţĽ챱ԺתһЩԸȥǧݾߣǰ֪ʲô紵ݶôǾͱҵ̰۵Ǯƣ
͢Ǳʲô𣿡Ľ챱ʵ
ϻʲô淨ҪڸظѡŮ󹬣ĽϲмǸͷӶʮˣôԣλôãоĽң쳯Ͳ֪˼ιˡ
Ľ챱ҲϰΪģ㲻ΪЧԼ㹻ĳ룬ǰЩһΪȨŲ
ҪȥͱʹԼ㹻ǿⲻʱķˡ飬ԻԼԭ¡
֪ˣȥɣ
ǣ磡ĽӦȴ̲סҪʡ
ô£Ľ챱Ѿ֪ʲôˡ
ˣ磬ղǸŮ˭ʲô֣Ľϻ̲ס̽
ʵһĽ챱ʵ
磡ôܻ֪ǸŮ˽ʲôԼҲˡ
 
 
Τ 
ΤǹӰ𣿡Ľʵֶôʫ⣡ 
ӰǸ㹻ŮˣҪӰ㲻Ҫ⣡Ľ챱һ㡣 
ҡĽϷ·Ǳһ㣬תʵΪʲô磿 
ҵģ仰Ȼ̣Ȼÿ˵öôԼﲻַһ㡣ǵģȻֻѣѾظԼҪҲһģ 
󡤡磡ĽֲŵĸоĴ磬ŮɫǱܶԶ֮ģھȻҲĴ󶯣 
Ľ챱֪һ仰Ѿ㹻ģֻҪҪģϾͻ޷˵ذǴСӵеĬ 
ϲĽ֤һ㣬Ҳ̫˼˰ɣ 
ϲĽ챱ʵƺҲ̸ϣֻһرĸо򡣼ȻˣôΪʲôõأ 
һҪԸĽЦΪ˴磬ʲôԸĬҲֵֻ֮ġֻҪǴҪõģ᲻һеΪ쵽 





ʮ  빬һ



£ת֮ѡ
뷿֮УڽһЩˣòͷֱҪȥ棬һԵȴ棬֪Ҫġ
֪ˣЩҶ֪ˣε˵
㡤˿ֿ˿վֻҡͷ
˲صģú˵СģοŷˣʾԼѾס
ǰǰҵģö䶼ˡ
ðɣ˴Ҳǿ
ߺŷеĹݣͻȻ˵ҵӸɣ
ͻȻ뵯һ
ðȻ뵯
ḧңѩ׵ڹϵԵš
ңֱˮĵӡ
ǡͱӡ
ͱ𣬾͵ΪԼаɣ
䣬У硣
գʵȴϸ꣬Եģ˿̵顣
ӭŮĽȺֻϽΡ
ʳҩ죬ǲѵġ
ͭģͻȻЩϲԼ
ˣü죬˫飬ͦıǺ˫Ƥڶɫɴȹĳ£Եס
⣬
ȷʵǵģ
ȻŴ׵ľɫй֮޲һڴ磬һϸµĴ֮£Լһôɫ
ֱáȻԼôһ˿ϲ
үŶ
үˣϰԵ
 
 
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үﻰܴСĸأ 
˿գΪ뱲ӣûˣ治֪ò˵ңǲң 
үѾڴˣ 
ү뵣ģԻúչԼģֻСһңʱϣүС㻹ǲҪȻһ᲻ĵģ˫ۣ˼ĵطҪ뿪ˣ 
˵ͷȴʵ˵ˡ 
ҲֻгĬ 
գӽҲûΤ˿̵䣡 
ү˹£ʹ˰ݱأ 
˵ӵ³ĴţŲЩأǹǦһ㡣 
ŮĲ£ò˽ӣȴϵĽ¶ʪˡ 
վҪ뿪ˣ 
ΪٽԽҪͷת˴һ·򾩶ȥһ統үСһ 
Ҫȥˡ 
ô꣬ûлȥڻȥǸþŮТˡ 





ʮ  빬


ӽͷ˴ϣһ·򾩶ȥҴϣԭֻһŮʮŸŮӣǴӽݵѡ
˴ϵĵڶ죬ͿؽԼò֪ľ֣ش֮ĵԣؽԼúƽӹҲԱ֮ɣôĵӾ磬㳣ʶеġ
ôȥԷһɫȹŮʵ
̧ͷһ˫۾ϵһ⣬һڵĴҹ㣬գڴϵһʶѡ
Ҿȥվ΢΢һЦڣ䡣
˹ͬĵãͻȻջⶸתʵΪʲôΪŮ
ͻȻôһ˿죬ΪʲôʲôΪʲôܾ𣿡䲼ּ⣬˶ѣе֣Ϊ˵գأʵ
ңʵͻȻЦЩɬʵұ빬Ůģֻϧ˻һ㣬ڼﻹһ㣬ʵ빬ģǷλ󣬶ңǸŮˣԣ˽ͽ˹ȴýˣͻȻʪҺ壬ԸĹʹ빬ҲȴǸϼְɣ
һᣬͬˣסյ˫֣ȥˣԺһжģ
տ滨ӱ¶м֮顣
εѡ㣬ûмԸİɣ뵽
ŵϣȻ֪ͣȴǷ˵ڹϣҲǻӹܣһˣ˭Ը⽫Լഺ껪˷ϣ
˾ͷҪһ顣
߹ˣҳȥ죬Ҿµģһ߰һ߽һ߹ֹأѧҲˡ
߹гĽӣüЦ˵ﻰҪȥūţֻūҪȻ͹ﵽվʱٳȥҲ٣ǮҪգıֵȻҲ
Ǿ͹ˣҲٶ˵ֻҪȥͺã
վһУԳվ
һϮ£ؾš
ƾż䣬ߵ
׳֮
 
 
ĹѾӲݣļǵõ׵龰 
ϣĸ춼ǣֱү 
һ㽫ĹϵӲݰεֽһԵ֦Ҳһա 
׵ķĹޱ֡ 
ˣ֪Բףôöİɣһúúõģ۾ͻȻЩᣬ̧ͷ죬һƬɫ 
ִͳǿΨһĶ˵ĻӲκ飬ԣҲ֪ 
룬쳯ĻʼͼڡǺڽݵʱ֪顣 
׵ϣһһһĹ£ 
һ뱨Ȼ滹ôһ˽ĵģ֪׵ϵһĹ֮ǰԸ¶䣡 
壬Ҫұһ£˶ӣ϶᲻ȫģһ˵ţһ߽һƴľڣСĵ׵Ĺǰ 
İɣһģ 





ʮ  ֮


ɽׯ
ɽׯڣĽ챱ͤһݹģ״ƲģȴѾˡ
һ֮ıˡ
ıĽ챱Ž֪һ¡
֪һѵ֤޿κΣҲֻǵͷ鳭еĻʱĽ챱һ־
һ֪ôǮټ쳯֪мһ㡣ҲĹķΧ֮ˣֻҪЩ˲Ƕꡣ
֮УԲˣҲǸûؾʱˡ
Ľ챱ǰһ΢Ĵ裬˶Ҷɻǵ֣˵ݵŮһ㣬
Щʧ͸˾һӰ
ǸŮأ
Τ
磬磬ˣĽϳĳ˼
ʲôĽ챱ôֳʲôʣͲţλ֪ʲôԸ㵽ף
ǵģΤĽľϵ໨ɱԼ˱ˮȣڸоࡣԴӴ˵ǻ֮ұһֱסδڲãǸ¼ҵѾߣ
Щ飬Ľ챱֪ˣõĴС𣿲ǸѾߵݰˣЩν¿ȴöˣԼû澹Ϊ⡣
Ϊ¶Ľ챱һ˿á
磡֪ҪȥʱӱȻұ˵ȻܴС˹Ůȥˣƽľӹͷˣû뵽ܵǸȥˣ
Ľ챱üͷһ壬ȻΪȥŮǸ˵Ӧ˵֪һŮӣѵҪǸȥԸǱƵģ
 
 
磬˵ڸô죿ʱ俴ѽˣҪ׷ƺǲܵˣǼ龹齭֪İӻҪ֣ 
Ľ챱ȻɫֻʵԸģ 
ţӱ˵ԼСҽģ˵ĽϾЩΤ 
ıˣԸԸԼȥӣ 
Ǹ 
ֲԾʱеĶ 
磬Ǹô죿ǺòףſһŮӶ顣ԭΪǼº󣬴һӶڶŮӶ࿴һۣںò׳ôһŮӣȻˣУ˹ҲҪȳ 
Ľ챱𻰣ԼûáǵϢʱﾹǲһŮӣȻ 
죬ؾ 
ǣ磡 
һУҲֻлؾ˵ˣ 





ʮ  ʹ


գעǸƽӡ
һۺɫɴȹͤͤһ京ŵֻȴǸ͡Ȼݣȴȫױʱ⽫ԼòĵطסױɫƽӹէһҲʲôҪЧŮȺŮΪڻƽӹߡ
ô·аɣʵƺЩš
̧ͷɫɴȹĵһŶ࣬毺ãһ˫۾ǳȷʵǸ۲۵ŮֻĴ
ܺãƯˣ΢Цش
Ǿͺãõ϶Ĵ𸴣ٿƽӹòȻࡣ
ʱѾױϣվʵս㣬𣿡⻰ԭʣ̲סĵطþԶ֮ѽ
΢΢һ㶣ҪȻ룬˭֦ͷأȻŵϵ֣ȴһѡ
յı飬Ѿ֪˴𰸡ÿ˶ÿ˵ѡ񣬶ѡŻÿ˵ͬ˶ѡ
ῴ𣿡ʵӵһۼͺϧѣʲôںȻȴԼȴ¶ġ
ȻһЦô᣿գʲôҶ֧㣬һҪסôѣںģ˵ѡ
ţնپһů
һ·Уֱʹȥ˹ţͽ뵽˻ʹ쳯أһԻ͵ʢֻϧλ꣬Ϊⲻܲ˵һֱ
λ³תΣ⣬˸߹
ŮƿӣһȥټĹȺһĻʹӾǽƵߣ½Ե϶׳ۡǰǼӣŶ뼸˺ϱǸôΰĹ̰
Σһ·ȥ˴㹬
㹬˼Ůסֻ֮ǽ죬λϵǵĻϣ
λŮһ·Ŷ򣬸ߺꡣ
ȻͷȴȻоǵǿҵĿ֮еơ
ЦŮɫǰһվλƽƽ
 
 
λŮӦſλѾͷף۾Щݣһƺ˯߲ˣʱӢģֻѾˡ 
һŮɨӶ£۾ͣյϣ¶ģѾˣŨŨ 
ʲô֣µʵ 
ϣСŮգպ߶ 
գȻǸ֣ϴЦ˰Ϊˣ 
л¡ȻԸԳõԼҪġ 
֮λŮһһ͡ 
ߵǰʱ򣬾ͣã񣬼Ⱦ˺¡ջҡҡͷ˹ȥôҳһ 
˷͵ˣȫ봢㹬ԺҪУͻȻЦݣҲʱ۵ķ֪ǲĴһĵĸо 
Լ˰ɣ뵽 
ûбѡϣζԼԺҲǸŮˣ꣬ҲܹԲˣԶҪúܶ࣡ģԺ˵ɣ 





ʮ   ʹ


ڴ㹬Ｘ죬˼ͷ֮Ů֮⣬ҲûˡգԴΪ֮Ҳδ
գԼķһĽ߹ˡ
ū˵ּģ߹Цýġ
ЩԳǺεºܣһС̫ܹܶ֡ǿǻߵóӣ¿ῴԼһ۰ɣ
֪߹ݹ٣Ϊ£е߻ص
˵ûͬ⣬Ժȥ˵¹ź򣡡
˵¹յ޹˵ǻרּͷģڵĵλһˣ谮ȴǱȹӻҪй֮޲ڻʺ󣬾֪λ⼸ʮ꣬ǲʤȴδʺ
лˣ֪յһƬ⣬ȴģȥǸ춼Żϵĵطһõ顣
Ǿʰʰū߰ɣ춼߶Źأ߹Ц
ã빫ԵƬ̣
ʵҲûʲôʰģǼ·ѣģǹģҲҪϡ
һ·˵¹ȥһΰĹ
ˣսţձӭ˳۽ǻᡣ
߹һԵӣѾǸô𣿡
ãгӶˣƽ֮䣬¶ӵķ緶ǰǸʳʶ̵ӣѾǲͬˡ
󹬣һı˵ĵط
ѵĲܸı䣿
߹ȥ
սԼķ䡣
ķ䣬ǼֵǵĹŶֻױ̨ϣɫ鱦ʯǶһӦȫóӣú
ԲڲŽһ˿
΢΢һЦôᣬҼúã֪ж࿪أ׷ģģֺγףأ
ֻãս˫֣˸м
ϼݵ⣬ʱ̫Ľ
ˣһЩ֪룬ľǻϣټһαһΣգӦȷ뷨˰ɣ
£һͬӼݡ
檹ӭϣЦ
ˣһֱӵסա
ϡ͸Žģһֻ˳С
ϵŨŨ
 
 
ūиˣҲȥߡһѮںһʮŮӵ飬ʹӵ21͵Ŀ˼룬ȴܽĳ 
ţϽе 
ֹֻ治ףΪʲôҪסֻǲǵĵݶѰ 
ϣЩţ 
תյĻûһ㡣 
Σֻת 
ֻһתһִôгôŮӣȻûÿȴôüĿ֮侹ͬģ̳һ㡣 
ʲô֣ˣ 
ػϣū澽䣬ǽϣǴ빬ȻҪ˵ֹἮ 
ԭǽݵģһϵҲûСôܳأܵģͶ֮ˡ 
ϣҽģ㲻ҪҲϵвЩġǶԣǸ 
ȥɣƣ룬ĸоЩơ 
ǣٴ⡣ 
а̾Ǵˣף֮ټһ棬ʲôԸ⣬ֻǲģԼֱĲ 





ʮ  


Ľ
ı棬Ľ챱֪ûбѡϣǽ˵¹˹ŮƾͲ飬ҪӼֱǴ´࣬Լ롣
ñԼ
ⲻòĽ챱ֶӼֺøС
ȻûбҪġᣬΪκŮӵġ
챱磬ϸ˵ˣôһһӰسһŻһ
û˵Ҫҵķ䣡Ľ챱ü
ǰŮӣ졣һϮ£ƻãҲһҡڽݣֵӣ;뼫죬˲ɾͲϲ䡣ǸŮӣȻ
ô᣿ôֻ뵽
ԡԲ𣡡Ǹһ˫Щִ١Сµ˾Ľ챱ȻˣҲ˵һ룬Ǽ޸Ϊޡ
ȥɣ
챱硤컹һ
ȥ
쿴ӣлЩ£ԥһ˳˷šΪʲôԸһۣСҪ˾Ϳ
ʱۿĽ챱ǶôһŮӣָоҪ˸˺飬ԣ
ϣ㻹ĽϱҪ·ȥĽ챱ȴ컹ĽҲϲ죬ֻǱϾһ𳤴飬ټǹݣ˶㲻ֻǣĽϴֻҲǸѧġ
Ŷ챱ģ˵
ɣҲȥҴ磬һȥɣĽЦƺѾ¡
ˣˣȻȥˣ˵ţ㼱ˡ
ıӰĽϲЦѾϳˣȻŲأ
 
 
뵽͸ϽȥҴȥˡ 
һ·Ľвʧ׸ʲô취Ľ챱ϲأиʴͻ飬Ľ챱϶Ӧģʱ򸸻Ҳ޿κεġοҲڿǸʲô˰ѾԻأļǵŮأ 
Ľ챱ķ䣬ĽϿϿŹģרע 
磬𣿡ĽЦʵ 
ţ 
Ҿ֪Ų˶ 
ʲô£̵Ļֱ⡣ 
Τô찡Ľ滹Ǽǹأ֮ΤӹӳȻһ 
ţֲǷɣһŮӰˣûʲôģ仰ƺ˵Լһ㡣 
ĽϿŴµӣһաΪƺ¶һŮӲ˸飬ڿƺǿջϲһ 





ʮ  īһ


˵¹ӣһձĸоҹҹӦȥ˵˵ˡ
һϢҪ㣡ϲЦտ˵
ʲôôģ̲סʵ
˵׼ĵϷΪӣյֶЩ
ã˵ǶˣλŮӣܼأڿһ˫ۣǺһ㡣֤Լ֪˵ó裬֪λ˻᲻ᱻأ
ĵ磬ת֮㵽ˡ
ϣλ󳼺ͺǣңһɫۣȻ֮ϡ
㿴ǾָŶһˣ˵
˳յֿȥҲһʮµˣڵòϿʱŮĽĶһһԳһеķ緶ʹѾ֪ͣȴôעĿر𡣱֮ϣĸоҪúܶࡣ
䣬ǰ١쳯ŵ˲ǻϣǾʹ󽫾Ľ챱
Ľôûʵ
˵Ľϲ磬Բ
ԭĽ챱ôƣϵᶼ벻㲻£ˡ
Ὺʼÿ˶Цַ̣ǳ
յһԣǰᣬͻȻЩɬ֪ΪʲôͻȻؾԼףǶӣǹôؼ࣬ؼǵõժʱ龰
գЩȻȥϢˣĲٴȥˡ
ôˣһԹĵʵ
ͻȻһҪĳ嶯и˻ǹģû£ͷе裡
ȻȥɣźҪӷѽ
ţԲ𣬲ܿ㱻ӷ⣡Ѿµյ¡
 
 
΢΢һЦûϵ 
߳ǸֵᣬԵмֵ 
⣬գȴҹˮ 
¹⾲εΣӳںڰҹĻ¶˿˿ס 
أߵԣʯͷϣ΢оЩɹ¡ 
һѹߣǸöã 
ţͻȻ 
һʵϪ·һĻ齥رáԲ֪ģ˳ȥѰȥˡ 
һ·ߣߵһɽԱߡ 





ī


ȥֻһŰɫµڼɽߵʯϣרĵش
¹֮£ӰЩʣأǰȥ
֮һиţӣֻĸݣĸ֣ȴԶԶš
㲻֪˼Ҵһܲò𣿡վֱֱĳ
ƺγѣԭѾվʯǰˡȻôʧꡣ
ԡԲ𣡡
ĸģ´һ΢΢һЦ
ҡū澡˵¹ģǴ˽һ㡣һ֮ˣɢʲһеġ
˿ֵ㲻μӣΪλҪƫƧĵط£֧ͨ͸
ûһ仰ûʲô⣬ľҲſࡣ
ŶЩ档
Ǿ仰ǵģʲôҲûСʱΪ鲻ãŻҪ͸͸ģû뵽ô
ƺڳ˼ת΢ЦʱһЩ̫ͨ͸һ£ԼֺγأֻգȻͬܣ
ЦݣƺҲ̺һ˿ɬǰҹȴһ˴вһ¡
һЦЩ飬û˵ҲǴڣ𣿡
Ƭ̵ͣͣתֱЦڸǡΪԼȥͿˣ
Ҫ˵Щʲôȴ
ӣүѾܾˣ˵ѱϣûظˣһС̫ûǾӣī
 
 
֪ˣȥɣ߲û뿪֧ 
ǣС̫๧£ûгֹһ 
վ߽ǰŮӣʹڴ磬ȴǹ˵Ҳˣ 
Ҹˣ 
ã峺۾Ȼͬ 
һЦº͵Цʹһ㡣ƹǱȥͷɫıӰ¹£֡ 
ղһУͺһΨһ㣬棬ƻá 
ߣƺૣƺ˵һ˵Ĺһ㡣 
ӣȻӡ 
в޸иţһξãиôӣ 





ڶʮһ  īǳ



ĸڣΪ˴׵רлʹڶգܿʢİġ
īһظоӭ
ʮͣӺݻƺҲûи¶ĺۼ
ôôŻĵʵ
ֻǵһ£㲻صģԼӽ͵ǰŮˣʹͬΪ޼ʮأԾûа취
ྴɷѾϰһУ˰ɣԳȻѾںˣֻҪڻңѾ֪ˡǾͺãתͷīƺʲô¡īʲô
īԾһЦûʲôȥϢˣĸ֮󣬱תطˡ
ŶӵıӰﲻ޿ɬһֱ֪Ǽ£ô裬һ쵽˭һЦȴû˹
ŶӵıӰҲ̾˿ףһеĴ
ˣҲˣȥϢɣ˵
˵ͷô궼˹ȴûĵһ졣ټһ棬Ǹжã
īص䣬ڴ̨Աߵ£סȴأңҸȴȻ
Сʱ;ú֣Ϊʲôô䵭һİˣʱͲϲǺ֮У˵ĶԻ֪ԭǵĻȫǻһֲݵģֻһʥּѡʱ𣬾ͲϲңĲϲ
 
 
˶ܿóһ顣ԭΪﻹһ˿ģﺬһ֣Ҳȫȴ˵֪ΪϲǸˣӰıһشش׵ԣ԰㡣ԭһжôĲпᡣ 
뵽ŵϻʹ飬һңĲѡģԵĻԸԼûϡ 
ǵģʲôҲûС 
Щ飬ʹ㲻ȥ룬ҲǴڣ 
 
˭ĻڶƣԭϼǸŮӣȻҪ͸ѵھ 
գǰһŮأ 
Ǹܶ 





ڶʮ  


˵¹
ԴձΪ֮󣬳谮졣
㿴һѰݣ꣬˵ḧ٣רŽѰģЦ
𣿳лϣһЦ⡣
һԿһ꣬ҲǼһ𻨡갡ǰѵõĹݰѧݵʱ˵ϣܺõĹݣһܽõһܹݣֻѾ䲻֪ں֮֡һܱǽ꣬˵ڽݣȻԼǰ񲻽Ҳˣ
βһأµʵ᲻ᡶһЦӣ
ӣ檲һΣѧӡȴ֪ӵģΪѧоףӣһ׹ȴмءʱ˳ؾѧˣоӷǳˡû뵽ϾӣЩ⡣
Щʧô꣬ôѧݵӣǾûһܻӣѵϣֻһܵ
񡤡񡤡
ϣʼûܹ㣡
ⵯһװɣ΢΢̾Ϣ
檵һס꡷֪ɺãʵ
Ҳãڰ£˫ۡ
ڵϣʼࡶ꡷һ׺滺ӣǽ껪ȥʣֻл˼
ڵϵͼˡһţҲ棬վգֻǼɣһС
ֿ˿ϣ˯һ㣬ϣȴһʹ飬ڻʲôƵġ
 
 
һϣɱ۾ͻȻãǺܿӣòĺίǸأ 
ղ֪ǺãһᣬƲȥ 
ϣϣ 
ͻȻ۾˫ֱ䣬˫ץס¶ĵϲã𣿡 
һ񣬲׵ѵϺףʲôϵ϶ģȻ׵Ҳǿʼͼڵˡ 
ϣչе˼ӡΪʲôһͱúأ͸һŮһ죬ϾгǸŮ˵֣ 
ϴʱҲѾѹˣʶԼʧ룬Լ£վڼܻعһ˵ͷҲصˡ 
ֻĺͰ˵ա 
Ͽе񣬻ǣͻʲôϵأ 
һУԼȥ̽ 





ڶʮ  


Դӻ֮к񡱵һֱҪһ顣һգȥμӵᣬһ˻Ͼס蹬ǻԼ޹Ҳ칫ڡ
ȻԻʹ·ѾϤˣǻԶ·ŵ蹬ʹ֮ǳ
ĸģܵʲôһλܹ̫൲סȥ·
ū˵¹ģūϴţѣһյšҲԼҲ̫³çˣʲô֪壬֪ԶԶǡ
̫һ˵¹Цӯӯ׻˵󹷻ÿءǸʹģ
ʹͽȥɣ
лˡ
蹬֪ԭҲܴ찡ȻǸ·գҲǸλ
Ұɣǣһֻ·ˡǵģ治ЩµǺÿˣҲ֣ﾹûһʲôŮ̫֮·
ţ·һȳĴ濴ȥһŮӵĹ뷿һðɣأȻҲ蹬ˡȻͻȥˡ
Ŷ㴫㡣ɨܣõµķڣһŮϲõƷױ̨ϵͭϣûһҳǱɨһһס
ٿһ࣬ȻڷһܹݡһѺĹݣȴܱ¡ڵϣ˫ֲԾĸҡжãûˣ˵¹꣬ˣû뵽ԼһѺõĹݡ
ջջ᲻ᡶһЦҪĳ嶯˫ᵯң˫ֵĶߣһЦһŮӶ˵ݵУرϲ۵ĸо
˵Ķ˵ɣƮ˿蹬Ľ챱ȫˡﰵԳ棬Ͼô˵ӡ˿̱һ̸µҲҪȥ֮ڣ˭̸ó˶ҵӡ
ȻӴ⿴ȥʱͻȻЩסȻһЦ⣬ĺµ⣬ֱůġĽǶȿȥһһЦǡеĳ䣬ȻŮӣ̫ˡ
׼Ȼ뿪֮ʣȴŶ룬Ƿǳӡ
˿̣ͷϵһϽԼĩյˡ
ôᵯӣ۾ƺЩ
ū澸ϣô죬¿ô죿ѵҪȫ˵һأ
ҡūһѧõģʵ
 
 
һѹץס˵ǲģǳڴһ 
ҡǰû˽ǣҹŸأǱϵ񿴵ˣ治ģˣҲܹݵģ 
ܣ˵ˡ 
ϣ벻ҪҽģĽ챱֪ʲôʱ 
ǻҵһͿˣڼΪ侲ʧȥ˼ 
졣 
챱ϿĽ챱ƺһһǣץס֣Ҳɿˡ 
΢Ľ챱μϣ꣡Ľ챱 
ǱˣȻĽ챱 
쳯Ĵ󽫾 





ڶʮ  һ


ֻĽ챱һЦ˵ϣ벻Ҫ
ϣе񵽵˭ʲôȥˣ֮鱣ɣ
£Ľ챱еһ˿ˣ˵ġ񡱣˭
ʶȥ㡤˾޴ˣĻټһ
ǽΤ𣿡ٴȷϵ
ʶһۼ;ú񣬿ȴûϣΪԼ̫ԵʣԲŻۻӣ˵¹ȥԽŮӣԽ
ڣȻֻŻᵯӣסķôܽƽ
ݵС̫˵˼
檲μϣ꣡һϮɫɴȹĵ˰ؾЦ⣬ݵ
֪ǲ֪ĻˡϾϿ϶ԼŮǰ˵һŮ˵飬οǸĵ
ƽɣ
Ľ챱Ŵ˿̻ϣ̸ȥˣϣ΢ˣŵȴһơ
û뵽ǣҲˣȻҲȥˡ
ʲô⡣
֪֪ٴȥΪʸ֮ģٿ˺ܶ࣬һ㣬͸ղŵĸоֱˡ
㡤ңͻȻо⣬ָоˣӦòԱʲôĵİɣ
Ҳϣֻ۾ֱֱĶס֪һŮˣ˵ΤΪʲôҪʵ
ͻȻһ㣬Ȼ֪ô᣿
 
 
ţ˶ëëĸо˶͸һ㡣Ҿ䰡˭Τأ㲻𣿡 
ͻȻһЦȥдĵʱǡΤȻѾαˣΪʲôһأ 
㡤ˣȻô֣ùģ 
ô 
ûʲôҪȥˣתҪߡ 
ǸС񡯵Ů˭Ľ챱ʵ 
Ӱһ𣬱Ϳ԰Ūģϧˮһգȷϵ׺϶ʲôϵģ˵һ֮ġ 
û˭˵ 
Ŷôܹͻ˵ԭðƶģʱ򣬽ңʲô˵òã˿ûиоԼвˡ 
㡤İѱ˼ϣڣ׸Ķˡ 
˧òеȴҪһȭĳ嶯 





ڶʮ   й


ɴʯ£һȴй̷
֪ʲôʵ
˭Ҳһһӡ
ҲûʲôģϾѱ˼ϡ
Ǹоһ˿⣬û뵽Ͽôغ֣Ȼס
ʵҽȷʵǴģҲ֪ǲʺڹġңҲ飬ԡ顣
ԲҽֻΪ֪֪ɫӣ˶Ůӵ
ûа취ʵҲûѡȨΣԵĻҲԸⰡ
üüͷҲ΢壬Ůӣ̫ܲˡ
ˣҪ˵Ҳ˵ˣ˰ɣվ
Ϻʲôϵʵ
Ҹղʵأȴûʳɣһʧ
û㣿ʡ
۾ͻȻЩᣬ΢΢̧ͷһԼԲ˵𣿡ͻȻú
ӣҲվҲκݣЩ׵ݣͻȻһ
лл㣡õԼᡣһת¶һǿЦݣתƻһֱΪһҹӣû뵽㾹Ȼ쳯Ĵ󽫾
ʲô𣿡ʵ
Ȼ𰡣ôʵô֣ҹӾţ󽫾ʲôҪ̣ɱеģѵ߶û
Ծɲ¶Լλϣֺγйѡأ
ǲͬһ˰ˣ
 
 
Ҫģ˼ҿ֣ 
ҪãܱԼȨƣ 
Ҳ˵Ķԣƽ˵ 
ʲôҲұ˵Ķ԰ʵҷ˺࣬ǰμҶŬǰװһЩҷ֣һǼֲˣ 
ԭԸһɵûʲô𱰵ļӣ˭ѵӣ 
ƺʵ 
ʵ㲻װȫȻӡ 
ǾһΪԺǰҲʲôū澣òãʵ˭޷һƺֲõģ 
ãȻȤβһأ 
Ц𣿡̲סʵһ飬ƺʲô¶ 
ɻӣ磬ҲûʲôֵЦˣЦݣѾȫˣʣµģֻʹѡ 
ͻȻֲɣĸоЩ飬ֻԼŻᶮãȻڣʹǰһѾʮˡ 





ڶʮ  հ

ص˵¹ѾƵʱˡ
գ˵֪ôͽ顣
ˣտЦ׼ȥѰţôڲŻһĵʵ
ΪԲգڽ£û˵һԼܹȥˣǲ˼ȥ蹬һ£
֪ǲǹǸ񡯵ŮӣóֻҪһͻú֣ƺ͸һˡ˵ò˵һв
ͷûʲôջ񣡡
˭ʵ
һҺ׵ˣʵĲκ֪Τ£ղĽ챱вҲ˵
ֻ˵Ҳ֪ȥҲ档ˣȲԸ˵ȻĿԣҲʵģ
סյ֣лл㣬գĶǵĻʹ֮ڣôһѣǺѵã
ôأѰӵסȴ¶һ˿⡣ѣǰˣڣѾĸˡ
԰ɫʻ涷ޣݲǺ˶ϲĵط
գһǵһ԰أǺƯ羰кϲһֱϲȻĸоһһľ˹ģȴǺгȻ
ǰԺǿԶ䣡Ц
ð֮أ
ֻԶԶģһƻһɫ·Ůһ·ƺȫڹ԰ӡ
߽ſλŮӵòǳñ£һ˫ԳУŮӣԶĺãԶԼ˵
ǣʵôôġ
䣿Ůǰͣ£ֱҪڳƵġ
ʱĻû״ŮӵǺηʥô
 
 
ҡ 
һ˵ 
ʲôȻǸðɡū澲μǧǧǧǧ꣡ 
ǲǽ䣿ʵǰȥĽպþ챱ϸ˵һĹŮǸŮӹ챱绹ûƵἰһŮӵأһŮҲУ 
ǣūǽ䣡 
ԣһعȥŮӵĸģԭڳ輫һʱŮ 
һݲɳӵˣʲô飬һҪٽһ統ꡣ 
֪ʲô𣿡һʵ 
תȴǲ 
ʯϵһǧˣôô 





ڶʮ   ź

¶һƻõЦݣԭ
΢Ц
ĹŮһ䵽ϣҺϲ֪ܸܲ͸ң
ıˣϲ¶ҪƤĸо
յ⣬ûǴĻӦúһҲûУȴ֮һ㡣ﻰֻһֱң
Ӧ𣿡
ֻߣ檻ģս͵
찡ܲܽٽ˫ŷˣ
ﲻصģȥ˵¹ģһ־ڱصõӡֻҪ룬ûʲô飬Ǹʳ谮ĹʹҲҪӡ
Ըȥ𣿡ţȥ칫Ƕһȫİ취ȲԶ֣һֶΪأ
̧ͷɣҪȥźǸʲôūԸߣɲǸӰ
⡤չΪѵؿ졣
ֻҪԸɣǸŮôǵ뷨أ˵ǲǣЦЩ
ǡεȴޱȵĸˡ
£ֵҪˣȥźλҲûȵһˡ֪Ҳûа취飬ǵʲôù
칬
λں󹬵ĵشһȽϴĹˣ칫޹
һ·ص칬ֻԼԺ󽫻ӡ
ˣﱾ뿿ϣ߰˵
ūϵ⣬Ҳֻ׸ˡ뵱ѾǶôҸ
 
 
Сذ촷żһģԼͲˡãԼ˵ģ 
᲻ᴷͻȻ콫ϵĲ豭һɨ豭һ˲ΪƬ 
ū澸빫ϢŭѾС˺òãԼûºòã 
ѵϵƬȥŭ˵ 
ǣūôôడ 
һһؽϵƬֶ˼ӣǡƱƱۡ 
бķԸ𣿡εʵ 
Ӹϴˣȥ¾ְҵıϴһϴѹûҪŹĴ㡣 
ǣ⻹û 
ҪҪҪѧѧQʤӵ£ 





ڶʮ

¾ϴ깫ıӣѾˣòϣԼѾǰˡ
ص칬ƺ˯ãȥҵ㶫ԡ
ò׳ͷ˺ܶࡣ찡ӣһҲȥˣԺô찡
вУһҪȥգһ˿ϣ
䣬ˣأһСŮܹ˵
ʲôôˣӦҪ˯һµѽ˯ôͲأ
ãͽһ˵ūϾ͹ȥû˵
һŶСŮ˵
ǣ
߽޹ҪԵɽһ㡣
ū䣬֪кηԸ׼ʽ
㣬ﱾ£
ǣҳ߹ȥƻĺ£á֪Ϊʲôð亹ĸоҲûм棬ʮС־塣
ô·ģе
ū澸Ͻ£Լ治ʱġ
ߣȷʵվĿ¶׹⡣
ɣô
ˣ죡ҪŮ̵ʱ
˼Ů̫࣬һ̫ཫ˫סһŮɷ˵ؾһƣǰɣô
ǹŮҿһ˫պˣǻһ˿˿ʺѪֻͷĿѣϻʹֲ֧סˣ
 
 
ͣҺݺݵش򣡡һԼ˵κλвˣһȳ֮졣 
Ůˣôô֮ǰͷֻ뵽һ仰ûеõô 
ѾˣŮһ 
۾ûϹüȵصȥ 
ǣϢ 
ֻΧһƬڣ찡ĺʹǻһ㣬⵽ʲôط 
ĸооֻصǸʱϣĸûһָܰоʴĺ 
ͷһֱǻģһֻ˯ȥһֱ˯ȥѲҲһ°ɣ 
ǲ֪ΪʲôŵܸоԼ˱ƺһĸоԼĴɣԭһԼͲôˣһֱŰ!һǸ֪Ҫôĥأ 
֪Ľ챱һ·칬صĽԸѾ߰ҩ 





ڶʮ   Ľһգһ

ʱ֡һ۾ԼǴӵãﻹǸֲָĵطһ䲼þµĹ뷿
оԼĺԾľױ̨ȥֻͭԼֻػüһЩָӡûʹĸоˡ̫ˣ
ͻȻŽˡ
С㣬ˣһģɰСѾͷѾѹЦ
˭Ū⣬ѲԼĵˣ
ū澽оģĽСѾͷЦһľѣǺÿ
ĽĪĽ챱ļң⡤ôܣĽ챱ĸڣǲţڹģô᣿
СѾͷͷǰӱʱСֺ׵ģҿӽҩóСڲźô죡мˣûӶĸŮôá
ģԭһжȻ԰ӹôõҩһУһ㣡ǣΣȴоůůģܰ!
ǡأǸȥллġ
鷿С㣬þź°ɣ
ŷԼֻ£ûдסõģлл㣡˵СѾߣһϲ
·ھĵĺ˵˵£ĵػױڹжգǼױģǻױҲǰԼ
ǽգİãŮһ㡣
òģϵָӡһҲôƯ
С㣬ū澴ûƯŮӣĿ˹ɫ̾
 
 
ЦƯǾɰ 
ţھĵĴ£һ鷿һţֻĽ챱ǶһˣƺĶƵġ 
Ľ챱ʱһ־޵ĸоûӣôվǰһϮ׵ɴȹĵ칬һ㡣ӣŮӣ׻Ҫ𺳣 
ΤĽϴʱҲϳⲻҪõŮ찡Ů𣬲ȻΪʲôôƯ 
㣡ڼǵˣǺòɿǸ 
ǰҽĽϣЦòá 
Ľ챱ͻȻ˼ˣҪ 
Ľʶ˼Ц磬Сиˣ 
ţĽ챱Ӧʵ͸ˡ 
ڣ鷿ֻʣˡ 





ʮ  Ļһգ

ЦЦȥ
ôģʹôɭһط㾹Ȼ԰Ҵò
ֻҪ룬Ϳԣţֻѡ
ǵҲǣȨĴ󽫾ֻǸ׸Сˡ
һ˿ʧùЩһѵģĻŨŨĺ⣬ҲȷһЩ顣
֣ǹ㾹ҡͻȻղŵĻֻҪ룬Ϳԡ϶£οһأ
ʵֻ֣ΪʲôҪôңûԼͷ˵
ӣĽ챱оܺãȥ߰ɣվ˵
ðֻˣǸֵø˵ģ
ĽĻ԰Ȼû԰ô󣬲ȴ˿ѷ԰
Ľ챱ͤµغŲ衣
ǼĺƯŶ޵
ϲʵ
ǰվȥһԵ¼ҸϲɽׯȻĸоǰڽݵʱһܳɽׯСɽׯ֪ûУϲָо
Ľ챱˫ü΢ȥ
ҡҡͷֵطһѾͷôֻһ·ʱûйأҾͿһЩ£ĺ
ԭϲɽׯĽ챱Ǹˡ
ϴ㵯ݣ㵯úܺã޵
𣿡ȥˣôһ˵ҵ뵯أ˵ãһ˵ˡ
кѣ
еĲ豭ģķǼܹݰ
ǣӣȥ
һһܹݱǰò̾찡̫֮꣬ܿˡ
뵯ʲôӣľϲ쳯һܹݣǸġ
Ľ챱ͻȻ뵯һִӡ
ңһ׺ϵĸϲһߵţ촽
쳾
߲˼Թ
Ե
ͬѪ
ͬˮ
·ֳԶ
컨ȻҶ
һ˭
ããֻ
龰ٸ
ź˿
̾¶Ǩ
 
 
ɽ 
ĸӢۺúԸµ 
öɻǵ 
׳־ĺԶ 
̶̼ﰡ 
 
ҵ˰ 
߻ƺ 
ѽư 
 
鷳±ͷ 
 
Ľ챱ӣûӣȻôȴҲô͸ 
ﲻͣиڸѾϲ 
ܣôܻϲأģ϶ᡤ 
ߣһϣоǺüˣĸо治Ĺܱģ 
ĲΪһĹݣߵĽ챱ǰЦӯӯ 
Ľ챱̧ͷЦ˵Ŀģ·һսڰġϲ 





ʮһ  


ҹһڴϣǰϸ췢飬Ľ챱ʵģȴĺܺá
ʵҲôһʱѹȸУƺѾûˣĿԳΪأ
ţܿ˯Ρ
գóͣȻµȴˡ
칫ݵ洫̫
ô죬Ҫù֪˵ã
ģʲôطһرһ𣿡Ͻʾġ
ЦһЦС㲻صģģÿֱȥ鷿ӵģ
ŶǼңɻ
ǰⰡǸǸ˲ֻ֪ӶһӶģǹԾǾĽ͵
ԭǸϲĽ챱Ŷ⻹һأ
ԣԼԣȻȥ鷿һ֮ˡ
ðɣԼصİСһ㣬ӦþͲô˰ɣ
ģȥ鷿˵
С㣿Ĳ⣬ղŻҪŲôǱȥ
鷿ȥ滳ԼԽԽСˣȻԼ
һ鷿ſڣ
鷿ڣЩŭ
챱ǲϲܲˡ
㲻Ҫ֪飬ʱֵʡ
 
 
ϧѾˣݺݵ˵ȻǸ䲻׵ĴӰʧˣǲϲĽ챱ںӡ 
Ľ챱վһֺֻȻסĲӣΪ㻹һѾϣ㻹ͬķһ𣿡Ҫɱһ㣬ֲˡ 
챱磬ҡﲻãȴĸоǵģǲϲ챱ǸŮһƣ챱ΪһУΪԼİѡûֱҪԼɱİ 
ҪҵʵѾˣֻȥʱȷϣŮ˵ַ̫ݶˣ 
ѵҾĲǸССĹŮ磿ʹţԼЩŬһôҲûСѵ 
㲻䣡ſתǿǸݣɱŮˣȻϣԭûбѹһֻŮ˵ļı 
ʱ죬Ѿ̱ڵϣŴˡѵྭӪһУͷһ 
ΪʲôΪʲôǲϲң 
˵㲻䣡Ļ㻹ĹǾһЩɣ 
ͻȻЩ֪룬ԭĽ챱һ£ƻҸˣȻǸĹѾڵķ룬ֱӽݶһˡ 





ʮ   ع


鷿ſڻص䣬һֱһε״̬Ľ챱ֶһͬ顣
Ц𣿡ʡ
磬ҲûʲôֵЦˣ
ԭΪǸŮӣѾûʲôֵҸû뵽Į£صľһʹΪԼϲŮӱԼǵͷŷ֣ⲻһŮӵȦװˡʹҲòϣһУ̫Խˣ
ģȥɣϢһڴϣ˵
һֻˣҲûжʱˡ
ڴϣͣ¡ţ˼άȴֲԾ׵ϣһŮӣһĹأϺʲôĹϵһµĻԼѵǡ
ȥ˯˯ͺá
棬ƺĽ챱ƺģǰȥοǻȴͻȻһתڰ첹·ͻȻأת֮ǰĻ棬˿ǶԼȴǷĲ¡
Ҫ

ͻȻоѹ亹乡
Ľ챱һҰףϻðŶ亹ﾹȻһҪӵ뻳ĳ嶯
û°ɣʵ
㡤ôȻ֪ľ˯ˣΡ鷿
𻰣ֻ˵緹Ѿˣȥ԰ɣ˵סĸо߳ķ䡣
ɻ緹ģֹʲôʱֵѽ
һ߳ŷ
ҳѾˣǸûȥˣ죬úܿҲֻԼλãʼǲġ
̧ͷãһȥҲҲãȻԼ顣
ͻȻЩʧʲôһĻﶼûУôԼҲ
Ǿллˣ˵
 
 
һپš 
գıĻ£һԼѾ칬ˡ 
лл㣬Ҳллӣл 
СĻһı 
߽칬ˣԼѾĶˣǲٶʲôˡ 
ūݼǧǧǧǧ꣡ 
㡤һⲻѡǱԼڰȴԵ޹ʵʧˡڣسǰ⼸㾿ȥҲڹҹȴҲ 
ūûȥһֱ칬ź˵ 
첻мЦɣ˭ôأϲŮģڣҪͻڿ 
ʲôԸ𣿡ʵ 
ȥɣǴûôҹԼ޵ˣҲΪ֪ٳʲô£Ľ챱϶Ź첻¡ 
ǣң 





ʮ  ޻һ


ص칬⼸գ˶ۣҲûΪӹú˺ܶࡣ
ҲøлĽ챱
˵˵¹ﶪ˻͸İ칬һĹŮ˵
𣿡ʵ
ǰȫ󹬶֪ˣ˵Ǹǽ䣬ֵأ
ϧôصĶӦúİɣ
ǰԻϴӦһҪҵأǺĽأ϶ĺúðɵ¶ĵĽ
ţϣĶãĻҲΪոеˣ
ʱ˽ǸŮʲô˲ҵĸõŮˣĸѲû˭Ǽĸġ
˹£
쿴ˣãǿڣҪ࣬ǰﱾȥ󣡡ݹ˵ĸǰϲľˡ
ǣ
ŷ
ǰʱҲѧ³ˣһ˵ֱСһ
࿴úúŶһ޵
רʢһȣЦ
𣿡Ц춼ϲ£ˣǸˣ
˵ӣͳԺС
ȶ˵ǰ۾ƺЩģǸտ޹ӣ֪ô£
ˣص
 
 
֪ˣǶȥЩգ챱磬û˼أ 
ǣ 
׼µʱ򣬱˽ˣǸ߹ 
ūŲμǧ꣡߹ԾǺܹȵ 
ʲô첻м 
Ϊﶪ˰֮£ϺǹģūŴ󹬣ūŹ£߹Ǻ 
ĵطʱֵҰôǹôһ̫ѹΪһӶѣ 
ūŻΪѵģǱҲýǣ߹¶ɫ 
飬֮칬ݲǷһ 
ūǰɣūҲֻǷ°߹Ҫūֻһ¹Ů̫ǵķ䣬ڹģūžȥ 
߹ϣҲټȥǱߣǲĺãȥ˾ˣ 
ūл߹һӣǲź򰡣ǸϽһ¾˰ɣã 





ʮ  ޻


ǵķһһģѵúϸǡΪ˲£ҹĲȻʵ𾪡
ҵˣһ̫߹
˭ķ䣬ô󵨾˽İ߹е
ܣʱûеģôܰķ䣬ܵġ
һһᣬûİؽ͵
㻹ҽƱ磿߹ĻеնĹ
ңĲҡƺҲϴˡ
ˣߣ߹
ˣҪȥ͵Ķģһ˵ĺϲôãôܻȥ͵
泳ʲôŭ
ūڹŮķ﷢˰߹ص
һЩ⣬ת䣬û뵽Ҳ㣬ȴԼԼ£Ϊ˸ߣһǮۿŮ˰ˣ˵꣬תȥŮˣǸ鷳
һ·ΣרŹط˵ĵطôɵҲ֪ԼΣˡȥ˵˵òãû͵İûСĽЩ԰ס
ͺŰɣ߹Ц
 
 
ηһ°ÿ£ʲô˼޻֮ǰͲ֪аǻ£ôȥ͵˭ôɵ͵˻ҪרŷŵԼķ˼׽߰ 
˭ô˳ۣݺȥôãΨһ˳۵Ĳ죬ץʱȴһ˿Ⱑ˵һȻҲǼ޻˰찡ʱ˲ãԴûһ˳ĵ顣 
ҹʱͻȻˣһˡֻ˴ҴҵĽһ 
һе 
ʲôҹˣһʲôģֻú¡ľҪ׵𣿲ҪҪȻȥأ찡뱣ӱɣ 
ߣ䲻ͷ 
ȥĶʵȴڴġ 
Ȼ֪ˣߣװͰ͵˵һҲ 
κûôأͱ׾ٵϳηһҡ 





ʮ   


֮ڡ
£һûĹ
û͵£˵
ǰ㾹ȻҽƱ磿ǹһ׹⣬һ߲ƣǽ첻Ӧˡ
󹫹죬ūû͵ûС
˰̣㻹ƲƱ磿
ǣ
䣬һƵסһһľس
Ǹо֮ðƴȫɢһ㣬βѾоκεĸоѾˡ
вУϵĹʵ
ҡҡûС͵ѵؼ⼸֣˶ʱ˺ڰ
Ѿˣޱ
ߣװˣˮǹ˵Ȼ֮УȻҪ֮ˣ
һͰˮȥ˲Ȼδ붬Ҳúܵģټ˿ڣǧֻڿʳԼһ
ôвϣ
ҡûС͵飬ҲҪϡ
ĹͷͦӲİҵҪĹͷӲҵ̾Ӳǹӽе
һӴصشҵҪֵܼʱûмôӲͷˡ
ǣ
棬һٱӣղŻֻβʹ˿ȫѾ˺ˣȫ£ûһĵط
 
 
㡤ҡҲᡤϵġѾûʲôµˣҪҲҪϣһ˰ˣ 
˵ţѾٴ˻ԡ 
ˣη󣡡Ͳţܳŵסա 
̫ӴбӳûвҰֽϣȫ˿ڣ·ѾѪȾñ˰ɫ 
ˮˮһֱԺģȴܿʣǿҪһ㡣۾ȴƺյ 
ôӣͬؿȻ 
硤աѾûκε˵ˣǿգ־ԼܻоȡҡûС 
տһýĨᣬ˵֪϶ģ 
ãһʯͷ˵أиԸͺˣҲôίˡ 
ģһȳȥձ֤ 
ллı۾Ѿﵽ˼ޣǲһ룬ֱˡɲԻصִȥ 
նؿһۣηȥһеһУǲѶѣҲֻбǸˡ 





ʮ  


ѾûаˣǸĹ˿ûҪŹ˼ڶռ
ôϣǹȵضϡ
ûôϣͲţĻᶼûС
ǡǾϣ
ˣñӼ򣡡
һٱӣյ˿ڼϽյģĸоԼ˼Ҽ̿ϵ⴮˿ٴʺѪҺȥûҲҪʧѪˡҲã˾ͽˣ
ͻȻһѵ֪ôľͷɵλǰʱڵء˭ô󵨣Ͻ˷Լñӣʵ
磬׼ôĽһԵĽ챱
Ľ챱ڵϵѾãѪֱôԣǳѲһ˾ӪõϢ
ѵԼ磬˹סؽԼĻС
ҡû͵Ѿ־Ժˣȴڽ͡
󡤡󽫾λſˣ˫ȷСǵﰡ
ɱ⣡ҧЩˣѾۣǸóͷģԭΪΪԼδ飬ȻѶô׾ʧģ
Ҳд⣡ĽһЦ
Լڳɫࡣ
Ľ챱߳Ρﲻ𣬵ǸòٻȥģҲܿࡣʲô飬һưոݵģѾʧȥһΣԼصޣ
߳ſڣĽҲѾˣ磬ѾˣĽҲ˵
ҴͷβزҪ֪֮ǰ仰
ĽϿȻѹȴҲ޸ˡԭѾǸĮöŮ˶ĮĵˣĶˣⲻֵø˵ô
Ǹݺˣǲк³ģģ
 
 
ϣס˫֣Ȼһɿ־УЩ¡ 
ҡ 
ҡûС 
ǡû͵ 
 
һ·ϣһֱ߽ȫڷȻĶȴðźǺһ 
ӣһ 
ȻЩΪ 
㲻µģҲ˵Ҳ˵Լһתͷĳ˵ѳϿһ㣡 
ǣӣӦûӡǸŮӣǶ˵ǳҪ˰ɣ뵽Ľ٣ 





ʮ  ֻĽ

ǣղŸϣǸ~~~~~
Ľ棬ֻصԭסķ䡣
Ľ챱˾õĴ򣬿ȴһֱţһ䣬һȣ⡣
ͷüͷ塣
ӣСһ̾
ʲôһҪκã
Ȼô֣ҲֻҽˣԸλСܼ࣡
Сذҩֻ۾ģ˭ôģСĶ֣
һŪϣĽ챱ŽݣԸǶȥˡ
ղһĴͷ
˯е˿ǳǰ͸ģʱʧ
ģҲٰͻȥˣ·һǵģΣ˵ʲôҲصʹȥˡ
Ľ챱סֺ֣ܴ󣬽ֽסֱģů£ƺҲů⡣
ģһǸĻĺ֣ŹԲᣡ
ģҹ
۾ſǰһУƺϤɾȵǣ˵ڴϡȫѾоʹȴãһĻǣ˿ڡ
Ľ
⣬ƺڽ
𣿡˵Ľ챱̡
 
 
С㻹ûѣһֱǻԵģ˵һŮӣʱչľġ 
ˣȥɣĽ챱Ը 
ͻȻűƿˡҲǳһ䣬۾ȻȻֱˡĽ챱һڴϣԾǻţ߹ȥڴͷôؿѾˣԾûҪѵ˼ 
ͻȻЩţ˭ߣҪҪھѹأ 
ĲԤѹ𣿡ʣȴʧ 
Ľ챱֪һİƺֶһĸ顣 
Ҳ˯̫ãǸѵʱˡ 
ֶ˶۾ղԼѵʱĳ۾Ȼһ˿㱣𣬻Ļþ 
ĽҪڣŷԼɤӸͽҲ̫ˣûԼܡԭΪԼ϶ɥȪû뵽ȻֳĽԼɣϴε 
˾ͺã˰ɣסԼ˵ƽ˵ 
лл㣡ɳƵĺŬؽ⼸֣һʼǺµģڵвʱ޹ȻڵǶĸм 
𻰣ֻǿʧһ 





ʮ  մŭ

ʹڡ
ԴĽ챱ͳȥ֮վһֱһ𾪵״̬֪ôʶĽ챱ʹһŮӾԶ֮һеȥξ
治Ǹ򵥵Ůˡ
ΪԼļıԽγȻڿƺôס
Ǹô찡߹һСĵʵ
һֱΪǲ͵ҵĶģԣڼʹ󽫾ȳΣҲһͬ˵Ȼ
ĵ˰߹ܺʱ˵޵
־ĨĨᣬʵ֪֪飿֪ʲôķӦأ
Ͽ϶Ѿ֪˵ģ߹ϢǴӻϵĽ̿е֪ġ
Ȼ߹˵ȷʵѾ֪Ľ챱ȥξ飬ܷŭĺܷŭ
ĲĽ챱ε飬ʲôʱΣΪϣһҲ֪顣˭ôȨ˽ԽŮΣʵʩ̣
˰
 
 
ūšڣ̫ӦЩϵʵֲ̫ˣ 
ȥαεģǺ˹صϵϣӦúô 
ػϣΪ͵İ߹εģ˵֪Ǻ͵İ棬ֱӹ󣡡̫൹˳Щ飬ﶼ֪飬ֻûڻǰˡ 
ʲô͵ôܣͲһ˵ǣֻ֪͵˱ץˣ֪һ仰ôص̷ 
ڼĽ󽫾κˣҪȥڵôˡֱ϶ʲôϵŮȻҲô֪ԼŮڻʹȻܵĶԴ᲻Թֶһأ꣬ԼҲôֻлЩȹǵޣ氮˲ 
ū̫ 
ǣװĽ󽫾ȥôˣûгֻΪ䣬붼ͳˡһӣй飬ǻԼ÷ңԼʶԼˣ 
Ů 





ʮ  ϵ

ȻѹˣǻֻڴϣС˯ӣһڴ£ֻܶŽʷ
С㣬óҩˣѵ
ãҩǿû˵ʲô취ǹŴΪԼȬҲֻϢһ͸ɵ
һںڵ֭ѾҪϢˣҲò
С㣬۽ԼɣĿӣЦ
ιһţ˽ʱú࣬ǸСѾͷûܵ
С㣬۽ǼƷŶԷԸȥأһĽؿ
ԭΪʲôԼ˵ĹأǾúܸмȴҲܿǸоԼĺôˡ
ʱĽ챱ˣһţ͸¶һɰȻû뵽󣬾Ȼǻϣ
ץԼȥ
֮һĹģôЩ𣿡ӣͺۡ
ʡϣô£ôԼôĺãѵץԼȥģЩɻʲô
Űɣģ飬޲ԩģοһ統ᡣ
ллϣ΢΢߿Ľ챱Ҳһֶãһϧᡣ
ϣعģ΢ѾȥȥˣܿͻнˣĽ챱˵
ǾͺáǾͺã΢΢һЦ챱޵ߣ֮
ϹˣĽ챱¶ϲŭһƽ
ȴ̾һģޣô꣬úòã
Ȼ֪ڽף״Լҡҡͷ
ҡͷռǰôúأôأ
 
 
ϡôĵӣĵ׾һ˿ͬ飬ǸĵôǵһŮӵأ 
𣿡ʵ 
죬Ȼ³ˣû˵䣬ѵĽ챱ģɵĿĽ챱Ľ챱ȴҡҡͷƺѾ˼ 
㲻֣㲻֪жôƣڵһۼʱͱˣȴԼƭԼ 
ǣȻѾ֪ҲûʲôˡѾüˣ 
ʲôôܣѾˣôܻһһ仰˵һһֱټһ棬Ȼõľôһ仰 
㡤˵Ѿ˵ˡ 
ѾˣЩʣȻԼȴﻹҪס 
⡤ⲻܡǷһ㣬طϵڲôܣ 
һʹı飬֪˵ʲôãȻֻܿŻӰЩվȵ뿪˷䡣ҲԼ˿ڣҪһ˾¡ 
Ľ챱Ҳûٶ˵ʲôֻһ䣺ˣϢһɣ˵꣬㲻ٴô׵ؾͿ£ 





ʮ  Ľ

ӣĽõϤĵչˣѾ´߶ˣֻϻһЩ̺ۣ
ǾûʲôֻȴһԿ۾ᣬ¸Ľ챱Ľ챱ȥΪѰ̵ҩʵѾˣһС£ûʲôġ
ԺסɣĽ챱˵ǲɵĿǡ
ʵΪѾˣֻ¡ЩĵĶԴ£ܲסԼġ֪ϲˣԼǻϲ
ֻʲôĺûΪĸ𣿻Ͳ
˸ҡֻǾû㣡
ᣡüࡣ
֪ôֻܾʱסĽ͵ǸԼһڰɣʹǸطǶˣҲҲһȥˡ
ǣлл㣡ȻˣͲƴʲôҲûʲôطȥȥĻֻδȬ߲Զ·
Ľ챱жʱóʵ࣬ǵģ׼ߣȻѾϲǾͲ׼ӱܡ
Ľ⼸գĽ˶õúܣرĽϡһĴкûĽ챱ϳɣʱһסЦá
Ǻ񣡡̾
˭Ľһ߳ŵģһʵ
ɣҪ֪ѾǺ϶ᱻģЦ
˭еĻŮģĽĲǵˡ
ڽݵʱֵòɿأ㲻˰ɣǵ˵ˣǵأ
 
 
Ŷ˵ǸŮ˰ĽϻȻôˡǺҰһҲ 
ǵģʵܺõģֻǻ˽ΪãԵŽүҪȻѾͷˣĻнӣ 
˰ɣҲŲ˽أĽϺٺһЦһڽȥ 
С㣬óҩˣһѵ 
þģѾõòˣܾܲͲҪ١ĲٺЩں֭ˡ 
УӷԸģСһҪˣȻṼӵһƬģĺúõȰ 
ȻȣͲҪٱĽϰ˵ 
⡤ĽҲӣҲҲһѾҲΪ 
˺ˣҺȣһҩôšסӣҩһȫ˶ӡ 
ĽӵҲúңһҲ͵٣ǾҲŪ̫ã˵Ǵ󲡳ĽоԼһִСĸо 





ʮһ  

գڸĵúܣо˵Ҫȥ֬ˮۣǺܾûйˣҲȥ͸͸ǰ˵ƤҪȥ棬ԼҲԽˡ
С㣬ĺ֣ܺģҲСԣظܵ
Ǻֻ֣ǽʱƳ۰ˣУķоԼƽ˼ֻ
ǰҲסھģﲻ棬룬Ҳ˾ǻϣ
ջĵӣʵܲţһĵˣȻΪԼôģǸ˵飬Ǹ˵أ
ҲΤĸףͷԺѾֺܾˣǣʲôϵ˭ΤĸףһĶûУĵֻһιˡ
С㣬ԭҲǾ˰ҵ֪һ㡣
ǰɣԽڽʱ
ǰ澸ڷףҿȥһ֪Ķеƺ˷ܣһѷһӿȥ
С㣬֪𣿡ʵ
ͷ϶֪ģĵϻǼأңϣӡҲ֪ģԭ쳯ֻһλӣǾĶӣī
С㣬ǹȥɣ˵ҲǶأһؼ
𣿡ССĻһӻμ
ģӾڷ׵ʱһԸѿأҽܸߵģĽ͵
 
 
ŶȻҽҲʹĺģãȥҲ˳ȥ 
ʱѾˣҶףǣȴַ֣кܶŮվһԣһͤӿȥ˳ǵߣһŰµӰˣī˭ 
ԭǴӹŴͿʼģĲ 
С㣬ǹȥǱߣȺ֮СƺյһīӰһǰ壬 
ģԶԶؿžͺˣôģãīƮݵˣֻԶԶĿţƺȷģһζ߽ȥָоƺͻƻʲôҲɵĸоɣɷϵǣīһֺеĸоԼҲ˵Ϊʲô 
С㿴ǲǳúܺÿһ˫۾ƺѾΣ 
ʱѾվǰţīֻв岽ľ룬īǺһĸоһʣ 
ϸذһλŲǼһ㡣 





ʮ  

һ֮˳ɢȥҲҪߵ˼
ģ߰ɣ˵
ðɣС㣡¶һ˿ɬ֮⣬Ϊղŷľٶе߰ɣ
ϣͻȻͻȻһС
ţôˣȥ
ҡ۵Ŵ
С㣬ô죿ʵ
ԶīЦţҷȥ򿴿ɣ
ллˣ
īǼ˹̧ͷ⣺㣡
ͷ΢ЦֻŶӲϣܿһ£һ˵ţһ߷¡
īλţΪһ֮󣬱˵ǳԻ˶ӣҿһҩûȥˣӦ޴ˣ
ллӣлӣ˼Ҹмл
һ׮С¶ѣлīǫ
īӣ˵лл㣡
Ϊֻڹأīɻ󣬹ŮǲģӦ֪
Ц˵֮һҲ˵İŰɣ
ˣĻ˵زɣѾеĳ͸һ㡣
ţĶȥɣ˵
ڴĽأǶ̫Զˣ㲻ˣ˵
Щ˼ԾǵĲһ֪Ͳ֪Ľĸط
ɣŻȥɣī˵
ǡллˣмȻˣҾȸˣģһ״̬ûôӴԼżɣ
ɷ͹븮һۣīʵ
 
 
⡤Ǹӣˣٶ࿴ɣǺðɣ 
īһ΢΢һЦ 
һţһǼ䣬ˡǵǰסһʱҲ˵ϲ㣬رǰ 
ӳģȫһԴԡһشش׵һֻֻɵĺˡĵطī 
ЩĺƯǰһ 
ǺƯһ˿תϲ𣿡 
ͷһЦ 
ģЦݡīЩˣû˿εϲ˺ܶģ 
ϲĻԺԳīܳӦҲְܿɣ 
ðܽ𣿡 
īͻȻúɣ֮ã 
ѣôõһʰ 





ʮ  



ӹлһֿҪϢʹ
Ϲ˵Լ޹糯һֱŴΪȻȻҪȥȰֳ蹬ʱ򣬲Щ𾪣һֱҲˣѲģ֪Ϊʲô
ܲμϣ꣡
ǣʲôãЦܻ𣿲ܣˣˡ
Щ˵ʲôʵ˭
ϱôһʵͷڵϵضˣˡ̫̫ӵС
һǶôңԶһ֣Ŀ̹ġһҸȻĳߣҲеҸȴˡôܻ˺ݺݵͱһֻüѪ
еһУˣˡЦЦóᡣ
ں˵Щʲôôܻôܻվס·۾졣
ˡ
ſǺȻһ㡣
ڹ﷢һУ͸оȥ԰İȫΪֻ֣ϣһܿѣڣһжû壡
ͻȻŮӵЦôô
˭Ѱȥ
ǺܸˣʱҲˣҾȸˣ˵
ã㣡ī
ˣתͷģģǻȥɣӦҲ˰ɣ
áãĵͷӦ
 
 
Ըǻī˵δֱѾ´εطˡ 
īԶȥӰ˼Щӡ 
ղ˭ЦʵЩ 
һѣīػشȴоůůģղԸԸ⽻ǸѣȻԸġ 
ĶЩ 
ѾȥˣīЩָ׵ʻףɫѿǷǳʹһ㡣ûӣͺʧȥĶ 
ЩʧҲ̫ˣŻñ˵ôܻأУ˭أûˣ磬Ҳûˡ 
ټĳǣιҲû뵽ʵпһѰѵӣѡ 
ôˣī 
û£һ֣Щǣһʮ꣬īͻȻùµ 





ʮ  


ģǲˣžһ·Цģ֪ʵ
صͷһˣԲԣ
ͷȷʵһˣһӵļҲûУ԰˵չˣһ⽨ȼ˵Ǻѵá
صĽһ۱㿴ĽϺıڸſڣ֪˵Щʲô
ϣı󣡡е
죬ڻˣĽһҲЦ⡣
ôˣ⡣
ٲҾȥѳˣһڣɫǵһ㣬η
С㣿ƺʶԼ˻
û£οġ
ʲôû£ΪˣȥأҸպı󽲵ľأĽǸﲻסֱӣЩһ֮󣬱һԶȫ˳
ıһԸɿԡ
ˣԭǶ
Ķʵ
Сķ䣡ıص
лл΢΢һЦһͷŭʨӵȥ
صԼķ䣬δ̤ŶĽ챱ҲͲҪˣһǿҵѹȸУƺһʲô
Ŷ롣
ŴİƺһѰҵӰӣ֪Լ˰⵽ʲôʱʼأ
ȥ
 
 
ûҪȥ˼ʲô˼أĲ֪Լĸ飬ƺĳѾռݣǣȴһֱڽ硣 
һˣ˵ 
ϤǸǧ겻ӰȻתͫŷһشϲõĹâԤϵģӵסġ 
챱ЩһʲôΪں𣿻ֻΪǸľӵĹأ 
꣬˵ڱһ¾ͺãҪܵʵʵǰһ¶ԼУ͸޷յĸо 
û˵ʲôȻˣôҲͷԼôһ˲ɣ֪ԼѾЩʧأȴֻ˻ķɶ꣬޷ˡ 
ʱƺͣһ̣һ̣е飬ƺôҪˣҲֻӵй֪ʲôǲ׺ɣɣ 
ſ۾ޱȵᣬͺã 
ֻǳȥһ½֣֪Ϊʲôľһ˿Ǹ⡣ 
ԺȥȸңȻֻΪͻȻؾͲˡ 
ãһЦ 
ڴĽ͵͵ǰϲѣ磬°һŮˣİˡǹĺռеı飬ĽϾ;»˻ʵӦ÷ˣô꣬עֻǴеĹͶѣǣڲŵǳ 





ʮ  ̿


ڣߴľͰڣɢŸɫζƣԡ
һϴ裬ԺֵȫĽ챱ˣ춰飬һֱһ׳աִڹŴδϲһˣԸֲ񼫵ģָ֪оô£飬
ͻȻһɫӰӴɽһӰסˣҲʵʵضסˡ
Ҫ˵ȻһдԵֻϧȫû˼ȥĽϴ裬δŴơ
šƴţ£ͻȻֱһ˿ڣѪһʹɣ롣
ͻȻš
С㣬𣿡ı
޷𻰣ӣ֪ôźã
Ҹˣұ֤㲻һ룡вסҲɿˡ
ΪСӷԸɣ
˳ӵص˵ͷ
С㡤С㣿ıеıҪŶ
㲻Ҫҡϴ裡ȴס
ıô˵ҲͲٽȥˡ
С㣬д̿ͣҪСһЩıӼǹҵˣȻȻؾԼӦüǹҵˡ
õģ֪ˣлл㣡˵
ȸˣ
ıߺǺ˲طſղһӣ˿ҲԵЩƺء
ϽȥԼ·ϣǰߵĸоѿ·ڵϣŴ
˺ذӣ˿ڡ
˵ʲôƺû˵
ͻȻǰЩԼ˵ʱĽ챱α˵ҩһЩÿóˡ
ԼĹ˺һ󣬲ҵüҲײֻԼһ־ڻͷƺѾȥˡ
ϱңҲĳ𣬷㣬ĸһԼΰ硣
 
 
ֱϵ·΢һ˿ڣͿҩذ˵ҩЧͼӰģϣõÿһЩ 
һֱ棬˼ҵòСĵؽժ£ɵñ 
ŴΪʲôӣ 
ˣôҲô˧ĽëóЭһһ㲻 
ͻȻһˣڴϸ˯ţԺطȥʵ۵ˣŻ˯ȥ 
գŽʱһϽɵǸ䣬ﻹӰѵѾˣֱץסˣ 
ģ˵д̿𣿡װʵ 
ǰ˵ɱأĵ 
ʲôɱĽ챱찡Ƿʲô裬Ȼȥĵˣ뵽ڡ 
𣿡ʵ 
ЦЦС㲻õģһҲûУ 
ŶǾͺãһǷˡ 
ֻźǴ̿ûбץסʧ˵ 
һģӵĺ 





ʮ  


һҲûʲô˼緹ʹҴȥĽ챱Ȼ˵û£ۿ
ʱԸıһЩ飬Ա߻վһûм
ȥɣĽ챱
ǣӣıӱ¡
û˰ɣȷϵ
û£Ȼĺãԭ˵ع
ǾͺãǾͺãһЦ
ǲǻûͣʵ
ô֪ģѵдûгͼ
ģȥͶ˹Ľ챱
ǣӣ
Ҵô£ΪʲôǰԼ͸Ƶأ
𣿡ʵ
ͻȻݸܶ£ԼҲĵĽ
һٷƺɡȻԵóĬԣֻһੲݣ״ƺҲͦ
ϴ飬ѾнˣȻת˻⡣
𣿡һЦȻ֪˵ԩ飬ֻѾȥˣľͲ׷ʲôˡ
ǡ
챱ǲҪ˵˺òã㿴ӦùĵǴ̿͵飬ôҪæ¾ȻһɣʵԼ֪
Ľ챱һνҵ֣һôеؽ
𣿡ղ˵ʲôֻһĵĲ֪Ǹڸղ˵ʲôˣ
Ľ챱ϵӣҡͷҪҪһʱ䡣
 
 
ֺαȥӱأĻһ˫ء 
ӱܣǰӱܣǵǰƺī˵ǲӱܵģڵԼϣȴҲˣˣȻһֵĶ 
ܵͷģ 
ǡ˭ȷʵȻӱܲˣôҲֻȥˡ 
գ 
ʱɷףЩӣʵҲ飬Ƕ˶ȴǶ˼һãѾյļıˡ棬ôĵȥԸҲǲ֪ģôһֱȥ 
ڣűˣ¶ࡣ 
ô 
ʵܺõģǶ˴ӽһֱֺ֮ĵĽȥôһ꣬Ǻϧ 
ãĽ챱ʡãݺԼĽã𣿺ạֻ̃ͨԼĽʵʩ̫棬̫ɵ 
Ǽ飬ôȥˣòã㿴öãչһЦᡣ 
㡤Ҳֻ̾ϢһŮӣܲ 





ʮ  ټ


ǰ֮⼸ǲٳȥˣҲլŮһöҲûʲôӦġ
־һ⻹ǾҪģҲû£ͰһѾͷжþͲĤˡ
С㣬ʲôʵȻС㣬һ׵Ŷ
ͺˣ˵
ãӦС㿴Ĺɣ˵žͳȥ
֪ʲôʱſڶһӰ˺ƻһãֱѣĿ
䣿쿴ЩԼ۾ôǰף·Ůһ㣬ڹʱƽģֱ֮¶ȷ
һû뵽죬ǻĸоܼλ¡
£ҲԳū澣ڵɵġ
ȻԱ񣿡챾ͺھ͸Ƕ֮ǡ
ڲڹ棬ȻǺЩģеĶ΢΢һЦλʵѾܹˣڣū澣Ҳٹ
֪֪ԼҪҲǲܵ£
ȻģǶλݶĹҲô۸ġѵ֪ĵ𣿡Ա˺ãȻȻãǹƽġ
ߣʲôʸѵΪ챱𣿲ҲҪ̫ţȻѿģݺݵ˵ò챱磬ôҲκһŮӵ챱ģǰҲң
ʵЩţʲôѵ֪Լŵһ
ôĽϼķ֡
ϣң죬˵
ϸ磬˵ΪʲôŮ˻סĽϻشѾֿʼˡ
 
 
סܺðһЦ 
㡤Ϊʲôе˶ôתͷΪ챱ϲ𣿲ܵģеĲֻǸȥŮˣԶλã⻰˵Ĳ䣬Լ 
һ仰統ͷһݺݵĴͷϣһֱ֪飬ԼȴܲסԼģݽȥˣԭԼŬȥԵ⣬ 
ŲأҴ粻֪ϲһԽ͵ 
Ѿ²ģ 
䣬ǾưɣҪȡжˣԭŹģǾԲˡ 
Ǵ翴ӣұ֤ԶڽΪĽϵŮӣʹҲ̵˼ޣ 
ŭĿһӣת뿪Ľ챱ʼĴ־ġ 
ģԺҲ۸ģĽ˵ڱ֤ 
лл㣬ϣЦһ˿Ρǰ˵öԣʹסҲס챱ﰡ 





ʮ  ϴ̿


鷿֮ڣĽ챱Ľϵǰմ̿͵顣
ѹΪʲôץ̿ͣĽ챱Ѿ˼ޡ
ӣ˴˿̿ѳӱ˵
ŶĽ챱ĺͫŭ
ǵģ⼸ھɳһѶҲûУжϴ̿Ѿ˾ֻһЩı󲹳
ʲôĽʵ
һ˽լҵ˼·оһ̿д̵ĺ£ףϹķװı
ϹĽЩ졣
Ľ챱Ϥˣϣλ쳯ϲһҡ֮ʱܹϣֻΪַ쳯ǿ벻̣ô
ֻ뵽дִ𣿡Ľ챱м浶ʵǹϿɾǽʹޣ
ӣϱˮ磬⼸ѾСˣӱ˵
Ľ챱ǣȻ֪ڵʵûЩ֧ţóóȻдأ
ϲ߽ĲԴɳʮ̽ǱϹµϢҪʼ׼ˣδãضһӲҪġ
ǣıӱ
磬ִ̫˵λ̫Ǹ򵥵أĽ˵
Ľ챱ĿƺûĽϵĻһ㡣
ãųţѾ뵽Ӧķ
ŶӣĽҲûʲôõĵˡ
ȥɣĽ챱˵
Ľ⻰֪ڸˣתߣȴͻȻ뵽ʲôƵģֻع
磬칫ȥˣ»Ǹߴĺá
ȻĽ챱Ȼ۾ͫ֡
 
 
Ҳ֪ΪʲôͻȻ˵һЩҾ˺ģĽϼ˵ȻûֳӦûǲĵġ 
Ľ챱˵ʲô 
˵Ϊ챱ϲ𣿲ܵģеĲֻǸȥŮˣԶλãĽϽԭ 
Ľ챱޲ĲӣŮˣ̫ˣͶ룬һҪԶԼˣоȻһ˿ 
磿 
Ľ챱ʵ 
˭ǹĽʵ 
Ľ챱ɨȥһɱ˵ǹ 
ղڳǱأĽԾصͷǼǿֲ 
ֻĽ챱磬첽뿪鷿 
ǼɫܣĽԭظ̾ 





ʮ  


ĽĺԺĳһŮӣŮĿʼնԶĳͳ΢а˿ϸš
ֻϧ˾ȴǿɬ
Ϊ챱ϲ𣿲ܵģеĲֻǸȥŮˣԶλã
Ļﻹڶ߻ţԭһֱӱܣϲԼѾ޿ɷϵʵԽ°ȴѾ֣ԼѾأʹ˵ĺãȴǰ
뿪ɣ뿪ͻùܶ࣡׵Ҳûټȥ˼ˣһУһһڣǸ˵ʱˡ
Ľ챱Ѿãֻǿû棬̽һʤһ죬񺬰İʢ˵ضǣǣӡ
֮࣬ѾϰͻȻ֣ǳǳһЦæˣ
Ľ챱ͷ
ˣĸո࣬ҪҪȣʵ
ãӦ
ϣŵĳ࣬·ʿһһһЦھӪҲôò͵𣿡ҵսʱڣҲŵŲ
òͶһģ˵񶼲뿪
ǰڽݵʱ򣬾˵쳯˾ĲǻϣĽ󽫾;ڿ鴫ӣֻˣҲֻϵһ㣬ôܹ󼰣
ͻȻԼ²£˵ģǺǰһû˿ĸоѵƭͲںǲǰأ
ó𣿡ʵ
ţ
𣿡ԼҲʢһ롣
ϸϸ׽ǺܺúȣӦһ´ٽ
Ļ㲻طϣĽ챱̲סˡ
̧ͷЦѾˣĻѾˣģȴѾҡˡӦԺȥҪοˣΪҪ뿪
 
 
ЦݣĽ챱ЩţûӰ죬ûܹԲŲȥں뵽Ľ챱ͻȻЩʧ 
һ㣡˵ 
Ľ챱е룬ˣʵҲῪһЩٻ֤ģȴֵںúϢһҪ˵ 
ãҲҪϢҲ 
ıӰ۾ЩᣬӦ뿪ˡ챱̲סٽһ 
ʲô£վסȴûлͷ 
챱úչԼᡣ 
֪Ӧ߳ȥ 
챱ټʵ˵Ļֻϧ˵ڣ 





ʮ  뿪

ڷʰ˼Լƽʱ·ĶشϣҪ뿪ˣ澹ôᡣ
ʣдš
ȻѾ׼ˣһ£ϲһ˶ǸȴԶֵ֪Ǻܿɱ
챱
ˣˣһúܿģرĺܺãһֻþ֪ǲģҵĺãҲֻǳһֿԼȴͬȥεؾԼҪ㣬ܲסһǰˡܻҵģԣ뿪Ҳõѡ㲻ˣҲǸֻͣǵ˸÷ֿʱ̡ԺϣܳЦϣҸ

дţȻеޱȵɣԭܽԼ˵һôɵ顣
һҹҹߡ
컹ģѾ׼ˣʱõſֵʱҲȽס
˸ſڣЩۻ
С㣬ôô磿лŰʵ
ţҵһҪ뿪ˣЩȥ˻ѡ
һȻСȥذɣ
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ǵģ֮ǰٿһס
ΤĹǰعǶ׵Ĺ
ĹѾ֪һЩʣµģѾȥ̽Ҳѡ񲻸ңȷģȥ³ӲݣҪ뿪ˣ㲻ҪЦŮӱܣ޷ԣɣ滨ꡣ
ߣҺһģһģ˵꣬ؿĹ
վת뿪ȴûз֣˸
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ĽȥķʱѾûӰˣֻϵǷţŷϺȻдšĽ챱֡ 
ɲԼɣ̾ȥĽ챱ʵ֪ĳѾ֮⣬Ľ֮һ 
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Ľ챱ӹһɲõԤгͷ 
ſ꣬ģҪ˺һ㡣⣬Ȼһֱ֪ 
 
С㡤ˣµ˵ 
˸ȥңҲҪҵǼ顣 
ǣӣʵӲ˵ԼҲƴȥҵģ 





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˼˶ĽһӸ˻ˣæллүллү£ֿȥķǰ˶Ӯˣ
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һû֦չϸˣϻǲ̫ķֳۣһֲҰ׵ĸоͷȫǽĽΣװ磬Ҫˮƽˡ 
ϣôˣһЦ⡣ 
˭ʲôطͻȻֲԤС 
ЦǶ裬Ǵ¥ŮһҲ֪ûϵ֪ģ 
һ¥أ˭⵽ô£ 
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Ҳ˵߽ӽԺѽ¥ĹˣùԹﲻвĹһԵøèƵģȫһֶΣ 
ҲǵģҲҪҪȥ֪ˣʲô裬ҪŮ⻹˵ã˵ţű߳ȥֻϧߵűߣѾСǹסˡ 
ô׾ͳȥģ͹ԹԴɣģƾɫԿģ˵ţתűȥԶؾͿˣһ˲ֹˡ 
̱ڵϣ⵽ΪʲôѾ׼ͷȥ½ˣΪʲô¥棬׸ô죿ô죬ţ۾ͷᡣĬĬ뿪ˣΪʲôݱӣ 





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ңͳѹ֣ŮˣȥԼһˣʲôΣգ
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Ľ챱Ҳ֪뿪˾ǣ֪ΪʲôһǿҵԤУ϶ھ϶ھ
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ҲˣƯƯģүӶ¥ôɫĹƺѾĽˡ
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ҪҲҪߵѾǰĵת˵ÿߣȻһڵģ֮ǿڲˡ
Ǹ㲻ҪǲǣˣҴ򣡡跢ºݻˣ¥ģտʼҵĹǹԹͲŮߵù죿
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ˣֹ 
Сͣ֡ 
ǰڽ䶯õ˵ԹʲôҲûУ򣬸ĳͷں棡˵գת 
ڣֻʣһˣ׸ô죿˭ܹȾ 
챱Ⱦҡ᲻ؾ˾Ȼ 
ŵɢһص·Σ;һ棬ôҲ߳ȥ 





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ǣӦ˶ӿ͵顣Ŷһӣ޷ԼĵĿɬ
ǰѾŬذױõһЩĲܽˡ
ԹԵĴö͹·һж׼
ױ֮˺þãֱ̾ô־ɫŮӣɫƺԱò
Ѿͷģұ֤һΪ¥ͷƻģЦ
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㣬ɵӶϲ߰ɣүǶȲˣΪĿˣ̵ġ
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ȻܶˣҪĿ֮ߣһ¡
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ӣڶķץһˣܹС㡣ӱ˵
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ı󣡡Ľ챱е
 
 
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˵ĶĽ챱еѾĥˣһ̶ٵˡ 
С˵ѾٷˣСһλүУλŮӰ¥λүĿǡҪ¥棡˵ 
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ӱ˵λСڴ󽫾ʲô˭˲֪˭˲ԣĸҰǲô 
ҪҲҪѾ˵࣬Ϊʲôɱ 
ֻһѾб˵ϣ˫ĿôģԼ˴󽫾İ֮ˣѾ޿ˡ 
ӱĽ챱ȥʲôҲûһ 





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㲻䣡Լ˵ѾһͳɹˣǧҪվһȳһյš
ۿС˾Ҫ׷ˣļ١ԼܵţͻȻײһůĻ
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ӣ·Ӧ
ˣī˵ȻСط˵Ľˣðˣ˵ţ
 
 
ߣСһӡţѾñ죬ǰֳô֣ǰвá 
·ǲҶ֣ԼȳУһߣѽߵڵأټһȭؿǼСѾſڵϿѪˣѾɣ 
īĻ͸оۼˣôĲڿԷһˣĺ 
ī˯ݣͻȻо㣬ĵʹҸů 
ߣĽ챱ϵ¥֮ʱѾˣûм 
󡤡ҡĲ֪Ķȥˣʱһ亹û뵽ǸŮӵı˵ز򵥣 
Ľ챱ɫѾǳˣû뵽⼸գһֱ¥棬ˣûбŻطܿࡣ 
ϣĽ챱е 
磿ҲǺܵİȫ 
죬Ҫ¥ʧĻɱ·һ㡣 
ǣӦ֪ĵˣһ֪ʧȥʹ࣬ôͻ޼ԼʧȥЩˣ 
迴ǰˣǰǷڣˡ 





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īڴͷֿؿ˯
ĺ˯īЦʵȪˮһ㣬񾲡
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㻹پ죬ȽϺãī
ţ֪ô֮ҪúñԼУ
һӴϮĸоһѾˣǰڽݵĶ죬ȴôǡ
īӣȻȥؽ˴ǸøЩٺһ·ˡ
⼸죬Ǵˣְ׳԰סΪȻѾ¯ˣǶīǷǳز˼
㲻ô⣬ϲסһЩӣīǶ춼˵ЦԣǶôѵõҸ
ȻһЦʵ׼ؽݵģǲ֪ôģ˰¥ȻҾ뷽跨ܣ㣬ôǱȻ˳ĻܶѾˡ
İɣԺһᱣİȫģī˵ϲŮӣͲվȥ
ı飬ϣһּᶨƽʱָоЩһﲻһҲ˵
 
 
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ﻺߣʱû¶һϲãתĵӣ 
һϣ־ϲ⾹ȻǡһЦû뵽ӣīҲ᣿ 
īҲ⣬ӣûм֪壬ȴһ͵֣Ҳ֪ӣ 
һЦй𣿡 
Ȼī 
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īصţһ֪ղӣ֮࣬Ƕͣգ쳯ܼǵϣֿʼϣһ࣬ϵ޷죬ϵһ㣬 





ʮ  


ĺ࣬ñμջľȫСҲаͣʶӵѾ޷죬񣬾һī໥Ӧ͵ô棬˭ı£
һ·ѰȥһĻ档īڵϣĿһŮӣŮòǿıӰѾ֪ŮӾһŮӣ
⣬ǰīκ˻ȻգȴһŮӣȻǶѾĳ˼ˣһЦŶı飬οŮӣĿԴīҸ
һϿģô֪ģϣʵ
ҲǣīȻһЦԭˡ
īй͵ãô֪ͨһŶ룬Цӭˡ
īе
⼸죬īһбѾͷûм;īôеȻ
ת񣬡ݼ
񣡡ǰȥ뿴ϲŮӳʲôӡ
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㡤
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ûûʲôһ·̫ˣǿһЦΤ𣿡ʵ
ţӦ
īúտ֪𣿡
 
 
֪ᾡԼܺúչġ 
ллһֳԼòһǺϲλͰ 
ǾͺãģȥϢһᣡ˵ 
ȥıӰ޵īĺܺʲô֣ˣӦҲһְɣ 
īЦ 
ЩΪʲôȫˣ󺮵Ҳ⣬ԭΪǰأ 
ҸĽ˵ţһԵһ 
īĻЩɬҲ翴ҸŮˣֻ֪ʵҲɣ̫Ρ 
صľ粨һû뵽Ͼк֮ŮӣλΤŮһǲǺܻأɷϲǸŮӣĶӣȻҲϲǸ˵Ůӣ 
뵽ɬȻȴòǰˡīϲҲȥƻīҸĻᣬһֱ࣬Ϊ 





ʮ   ̫


Ϲλ쳯ϲһļ紺ĵطķ羰رƯһ鲼ˮɾ
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ᣬǴ˿ͷԻѵúܣߵűߣĵؿţһԾӰѾڼ֮⡣
ס˿һиţĴԽԽˣΪֻԼһʱͷԷȣû뵽ȴļסˡ
̫ӵ£Ѿ׼ˣһ̽
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֣ôˣһɫȹŮӣϾԹֱ߽ͣڹǰĵʵ
ϾһԷɣ鼫õ˵
 
 
ϾЩ⣬ֿǴĹŵģǴʲô硣ʵʲôˣҲϾһȥ˻ʼҵ¶һ档 
㲻ԵĻԻԼ޹ٳԣ˵Ҳ֮⡣˵ãںˡ 
ϾˣˣϽþգǳԷҪɣ 
ϾӣԺֲһЦǵʵԼŵԣȥˣҪٵһȡ 
ϹһЩ飬Ҫȥ 
֣ӣƺѾˣȴʧ˻һϾһ߳Ŷһ̲ס˵ܵĻ֣ôˣ 
ѵٲס죬ΪֻῼԼɫһλ÷ģ 
Ͼס죬ÿλ־֪в֪ޣЦá֣·æС£ͲҪˣһЦ 
һͷ˵Цġ 





ʮ  ط꣨һ



⼸գĽѾȫĿˣ뵽˻ؽݵ⣬뵱ѾǼˡ
īѾܶˣǸõ˻ؽݵʱˣ΢΢һЦ޲ɢ֮ϯͬĽ챱һ
һҪ𣿡īЩʧ
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ڸһᣬμ߰ɣ֪סīȴϣٶһҲá
⡤ˣīЩڴ̲סҪЭǡðɣǣû߳ɡ
ī˵ᣬ쳯ףĻΪ˸лĶͣðյõգ˳֮ġᣬΪ岻ʣɾֵģ˵صھôãҲǼĵᣬⶬǸʲôһ֪ġΪڽݣûйر¡ء
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ʲôܰæ𣿡ﲻһЩ£ЩǸΡ
ЦЦס֣ŸպãӦöϢǣЩ飬ͺˣ֮ǹػ
ʵҡûк˵ԼҪߵ飬´ҶæǵȽ˵ɣ
ҲҲģЦ
ллЦ
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ˣһվŹͺˣλһǲҪôߵˡ
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߹ȥ£ʱձƵģƺкܶ˫۾߿ƺҪɱˡīͬѧŮ˿ܶడһ亹
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ǰһĽ󽫾Ҳأīȷ
 
 
ʲôҲ𣿲УܼȻĻĲ֪ˡԼ˵Ļɵһ졣Ȼˣ᲻ֻĵˣ 
ôˣīͻȻЩԾ 
ҡЩװڻǳû֮ǰߵɣ 
ҪҪطϢīӣĵʵ 
ҡҪشʱȻһȴѹȥ 
Ľ󽫾С 
ֻһ˲䣬߽һɫµӣµڸǵӢɢ貵ĹâĽϺıվԣûмӱ 
ɫ̫ÿƺ˯߲һææɣ뵽̾һ 
īںĽ챱˵ЩʲôҲǰȥʱѾԼҪߵһֻǴλϣӰ 
ԭΪֻҪ뿪ͿȻԼû뵽ټ֪뷨롣 
Ѿȥģôյûأ 





ʮ  ط꣨



Ľ챱ֻһɨ㶨һطҲƲ벽
Ȼֵ̫ĴĶأ
Ľû뵽Ļī˼⣬λƽʱײβĴ󽫾ԭΪȥֻʽѣû뵽ȴˡ
ҲһЦǰѵýĴݣ
Ľ챱˵ᣬջС!
ǽɣī˵
Ľ챱Ķ棡
ʶѾԼû뵽ԼȻʲôˣҪֻܿΪֱҪ
Ταأĵװ˵
īԾԭλӣǵȷطϢɣ
أҡԼȥͿˣƴǵ
ҵһ¹ȥ㣡īдǶĹġ
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ֿʼ׼ˣ֪ôһҲٴȥˡ
Ϊʲôôߣ
챱ЦңܹԵػشȻشˣ֪ǱںԼ˵͵ػͷףȻôģ
졤ʰ·ֶʱס
߽ɫӣһӴֲ
ΪʲôЦ㣿һ㡣
ɶ֪ΪʲôҪôıףҲǹ˺ôģڣҪ˵ĺѣ
˵ΪʲôЦ㣿ظ
 
 
ҡǣϲ㣬ҳϻ֪ݲңһ޷˵ȥˣҾ׳գвУһԼ¶˵˳ 
ͻȻأӵ뻳Уıһһסˣʲô 
ΪʲôҪһߵһ˺ܶࡣ 
챱ҡֻǲԼԽԽֻѡ뿪 
Ұ㣡˵Լ˵Ļ 
Ļ˵֣Ҹ̫ͻȻԼˡ 
һΣУҪϿԼѣôأ 
Ľ챱ſһŵӣЦƽʱʲô鶼ôôôСأ 
ס֣ģһΣҲģ 
Ļ˵ôؼᶨڸһжģΣԸԶ棡ֻҪһо㹻 
ĿԣЦ绨á 
Ц̣˵㣬ԭһŮӣ 





ʮ  ī


Щ𣿡īŶ㿴Ľ챱ӵһĻ档
顤ƺһƬƬģɢڽ
īīײˣǸоЩ޵ˡջԼ֣Ȼȴס
֪к£Ľ챱ûһʵֻסֶ˼֡
ǡΪʲôǻҸһأ
īҺ챱ʶģǡĻû˵꣬㱻Ľ챱ȥˡ
δޣĽ챱һ㡣
б𵽣Ľ챱Ȼ˵δޣôѾδŵӣǶôʥһʰ
ǡ𣿡īͻȻԼ˺ڰԨԭΪǸˣϧϲˣɬһЦղ˵㲻ҪҪһ
ͷˣһһظϻչģĽ챱ԸĶͼӽӽأ
īô𣿡
īЦллӵչˣ֪һ򵥵ĵлܱҵĸмֻһ˵лл㣬īӣһֳغǻúů
ӣлĽ챱Ҳ˵
īǿЦ֮䣬лأȻҾȳȥкˣԱ㣡Ƕĳ氡
ãȥæɣ
īԶȥıӰĽ챱ʤߵζҺã
īң̾Ȼ汻ץ¥ӿȥˡ
Ժ󣬲еڶ¥
㡤ô֪ؽ¥飬챱ô֪ģ
ȥһʱѾˣֻһΪֹںԼΪʲôЩ֪
ԭ˵Ҳ֣ҵʱ׼ؽݵģȴ׵ı˴ˣȻǶˣ¶Ǻɻġ
ģһģ
飿һʣֻ᲻Ծ뵽ǰնһУѵһ𣿲ģ˵ʼնǺýõģôܻأ
ѾûˣͲҪȥ׷˰ɣòϣں֪ࡣ
 
 
£Ҳܲ׷ֻҪйģôܲŪأϴѾŹһˣ鵽ĻǾͱˣ 
ĬתЦˣ˵ˣϻǲǣȥɣŵԣȻܰQתƻ⡣ 
Ľ챱΢΢̾Ϣĵ̫ˣ 
īһվںԺĺһ㣬ᣡ 
ѵһжעҪʱȴһԨ 
ԭ׵ġ 
Ȼδ˵ڣѾݺݵؾܾˡ 
īվԺīǰֻ֪īһŮӣոտīԵǸŮӣֱһ㣬ôôƵأ 
īЩ⡣ 
ղߵλأЩ 
˵ѾˣīĻشЩį˿̣ѾĽ˰ɣ 
ΪʲôסأźֻϴظǸӰҲǸŮӣ 
īĬҲסֻԼߣôסأ 





ʮһ  Ҹ˲


Ľķ統ߵʱһʲôûڴǰˡ΢΢һЦƲǼܹݣһݱ㷢һ֮
ʱĽ챱Ŀգôܴˡ
ȿȡȿȣͻȻͣµ࣬˿ԵˣԵ
һһдΪĽ챱߽ûƽʱеֻǶĹĺᡣ
ûµģվȻĿ仰Եò԰
ôźã̾Ϣ
챱סֱۣԣ
ӵ뻳Уڶ֮ǰıˣԼĻˡĸооʲôҸ
Բˣ˼˵еŮ̻ͣҲôˣıúûûʧġ
Զߣ𣿡Ľ챱ʵԶʧȥ
ֻҪҪңһԶߣ˵ֻҪҪôһߡ
Ҫôܻ᲻Ҫأ
죬·Ҳůġ
С㣬óҩˣһž˵
һ£Ľ챱дΪ󣬿һѵҩʵǴĸðѣͺˣòôҩġĲҩǺˣ
þģȥ챱˵ҵĲѾˣòãȿȡȿȣ
С㻹ڿأҩҪȺȣЧźõģЦ
ҡðɣǺȰɣ
 
 
εضϵҩšסӣ۾һȫԼĸððɣ 
ˣţ 
˵ 
ű򿪣һλʮµСѾͷỴ̈һ鲼סϵĶ֪ʲô 
С㣬ӽūһ¹ˣСѾͷɬ˵Ǹսˡ 
һůʵ·Ѿ㹻ˣòģõģлл𣿡Ц 
ǣūѾ¡ 
С㣬ӵĶ£ĺ 
ϵĲƿһԭһɫĳȹȹںڶëߣ·ֲʧ߹󣬷ǳƯ 
С㣬ƯأһĽԴص֮˱öһˣƺһЩ飬ࡣŮӣӿģΪµģȻҲǷǳĸˣ 
ţǺܿģΪһ·Ϊģʱ̶ǹԭ飬ôҸ 





ʮ  Ҹ˲


Ľķ統ߵʱһʲôûڴǰˡ΢΢һЦƲǼܹݣһݱ㷢һ֮
ʱĽ챱Ŀգôܴˡ
ȿȡȿȣͻȻͣµ࣬˿ԵˣԵ
һһдΪĽ챱߽ûƽʱеֻǶĹĺᡣ
ûµģվȻĿ仰Եò԰
ôźã̾Ϣ
챱סֱۣԣ
ӵ뻳Уڶ֮ǰıˣԼĻˡĸооʲôҸ
Բˣ˼˵еŮ̻ͣҲôˣıúûûʧġ
Զߣ𣿡Ľ챱ʵԶʧȥ
ֻҪҪңһԶߣ˵ֻҪҪôһߡ
Ҫôܻ᲻Ҫأ
죬·Ҳůġ
С㣬óҩˣһž˵
һ£Ľ챱дΪ󣬿һѵҩʵǴĸðѣͺˣòôҩġĲҩǺˣ
þģȥ챱˵ҵĲѾˣòãȿȡȿȣ
С㻹ڿأҩҪȺȣЧźõģЦ
ҡðɣǺȰɣ
 
 
εضϵҩšסӣ۾һȫԼĸððɣ 
ˣţ 
˵ 
ű򿪣һλʮµСѾͷỴ̈һ鲼סϵĶ֪ʲô 
С㣬ӽūһ¹ˣСѾͷɬ˵Ǹսˡ 
һůʵ·Ѿ㹻ˣòģõģлл𣿡Ц 
ǣūѾ¡ 
С㣬ӵĶ£ĺ 
ϵĲƿһԭһɫĳȹȹںڶëߣ·ֲʧ߹󣬷ǳƯ 
С㣬ƯأһĽԴص֮˱öһˣƺһЩ飬ࡣŮӣӿģΪµģȻҲǷǳĸˣ 
ţǺܿģΪһ·Ϊģʱ̶ǹԭ飬ôҸ 





ʮ  ּ빬


ǰ֪Լ˼һˡĽ챱ȥѲӪ죬һڸﾹ綪˻һ㡣
еƷ˼룬ȫû˼ˡǴ˵е˼һ졣
С㣬ˣʹ̵ˣĺĵĽеƷÿСذźá
˵ʲôʱ̾һȥһ紵ʱࡣ
ӻŻأĵĵײϿɣҪȻҪˣ
찡Σ˵ȥ죬ھȻŹ졣
ʱͻȻűƿ˵һϲ
챱תЦһ
С㣬ӣ˵
С㣬λˣ˵ҪС㣡ŵѾ
һ£˭أ˭ģʵ
λû˵Ѿʵ
С㣬ǲҪɣеĽ챱Ľģ˾ǲ޳ȥλģ
ûµģһЦĽȫúܣ
λһģСӡ
𣿡ʵ
ūǷϿͽӹʥģǹ˵
Ҫ˵һֱǲڲ齣¶ɾ͵ģھҪ
屧ҪԳģҲֻһˣǹ˵
ЩԥףҲȫޣͲ֪֮ôˡˣҲףȥҲӦõİɣ
˵
ǾͶлˣһ
 
 
С㣬ǲҪӣֻû⡤Ȱ 
ֻȥʥѣûµģЦνûоǰȫԤ룬лϵڣЩ뺦ӦҲô 
ǾСһȥļȰǲˣܵøɣһʲôôӽ 
ģûּ⣬ǲģε˵ʵҲžһȥȥҲһ£ǵã컹ûл취֪ͨ챱֪𣿡ĵظ߾ġ 
ǣС㣡Щᡣ 
ˣ߰ɣλ˵ 
ٽʹǰһȫǰദĵεΣȫôǢôݺأĬΪֹԸŵʵ 
蹬 
ϣɫ԰ףȻ˫ȴһҲһŮӵФ񣬿ó 
ȥ֮ʱרעĿǷŮӵĻרעᡣ 
ǷϣһƯŮӣڵϣרעصŹݡֻһ·Ѿ˵ɣ 
ŮӣǱˣףΤȻӡеǴżֲʩ죬ϣȴŻĽ£ױӺݣ߹Ȼ𼫴󣬵һ۾ϳˡ 





ʮ  ֮


ǣСᱼȻڲŷ췢ظ½ڣͷ֣ͷԶˣԭ¡
߽ϸȥǷˣ
ˣ˵
˵Ůμϣꡤ
ˣĻ
ǣӦԹԵվ
֪Ϊʲôģ˫Ŀס͸ڿһˣָоˡ
飬𣿡ʵ
εĵͷǣ˻һ㡣ΤǾǽ̷ŮӣĹݵüãһ㡣
̷֪רѵŮӼգյĵطǰȻǽ̷ĻѹԼҲϲݣҼ츳ԭŴ
޺;ʱó棬Ľȥˡ˽̷һסһЦ˽㶼ĻøС˵ӴǾ˵ҪƽӮ˹飡Ǻܲҵأϲޣϲ޺ѹ޴ûϲϲһŮӣ޲ġ
ʼΪϺһమˣĳѹŷֿˣû뵽ˣȻǾ
Ȼأʵ
Ȼ󡤡޽ǿд˹Уס޵蹬㵯ݵǼ䷿䣬סĵطÿ춼뷽跨غģǣȴǶ޳Ĭԣ֪ң
֪𣿡ʵôԼڹܿأ
Ͳ֪ڹ޶Ծ˵Լ䲻һүһˣΪ˺ģһ˺ܶȥѰôҵõأɬһЦ
̫˽ˣ֪𣿡գôܲɢһôమأ
ǰ˽ֱڣ޶ںڣȿȡȿȡ
û°ɣʵҲǸ˰ˡ
֪ȻڹУҴûǿһҽޣˣҲ֪ԭѾ˾ĺӣ
һȫЩ˼ά·˵˵ҵǡǸӢԶľȻԼף𣿡
 
 
ûбҪƭ㣡ϡ 
Ǻôˣ 
޵ʱ˵Ҫ֪סȴֲĿ;һ޾ͱģֻҪԶȥҾͷȥĺӽԶҲòҸ 
̫ˣǸĸײϣԼŮҸأΪһ֮ȻһŮӷĶģôأ 
ЩΪʲôһֱںм尾ԭԴӳ֮󣬾ҲûѶҲȥҹȴҲˣ 
Ǿҵ֪֪֪Լĵ˭ˣԭϣĻôһˡ 
ҡҡͷһֱ֪޲Ҹ޲ң 
ŻһʹӣĲ֪ôͬһˣֻһӵҸ 
޴ˡ֪޴óס 
蹬ڣģĵΣǣʵѾʵβʲôֻΪѾɵ˺˼ 





ʮ  



蹬һ·ƲֵġÿÿǰֹӣͲʹⱲӣ˶ʹడ
ǰ·С̫ҹյģֻϰԵظţȴⲢǳ·
һʶ·е㲻Ծ·ƺǳģʵ
СЦǵģҪūŴ·
ʲôҪж˵ѾһֲԶؿˣֻԶǺѣһҲ֪ͻȻҪһ׼ҲûУ
˵¹ڣһλŮӡſڣﻹţӦӦϾһѣ໥ֵѣ
һţͿնƺʰԼЦЦ˵գ𣿡
ˣӭǳ
ӹú𣿡ʵ
һ˫۶ͬһӣ㵹ܿˣ
Ѿûˣ΢΢һЦҿթĵطиĽ챱ܱأ
Ǿͺã˵ӺĽ󽫾ĸرã𣿡շ£ʵ
뵽챱һҸ
ӣѾ֪ˣֲãչ˵
⣬ѾܾöûˣҲ֪ʲô飡ôˣ
ڱ乬ˣɲǸطǹЩӵģһҲ˽ȥˣⶼΪĽ󽫾أΪɣǲΪ˺㣿ʵ·Ƕ䣬Ѿ޷ͷˣҪԺûĽ󽫾ıӻҲ˻еı
Ĳ֪ͻȻ֮ǰĽ챱˵Ļ
£Ҳܲ׷˵ܲ׷ѵΪŻᡤ
˺ˣҪˣصطԸŷ׼ĵģһɣڴģôݣ׶Բأ
գԼһˣô챱ǸݺԼأ챱ĻҲţӣҲ޷ܾ
ģҧһڣڼĺܺóԣЦ
ᣬҲֻжԲˡ
ţˣգҪһ£ʵҵֲ䣬ҽΤ
Τղ֣㡤
 
 
ҲһСѾͷСѣ΢΢һЦ 
ղЩڣһѾͷȻĶ֡ 
Բ𡤡ղڡ 
ôˣʵʵûйֹģ 
û£û¡޷Լ˵ֻǲ벽·ѣڿģǴġ 
˹ζӳ£նĺ뻵һʱЩܲ 
Ľ 
С㣬ڻˣһϲһ˵ˡ 
ǰӺöŶЦʲôҲû 
ҸϽȥ׼Եģ˵žȥ 
ڵϣҹˮʱ̣ģĺ챱ŴǿգϡֻмǺ 
ͻȻһܣͷκģô£Լˣ˼ʼңعģ˺ڰ 





ʮ  ж


һͿεڵϣֵɫ࣬İסĵңʮ֡
С㣿С㡤ΪĽҲ֪һЩ书ĳʶģСӣʲôصĶһ
ĸϿȥ˸Ĵǽ⣬Ͳ֪ʲôʲôⶾİ취ˡ
Ķͷ̣һ¯Ƶģĺˡֻȥ֪ͨˡ
ųĽŸ룬µĽ챱˵һ¡ǵ֮Ϊҵһļˡ
򡤡򡤡
ˣĲյһˣīУǸͨҽˣⶾ֪ô⡣
īϵĽʱȫֱһȫĲС
ӣС㵽ôˣļÿ޳ˡ
īüͷ壬Ȼɳ껪ĶֶīҲҽϲżķΪĸӣвͻԤϵĺ
īֽдһӣ˾ģϽȥץһҩдķˣڻҪʩ룬ҪİæīҲǣڴϵǸӰ۵ΪʲôأôֳأѵͲһ֮ģŮõӦеҸأ
ʩ֢֮״Լһ㣬ǲ壬˵ǡ
űƿ糾͵ӰѾӵ˴ߡ
ӣڻˣϲ
Ľ챱ڴϻԲѵ絶ʡôס˫֣ڡھӪһĵţͣظϻˡ
ɳ껪Ķī˵
жĽ챱в⡣⵽ô£ͳǿҪĻɽ
ǣĽ˵һ飬ڹ﷢ʲôһҲ֪֪ӦСģôӦֹСġ
 
 
ʲô취Խⶾ𣿡Ľ챱ʵ 
ī̾ϢֶΪҲֻסӣڸΡ 
īĻĽ챱ѾеˣĶȻûа취⣬ôԣôԣ 
ѵûнⶾķ𣿡ڴطʱ̣ȻľΣϢôʹ 
Уī 
ʲôĽ챱վ˫ֳһ˿ 
ɲݣīǴҶ֪ɲֻǴϹһ˵ѣûǶ֪Ϊ޿κΣ쳯֮ڣʲôҩģԾΪĽҩһ˵еĶ 
ɲݣĽ챱ظǰϹʱҲ˵Ǿī˵ֻһ˵ѣ˵ɲݲܹٶҩ֮Ч 
ĿӺĽ챱һصӣԼҲܼˣԼûпС㣬ӣԸȥϣһΪСҵɲݣ 
أְչ˺Ľ챱Ҫչ˵ʱɲݵ£Լȥ죬ģ£ᣡ 





ʮ  ʥּ



峿΢΢ӴսһĨůڴϵ۾ӳһϤӰЩ㲣ƽʱĸоԶĽ챱ģͻȻȥӡ
̧ƺܼ˫ֽؽ̧סץסһ䱦΢΢һЦָӢӣ˵
𣿡ʵһƺϡ
Ŭ˵ȴһҲܣôܣΪʲôأ
Ľ챱ƺѾôˣ
Ծǽ۾һѵưֻǵԼƺԹȥˣôͱأ
ӵ뻳УûµģûµģֻǸһͺˣ֪𣿡˼ĲʹǧҲգһۣڣЩʧ˷磡
ץסЩοĻôֻǣΪʲôһưͣΪʲôһ뵽Լûа취侲ֻзޡſţͷֿʼѣڰϮ
Ľ챱ӣн֡
īΪб˵ףڵĶضѻŵʧģڻԣΪʧأɶҴܣܲ˲Ż赹ġ
Ľ챱ֻһƣһԵԲѾΪһƷľڵ⣡
īһƵĽ챱Ϊӣ벻һ˵ʵ
磬ȥϣΪȥɲݣչĽŶ룬ոһֱţҲ̲סҪԸµȥˡ
Һһɣī˵ҪҵɲݣҲʶһҽߣȻĽеöࡣ
ã²˳٣ͳĽ˵
ãī˵Ķȷʵǵ鲻ãȥĲ롣
Ľ챱Լһó¶ϲŭһ飬ʧȥԭߣԾɻԵڣлл
īĽ챱ٿв֪ϲǱǲǱ˴మˣԼֻػ
ӣʥּˣı
ʱʲô飿Ľϲ⡣
 
 
뿪һһ¾͹㣡Ľ챱ضԻԵ˵Ҫʲô顣 
ڡ 
ˣʵگԻ󽫾ŽĲΪοĽΪŮ䣬׿Խ޻ģ𣬲Ϊͻ飡մˣ̽ʥּ꣬˲Щ𾪡 
Ľ챱Ϊֵ֣ǣΪʲôᱻϷΪ 
л¡ּ꣡л 
һߣĽϱʳ磬ϾȻΪⲻǺ𣿡ԹĸŮܵõţ 
Ľ챱ô룬һУֻеˣ֪𰸣ֵø˵ǣϾΪǴͻ顣 
磬˵Ķͻйϵ𣿡Ľϵ뵽ʲô˵ʲôһزס¡ 
ܣˣīһֱ֪ھɫҲһ⺦˵ˣ 
ˣҪ˵ˣĽ챱˵ƾ˽⣬ȻӹҲںһŮȥ£ǺǸйϵһУģ˺ģһŹ 
߳ţķȥĵģ 





ʮ  


ٴλл㱵ǵڶ졣ǲ˵Ľ챱˵Ļֻǰο˵ˣ˵ˡ
С㣬ȵɣһȰСǸӣĺܣ޲ԼǸ˵ˡ
ƺûһֻԼʹ֮С
һͺãӻûãԶôԣĿĵļȰš
ûκεķӦֻ˫ۿնĶһ䣬һҲ
ȥɣĽ챱Ը
ǣӣӦֻӲȰ
֮󣬷ָ˰Ľ챱߽ߣڴϵʧ˻꣬һľżһ
ģһһֱߵģ˫顣
ӲŤͷӨĻ£ĵĺۼ
Ľ챱ס˫֣ӵ뻳УҪ£ߣԶ뿪
޳ǵģں£ΪԼΪԼưͣ뿪
ԼĻ
ã޵ˣֹͣĽ챱Żˣ˵һ㶫ɣԵι
˫һ۵ϳһЦݡſ죬һں¡
Ľ챱Ҳڻࡣ
ûһѾһȹˡ
Ҫ𣿡Ľ챱ʵ
ҡҡͷѾܱˡؿʵţͲùµҲ˼롣
ϸǴͻˣھµףڡ
һЩ㱣ûϾȻǴͻ飿Ϊ
Ľ챱ƺѾµ£ΪǴͻˣ
񣬲˼벻ϰҲ˵ҸôˣǸ˵ﲻң
ָָϵֽǸø챱ʱˡ
 
 
Ľ챱лҪ˵߹ȥֽīһ˹ 
ԼҪ˵ĻֽϣǵģǾŮԻϲŴ͸ķţһУǻѣȴʼգҽʵ 
ֽϵ࣬Ľ챱⣬Ԥ⵽˺ֽܶȴû뵽ԭǾŮԭѡ 
Ϊʲôжڹﻹʲôն𣿡Ľ챱ʵȻôϾ;˺˭Ķ֣ 
Ŀһ£ԺָնĻ棬еؽԸ㡤 
æҡͷģĺýã˵ģԶѣԶǵġ 
㲻Σ֪֪ѣȴΪж飬Ľ챱ʣѾԿ϶ԼĲ²ˡ 
һһйǵģڹҲͳոĸ㣬ĶһҲûʵѾˣֻԼԸȥŶѡ 
īѾΪȥҽҩˣģһµģڷһ㡣 
īһůԭԼͬĸĸѽֲԼһǾúкϤԭˡĶ˲˵ѵҪֽϽԼĵд˳ 
ȥʧĶ㲻ض룡Ľ챱ʵ飬֪ˣضֻˡ 
ĻŷһеĲҶȥɣҪһҸϣϲ򵥵Ը 





ʮ   Ѱ̽



Ľ챱ϤչˣҲҲʱѹסˡ
ʱ䣬˵䲻ȴҸʱΪĽ챱Ļٽˣӱ˲⣬˵ͷ·üͰġ
ڽݵһôķ꣬ȻҪҸı˰ˡ
һӰ˼ȥȻվѾһתһȦӦ˫۾ѾһĿݣȻ˫͸¶ȴͰУһɽаȵЦ⡣
ľȵǸ̿𣿴˿Ϊʲôֳѵ챱УһҪϿ֪ͨ챱źã
ôôͰҸˣЦһĨʧӿͷ
ҪŮǲƽģοǸ֡
ôѲʵϴΣǱԹȻȴʮֱֻԹҪȻҲðΣٴĽ
һۣҪ˵ͺˣõ
ѿӣЦıʵǿɰһӾͱúΪ϶ûнǡ
ſЦ㻹Ǽǵҵģǲǣ
Ȼǵã˵֪ɱ챱ʱ֪˶ٴΣټȻһűȥϣܿһˡ
̲뷨ֽһٴĻ
ôô뿴ҳ£ʵ
£˵ʵûʲô⣬֪Ҫ챱ˣΪǸˡ
Խ֣ӣܵڶһԲ˵м
ưˣ仰Ҳ˵ѱ뼤û뵽ȴߡ
ѼƺǱԼ˵ˡôᣬôܻ᲻˵
Ļֽд˼仰
Ҿ˵ʶߣȻ߶ѣֽݵǰ
ѿаȵЦʧһץס֣ס
ɳ껪Ķеһ˿⣬ֶʮֺģʱƣʱɥȪڣڵĶҲʱѹ˶ѣԵʧ
 
 
ͷ챱˵ֶʧһֺĶīΪκʧһΪȥѰҽҩȥˡЩ˵Ҳ֪ 
֪֪ϳһֶܽĶ֮⣬һжûõģͻȻЩۡ 
Щ⣬Ķô𣿿챱˵ֶȻȴ׽ġѵ챱ڰο 
ңˣЦҺΨһԽɲݣСǶΪǴ˵еĶΪ̫ӵȴС 
죬ʲô˰˾ǲҪòã 
ģһѶˣһЦ 
ӣҲô˵ĻֻĽ챱ӹɵġ 
գģһҪӵŮӡϣӵݺ͵λֻҪҪģܸ 
ϢɣһмǲҪŭΪֻҪһŭؾͻȫ롣 
һѾӴ˳ȥֻһգ۵Ĺѡ 
ˣ֣ǾãϣԺҪôȥˣĲÿζųһ亹 





ʮ  



һƬϲ֮УΪǵүҲǴ󽫾Ľ챱Ҫˡ
£ŵƽʣĵװůĶ졣
ǰ׺˽Ĵϲ۾ЩѣΣ⡤Ҳ̫˰ɣһԵͷθ̾ͷǶԲ飬ׯšһУǰһµʸûУڣЩ׵Ķ
ǲϲһΪĽ챱ϰԵס˵Ǳģ̲סȥů
ҡͷЦˡʲôҪȫĽ鱦˸ƣʾԼϲ
ϲͺãĽ챱΢Цӣգôá
̲סģů촽ġĴ¶
Цݱϣǣǰᡣִһĸоռġ
أ˿ĳݼ䣬ĿйӵأֻйԹͶģģܣοأ
ʮµĶʮˡ꣬Ҳֵüӡ
һʺϲ߹ͷϵŷǳѤõͷڣֱŮǡ
С㣬Ŀ϶ûбƯˣһԼ޵
һЦôƨҲĵ̫ű߼ˡ
ģ˵ĶĻĿһŵӣ֤˵ľʵΪʲôС㲻ţ
ʱѵС㣬ȥðɣϲŽѵ
ʱ٣Ҫ޸챱ҪΪˡ
֮ϣĽ챱Ҳһʺϲɷ˧ӢˡһˣҲЦ˿ĵʱ˶ǻһһģүǺֻλ˵еǺأĽүҲģ
ӣˣӱؽ
 
 
ʲôԼô꣬ʲôûмҲôʧ 
£ӱαôţĽ챱Сĵؽ࣬һ˲䣬Ľ챱̱һ㣬˲ֱӡ 
ܵس˴ãֱöȥ 
ȻĺϲŵεڵϣӰ 
أĽ챱˫ŭŷ˭ô󵨣ĻϽԼ 
ʧߣûбСİȫӱ 
ţֽסǰĺ񻨣һ˹ʺĳ񲼱ϸС顣 
Ľ챱ͷױ̨ղװ磬תۣˡϸһױ̨ϾȻһֽȥһ澹дһ֮ǵĻҪˣ 
˭ô󵨣ȻôȨ˭ģһù 
ֻĽ챱леǣϵĶûн⣬ʲôĻĻΣա 
֮Ҫҵ 





ʮһ  ̫


ڷֻ֪ԼãȥӭԼһ֮Ҹʱ̣ǲ֪ôģԼͻȻ;ͷԷΣֻ֫뵽޾ĺڰ档
ٴͷǻģֽǱǦһĳأһҲûС̧ͷܣ찡ԼķܣȫǽӲӵװΣķյõģĽѾ㹻ݻˣû뵽ﾹʤһ
ʡ
ˣһϤͻȻ𣬴˼ǹѣ˭
ֻЦһаȣ̲ס𺮲
֪Ĵͷľ֮
Զȥȴӱǿˡ
ǲǺΪʲôҪ֪ﵽʲôطԲԣʵ
ͷȷʵ֪ǰΪʲôҪĻϽߣԩ޳ΪʲôôŹԼأ
ҲףԴ֪Ҫ޸Ľ챱֮˺ܶŽӴ鵱սٳģκ˶Զ졣ϹĻʹԺסõΪҸŮˡ
ҡͷΪʲôﾹȻϹĻʹϸװ磬һƵۣⲻǻʼң
̫ӵ£̫Ѿ׼ˣҲڲ֪֮УͻȻоͶһ̫ˣ
ýɣ˵ˣǸóԵ㶫ˡ
̫ʲô״һѵɻĵףΪʲôԵĻһԼеɻͳͳ
̽ŹԹԷ£ȻʶȤ¡
ţν̫ӣϹǰֻǴӡеһֶѣû뵽ϹĻʹ֮С
ҽйѣҪúüס֣֣ȥһι
ҪҪʲôֻ̫޸챱ϣľֻ챱һˣŲҪʲô̫أ
 
 
ƿҪվûнʳ˵öأ 
㲻Ҫŭǲ𣿡Цʧһֻ֪ҪһŭĶпܻȫ 
ʲôʸԼܵģŭʲôˣǺ 
÷ŭԼͻȻѨõķҨһݵߣ 
ʹҡͷҪҪȣֻȥصĽȥ 
ٲȣһѸȫŲţаȵ͸¶ΣյϢ 
ôвأˣˣô˵ͱأ 
㻹ȣǾһ̣ǣ˵÷絭塣 
ðɣǲòͶˣôΪԼԣ˼ҵأ˵óõˣһ㣬ʮš 
ȻԸǹԹԵĽˡ 
Цøˣǿ׼ģ޼ɵвԼΪĺô 





ʮ  


ڻʹ⼸գѲûɣɵسʹÿһطÿһ̴ӹŮĽ̫޲ҸضȥŲʲô̫ǣ
Լס޹ֱձʲôʱ׼Ҫ֪ڵһӵóټĻʹ
뿪Ųã˵ݺ͵λȻϡϹĸŮӣѵŮأ
ͷĺߣƽһ̡
Ժ󶼻סֻһ𣡡ץס֣Ц
ȥδôµһˣһĶħ
ôңһҲһ𣿡ץס֣ܶŮӣΨһҪںˣû뵽ôĴڣţﲻǸĽ챱
ֱᣬܽ˿̿϶غˡˣӡȵǸˣֲ̫ˣ
ûϵʱ仹ܳһ죬ᰮңҪģߣ
űһӣȴֳаͻȻоͷʲôݺݵسײһһںֱײҪըһ㣬ܼˡôˣô
ôˣѷԼӦôģ϶Ƕˣɫɷϣʹࡣ
أκεֻ֪ԼʶʼõȻ޾ĺڰ
ѼѾ˻ԣһѽᱧ𣬿ֻɲݣܾ
ˣҽѴе
 
 
ǣ̫ӵ£̴δ̫ӵ˽ӣһҲ񣬸Ͻȥ 
ѽرȫüͷ塣 
ôˣʵ 
ҽһλ͵ߣҡҡͷѾȫУҪⶾºѣ 
ɲݿԾǰɣ˵ڴϹһ뵽Ҫɲ 
̫ӵ£ɲֻϹĹܶõ䱦¡ҽ˵ԼĹǣ̫ӵӦء 
ֻҪ˵ɲܾܲ飬㵣ģЩγû˻֪Ŀеλá 
ܣҽʵʵ˵ɲǺεʥܽһеĶҲΪˣ˶ΪǴ˵ȴֻ֪лʼҲӵеʥ 
԰һûµģ£ 





ʮ  


ڻʹ⼸գѲûɣɵسʹÿһطÿһ̴ӹŮĽ̫޲ҸضȥŲʲô̫ǣ
Լס޹ֱձʲôʱ׼Ҫ֪ڵһӵóټĻʹ
뿪Ųã˵ݺ͵λȻϡϹĸŮӣѵŮأ
ͷĺߣƽһ̡
Ժ󶼻סֻһ𣡡ץס֣Ц
ȥδôµһˣһĶħ
ôңһҲһ𣿡ץס֣ܶŮӣΨһҪںˣû뵽ôĴڣţﲻǸĽ챱
ֱᣬܽ˿̿϶غˡˣӡȵǸˣֲ̫ˣ
ûϵʱ仹ܳһ죬ᰮңҪģߣ
űһӣȴֳаͻȻоͷʲôݺݵسײһһںֱײҪըһ㣬ܼˡôˣô
ôˣѷԼӦôģ϶Ƕˣɫɷϣʹࡣ
أκεֻ֪ԼʶʼõȻ޾ĺڰ
ѼѾ˻ԣһѽᱧ𣬿ֻɲݣܾ
ˣҽѴе
 
 
ǣ̫ӵ£̴δ̫ӵ˽ӣһҲ񣬸Ͻȥ 
ѽرȫüͷ塣 
ôˣʵ 
ҽһλ͵ߣҡҡͷѾȫУҪⶾºѣ 
ɲݿԾǰɣ˵ڴϹһ뵽Ҫɲ 
̫ӵ£ɲֻϹĹܶõ䱦¡ҽ˵ԼĹǣ̫ӵӦء 
ֻҪ˵ɲܾܲ飬㵣ģЩγû˻֪Ŀеλá 
ܣҽʵʵ˵ɲǺεʥܽһеĶҲΪˣ˶ΪǴ˵ȴֻ֪лʼҲӵеʥ 
԰һûµģ£ 





ʮ  ʧ


ԣлЩǡɲѾһˣһҪļûУ⵽ô£ѵɲûãⲻܰ
߱ΪʲôѹƳһ۹ڵϵҽ
ҽһʱҲϾҲǵһʹɲݡ
ȥڻ׷εʱ򣬵֮Ҫ
ǣҽһڴٵ޹ȥ
ݻĹڣֻˣˣͻȻڣѵģ𣿡һ˵ţһ΢Цţһѹģһģ
ΪһҪںˣ
ҲĻָͻȻһ£ùЩ⡣
ѻ
۾ģĻرƺһܳܳΣ벻淢ʲôֻǾһӰǣӡ
ˣ֪һѹأĵЦˡǵģЦﲻаȣǿģĿġ
˭ǰˣƺĲǵˣڵһƬհףʲô벻
ѵЦͻȻסȻ˵˻찡Ȼܿ˵ˡǣȻ˭
ʶ𣿡ٴȷϣʶģҲˣͰĿݣЩ治ССһ¡
㡤Ĳ֪˭ʵֿһҲ˵ЦʶӦôŶԣ
ҽѴ󺰡
ҽæսս˽μ̫ӵ£
֪ǰλӾȻ̫ӣ찡̫Ӱ
˵Ϊʲôɲȴǵˣʵ
ҽΪ˰̶ص̫ӵ£̫Ϊ֮ǰĶڵʧģҲһʱͻãҲҽ졣
Ҳʲô
ҲһҲǲˣҽҧ˵˾ֻԴˡ
ͻȻĪĺʧˣڰ׵Ľ챱Ӵˣֻһˣһô鰡
ˣȥɣЦ
 
 
ҽͻȻоٴ⣬û̫ӵ¾׷Ĺʧˣֱ̫˼ˡ 
ǣҽЩ֮һ㡣 
ߣŻߣʲôҲǲ𣿡 
ҡҡͷ 
˭˭ĺ֪Լ˭ڵԼһĻ 
ǹѣϹ̫ӵ£㣬Ȼ̫ҵӣΤס𣿡˵ 
㡤˵̫ӣٴʵʲôʱ̫ôԼһӡҲûأǡҡ㡤죬Ȼ 
ˣҪԼȥˣȥȥɣס֣˵ 
԰ȥҲҲʲôõ飬һҪԼȥأ֪Լݣ̫͹ˣ飬Ժ˵ɡ 
΢Цŵͷ 
һζЦѲЩ񣬼ʹǲݣҲòɷ 
ԺֻһЦ𣿡еռиǿңκ˿ 
Σô˰˾ɷ̫ˡ㲻Ҫ̫֣Ȼ̫ӵ£Ҳ㣡 
Цˣ滹Ķ԰ף·ֻصһμʱȤˣ 





ʮ  Ѱ


Ϲ滷ˮ嶼쳯ľȫָͬо˵쳯Ǵô
ջ֮ڣλӶ¥ϵż䣬ü壬ƺڵʲô
ô죬һɲݵҲûУϰն˵ˣⲻһ˵ˣȥҰĽϱԹ
īҲͬô죬Ķᷢ
㵹˵仰ѽĽϵ
ǻؾȥɣīĽϡ
ȥǻûҵΪⶾİ취ȥ粻ƤŹ֣ԼҪҽҩأѵҪֶ飿
ҲţɲݾûĽⶾ취īƺҲ˵Լ
Ҫȥ𣿡ĽϻЩġ
īսֲˣҲȥǵѾշתˡ
ͻȻš
˭Ľʵ
ӣλӱҪǣī·˵
ӱĽϾȣôҲϣ
ī˵һɲԤС
ǣ·Ӧ
ӱɫá¼ӣүӱ
ӱôĽʵ
үԼʧְû˵
ôˣīʵԤвٵġ
ӳ׵գ˽ˣӱʵ顣
ʲôֵɻˣôᣬɭϣôڴ鵱ձ˽ߣ
 
 
µĴûбӱѾ˼Ρ 
˭ץīʵ 
²ãץƺϹˣƺǴڵĸ֣ӱµĵõϢ 
ڵˣĽϲ죬ѵвҴ磿ı߽һֱǲµսʱܱģҪв磬ô类סֽţ 
ǻҪҲ嶼īжֱ˽ߣǵˡ 
ˣҴأĽʵ񣬴жʱ򣬴ǷһںòٰȻ鵱ﱻߣ 
Ӻıռ嶼ӱ˵ҪһЩˣϳû쳯Ҫ粼úñ߷ 
ȻǶˣĽа 
һɸ봫ҵע߽һһ·Ǽ취Ӧԣī˵ 
ţĽӦٺòˡ֮һҪҵģҪ֪ڴǴģܵܵģҪĸһ 
īתͷֵȺһ嶼ǣĶأ 





ʮ   



峿һһڲˡҲ֪Լʲô䶼ɥʧˡںˣǺˡ
̫ūźϴһλŮ
ãӦţȴǾñŤôǰԼ˵ĻأͻȻһӰ˻ÿɰһһ
ǳȥɣ
ҲŲҪѧ塤
ǸӰϤԼСһ㡣ֻǣ벻˭
̫Ů
عˣԼȥˣ˵ȥȥɣϧھͺˣ
ϴϣɵѾͷ⣬ʲô֣ʵ
̫ū䣡ͷ
䣿ظȻЦˣԺ߰ɣ
ūµ
֣µӣǸоּˣ˵ӣҲǸоİһҽֵĸо˵᲻ˣΪóܰԼôԼɣϾԼɷ򰡣
ݵ̵޹⴫
̫ˣѵ
Ĳǵˡ
̫̫ӵµãϾȻ֪̫ʧ֮£һԽ͵
ɩɩԶԶؾͼϾڻԼ
Ͼ΢ЦģŮӣԼСðϲ
ɩɩҺ֮ǰأ֮ǰִ֪һŮӣҷΪ̫ϧһֱںˣڿˡǻȴɩɩʧˣҪ˵
лл㣡˵
أ˭˭ϾЦɩɩŶڣһˣôģˣ˵ǳȥκأ
𣿡ĿԳȥЩ죬һֱԼ޹棬췢ùˣܳȥκӵȻٺòˣ
ģϾҲкЩʱûгأҲһļ
˵ʲôôˣһͻȻ˽˲ǹѣ˭ֻƵۣݡ
֣ôôͻˣϾԹɩɩ˵һĻأ
۸Ц
ϾУҺɩɩأûأϾ죬һķ޷޲ƽɩɩԼ
 
 
ˣȻعɣ˵ 
ɩɩ㿴۸ϾϾתͷȡ 
ЦѵתͷѣһЦؿЦò⡣ 
ŶϾˣϾǼ·ԼǷũūѸ質 
ȥʵˡ 
˺ˣϾߣٯٯˣϾһžͳ޹ 
Ȥп 
ȻͻȻѴӱӵסߵҲȤ 
ӵúܿܣҪĻת˲һ룬ԼɷܵĶƺҲӦҲͲ˼ƿ 
𣿡Ȼ˵ 
ȻѴӵıĸоʵģ 
ˣϾ˵Ҫǳȥκӣ𣿡תؿ 
ͷϲ𣿡 
ЦҺȥأ 
Ц̣ĺȻЩĸоȻԼôģҸ 





ʮ  



嶼һԺīĽΪѰ˼ڤ롣
һɫµӽ˸ţһ˫ͫһǿĴų˿Ȼɫƺ̫á󣬻һӻ
ӣӱ˵ĵطھסıص
ţĽ챱ӦʾԼѾ֪
磬ˣĽһű㿴òĴ磬˷ܡ
Ľ챱ޱؽ˷䣬¡
ˣīƺûʲô⡣
ʲô𣿡ֱ⡣
磬˳ȥ˺ܾãǡĽЩݡ
ȷϹ𣿡īĽ챱˵ǲһҲ鲻
ȷңãΰ˿ǰӵĴ̿ĪĹϵ
İɣ磡һҵģһĽϱ֤
Ľ챱̧ͷһĽϣֵ֮飬Զ
ȻˣǾҪѰҵķΧīǵ˵
ţ޳ӵ˵Ľ˵Ҳ嶼Ҳ˵
һ嶼Ľ챱϶Ԥȷĸ嶼һ嶼ԼԹ
īĽ϶ʱĽ챱˵ģǶԵ
˹ϾֱСӣڵòСȻŴӵţ˵ܳ棬ѾĪϲˡ
ôˣѿЦݣʵ
Ȼ˰ڣǰķ˿Ц
ԺҾϲ𣿡ֻҪϲģΪ쵽
𣿡һʱЩ
ס֣῿ߣȻ
һӸоģʲôһˣҲ̫аһ㡣
ȥϾת⣬һʱ֮û취ܵľֹ
һ˺ƺƵй嶼֡
 
 
Եľ¥ڣĽ챱һָȥѰͻȻһԵİ۷׷ס 
̫ӵҪȥκأ˵ 
ǰ˵̫ӵ»ɵ̫йأ˵ 
λ̫ʲôͷʵ 
֪˵̫úҪҪȥЦ 
ððӺͱӦţɿĽȥˡ 
ĽǵĻƺҲ֪˵Ϲ̫ӵ¹ѣһֱʶʶأ 
磬ҲȥɣĽ˵ 
ȥЩīսеȥ 
Ľ챱ĽͶȥһǷŭ˵ģֵģ 
Բ𰡣磡ĽŸ״ 
ֵĴϣĻʼ쳵ԽԽԶ,ʧ֮С 





ʮ  ɾ䣨һ



嶼֮⣬ӣӼ嶼ȻĻǺӣҲ嶼ĸ׺ӡ
£ȴɽˮһյĸоûУ̾еĶ죬ӦǺĲŶԡ
Ϲļ紺ʵ֮磡ѵ
ǰóľ£ͷӦŹٴʻϣӭĺӷŻ㣬оüˡˣϾأһ·ƺûأ
һҴϣѵʱ̣ôϾƻ˵أ
ԭˣѹһֱûп
ϰԵشӱӵסֲƺǳϲӵԲˬ
Ա߻أÿȻȻػΌܣӵҪġʱЩԼΪʲôԼôãǾİأһ±˿ˣԼϲӵ
ˣЦ
ܣããˮûмˣʧ湻Ծ
ع֮һһص˵
͸ҵĶѲˣͲҪƷˣͶ飬Щˣÿ춼͸ô鱦棬ȻǺϲûҲ̫ˣ
ʱ֪ˣЦúǿġ
ǱߵĴҪˡͻȻ󺰵
ôˣԶԶؾͿһҷƾɵӣһѾûˡ
ȥȻط˵
Һһȥס֣һôס֡
һ˿ľתһҸãԼģһģ
ٴҷŮӵĺҴϣƺ඼Ůأ
Ѵȥϵ˶תƵǵĴ
 
 
ǣ̫ӵ£Ӧ 
ĿˣϣŮһϴ֣ΪʲôЩŮӶһİסˣﻹŲţǱٳֵһ 
̫ӵ£ҴϵĶǱŮӣڴҪˣʹˡ 
ȥﱾץסһҲŹʲôô󵨣Ƥ˽˿ڡ 
 
ôȵŮӣͬ飬̲ס߹ȥǡ 
̫ڴˣ񣿡һѵ 
Ůμ̫Щ˰Ůӷ׷׹ 
ǶɣĹݣӦ 
ͻȻһе 





ʮ   ɾ䣨



ȥһģƤŮӣһԼƺʶԼһ㡣
վǰɵŮӾԼĺýá
Ծ߹ȥʵ㡤ʶңǵԼʶһŮӣǣĸԼһֺϤĸо
㲻ϵˣܵߣ˵
ҡȷʵǲϵˡ
ôˣĹ˹ʵ
ѣ˵ʶң
ôˣĲǵǴСһ𳤴ѽᶼҪˡ
´ǰŮӣʵʲôˣ
õĽã˵
ʶң¿ȷΪ˵֡
ȻôˣŶ֪ˣںҿЦԲżװʶǲǣ뵽㣬ɵΪЦ
ҡʧˣĲǵˣ˵ʵ顣
ʧ䣿찡ⲻоĹеôҲʧ䣿ѹ󶼲ʶԼҪʶĻ϶˵ÿ
ˣ߰ɣʵû뵽ʶˣҲǰκ顣
ѣʶңҺӦѵģҲĻ֪ܶǰأȻ˵ȥȥȴҪ֪ģϾԼһξ
ѿӣо漣Ůˣߣûа취ܾκҪ
Ѳټ֣תͷ㻹Ҫȥ𣿡
ȥĶҾȥĶǸˣòټʵڲԸֿˡ
ǡһعòãʵ
ðֻҪҸУЦƤſɰЦݣ·ղŵĿ־Ѿٴμɢ
Цˣǿģ̇ͷѣһЦǸøлδȻԼǰʶˡ
ѿ绨Ц̣һ
ŹٴĿЩŮ½ͻԼļңһ˸֮⡣
 
 
ɩɩϾոڴϿҪأҺûȥǣϾһһ´Ͼߡ 
ǰѾûˣЦ 
ţˣǣϾԱ߶䣬ʵ 
ҵѣһҪһعأܵ 
𣿡̫ˣֶһˣ 
ǹʵ̫ˣؾˣϹ̫ӵº͹ȥԸúҫһأ 
ҽϾϾ΢Цҽܡ 
̫Ҹˣ˵ţһѱסҲǰϰߣֻҪһϾҪסߣ 
ĵƤɰǸоúأ 
Ů˲Цһţʮܡ 
ԶĹѿ˵ЦӣȴһԵ˵̸ȥǸʲôݣҪ֪᲻Щˡ 
ǣ 





ʮ  


ع֮󣬹ٲȻֻ࣬Ϊ䡣
ôΪϹ̫أֻ˵ԶȥȥˣҪܾòܻڼȻΪѹ̫̫ˡ
ҡҲ֪һ̫ô޸ѵģļǲˡҡǰʲôݣʲôһˣ
ѽǰҵѾߣǾ׽һû֮֡һƯŮӣ֮ϲһˡڽݵǶӹ̫ˣ٩٩̸
˵ݣݲ쳯ôΪϹ̫أ
ǰôˣ䲻⡣
ݲ쳯ôᵽϹԼôϹأ
˵һ㲻֪Ҽôò͵͵Ӹܳȥ㣬˭֪·˸ƭӣƭҴ뷽跨Ҫܵʱ򣬴ͻȻҪˣҿʱ㣬˵ǲϬЦ˵
ס֣ůůģĸоƺϤϤҸоϤϤ
Ȼһ𳤴ģģһҪָģҪ˵Ŷ
΢΢һЦ
ҹǸΡ棬һӵӰϤĺȥӵס߲ȥӣֻ֪ĺġ˭
͵ؾѡ
ܣʣ޹Ի˯ҿûѡˣһ˯ѵġ
µıסԼ˭ξǸӵ˭ѵ˵һҪˣֻˡ
Σһʱ
 
 
գ̲סҪ֪Լ¡ 
ڽݵʱʶʲô𣿡ʵ 
ôúõֵֹġ 
Һòã 
ҡҡͷ˸ˣﻹʶʲôˣ㲻֪ÿγ涼Ůװģ 
ĲʶôأôǸ˭ѵֻĻ 
ҷģûУ˵ԭڽݼǸӦҲʶɣû˵ıҪˣа 
һָԻ󣬶ڹȥһ֪еʹ࣬һҲҵˣĹȥ׷ʲô飿 





ڰʮ  


ɩɩϾҪһϲŶϾܽص˵
ʲô˫۷Ź⡣
ǵϾĽ
̧Ͼ
̧£Ҳ֪ԭһܹݡ
ϾҪһӸŶϾȲҪԼӵ
ðЦ
Ͼ¿ʼ࣬裬ǸոѧӡǴµǶԵġ뵽ȴ֣ԼΪʲôԹô˽أ
ĹҲúܺأģ˵
һᵯݣʣѵˣ
ɩɩᵯݣϾȻһ⡣
ˡ
ûϵȥԣҲǵأ˵֪ϲˡ
ϣḧңһϤĸоӿͷƺǰĻᵯݣиߣ
˫ֲԾĿʼϲ࣬һˣﻹһеһУöôȻ
쳾
߲˼Թ
Ե
ͬѪ
ͬˮ
·ֳԶ
컨ȻҶ
һ˭
ããֻ
龰ٸ
ź˿
̾¶Ǩ
ɽ
ĸӢۺúԸµ
öɻǵ
׳־ĺԶ
̶̼ﰡ

ҵ˰
߻ƺ
ѽư

鷳±ͷ

Ͼһţһ·ɾ֣
 
 
޹ĹЦݲãĵϿֻһһŮӣﲻ̾ԼԽԽˣ֪ԼԶһŮôؾ 
ɩɩ㡤̫ˣԼղŵһӣֱǹعǰˣǺգ 
Ҿ˵úܺðɣ޵ 
ӣ뵽һ㡤 
һ뵯ʲôӣ 
ȻһЦֱ㽫һסɽˡĵ 
ɩɩɩɩϾ 
ôˣι 
㵯ʲôѽϾûҺòãϾһΡ 
ðǿһЦ顣 
ɩɩûϾᵯݣȻϾ϶ˣøЩʦȥѧϾԹ 
ҡĲ֪Լᵯݡ 
ǲʲôǲǵãǳȥ棬ͻҪأ죬㲻֪ÿζҪöأ۵㰡˻ЩĲأ 
𣿡ƺЩһѾһӰռе˼άһʶֻǣ˭ΪʲôǼǲأЩȥһ£ 
ɩɩôˣϾЩ֡ 
û£ȥ 
ɩɩôֵֹģϾ䡣 
ҲãһЩֵ飡ʹ񾭴Ҳһ㡣 
ҾãɩɩΪǲǰ飬ԲĵģϾµ 
𣿡䷴ʣѾŬذָˣǼǲʲô뵽Щʧ 





ڰʮһ  ̽


磬ɳȥ̽ӶһģΪʲôòһйϢأĽʵڲ⡣
ҪסϢǺѲʲôī΢΢üôˣƾĽ챱Ĵ̽ûʲôϢʵ̫ˡ
֮Ľ챱ԣָô棬ɢһɱ·һߣֻڣû˵Ϊ
ӣϢˣı
һ仰˵Ķ
˵Ľ챱
̽ӻرСܾܿǡıЩԿڡ
ʲô˵ѽĽµ
īһĵǣϣҪ²źá
ܾܿϹɵ̫ı
ôܣѵٳˣϹ̫ӣ
㿪ʲôЦĽϵ
ӻǵϴ˽дһ𣿡ıʵ
Ľ챱⻹˵ȻǵáǸˣϹĴ̿͡
̽ӻرǸ˴̿;ǹѣı˵
ʲô˵ɱҴϹ̫ӣĽһ죬һ̫Ӿ̿ͣ
ڿ϶ڻʹī˵ѹɳô嶼ңȴһҲûУԭǱ嶼Ļʹ
ȷĽ챱ͻȻЩţȻڻʹ
ȷı϶
ҹһӰĵƹһ·Ǳ嶼ʹ
Ƶ󹬣ڵݣ֮Ȼʱӣһһǵġ
ڽݵʱ򻹴û㵯أ˵סɽˡǰᣬһ̸˺üأ
 
 
Ҳ֪Լôᵯӵģ˵ֻÿһӣرңʲôҪһ 
ͻȻһ˲֪ĴӴ˽ 
仹ȾͱסѨ 
Ҳﺦ£ʲôˣǰźµӣоһ쳣Ϥĸо 
Ľ챱ϵɴժ¶Ӣӣٴμˣҵˡ 
ӣʶǺʶģֻǣΪʲôǲ 
㡤˭ʵ 
Ľ챱һͣȻ˭ǲĻ 
㾹Ȼң֪֪жൣ 
㵽˭ԭأʵ֪ԼΪʲôôϤ 
Ľ챱˫ضס¶޹ɫĲʶԼһ⵽ôһ£Ϊʲôأ 





ڰʮ  ʰ


ˣܾܺˣһЦͻȻ޹֮ڡ
ѣĽ챱ͳôˣΪʲô᲻ʶԼ
߽аȵЦ****
ŹѵӣЩ£ദ֪ÿЦĵʱ򣬾Σյʱ
Һ֮սҲǸС˰ˣĽ챱м
㡤Ľ챱ˣҪ׵ķ
ǱӣһϵҲûУ㣬ӦÿһԼĴ˽Դϻʹ쳯үҲͬ޿⣡ƵŨŨɱ⡣Ľ챱һֱǴöģˣֹ谭쳯ĲҲģĸҪɱ
ԼӶѣĽ챱治ɫӣᶨר顣
㡤ﾹȻᣬ˵һ仰
㻹ںҵģǲǣʹˣںģװ׵֤һ㣬㹻ˣ
ĵεΣֶǰĺã΢Ĺģм䣬һһô˼άĽ챱Լˣӡʹδݹأǣӡ
챱£ȴЦòãһֱǸӣ챱˭أڼˣڼҪĶ
Ľ챱ϲվǰģһֱǰġ
һ߽ǹȴһѽԼĻУģκ˶ܽߡ
ҵģԼȨ
ҴģǰǣԺҲԶǣ˵þˣӴ鵱˳ֽΪ̫ʳǣվǲģ
Ľ챱һѽѻ˼ףֽ˹Լš
Ľ챱Ц챱ߺòãֻҪĶĶֽԼͷϵķժ£һҴʲôֻ̫ӣ
ɢĺڷĽ챱һЦã
𣿲ܣѲ˲ǵѪգˣ
 
 
һʱ䣬˷ð˺öŽΧסһķ϶ 
ǲлȥΪѵ˫۱ŷ𻨡 
һĽ챱ͺЩսʱֻǵǹƥûдκεӣҪڴ򶷵ʱʹ书ǿҲѵɶѵ 
챱ˣ챱ֱѪֱứֱ 
û£Ľ챱˿и 
ҷżѵ͡ 
ЩĽ챱ԹϮԵЩΪ 
һ֧ݺݵزļʹĽ챱˹ڵءɫҰףرˡ 
챱ôˣ絶 
ס֣ڽ֣ͣһʤı飬ҿԵʱû¶ûзԾ̫βֵġ 





ڰʮ  


챱ѣԤ챱ô
˵أʵ
͵㣬𣿡
㾹ȻңΪĽ챱Ȼ
ǵģ㣡
ҪĽ챱ѵվǸ߸ϵߡ
챱Ľ챱ص˿ڣһֻ֮ȥСΪңתͷѣҴӦ㣬ǣҪ챱
ܣôϷ
߱ĵһùݵԼĲϣڶģԼڹѵ滹ôһλã㲻ǰ˵ţѾһѪۡ
Ľ챱еҪߵģ
ǲǣѿŴʱ˿̵ʵһĽ챱ֵ˵زһ
ǣҷˣǲ챱Һ챱ҲҪһ𣡡챱Ұ׵ӣ΢΢һЦӨȴҸܺһҲҸ˰ɣ
Ľ챱˾ٶĶҸ˾Ĵ󽫾Ȩ㳯ҰүڣȴҸӡеĽ£һֻ̲סΪȥյˮҰ㣡
챱
ãĻҪ˵ѿǰ˾޿κΣϲϣԶԼߣʹҪŵĶ֣Ҳˣ
ĴӦϲ⡣
ˣĽ챱
ҪߣĽ챱ʶѾЩ㱣һͣڸһҪߣһ
챱ģҲµģԾЦ˵
Ľ챱ڵֵסڰϮ赹ڵء
ůں֮ϣԣ嶼Ǹļ紺ĵطĴ죬·Ǵ˵еɾʤա
Ľ챱͵ۣ˹
 
 
磬ˣĽϲ 
أĽ챱˲Լϵˣһϵ˿ۡ 
⡤Ľ˿һԾī 
˵أĽϺ 
īתüͷ⣬ڻʹ 
ǰΪ˾Ըڻʹ棬Ľ챱ҲôΪʱʹޣ 
֮Ҫ쳯ȥīҲǧֵǣҪ͵Ȼ쳯 
ʲôˣĽ챱ʵѵѿսˣ 
ϲأ¡īЩ˵ڣĲһôء 
ǰ磬ҪǱȻȥϾ˼ҵĵ̣ĽҲȰû뵽羹Ȼһȥʹ侲Ҳĳ嶯 
Ľ챱ȭͷգʹӺܽԼİŮӾȳҪñڻʹ뵽ݺһȭڴϡ 





ڰʮ  ݱ


ټľʹڣ蹬Уǽ档
һϢҪ˵һε˳񣬾Լܵˡ
ŴӣĲԶ
޶Բ𡤡㣬Բ𡤡ס֣۾ͨ졣
ϣʲôЩ⡣
ޡ
˵ڣĽ챱ī
ֻĽ챱ī˽
΢μϣ꣡
ֶμϣ꣡
Ƕеһھɫ֮УӹܣЩ˵Ҳ֮ȫΪǸ׷𲻵ӰӣԶĻںޡ
Ҫô˵ī˵
Ľ챱ǰнľߣииţӣǺĸһˣȷʵһˣˣǸúޣǸͬ飿
챱ҵ𣿡ʵĲ¾
ģһ߾ܣҵһ㣬ֻĽ챱Լ
ȿȡǺ̫࣬һӿȳѪ
ϡеϻǺúϢɣ
ĶԲס㣬ޡһֱ㣬ġŮվ˵֪࣬Լڲ˵Ҳûлˣ
˵ʲôǸŮӣԭԼŮ
ī类׻Уһôѵ飬˭⵽ô£ΪʲôΪʲôӣ
 
 
Բ𣬵޽ڹУ֮󡤡ֱ뿪㡤һУ޵Ĵȿȡȵøˡ 
Ľ챱ǰһУԾֲֻⱾһڣֻǽع鵽Ĺ켣ˡ 
ܡôᡤī˫ֽճȭֱðһֱǶڵĻ˵鹢ڻû뵽ǣȻϲ˵ŮԼãˣһҪеɺ϶һ 
챱㡤һҪúõչˡԸ 
һģĽ챱ᶨش 
ԼеԸһͻȻһЦݣõϼ񡤡أֻطֹͣ˺ 
硤󺰣ΪʲôôһֱڹˣԼһֱĴ磬ԿվǰģվģǣҸڴ 
īԣ˳޹һܺߡ 
Ľ챱˳ȥ֪̣ͨһУǻع鵽Զ㣬ʹԲˣеİҲľֹˡ 
ҾҲôпʱ򣡡Ľ챱̾ϢϲŭɫҲΪиŵˣŻɣ 
ϼݱˣ 
̵쳹ʹ 





ڰʮ  ݱ


ټľʹڣ蹬Уǽ档
һϢҪ˵һε˳񣬾Լܵˡ
ŴӣĲԶ
޶Բ𡤡㣬Բ𡤡ס֣۾ͨ졣
ϣʲôЩ⡣
ޡ
˵ڣĽ챱ī
ֻĽ챱ī˽
΢μϣ꣡
ֶμϣ꣡
Ƕеһھɫ֮УӹܣЩ˵Ҳ֮ȫΪǸ׷𲻵ӰӣԶĻںޡ
Ҫô˵ī˵
Ľ챱ǰнľߣииţӣǺĸһˣȷʵһˣˣǸúޣǸͬ飿
챱ҵ𣿡ʵĲ¾
ģһ߾ܣҵһ㣬ֻĽ챱Լ
ȿȡǺ̫࣬һӿȳѪ
ϡеϻǺúϢɣ
ĶԲס㣬ޡһֱ㣬ġŮվ˵֪࣬Լڲ˵Ҳûлˣ
˵ʲôǸŮӣԭԼŮ
ī类׻Уһôѵ飬˭⵽ô£ΪʲôΪʲôӣ
 
 
Բ𣬵޽ڹУ֮󡤡ֱ뿪㡤һУ޵Ĵȿȡȵøˡ 
Ľ챱ǰһУԾֲֻⱾһڣֻǽع鵽Ĺ켣ˡ 
ܡôᡤī˫ֽճȭֱðһֱǶڵĻ˵鹢ڻû뵽ǣȻϲ˵ŮԼãˣһҪеɺ϶һ 
챱㡤һҪúõչˡԸ 
һģĽ챱ᶨش 
ԼеԸһͻȻһЦݣõϼ񡤡أֻطֹͣ˺ 
硤󺰣ΪʲôôһֱڹˣԼһֱĴ磬ԿվǰģվģǣҸڴ 
īԣ˳޹һܺߡ 
Ľ챱˳ȥ֪̣ͨһУǻع鵽Զ㣬ʹԲˣеİҲľֹˡ 
ҾҲôпʱ򣡡Ľ챱̾ϢϲŭɫҲΪиŵˣŻɣ 
ϼݱˣ 
̵쳹ʹ 





ڰʮ  


嶼
ʹ֮ڣѲǰһܹߣ޹֮ڣ粽С
ڴô죿Դ˵֮Ƿ⡣ΣҲۿ˵ģҲΪš֮ǰͻȻһԵؾ뿪ˣ˵ȥ̽ˣȴû⣬ֻԼؽ˵Ҫ裬ԭģ
ˣЦЦ˳ֵһ裬Ʒšǵ챱ҲϲƷ裬ϸϸƷ
ˣ俴˿ԼΪԼմʲô
ѽǣץס֣˵ڵóö࣬ǰһֵģ
ͻȻ㶣ЦҲûأֻ㣬ΪҳôĿͷء˵ţѾͷ
ôˣס˵һ£Ͼֱԭӡ
˲ϵᣬģұ֤һ취ӳȥٲ֤
ͻȻо۾ЩᣬиôõĽãʲô˵أֻգȫȫĶȴ
ҹϮ˿˿⡣
֪챱ǷˣԸҪźãϿαװû·һԴָȫ챱ûκεĿռġ
ͻȻһ֮ڣáĻûоůеǰδеĺ¡
ſңЩֲҪ
ѵôһҲûУѲôĲ̡
ѣſң
Ҳ֣һӣҹѶ֣Ѻݺݵ˵
תݺݵס촽Ӷġ
ſƴȫţ
˫ֿʼʶ˺ɴȹ
 
 
Ҫѡ㡤Ҫ涣Ѿ󣬿ǰԵò԰ 
̽½û˿ᣬֻȡʱ̫ϧˡ 
ݺݵشһ㣬һӺ㣡˻ţ˭ܾȾ챱 
ͻȻסˣһָղڸʲôġǣ˵һӺȻҲ²ȥ֡ӵ뻳Уֻ֪ҵģ 
ģǣ 
ߺ޹ͻȻֻ΢Өջ䣬Ϣ˵ȴû 
رסԼҡҺã򣬽ˣ 
챱챱ҡ 
ɴټĹƮƮȴԵô 





ڰʮ   Ϊ


󣬽»ʼλĽ챱ȻȻس˸󳼡
ȻĽ챱æŵϵս
ˣ˳ʵ
ûиõİ취ܼǸΣյĵطһ̡
̾һҪͲʧȥһֿЯֹȥֻһʱԥı硣
Ľ챱ȻֵÿһôڹԣĽ챱صޣһҪһ
ģһȳĽ챱ŵ
㣬ò˵һˣδıŮֶһο
ò˵Ľ챱ٶ޿ɱģ̶̵ʱ䣬쳯Ϲı߽ϣפʮս١
嶼
Ѷ˧аȣս֮£Ԥϡ
̫ӵ£쳯Ѿڱ߽פʮǹǿҲ¡󳼻δ˵꣬ͱѴϡ
شС֣ⲻһҪսѣһ㣬ӷĽ챱һѾǳˡ֪Ľ챱ֻǷŻɽǣǰ
ȶЭ̫ӣƽڴ󳼶ȵ
ȻսûбʤİգǣĽ챱ȻһսǱ˴˶һսΪõĺɽΪһŮӡ
߽פĴ֮УĽ챱λǰĵͼսȻûбʤİգѾһսԷ룬ֻǣΨһǷȱһ
 
 
쳯һǳأ뾩ĵòȫһפڽݸıϳˮ֧֮࣬ϰæôʤʮ㡣 
磬ȥŵѾˣĽ˽ 
ô˵Ľ챱 
˵ûȻʵĽ˵ʲôôûҲսСվˣ 
Ľ챱Ȼ֪Ϊʵһ壬ǻʼҵͼ롣ǣڶǰѾʧˣȻҲ֪ 
ǲֻǹ֮أϼһ϶ǲԸǣĽ 
ȻʵϳȻҪȻʵĽ챱˵ǸҵˣһĽ챱ǰֻ֪ǣȻҪ 
Ǵ磬ô죿Ľϵ 
ûһȻĽ챱ûκ¿ֹȻͬʱҲҪ֪ۡڱ߾ҲͰˣҪģýˣһ㣬Źѡ 





ڰʮ  Ͼ


һҹߣֻܾڴߣŴľɫϸ꣬ããһƬʶƮݣȴ͸ŵ
һޱȻӣӲعǸ硣ôˣ俴һͷŴ֡
Լ˸еǿһЦûʲô
˵꣬ϾԶԶصĽˡɩɩɩɩ
Ͼܽ޹Ƿ˾һ
ϾЩ˵ǾϾģΪʲôϾɵسԼ޹Ȼ
ֽأϾ˵ڻֵ飬Ҳ֪˸š
ȻϾʲô˼Ϊе
Ͼɣֱ˵
ҪΪϾ˼ȥϾ֪ϾĶԼãǸ˱ϾĻ֣Ϊ
ɩɩϾģϾͻȻ
Ͼ
ɩɩ֪֮ǰֻΪʧ䣬ԲŻĸԸ̫ˣͲڻˣϾ͸˵Ͼа취㣡Ͼ˵һЦ
𣿡Ҳϲ⡣
ǱߡʼЩϾ
ɩɩصϾֲôģοô֪ҰǵģϾοš
лл㣬ϾͻȻסܹӳȥϾһм
ѾȫˣϾ޹Ůһ·Լ޹ȥ
ǿһ㣬ҪعԡأϾͷ˵
ǣĹŮСӦӿص߹
ƹһɽڸһˣղſôĺ¼ˡ
ɩɩ㣬ϾϾ֣һ·ȥ
ҪȥĶʵ
һǾ֪ˣ֪ΪʲôϾͻȻЩΡ
 
 
һӣ֪ղϾΪʲôЩΣΪ˿̣վһǰ 
ɩɩǰȥʱģֻҪȥǹˡϾ˵ԼĻԻʷ 
ǹ֪ʵ֤ 
ǡǰϾͻȻЩ죬ҿϣû˿ 
лл㣡סϾ֣΢΢һЦֻҪӳطʲôأ 
ɩɩ᲻㣡ϾͻȻñЩᣬɩɩ̫ϲˣɩɩǸöã 
Ҳ᲻ϾϲĵĹ 
ˣһ˵ 
ǿȥҪץźãϾϽ˵ 
ã˵ 
˲࣬һǸڿ뿪طˣصĵطȥ 





ڰʮ  ֮


嶼ѾԻũŮӵװ磬ǼһũңΪؾ׼
һ𣿡ⲽ֮ڿˡ
ΪҪһֱȥһأЦ
У䷴
˵ɣҪʲô˵
Ҳ£ʣΪʲôϲѣȻ֪һе⣬ŵҪҪʣգռ
һ㶣û뵽ͻȻ˼ãʵϲ𣿡
ҡҡͷ˼ȫϣûʱȥϲ
ϲһˣͻˣϣֻһסռģģҲڲطˣֻĽ챱ֻݵ±أ
£üҲˣ˵ˣĻǲ֪Ͳˣǰ
εһЦԶǲǺҿࣿСǽʳܲˡ
ʲô䲻ˣ˵ҾͲˣûôʲô
ˣ˵۾ᡣ
ͻȻ⴫˶Ի
ӿҪСЩ˵Ͼͺ쳯ˣһӵ
ǰڼС˵쳯Ǹʲôүڱ߾פ˺öأŮ
ɲ涼˸ʾֹϹȥ쳯ǱأҲأ
ζӳ¡һ棬֪Ľ챱ڱ߾Ǳߣⲻòжһ棬ֲòģֹϹȥ쳯Ҫôȥ챱أ
Ŷбİ취Ե쳯ȥ𣿡ʵ
Ҫȥ쳯һ
ģҵĹڽݣǰ˵úأ֧Ų˼ˣȥһ棡һ˵ţһѹ
żλο
ûбİ취𣿡Ϳ޳֪Լı츳
취һǹڵ
 
 
𣿡ϲ⡣ 
ﵹһݵС·ǰ͵͵ٵģԴձ·ûˣ˵ 
壬˵·ֱӵݣЩԼĶ䡣 
ţ϶˵ 
ǿԵˣҲһϲôãҲˡ 
ţΪЦ 
ת嶼ĻʹһƬ͡ 
˵ֲ 
֣ϾĲ֪Ͼҳֻûִûô 
˵ѶϾʵ 
ҡϾز֪Ǻá 
ˣӽ𣬲׼̤Լ޹һûʱϾʱ䣬ҪǸϿҵģΣҲҵ 
ϾǰĻ֣İˣƺԼʶǸ֣úÿ£ 





ڰʮ  ·


õָ·֮Ƭ̶ҵ飬һˣǲеٶȣ죬ӦÿԵｭݡ
һ·ЩɽС·һЩƣˣ˫ȶˡ
ҪҪҷɣԼҲЩˣͺöˡ
ҲˣѾֱȥˡ
ȥСĵظţϣ΢һЩĴһ˼ӦǲʲôġϾǵΣڹǿ϶Ѿ֪ˣ֪᲻ץ뵽һľϰµġ
ãһࡣ
һǻҪ·һץǾͲˣ˵ţֻҪ˽ݣӦһжúܶ࣡
ţӦ˵öԣվЦǻǸ·Ҫ
ãһ·飬ƺҲô¡
ϣ۵ùͷɢˡѾһɽ·ǣһûʹ
ûʲôץס֣Щ¡
ϸܵ
찡ȻǽУ
ǽУʱֱͨͨ
ʲôǡ𣿡һʱ˵ˣûµĶ
£˻ǲҹģŬر򶨣ο
ֻһ˲˽
Ǳл𣬿϶ǱߣƺһͷԶ˵
һ»ֽţô죿᲻ǹ׷ˣ
ǿߣץǵ˾ˣΣǾԲٻȥǸˡ
ţӦ
ѸϨ˻ѣСȥȻȫѾûˣǽš
վס죬ץסǣ
Խˣǵģ϶ǹˡ
 
 
ҡʵܲˣ˵ 
Ҫͣһͺˣ˵ 
˭֪ȴʯһ˲һˤڵء 
ôѵȻȥ 
ҡ 
ôˣ𣿡˵Ｑˡ 
ǡŬؼ֣ڿǰֻǵʱѾȫ޷˼ˡ 
תͷֻֻվǵĲԶĿתضǣ·𿴵ζ͡ 
֪ܰĶһӽܡô׷͵ģ 
ʧܣһκݺݵˤڵϣѾûѾ˵ʶģѵսֻǵûм챱ģİ 
ǻ赹֮ǰƺڽС㣬С㡤 
ô˵ϤĶһ㣬ֻǣۣ۾ˡ 





ھʮ  ϲ

ߵĸ΢Ĵ£仯ͼĺѾȴҪӭոµĴ졣
Ľ챱ضЩԼߡ
ӱŻ赹ӪԼĴټˣǸ˼һ
Ȼ˳ҿӱǣǡȥ롣ÿÿµʱߣͺԼ
챱챱ͻȻץסĽ챱֣Եڲϵ߽Ƿǳ
Ľ챱ڴͷסԼϡ
۾˫ϤĺͫȻ¶һ΢ЦˣΡ

ظӡԼеݣİ˰ֻϧⲻһΰˣԳ
ôˣץ֣ﲻ
֪ΣһǾôʵЦᣬ챱ļ㣬Ǹжã
üʲôȻΪΣɵѾͷһѱסأⲻΣģ
о¶Ⱥȣһ࣬ŵӰһԺزһ顣ڣȴеһůĻ
ģҲܵκε˺ɿרעض
챱Щǰʵ𣿡
ң
̧˫֣һθӣ챱ڼˣٶԶ޷˿̵飬ּϲã
ס˫ű˴˵¶ȡأЩԵ˿أеҺҵ潥ڻţǶôʵĴڡ
ҲֿˣĽ챱ͫǶ顣
ţɣؿĻ
ʱ·ʹֹͣĵϡ
ѽе
ôˣﲻĽ챱ĵʵ
һģû£ѣ챱̫˷ˣһӾȻˡҪ֪϶ģ
 
 
Ľ챱ͻȻЦˣû£Ҳں˯أ 
𣿡һŵǷ 
ҽȥԵģ 
ţЦŵͷЩˣƺܾöûһٰȵķˡ 
һһٷḻķ˱ǰ۷⣬ʳ 
ȺȵȽϺãĽ챱ʢһι 
ҡԼģ̫鷳ˡ 
𶯣ĿǣȴβסԼĹġ 
𵱳ڽݵĳ·һ㡣 
ܻȥһ˽ݣǸöãɵĸ̾ 
кѣڱפڱ߽뽭ݲյ·̡ 
ĿԻȥ 
ֻҪ룡գֻҪ룬κŬΪ 





ھʮһ  ؽ

ݣڻˡһ̿ʼһֱڼ˷ܵ״̬һת۾ѹȥôá
ǿȥһϲס֣е
ͷ˿Ľ챱ҲĿתؿ
һһˣ˵
ţĿЩᡣ
ˣ˿ûй˼ĳ˵ĸܡ
һ·̧ͷôϤⲻĵطô
ͻȻЩƲסôسۿֻˡ
Ҫŵ츣ǶվſڣֱЩԼۻ軨ˡԼ۾˵ӰԾ˿վ˷ܲѡ
С㣿ǵܹЩ
壿ˣϲ
ǣϣ滳Լۻ軨ˣ츣̲ס
ѽͱˣ㿴ⲻǻˣҵأε
ŶŶŶøϽȥүˣҪ֪ǻˣ϶ܸ˵ģ
ȥү˺òãЦ
úúá츣ֱͷӦ
Ϥһһľǻϲһ仯ҲûУ֮ǰǸӡ
үˣǿ˭ˣ߽߱е
ºԣ߳˷䣬ˣЩˡȻ֪빬ˣˣоǵıŮôò֪ĶȥˣǶվǰ񲻽Ǿò˼飿
ǡǻˣһ˵ţᾹֱֱ
ܹȥסĸ첲ЦⲻǺúõ𣿡
㡤¿Щš
кᣬڶǰ£үˣˣεΪԼûлٻվǻˡ
ǰͺãͺðҲЩĻεģ
ǰͺðס֣ΪЦ
ү˽ɺãʺ
ãã˴
ǽ˵ɣ˵
 
 
㿴ҶһʱͿˣ 
黳ŴĶϣů 
ҽ飬Ҷ֪ˣôأԾЩ 
үҲΪã㲻Ҫǣ˵ 
ǶԲ 
үǧô˵һжԸģΣԼҲúܹⲻȥ 
ôôʹӹˣЩ⡣ 
ǡ֪νھһС 
ͻȻС˱үˣ 
ʲôˣʵ 
˲˵ֻ˵๫С 
Сôһ˵һ죬챱ô˵òΣ 
㡤Щš 
үˣȷʵѾˣֻǻȴˣ챱ӣѾȷ£ 
𣿡Ҳ첻ѣǾɣ 
ǣүС˳ȥ 





ھʮ  ޷㣨һ

һһɫµǰֻУ¶ӢʮĿϣ͸Ц⡣һ˫ͫһӰϣ粽ơ
ıӱУֻˣȴڳ˾һǿѹ
ү˰ãĽ챱òĵͷ
Ӷˣʹӹգ¿ǰ꣬ʹԼҲеһȵĸо
Ľ챱ʲô¶زסһӾ˵˳
үˣĽ챱ЦЩȻ
ʲôº˽һһǰͻȻֵģ쳯˲֪˲
һӾ͹ȥҲŹ¡μү
ү˲ضǶɣĽ챱϶˵
ǰүˣǶɣŶ಻ãȥˡ
Ľ챱Ц㻹б𣿡
⣬벢£ҡҡͷ
Ǻãһһͬ߰ɣĽ챱
еҲűˣǸѵҪȥˣҲһʱ䰡
㡤֪˵
ΪȻܼסˣĽ챱ĵؽ͵
ºĿĽ챱ʱȻڲܻػ״̬ô߹ݣô벻ģ
һ·⣬ʱˬ
ҪȥĶʵ
쵽ˣһ¾֪ˣĽ챱ص˵
ΣԽľ£ʵһģֻǣһ˶Զ֮ﴥõأ
ڻͣĽ챱³³֮ŷ֣ʱվڷɽׯſڡ
㲻˵ϲĽ챱ͫǶ⡣
챱⡤Щţ˵˵ѣϣ
ӭӻׯһѾС˱ϹϾ˵
߰ɣĽ챱ǣ˵
 
 
ţЦŵͷֻҪȥĶ 
ɽׯȻ鴫һţһͱµļɽǰɽ֮ƵС˹ٲƻáƹɽһߴĽܸ󣬹ƽʱͽ֮áĽ԰ӱΧܸɽׯһƷʤա 
ҪȥĶôķɽׯԼ· 
Ľ챱ֻһ¥ 
С㣡ͻȻ˽ 
ˣǾģ˭ 
ģϲ 
ģ֪ôˣĽ챱ǲƵġ 
ӣİɣЦ 
һǾͻˣĽ챱 
ãµĻȥæɣؼǹңΪԼ¡ 
Ľ챱ɵѾͷ֮⣬ʲôҪأ 
Ҫһϲںòֻܸͣ΢΢һЦ 





ھʮ  ޷㣨

ĴмˣǼҲɵøŸˡ
С㣬źϴɣĵ
ֲϣô鷳ˣƴǵοԼһǺܿصˣҲ̫ϲ硣ʵ׼ȷ˵ǣ뻨ʱ档
С㣬ѵôˣʹһ£Ӻúƣ
Ȼúߣǰ֮˽֮οŮΪüأͷʾͬ⡣
һϸµĴ磬ʵ˿紫˵Ů׵ǲʳ˼̻һ㡣žԼпżȻĴԽǵݣҲ˴
С㣬İ°ɣĿС֮ˣǳˡ
ã
Ŵ·ϣӵ࣬Сˡ
ģһɫһ·ɣɫˣ
С㣬ǸôԲӣʹϲɫɣļȰ
һ룬ҲʵҲټ֣ԹԵĴǼʺɴȹ
Ľ챱ҲһʺĽ£Լʺкһеô£
⣬ûɵĻ񰡣
Ɑƣҵ̫ˣĽ챱һôֱ׵˵ȷʵĵ˺ܾúܾˡ
ȻһЦγֲأ
ӹеľƱֱƹģеҺһӣǣһˣ˭ȱ˱˴ˣ
վڴߣϡ£ĹڿУĬĬ͵˵Ļ
ӱӵסʲô
룬Ҹת΢Ц˵ǵģںҸе붼ʵٺ£ΪߡֻҪ㣡
 
 
ҾҪΪȫҸŮˣƶ˵ 
˿̵ˣˡ 
ĴģǣرһǿҵǡػӦԿ,Ҳ뿹ܡ˽һľٶߣһ˲䣬㽫˿£˫½̽ȥ 
˫ִһɲǣ˱úԼˣĸо£ȴܾ̾ 
ҵģġ 
ݸģĸԸ 
˲䣬ձ򴲱ȥɵĶ 
·ȥǰĽԼ 
˫ϣһ̣·ֻгȵĲ࣬˵Լİ⡣ 
ܽů⾹ҲǴʼ 
綬Ѿȥվǵˡ 





ھʮ  սڼ


̫ӵ£Ѿˣʼն̫ټЩսľ
ɫ䣬ͷŵŭѾ㹻е¶־塣
ȥˣ˵˿̵ѾĽ챱Ļ˰ɣԶ͸¶ΣյϢ
ּ⣬ϽѸǰ߱߾פ˵ձ㽫ϣѵ
ǣ
ס޹ḧùÿһƷʱܶ࣬ǺֵܿĻ䡣
ʧʱΪԼԵõҸĽ챱ȴλ÷飬ģһҪĽ챱ùȻעҪôһս⣡
ҵģκ˲ܰߣѿùױ̨˫ȭգ֣
峿ĳУҲöؾͱЩˣۣĲ΢Цִ˾о۹ƵĽ㣬⡣̲סأСĵġ³
ͻȻһץס֣ů¶һӴݵϡʵѾˣֻǣһֱû۾ˡ
ͻȻ۾һӱһתָоһ˿ߡ
㡤ˣ¡
΢΢һЦһǣǻ
𣿡ʵ
˵ʲô⣬Ȼ
ñӽԼסǲҼ
һЦƿͨ죬Ե޶ˡա
ӣм֪ıš
ı㣡˵
ҹĽ챱ǲˣʱӦúúù̹ܽܽˡ
ӣҪµ˵

˿̣ڻָ˰
ЦÿļˣǰĽ챱һԲǵĺһίӣδһ档
ıҲм㣬ȥɣȰ
ôϣߣĽ챱ʡ
 
 
ʲôΪòãô鰡 
Ľ챱Ȼ֪ѲʱˣЦҸºòã 
֪϶Ҫȥͷ 
ǰ 
ھĵ֪ıֱձ֪һ᲻̻ˣ뵽;ǰ;һƬڰ 
ãĽ챱ƺҲղӣѵŹˣ 
ʲô£Ľ챱£ʵ˵Ȼúѿ 
ӣѾ߾˴ʱпսĿܣıΪż 
ڳˣĽ챱ⳡŸҪʼ 
һҪôı 
Ǳ߻ǲӦ𣿡Ľ챱ʵ 
ǵģһҪſϳı 
ˣ֪ˣȥɣȻϳôֻܸıһսƻ 
һ꼴١ 





ھʮ  


ıȥԺĽ챱ʵһ˿ΡʮʿǳӱˮսйˮؿɴȫʤǲڻµġֻǣǸظͷ޼
ôˣʲô𣿡һű㿴챱ɫ̫ãǷʲôõƵġ
û£Ľ챱Լƽ˵
Ը˵ƺǲԼġ
û¾ͺã߰ɣѾ緹һȥ԰ɣҲʣתƻ
ã
һԵõܰˡ֪ҪʲôƵģҪǰѾкˡ
һؾӪһһı󱣻㣡Ƶᡣ
ԭҪսˣȻֻǣѵҪһȥǳпս
ҲеĿӣ˵
Ľ챱һ˿⣬㲻˵ϲ𣿡
ǣҸϲһ𣡡ץס챱֣ҺһȥɣģҲģ֤ᰭ£
Ľ챱ЩڿͷһůҲһ𣬿ǣսǿЦģҲģֵطʺȥ
ʲôʺϣǲǸողŴӾӪ𣿡
㡤֪֪ＴһƬսѵͲĿ
Ҿ֪һҪȥ챱أһӸˣҪĲֻһҸҪȥֵķģԡһҪȥ㲻ȥҲһȥ㣡ҪģǺͬʹľ
һĽ챱ܲݣһѰѰٵĲһŮôͻȻסﲻܱİȫڻˣ򸴺
ͬǲǣϲ
ӦңһҪԼҪҵģĽ챱ӵס˵ðɣʲô鶼һ԰ɣ
һģͷӦ
磬ֻȥһû뵽ŻҪˣܻǾ㹻Σ͵ϴаɣ
ºټʱ򣬶ЩҪ֮ǰֹǵжΪŲԸἰԼݡֻǣǿڿ죬һӾ˵ˡ
үˣҪǴеģ˵⡣
㣬ŶôҪߣٶס𣿡˽С
һЦˣͺˣҪô⣬òãס˵֣ϵ˵
ڵͷһԵҲʵôžҪ𣿡
 
 
ţ챱йòˣǲǼսǵġ 
ȻĽ챱ΪǴ󽫾Ȼǹæġ 
ҪߣͻȻ˳ 
е 
ҲֿģסĶ᲻á 
ԲֻܱǸ 
ȥĶҸһȥ˵ 
۾ᣬԺһҪúү˵Ļ֪𣿡 
š˵ţ޳ 
Ҫޣһģο 
𣿡 
Ȼˣ 
䣬ƽƭҰ 
ô᣿ݸ 





ھʮ  սߣһ


߾
Ľ챱ʮϱǹѵŵľʽγɡ
Ľ챱һڽӭսԣȷһʧ
үĩ첿´мضϵ˵ˮϵˮһߣ˵
үĩԸ·õоܣ⽫˵
һڽ춼ӧԾԾԡ
磬ȥضϵоˮʦɣĽϵⳡսУҪʤضǵˮָõķֻǣܲܳɹضϣǸؼ
Ľ챱¶ɫɨһڽ죬֮ȥضˮϴ·ʣµ⽫죬·칥˴ֲ
үհȰ
ǰ磬ȥɣĽϵ
ˣôˣǻȥɣĽ챱˵
ĩǼ˵ãҲֻ
һڽ춼ߺĽϻǿڣ磬ʵȥͿˣֺαȥأɩӻᵣĵģ
ˣѾˣûйˮʮǲˮԣ½أѵľӣս޲ʤ
ĽϼԼ޷Ȱı⣬ôֻȥıˡ
һڣڵͷһ¡һϲŮģҲ¡
Ҫ֪ڸ·һܸˣһЦ
ֻģʱأ˭ҪϲµӲǲϡ
Ľϼƿţɩӣм㣬һҪӦң
ôˣӣ
 
 
ҪȥضϵˮȰȥôĽϼĻȥȰȰɣҪհ 
ĽϵѾ֪˴šֻһ£Цصģ챱῭ģе߻վȴЩȻز 
ɩӣôҲʹһ̬ȰĽǳʧˣһ˾ǰˡ 
İɣ磬µģŬ򶨵 
˺ˣǰôôɣĽǷˣȻɩӶ̬ȣҲֻܰմԸȥˣ 
ĽߺһֻйƤֻо巢ȻҪԴȥӦս֪һ˵飬Ͳ׸ı䡣ȻѳɶӣôҪ֧ܳΪĸ 
û°ɣĿɫЩ̫ãĵʵ 
û£ģҵ£챱𣿡 
ĵͷҲףǲӵġ 
ŬԼղŵĻһҪһ·֮ǰ͸ 





ھʮ  սߣ


ҹѾˣǷȥôҲ˯ţͻȻƺ΢ĽŲ֪һ챱ˡ
װѾ˯ӣĽŲԽԽ
,ڴͷ£Ȼԣ³Ƶġ
Ľ챱һԵ˯գüͷ΢壬ҪⳡսֻΪ˾ȻѾصԣⳡսȴò򡣹˹鲻ô޼ɵģƾ
ȻѣĽ챱ûоµʱʱ̣󣬷ܰģǱġ
һ¡֪Ѿ˯ţȴİɣһµģ仰ڶԼ˵һ
Ծɳ˯ţ۽ȴˮ֪µģһᣡ
գ壬ӪԵĴѾ͵һƬˣϢŵµĲݴðɫСҰӭչɷǿɰ
ȥɢ𣿡Ľ챱һʵ
ðӦѵõôãȥߣƺЩĺ÷羰ˡ
˾ӪĽ챱ûн¸棬еֻǵĶˡ
ԺǾȥɢòãڴʵƺرϲĸо
ãֻҪϲʲôǺõģ
ںӱߣ̵ĴᴵˮϣƺᡣĽ챱Ļλ顣Ļƺƽࡣ
Ľ챱
ţĿ
ǳ֮գҾʱĽ챱˵ʵ顣
Ծɱ۾ŵص֪һ῭ƽ
 
 
Ľ챱Ķӡһǣĳ˵һһˣһᣡ 
۾¶һõ΢Цҵ 
У·𾲵ֻüе£Ϭ 
ϵĴڣƻͨһ˸λؿһ˿ߵĶὫ˿Яһ뿪 
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ѵõаȵЦݣЩ࣬ǸʵĹѡ 
ߵֻҵģǿҵռ·ԼȨ 
סֽճȭ֡ 
ľƣȻֻȴռƵơֻҪݵĹ鲻Ѹҿ϶һսضӮġĽ챱ʹӵʮǿΣһȺʶˮԵçˣ 
죬ⳡĽ챱֪ʲôǽɣ 
ļƻֻǵһҪģǣ쳯 





ھʮ  


գ죬ÿһôģֻѪڡ
ӴȥǸһװӰԵôͦΣһɽĿתؿӰһһͻȻ͸Լ·ʱֵþСһ
˵ÿһ·
۶ҸҵԶȥıӰ˵ʱ̣ģǸ߸˵صһ飬˼Χ֮ڡ
ţ׼һͷʢͣ챱ʱóԡ
ģ
ʲô飬ʵ
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ãūȥ׼ЦӦʲôҪضŬذ
һϴŲˣһһֹʱƺĺùܶࡣ
ģһƽģԲԣͻأʵʾҪһŶ衣
Ȼս޲ʤģȻƽŬЦı˵ӵõͿ绢أֻϧ飬ӲҪʲôϳȻѴʤսأ
⣬ʲô
֪ı˵һʲôģʲô룬ůůġ֮ū澼ǲ̫ˣˣĻǵס
һͣô͸ǿôƣ
ģ˵һůԲԣ滹ͼǲǣеˣæʵ
Ŀһ㶵صͷı˵ģѵʲôط˵
ıֻҪ֤ǿǱô챱ͿԵõǸʲôİһԴӮϡ
һˣĴôһӱùֵֹģ
ѾˣǲôҪõһ϶Ĵ𸴡
ǻ˭ھӪ
үھӪ˵ǵһͻĽԼ֪Ķ˵ˡ
ʲô˲þͳ˴ʣĽϵӪȥ
ϣӪ
Ľϴ˿׼ȥӦ磬ææĹ֪Ϊʲô顣ôˣɩӣ
ңǿǲͼůǲǣץסϵĸ첲æʵ
ǰôˣҲǺ˵֪ģȻŲ֪Ǹأ
ǲǻʤ֤
ǰĶȥǸڶǰѾʧˣ
ǸУ϶˵
 
 
ʲôĽϾԼƺˡ 
˵ǸУһ˵ǻģһֱߣʹײȴǿ壡 
˵Ľ֪ԼڻĶ 
ҡھ 
ﵽҲҪ찡ĽΡ 
ȥֻ֪Ķ¶ģһҪΪ챱õ֧֡ 
а㣬ɱҵģĽ֪ڴеλãôȥأ 
ģֻҪһƥͳɣڸϿȥӦ챱ôˣ 
⡤ĽͶôɩӶȰأɩӣȥԣҪһ£ 
ʲô 
Ѿݱˣ飬һֱ 
ʱЩӲȻѾˡȻԼĵɵҲǲˣû뵽Ȼ 
𣿡ŬЦһЦڲôʱ򣬡һ϶Ҳȥɣ 
ãҪأĽϵ 
Ŭս˫ȭԣҪǿҪǿ 





ھʮ  


ھĵǿҪ£òһ·ҪĿҲһж׼ãڲ˷һһ룬ǸϽ򾩶ȥ
֪ûйİ챱ҲܻʤսǲģȻܰʤսôҲҪȥġ
żǵٶѾܿˣ˵
ͷҲ֪Լ̫ļˡ
İɣµģ΢ЦΪҲԼ°
ǰµģˣӦԼģһƽ뵽ҲƽЩ
ͻȻһһͣóϵ;һ
ô£Ծ¡
ģҳȥķƽ˵
Сһ㣡
ţ
֪ΪʲôͻȻô˿̵ľģһҲǸСѾͷһֺܰȫĸо
µˣһδֳһѴ󵶣󻹸Сˡ
³⼸˱񣬡
ϣԭǸƯСѾͷôӻɽկĺģǱδһģа
ǲ֪ôҲǳصġ
ģôˣʵ
ϣﻹһǣ޸ˣǱδ󺺶󼸸С˴Ц
ǻˣĳǹȥΪӵǰûкúõرһΣκεʧ
ǸûϵľȻ书һӱôֲ
 
 
ϣд򶷵ʵǵľģƿӿ浽ôˡû뵽ǣֳһѽͼ󺺴ֻһǼ󺺱㱻Ĵڵأ۵ֱ¡𾪣ľȻ书 
ûˣǼ·ʤЦݡ 
ģ书 
ǵģūµĽ͵ 
·ȴǲܽܣһֱΪһ޸֮Ůӣû뵽ȻңҿǺ;һģȻղŲ֪ô 
ģлл㣡Ц 
ܹūĪңЦ˭һرϲأοİˣȻҪԼŬȥˡ 
žǲõЦݣůˡ 
һ·ϣ⣬Ҳû鷳֮ڰԤڵļƻ˾ 





һ  ֳһ


ٴλصĸ׵Ĺԣиš
ȥĸǿ鱻紵ɹĹ·𵱳ظԼͷһ
ˣһЦĹ£Ѿ֪ˣ㵱ΪʲôϽʵңףֻǲԼ뵽ǵеǷǷǰˡ
Ϊ˸ˡģ챱Һܺãֻڣҽ壬ҪˣΪ챱ⳡսѾΪսսҪǣҪ쳯ϵѣ̫£
ֽĹǰĻһٿ¶һӵӰӡϲһЦؽóһǿ徲档
߬ģůǼů񣬾쳯ı
ԭܼˣڱϻȥԲŮģȴӮսһ챱һ
վת
ģ߰ɣ˵챱Ǳߵһ㶼֪Ѿ˵ĵˡ
ɫѾˣֻˡε˵
ϸ·𣿡ʵ
ҡͷ
Ǻðɣֻǽ뾩ﻹһξģɣȥĴһһǾͳ˵Լʱķˡ
һ·ߵö˶ۼһƺʲô¡
ģǿȥ
˼ңǰ淢ʲôˣѯ·һλߡ
ǰǿҶȥأǸˣǿҲǮֱǻλߺǼ˵
⣬û뵽Ȼī
 
 
㿴Ǳߣָ˵ 
˳߿ȥǸһϮµӣƺѾˣ΢΢һЦûͬĸĸ硣 
ǹȥɣһīֱ쳣Ļ治ףΪʲôԼӣôسī 
īѾ˹Ҳ߹ȥ 
ΪԼ˻þīЦȴβסе 
㾹Ȼ߹ݵˣȻĵΪտ 
Ҿ֪һȳˣĶ˿žȻ˵ˡ 
һЦĶܽ⣬ʵǹ鹦ڹѵģֻԼһУûа취û˵Щˣī 
ʵ֪ҡˣԲԣīѵؽ֣һĪˡĸ磬ĸ飬ð 
ǵģҡܸˣôһλ磡ԵҪԵģȻֻȥˣ 
īĬ 





һһ  ֳ

īڴһҪ·Ļ˵İ
īǿһЦⲻѣȥ˵һǿ϶ģ
лл㣡
ϣ΢Ʋסһ룬ֻһЩĹԵþ׶΢
վڴߣûǵգ΢΢̾
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ģҳȥ˵
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İɣµģ΢Ц
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һϣǿˣī̸һ̸𣿡
īͿˣҲȣã
ī£֪һʱ֮仹ܽ飬һֱƲ֣Բԣ
īתͷ
֪ڹ㸸ףīûа취ǵĳԣֻȥܣ
īͷʧǵģȷʵֹԼĸףǱϾǲһַµĴûа취ȫĹһ˵ϡȴ֪ĵģΪԼôϲԼãѾ֪Լãȴûа취סԼϲ
ɫôԲԣ̧ͷա˵ģѾˣֻԼ׶ѣҲףҲһҸ£
һӣԳıεȰ˵ԶԼ
ҺܿģһãīЦ
𣿡Ȼ˵Щȡ
Ȼ
ͻȻãи磬Ҳһܲ飡һе鶼õķչ
 
 
ˣΪʲôһأ 
ҪӮⳡսᶨ˵ 
īԭʱ֮ʱ˼ˣһǸµˣսҲһŮӣȥԲпսأ 
죬һȥɣī˵ 
㡤 
𣿡 
Ȼһͬǰȥٺòˣ 
¶ЦȻãһ󴺷紵Լůůġ 
ص䣬ΪղŵˣĿӣ̲סʵʲôôˣ 
죬ī˵һߣ 
𣿡˷ܵ˵ 
ͷƺԼҪˣǵġ 





һ  ʤһ

ͣػصӪȷʵľ÷ʲôõһ
ڼϣĶپࡣ
ϣ챱أʵոȥӪҲûǶ
¶ɫɩӡ
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ãȥһӿϣӦС
ȥɣһֱĬī˿ڡϱȽϤиӦȥҹ飬ЩϾǻˡ
⡤ĽЩԥ
ãīȥɣīϣᶨ㣡
īôᶨжʱͨܵõΣѵˣĲٶЩʲô
 
 
ģҶṼУī΢΢һЦ㡣 
ʱһһĹȥ챱Ǳ߻ûдκεϢĽѾλƶսƻֻҪľһͺͱһӦϣϴֲ 
һߣȷǷǳ˵ģڽĽ챱ľΧסƾôӲġ 
̫ӵ£һǸǺãϽʵ 
ҪĽ챱ڱİΧȦʧȥ־ᱻҾΧݾϣɳ¶һЦݣ˵ûйİʮΣ 
ǰʶԾӹĲãŵϴܣѾԼʺ󳾡 
Ľ챱°ܽ 
̫ӵӢµ磡Ͻķڷ 
ѿԶ֮һֽޡ 
ǲںڣ뿪˱Ƕôľ 
ҪڣҪԹԻصԸһŮҪĶȻĽ챱ڻʹʱѾŹһˣڣڴʧڶ 





һ  ʤ

Ľ챱ڻԣ۾һֱסǰյĻ磬ƵСΧľԤϵģܽѵܡȻľ棬ÿǱߵľӵõϢȻӦϣΨһܻϵķ
үʿȻЩ𣬵ʿǲģ
ţ
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֤֮ڣضͻΧĽ챱˵
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Ӫ֮Уڵ챱״֪֧ŵһ̡
Ӳ£ĸ㱣֤˵֪ӵһɹѹصġ
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ĿǸӣ̾ԸĲҪ²źãȻôܵˣ
ɩӣɩӡʹˣƺر˷ܡ
ϣôˣæʵ
ıѾоˣѾˣϵЩƺźӰ档
𣿡پϲ
ţе׼ѾֻһǱԴϾһֲ类Χ֮ӭж⣡
ţ챱һµģ
ǣ粻µģЦȥǱߵɩӣͷſİɣ
 
 
ãҵǵĺϢ 
ϵͷתţϢ˵ھúء 
գһսѾĻ 
һߣǹѵǿһߣĽ챱ľΧĽļʿ͹ˮ쳯Ѿγл֮ƣ֮ⳡվĽ챱Ѿʤȯա 
ѣɣĽ챱վϵĹѣг˵ 
Ľ챱Ѵм⼸֣ѾΧסϧȴ·ɱҧһ򽾰ʵȥ 
ľ죬Ӧһ㣡Ľ챱˵֮գȻȥԼҲΪһˣ 
Ľ챱ģһ죬һڱĵ£ںܺڵڻʹûһ 
쳯ʤϵľʱѾݣֻǾãⱲûйôʱ̡ 
߳ӪʣʤĺŽʿ໶ӪһƬսʤϲСŬܳӪĿǸӰǣӵӰ 





һ  밮


ȵĽ챱Ӫﶼ֮ҲѾʰˣ׼ȥݡǸĵطʼձһŨŨľ
Ȼû뵽ǣĽҲ˵Ҫȥݣ챱еǳĲ졣
ҹɫʣīһ˶Դࡣ
ţһĪ˸СīΪʲôܸһĸоأκεĻƺߵģΣΪīҵأ
ôˣĽ챱һӪʣͿһ˷Ŵ˼֪ƮĶȥˡ
ûʲôЦЦ
ʲô˵Ҫ챱˵ϣֵܷµǸˣǷĿ֡
𣿡
īԭڵī
͸¶һ밧Թ룬ī϶ʲô£²
ܵһɼĴζ
챱㲻Ҫ룬īǵҵĸ簡ץסĸ첲͵ǸʲôôīĴҲԡ
Ȼ֪īĸ磬ֻ֪īֻô򵥣һʼ֪ΪīϲŽֻܲãףȴף
֪˵ī飬㲻صģҰ㣡
Ǿ̫ˣЦīԸ˵Ҳ챱ȥԸ˵
ӪʣĽ챱ֱȥī£һ˵
Ľ챱ͻȻЩοҿĸ磬īֻһ֡
үˡҼӲ̫ϲ˴ţ·Ľ챱˵
·磬ȥɣīֹͣ˴֪Ľ챱϶ġ
·Ӧ¡
īվĽ챱һ¹Եøį
ģ𣿡ڡ
 
 
ʹ˵Ҳ 
Ŷī⡣ 
ܹʤսҲǳСӦлĽ챱ϲǷծ 
īԸģүлīǸԹºĵľˣǲҲԶôΪԼҲӦһݶԹҵΡ 
ҲǣΪĽ챱᲻֪֪ĸ磬֮飬ĽĽ챱ǡ 
īסͻȻһ֮ͣ飿ưͳԻпԡ 
㣬Ȼ 
ΣҺлл㣡Ľ챱ֻǽʵǰִԲֻ˵˵׽Ū 
īĬĽ챱˼ֺγأ 
Ľ챱תȥһ䣺ϣ㲻Ҫִԣ 
ҹˮīΧƺһ׵ĹȦڰ֮еΣֻԼ 





һ  ɾ


Ӫ֮⣬ԶԶؾͿϵһףͬȲʤӰ̰Ŀ̽ʹǧҲԷ绯
ƺӿٶȣ߷ɱȻı飬֪žӢĿϣһЦŵġ
뵽ҲһЦǡһۺɴȹƮڷУһӭչʢöǡ
ǰˣټٻӰ΢΢һЦһжڲ֮С
Ҿ֪һ̧ͷЦһְֻܸİ
ȻؽԼһתѾˡȦĻظо
ݣתһȥ׿һеȺ
磡Ľϲʶôĺ
ˣīڣеĵ
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һ·񱼣ֱһƬܴǰͣ
ȥ۵ĶǺŵһۺޡмȴѾʢ֦ͷȻȺ
ͷЩҸ΢
Ҳֲһ֣顣
ԵЩ˷ܣǣ֣챱ɲΪһһ۾ŨŨڴ
 
 
ͷȥ˲䣬ǰһ使޵һؽһ޼䣬 
ÿ𣿡ʵ 
ͷһ˫ůգסĴϡȻһһҲûУֻţӦղǡ 
ǰףʲôĵϣʯáڣˣֻ϶ԵǸˣʲôİ飬ˣ 
֮߰Ҿʹطɽׯòã˵ϲ 
𣿡ϲôֿԼˣûб˷ܵˡ 
ֻҪϲǾȥͷ˵ 
˷ܵӣľ;˵㡣ӣ 
µ΢Եøůһ΢Ĵ£ӢͷףΨɾУȻãС˵ɾµɣ 
Ըֻԧ첻ɣ 





һ  ԩ


Ļ˯øĽ챱ͣʱǹɻľ;Ҹ
ͻȻһ£ۣ챱𣿡
ûе˯һɣ
ֱӣ˫ۣЦЦǲףҸղŻúأת˲侹˯ˣ
Ľ챱˿֮ǰսǸһ׵Ĵ󽫾һ㶼һֻһˣȫȫⰮˡ
챱ȵ˽ݣһܸˣϴߵôæûʱúõľһأ
˵αΣ
һ󻡶ȣŽ޵ĺΡ
챱ԶôҸȥòãֱһ̣ôҸĺһ
ͷӡһǣԶ
ºȻǸˣֻһûϵġû뵽ڼĽϵĳһٷ۹ɱ˵ĻôĽѾöˡ
ʵ˺ܺõģصķ䣬ĵ˵
ֲŲǺأ֮ǲҵǸһӶҵĵˣ˵
Σһ׮Сѣ˵ô
ˣ·вͨˣôΪ˴ҵĺƽֻȥˡ
ϵķ䣬˵Լ⡣
ϣͷǸǸӣֻҪǸұ֤һӾͻû£˵
ɩӣûԴҩɣҪǸСѾͷǸҷˣĽûʲôƾʲô߳жҪһСѾͷǸĽϿ
͵Ǹһӣòãһֱôȥɻġ
ɩӣҶܴӦ㣬ΨһУĽţ˵꣬عš
վ⣬޼ƿʩԩҵĳһʱҲⲻԸԺл˫Ժ͡Ȼɹʱܷ
գɽׯѾͷ÷輫ˡȻǸ֮ŮȴҲδ̤ɽׯԭ͵͵ʱͺʱܽ棬ϲѡ
 
 
¡ 
ס£Ҿͽ˰ʰòãʵ 
ҲΰɣĿסڷɽׯһ԰ӣǼ 
һŮӵֶûУסܸ˳Ľϲ֪ʲôʱ·һм˵ 
ĽϣոջõЦ̾ͱһŭ˵ʲôСôûˣƾʲôô˵ 
ѵ㿴㣬£һҲûСŮģӦôŲŲʡðۣĽϷ̵ 
Ľϣ㡤ͨ졣 
ˣϣô˵Ȼҿˣ 
ɩӣ˵ʵĽǷ޷޲ƽ 
ߣǣ֣Ҳ̫ˣôôأ 
󻵵֮ǰĽϴ 





һ  ̰



ߵͤᶼˡ
ȥпģƽϣ۵İᡣ
ĺù֣
֪֪㰲ĵסУûˡ
ţǵͷˡ
صԼķѾЩͷˡ˶Ѳ˭Ҳһӻеù
̾ǵúú˱һһǳˣۺ졣
ͻȻӵһϤĻЩӦ
úõô̾ʵ
Ϣھ߻ƣ˾ġ
Ϊϣһǳûа취ˣҪټôȥᾫѵġ
ǵ£αȥģͳʪĴסĲӡ
㲻֪ҡߣȴ̻ȥˡ
챱ȰڴģȻ
Ľ챱˿ûҪͣ˼ӵĹӵأǽߣȵ
ܵ˵飬ֻһͬڰԡ֮С˿̵˼룬ݲֻ֪Ҫ
͵ðУҲһҸ顣
ܽڣĻۼˡ
 
 
챱ս֮һֱ룬Ҫһٿɿڵķ˵ԣȴΪ֪飬͸æȥ˾ˣһԣòã 
ӵסǵõʤңóһֱŬصһ޵ĽɫֻǣʵҪӣΪֻҪߣѾʤκεһˡ 
Ǿô˵ˣͽоĽң˷ܵ˵ҪϲԵĲͨͨѧᣬ͵ſɣ 
ãһƷĲˡ 
ֻ˵˼仰֮ƺһЩ챱ˣ 
ú˯ɣ˵ȷʵղѾۻˣǣʵ̫ˣղܡ 
ӵߣ·ģҲ֪˯ȥˡ֮ʱѾƵʱˣȴ˯ 
ӣѾ׼ˣе 
˽°ɣĽ챱С˵³ɴʷ£˯ձ˿ 
ĽŷϣʶȤȥ˳Ҳˡ 
һָֻղŵʱ·ͣһ̣͸ܰϢôһֱôĪҸԸϢĵط 





һ  



Ȼкö㰡ָµĳ˷ܵ˵
ЩĲӻؽݵʱôûзôõȽأ
˳߿ȥȻһȺɫĽǱˮУòڣ
ԺҽеҲںԺһһЩ𣡡ǺϲЩɰ
ģЦЦ⼸ûٺϳܰɣ
Ǹ󻵵ԶҪ졣
ʵƽʱʱһܲˣֻĲ֪ΪʲôôƫϲǣͲҪˣ
ûƫҲ
Ϊʲô
ǸԴˣ֪ôҺˣ
Դ󣿲֪ôЩˡ
ʲô˵ƵģָһֱڲŪԼȹ
ʲô鰡ʵ
ò׹ŵ죬ȥˣȻҪ˵ͽ⣬ϧǼһﾹȻ飬˵û£˵һĽ̫ˡ
ʲôȥͽ⣿ϲ⣬ֻһ԰ȥҪͽ⣬Ͳˡ
ҡһͺ˵µˡ
ǸӣֱһĳŮҲǹˣȻָоϤ
ңǲϲϣȷϵ
ҡûУҲŲϲǸ󻵵أʸڷϵϵıȴݺݵذˡ
ЦЦˡǲϲŲԼȥ͡˵ûУҶˣѾͷϣ
ôס֣Ρ˵ȷʵôһϲĽϣԼҲ֪Ϊʲôˮݵģȴ֪ϲ
Цŵͷ
 
 
ˣһϣʲôһ 
ǸӣϲҲְʲôһĩյı飿 
ҪǱ֪϶ЦҵģȻݺݵһ٣Լš 
£㣬òãǷǳԸ˵ĺɾһԵ 
˵ģץסһ㡣 
ʲôʱƭ㣿 
һˣĽϣֲɵþ죬ôϲأôһĲֵһǫŮӵ̬ȶûУֱûһŵԼȻϲ֣ 
һأЦЦ飬ôΪʲôˣǰˣһ統Լòð챱ȴԼơ 
СÿɰԱ߶̲ס˵ 
ģܴٳһԵʱǾ͹û 
ţҲһԾԾԵӡ 





һ  ķÿ



ڣɽׯﶼһֻдеСˮɽׯڣԳһƬгľ
ԺָңĵӣһϮµͬڵһ仨֦ͷ
Ľ챱һԣƷеϵˣҲ˵İɣ
һϣվֲŪһµһ˿Цһǿɣ
еĲ豭֣ͬԴ֮󣬱Ҳ˵ˣټӲɡ
£ʵܾûҶˣ
ӣֹӱǰ
˭Ľ챱ʵ
ӣǾӱ˵
⣬Ȼ²ӿͷһȫ˼άԼףҲһİ˰
Ľ챱վˣ뾸ǰȺ򣡡
ǣӱȥ
һȥɣ˵˴һԼŮһ㲻˵Ҳ֪
챱ͻȻЩ֪Լ׵ǵʱȻһʱû˼
غ£һߣս˫֣ڸĪһ㡣
ڵͷ
ǰ֮ϣϣ˼۸ӡ̲סҪ֪ԼȻһŮŮһӣ޷Լ˱Լĸ类뿪ԼȻһ֪һܾ˿źաһеһУÿÿ𣬶ǸΡ
үĽ챱ǣִӺó˼
 
 
ȥһ۱㿴һϮµģ˵񣬿ȴһӺݡһ㵹ŮӣŮ 
һֱԼɫӡ˿ǰڵҿԽ𣿡 
һͣһֱΪû뵽Խ𣿡ЩŬԼϲ 
۾ЩᣬԭΪԼԲں˭ԼĵϾֻһԽŮӰˡվǰʱѶݡ 
Ľ챱һ򶼽ŵľҲôԵһ棬ˣֻΪԼҲ֪ν氮ʱ뿪ǸŮԲĿռ䡣 
񣡡˵ЩԲǣ 
ŬرЦݣô˵ģʹǰңóûй˼ 
㲻ңҺǸˣֻⱲӣҶεģҺһԭԼľ 
ֻҪǰģ͹ˣֻҪǸλģǾ㹻ˡͬԼܺ챱һʲôѾ㣡 
һŮң 





һһʮ  ɨĹ


鷿ڣĽ챱ϣһ飬еؿϣ⡣
߽ԭһ飬иţҲпôʵġ
ѾЪˣе飬תͷ
ˣһ㶣֪ǵƺһʱ֮仹ǲϰ߰
ţ˵ʲôܾöԲһεʵһҲϾԼҲһܺߡڻѾݱˣһйҲŶɢˣο໹ȥƽأ
ס֣Լϣرס˿ڣҪʱȥƽ
ǰ¼εģĪˣһ㣬Ȼ׵ġ
챱
ţ
һȥݼף
ԣ׼ؾǲǣĽ챱Ѿ˵롣
Ľ챱ɫ֪ʲô뷨һȥ𣿡Ƿǳڴģڴһܹȥףÿһξֻһˡ
Ľ챱΢΢һЦɵѾͷǻؾôܲȥأСΡ
Ц֪һװЧģǾô˵ˣȥ͵˵ӡһǣ˿Լ
Ľ챱û뵽Ȼô뷴ΪʱѾܳ鷿Ľ챱ԳЦЦٴϵ鿴ǣôһ֣ٿ飿
һΣľİţڽ챱˽ݣǰһæʱ顣
ȥһ·ϣΪ¶մմϲ
ͷ˴ԵЩįԵúѹټˣȷʵ
Ҫӣ뿴˵ѾŮϿأȰҪѹˣʲô¶Ѿȥˣ
ããֻǵͷǿسһЦ
 
 
һĴ֮£һ·ΤĹǰ 
ڵʱĸķĹҲǺܼªģֻһ鱮Եŵһyʱղš 
㿴챱ˣһܿİɣ˿ֿ˿һԳĬĽ챱鲻ıˣǱҸš 
񡤡ĹЩҲЩˡ 
ŵƺһӲ࣬һ¶ˣƾԼޡ 
Ѳ֪Ȱ 
ﵥദһɣĽ챱ʹȰ˵Ҳùһ㣬͸һǵĿռ䣬ȽϺã 
ͷ챱˼ 
ĸˣˡҺиǣĽ챱ذݰˡ 
ڣĹǰֻʣһˡ 
ȥǿЦţȴᣬ񣬶Բ𣬶Բ𡤡ܼ𣬵һμʱ־ޡ 
ദĵεΣȫĿȻ˾ȴ˵ز̣ 





һһʮһ  


ɵϣһլӣ¼֮
һԺ࣬ͻȻʹһһϮȹŮӣǼҪ֤ʵʲôƵġ
㣬˵ˣǲǣŻȹŮʵ
죬㣡̧ͷĿ΢С
ŮǵĹ졣ִ乬һӲǸ۰Ľȴϵ乬ھ˳ס
ȻȻ乬ˣȴԾûжȴĽ챱⣬һĽ챱˾㼱æȷϡ
㣬ңǲĻˣʵ
ǣ´
ϲֻҪˣҾͻлģһлģԹԵĳҵ
ѵģվ˵㲻ҪˣʲĽ乬ȫΪĽ챱ǣȴִԣѵ乬һҪԼ
Ҳܣ֮ϲκ˶ǸŮʲô˲Ų䵱ʲô
㲻ҪˣΪ˿ڣҲǹˣ¼һĹִʵӦѡ
Խ㣬ҪİæֻҪңҾһԸǸŮˣȻ챱϶ܽңץµֱۣĴǣòĽ챱ҲͱŮһΪ飬Ϊȫ
ǶʲôҲûУȻͬһĸϲãģػΪȡ
 
 
һִţԼɵ𣿡̾˿յӣҲǲ֪ԴĽ챱֪ǸŮ¶ԺûоȻʣֱʧ䣬ȻҲֻܶͻȾؼѵ֪ 
㣬ͳȫɣ֪ϣֻнˣʲôһֱܺáСһֱϲ챱ٰһΰɣҲֻλˡ 
㡤ǺαأµĿѾԷˣ֪Լ𣬾Ҳ̲סҪ 
ǴӦˣϲ 
ô 
Ц㣬ֻҪӦҾУôһǵúú룡ϴ¥ܳȥΣӦøܵǣȻǹһΪ˼ѣ 
¿ӣҲֻʵԸˣȻһӶ޷ӡ 





һһʮ  㸡



ܲһ룬ǴӦؾһˡ˵Щܵġ
ŮݳھīŲ˵ʲôǶھ˵ȴһ˺Ͼ뵽ԼɷȻͷβǱŮӣԼֻһĸˡһ뵽ôã;޷
һ·ϣǳüչġ
ҪˣȻ֪ʲôҲóƺΪѡ
ҡֻЩǣֺڴӦ˵ظһۡ
ûµģӲ˵ǻȥİο
ţ
ͣ˾ĴǰŬ˿һоɣ÷ͷɣ
˳ûǾȴһѾվſڵȺˡһӺݸ߹º͵΢Ц
е
ôôŻ˵Ǻ˴ˣԹתͷȵס֣ǺþûԽƯˣ
ž˵飬ȴЦЩǿ
۳ͶٵģȻǶ˵ģѾ׼˾ƲˣΪϴ˵ţѾǣȥˡ
Լӣζӳ¡
Էʱûмīҿһ£ҲīӰӣȻīûл
ݣӦöһģ
ǵĸо׽࣬ƺҲûų⣬ǰҪضţһٷĹܿȥˡ
Ժ԰ӵ̬ţµź߱ǡ
 
 
ԺǲǺЦһεʧ⡣ 
е 
֪ԺӵĻΪ˭ֵ𣿡˵ 
ȻΪһ֣ʱҲʹīֻīûȷش 
ҡҡͷΪϲһҲֻ֪ϵŮҲҲˣ 
ǿһƵģ֪شֻóĬ 
㲻عңϲ㣬ԺϲͳңҲúܿģЦ 
ͷлл㣬ǧҲֻһ仰ˡ 
ȥıӰĺͬԼһֿȴԼ飬ܣֻǰһˣҲװˣʹ֪ԼˣҲˣ 
ֻǵڶ챱ʱҲûмī֪ȥȻһҹδ顣ȻīΪ˿ȥҲġҲͲٶ룬˵;һ·ȥ 





һһʮ  һ


ԭĽѾǸһһľȴһҲûб̼ǵõѽߵһ죬ﶼһƬϲĻ죬ƻ𡣴ĵڵϣ貶Ŀ
÷䣬ȴŴ鵱յӣ̨һ̽ϲԡǰһУǻص˴һƵġŴϲͷڣصȴϲŽȥá
Ʋױ̨ͭһǸԼ洺⣬ǵҸ΢Ц˿Ǿ
ȥĸо𣿡Ϥ
Ҳ֪˭ͷһ°ɫµԵӢ䲻
ţǶҶܺãûвң飡Ц
һ˵ģĽ챱Ƿġ
챱Щôһֱڣվ˿ΧʵѾȥôãЩҲˡ
һԴ֮ͷԸÿմɨԭӣΪһɻδüĻˡֻĶڷɽׯɡ
˵Һϲлл㣡
ӵ뻳УȻ㣬ϲͺã
һ仰Ķġ
ʲôҪʲôͺ;˵Ҫȥһӱ㣡
Ȼٳ£
ãӦ
ůˣԺӭѿһۻСٲƵкɷǿɰλεһƬڼ仹һֻ۵ڻ֮У֯һĻһĨʻ
ԺԵؿһϷĳʡϷǲӼ˵Ĺ£ûпϷ⳪дȴʵʣִ磬ѵȥϸЩַһġЩ꣬׹һ㡣
ӷԸ˵Ҫأ˵
 
 
طе飬ʵ·Ѿˣ룬Ҳ븥⣬˭һֱһϲƿһеأ 
Ȳ÷һһʮ֮ȴѾʱˡӴǽˣû̫õθڣ챱ֲڣһˡ 
һڴߣ̲ס˼ʱǱԼ׳͵־ӱһϣһˣܸоʲôƵġ 
ȻˣϻЩģ̲ס߶߹ȥϣ÷紵 
ģԽľԼˣվ 
ҵĺɱô˵Ƕ˵ԴԺӲٰǵӲ֪ùٱ㰡ôأĵ٩ 
žĵĻһЦ 
ˣ챱ôû˵Щɻˡ 
𼱣ӵһ¿϶ˣסЦ⣬˾ͲӰˣֻ첻סˣɷ˰ 





һһʮ  

΢ͽδ޹һŨҵľζһƬǽ壬̳ӱӵõǣеѾ飬һƬƬڵϣۡ
һӰڵϣһͿһҲֻﻹͣһŮӵ֡
Ͼƿţı⸱ģܵѵǰ£ǵġļ棬ִôǷϵʱһ߸ϵˣƺκ˵׾ٵģ񣬻־Ҳƽ˹ز
֣ѰϾ
һӦҲûУϾĽлƺš
֣㲻ӵģҵﶼҪأϾڱҪ֪ӣĲֻˣ
һʵ飬ѱ۾ǰŮʵģӣ鲻Խؽе
ϾŸǲܣǲ֪ɩɩĸ飬ֻʧǶʱɩɩϲˣǻְ
֣һºòãϾã
ʱĹҲϾԼ̫ѨֻͷΡ
˭ģӣʵ
ϾһЩ飬ҡֻȰȰֶѣҲ˲ˡ
ˣȥɣѲͷ˵Ҫһ˺ú侲һ£ϣ˼ӡ
Ͼֵ֪Ƣվ׼뿪ȴֽ¾һ˿Ư
˳Ҳˣ˿ߣ
ŶϾӦ˵ڵı飬Ѿܲ³˿˭ˣϾ̾˿߳˻ֵ޹
 
 
ˣĻ־һֻĶһ 
޹ڣָֻһƬţѱһŴ齣ϸضе˿ĳָͷԥ뿪ѡصĽ챱ߣΪʲôǲףĽ챱ܸģܸͬй֮޲ 
ⳡսۣû뵽Լ䣬ôңһУôĲģĶȴȫĽ챱Сôܣ 
ҹѲôģݺݵ˵ȷʵǲﵽĿľݣܸʲôۣҪõľһҪõ 
ˣѴе 
̫ӵ£Ӧ롣 
⼸յ۶͹һҲ٣һ˵ţѾվ 
ū̳Ȼϲ̫ӵǲٽƽɿȥˡ 
սе˿ǷϵаһЦѣҪõĶ 





һһʮ  ı

ÿ±ȥգ쿴ȥԼҲǺʹȥ档ܲסĥӲݣֻôӦ
쳯޵ڳеҪְȻܽųһ˺ƺƵؾ¶ȥ
µסǶȺһ£ͺ٩٩̸Է֮ǸȤһԵǾѾߣ²֮͵͵ܳ£ȥ
Сڹг󣬼ʹҲֱĽ챱ĸϣԶԹҲ˽⣬ǿֵĽУһȴҲȤ
쿴̯ϵΰ֮ʱȴһ˺ݺݵײһ¡ֻ˺ǱѰծ󻹸ż󺺡
㻹ǮӵĻǷƨǲǣһ˵
λүкãǾͿݼɣ֪ǸŮӣȻŮӵòʱȴһ
񣿡ôܣԼۿȥģһŮӾôܻôˣ
ߣûǮȥծҲ쾭壡Ǵ󺺻֮а
쿴ǸŮӣ뵽Ľ챱ôãȴԼ˵Ӷһ룬һͷγˡ
ҰɣŮӹڵġ
ǷǶǮǰһ߰
㣿Ǵ󺺿ǰŮһǴ󸻴֮ˣǷʮӣ㻹𣿡
첻мһһƱˣҹ
Ǵ󺺿ôǮ˫۷Ź⣬ӹƱ̵ˡ
ڵϵŮӿǰĶˣǸмллСң
쿴ʵʲô֣
ҽСᣬССԸţС㣡λСŮӸм
 
 
Ը⣿ȵľһ仰 
ţССȵģССӦģС̧ͷ 
żһģһѾһļƻɹĻôǸŮ˾Ͳôյˡ 
СᣬɣЦ 
ǣС㣡СվĲӡ 
Ҳٹ֣Сһ·ôãڿԼôԹˡ 
ԸΪҰһ𣿡˵ 
СԸ⣡СҲλСͼģֻǣλСҲƶ״õǮβ 
ģܰãұ֤һӣ㶼ٻ֮Ц 
лС㣡ôһ˵СʱĻŭš 





һһʮ  

ãմڸУʹլŮһöȴҲ̲סҪȥˡǣھĺӱͬ£ȥһߣȻҪùˡ
һĴţһؤڶֽԣģǿҲĸˣǼΪͬģ߹ȥҪЩǸˡ
ЩǮɣ
ؤ̧ͷŷԭǸŮӣģɿˣȻȴ¶Ŀ־֮⡣
УЦЩǮȥıưɣ
ŮͻȻˣС㣬㣬Ұɣʲôģˣ
ǰ翴˵ԼƵĻ档
ĺÿĲҲͬķġ
¾ûλıȥɣϾӱʼվòס
ʲô֣ˣס˫֡
ҡҽСᣡʮˣСش
ϸشһԼСѡ
뵽𣿡ȷ
Сصصͷ
Ǻã͸һȥɣ£û˸۸㣬ҲٶӣүôĵҲ¡
ӱѾҲٶ˵ʲô
СúϴһԼ·ϣϾǸңӦôһЩġ
лл㣡СǸм
ϽлңͰĵס£Ҫʲôܸ˵Ҫ֪𣿡
ǣСĺˣң˵ţ
 
 
ȻһЦƯãͻȻиطָоĸжֻ˲Ż˽ָм 
ūѾΪСʰһ䷿䣡ĵ 
лл㣬ģȻֶС˵ȥԼķɣ 
ţСӦ 
Ǹˣĳݵ 
һЦĲ֪СͷһһôƵһŮӣôĲأ 
ˣ챱𣿡 
ӻûأʲô𣿡ʵѾĿͷˣֻҪһû£׼ӻûУӣʲôҲװˣ 
û£ֻ챱ҲСѡ 
СȻ˸ȴǺܵӣҲηģһ㣬СĵЩ⣬ӦǸĵŮӦôĹ˼ҲһʱӰĨȥģԸȥԡ챱ӦҲ֧뷨İɣ˼ˣ΢΢һЦ 





һһʮ  

λǣءСм
Ľ챱ڰʱڻˣһţ˵ӭȥ
Ѿˣһȥ԰ɣЦ
Ľ챱õЦݣɣиڼôָоĺܲһ㡣
ˣҪӽһˣ
Ŷ
ǽճŵʱ򣬿ǿ͵㲻ᷴ԰ɣ
ʲôҶᷴԣֻҪø˾ͺã
лл㣡лתǣվһԵСᣬ챱λСᣬǹɵģ
Ľ챱˳ߣСᣬɫһӱˣŮӣȻԼֽᣬһΪǰŮӾôܣôƵף
ū澲μүСԹԵĹ£һۼλ˵еүʱȷʵЩ⣬ַд˵£ᣬһȳ谮ԼˡӢ˵ֱˣ޷Ķ
һ£ȥһ鷿Ľ챱˵ת˴š
߳ȥæҲӦȳ˷Ŷð
Сᣬ
ллС
鷿ڣĽ챱һʱ޷ƽԼôذ񣬿Ϊᣬ޶աȥôãȻȥǸСŮȴͻأسǰ
챱Ҷ˷һЩɣûг극׼һЩ鷿üͷ壬ƺʲôһ㡣
Ľ챱Լã
 
 
˸ʵʲô鲻ô𣿡 
Ľ챱˿ҡͷû£˵꣬ 
ȻԸ˵ҲʣһὫЩ鶼úܺõģ˷ǰģʰöҲˣ˵ţҪ뿪 
ס֣ѾԼеգþò 
ôˣʵ 
лл㣡ǧվֻһлллҵȴ 
Σ֮䣬ֺлֻûôԹ 
ߺĽ챱ȥıӰһ飬Ǿڵֻһһذ˻£֮⡣ 
Լˣվ⣬Ϧľɫã롣ȥӦȥһֱӣ˵ǲƽģֻܱǸﲻɻȱģġ 
Ľ챱ȴһʣΪʲôȥǡþͽһŮӴ˻У᲻ʲô飬ɺô򵥡 





һһʮ  ɻ

úɻǾÿСʱ򣬱鶼ر֡룬Ϊʲô
Сᣬ⼸סϰ𣿡ŹСᣬһǿҵͬ飬̲סҪȥ
ллչˣСúܺã˶СҲܺãС˵űҪȥ
æֹСᣬܹƽȽˣ˵ʵ¹ǲϰߣ㵱ȥˣҲˡԺҪȥģȻҿˣ
Слл̧ͷŻкǸиţǸҸŮˣ֪ʲô˼伲࣬һּȲƽȻԼܵôﻹõȥΪʱ춼Ҫ֡һֱƶѹżǸúúõΪԼȡһЩˡ
ˣڳоµĲʽأһȥɣͻȻ˾ġ
ǣСӦ
һͿǸæµӰҡҡͷЦģڸ˭ƴ
ĿСˣϽζأ㻹ǸϽطɣ˵꣬ССᣬȥ
Ŷǻ߰ɣС
ûҪߵ˼õôǰǸʲôģСɶѾһöֵطϤˣ
ү֪˻᲻˵ģĻȰš
ô᲻ˣǺϲĲ
СҲæ!һԵСүϲĲˣôǲֽһأ뵽㲻غ
ģʲô˵ҺСһ㣡һЩĿǡ
ǣûзӣֻôӦ
ǣŮ˱ڳظȻһٷʢͣģֱˮ
Сᣬû뵽ôˣ޵
 
 
ССʱڴ˼ﵱСѾߣ֪һЩСЦŴȴڴĽ챱ܳԵĲˡ 
һĽ챱Ȼˡ 
ڷϣĽ챱ǰЩɫЩȻתͷģ 
еǾĺСģ 
Ľ챱С֣֪ǲĴƺЩá 
Ľ챱Ŀ˿һߵСᣬŮӣǸˣӵпһҲԲôˡ 
Ľ챱ӣһ鹬ζĽ 
һЦ⹬ģòóԣû뵽һ¾ͼԼĲˣﲻĨһ㡣 
Ľ챱ͷղһֱ۾һˣ˵֪ԼģʵȷҲ 
Ŷ˵ӣһԵСȴЩʣҲճȭͷ 





һһʮ  



ĺԺһɽȫɽҽģɽһ⻬ʯɹϢ
СʯϣһĲáƾʲôǸŮ˿ӵôĺǻֻǸ˲ʹСѾߣһУδҲ̫ƽˡ
ͻȻǰĹͻȻһߴӰסһЩӦ
С̧ͷһˣĽ챱˭أ
үСһЩ֪롣
ЩʲôͼĽ챱䣬ǿҵ
СͻȻЩӦӡеүǸĳӣΪʲô˿̣һ߸ϵðӲĿⲻмؿأı仯̫죬ֻ
˵˭Ľ챱ʵֻһˣı󣬾Իиĺ̨
СһһݣҪһ㣬ү˵ʲôСᡤ
㲻˵𣿡Ľ챱һЦ·ʹ˶ᡣ
СֻԼĶͷð亹ԼûʲôɵĺۼȻȴʲôһ
챱ôӼɽһƹÿĽ챱վǶ֪ڸʲô
Ľ챱Ѿ֪첻òǸСһ飬֪һΪİȫҲ˼룬ΪѾ뿪ԼһأٷͬĴ
ףСҲŷСڵϣϽСԹ챱û۸Сɣһµӣ֪϶Ľ챱ɫˡ
Ľ챱ֻһϬĿⶢСᡣ
ûûУүСܺãСῴĿ⣬ε
𣿡Ľ챱Щš
ţСصͷ
 
 
ˣСᣬȥɣ˵ 
ǣСһߴ𻰣һ̵ؾȥˡ 
СǸŮӣ㲻Ҫòã֪챱һǺģϰǲ£Сȴŵòᣡ 
Ľ챱ͷ̫ǱƭղǸõô 
ǣסЦ챱ͻȻЩȥ˼ҳϷʱȥ𣿡⼸һֱȥǳϷΪСˣͻȻ 
Ľ챱뿴ϷиϷɣϷԺ̫ˣһ뵽ӵĻĽ챱̲סü 
Ŀ𣿡۷Ź⣬ڴ 
Ȼ 
ϲЦտԭϷָ߼Ĵ뵽ˣͻȻԼͷλеôġ 
һ𿴰ɣ 
Ľ챱û취ʱĲ֪Ǻãƺʲôоã 





һٶʮ  


ڷ濴һϷʣھˣǺ֪ġ
տʲôϷʣĺ
Ϸ÷ǡе飬µ˵
ֵǺܺ޵
ˣСأųϷ磬⼸쵹ٹˡ
ڳأĵ
վ˶ЩӲĲӣЦȥ
ɿЩͿԳʱˣѵ
ͷһ·ȥСʱѾͷһͰˮǳҡҡͷСͲӦЩػġ
Сᣡ
СҲѾŵˮͰؽеСμ
ǰֺ֣Ǵֲڣۡ㲻ҪЩػˣ
СԵģС˵ǿҲԸһеֻǶǸүСǺ¼ˡ
ΪϢһҲʱ극ˣȥ鷿үòã
Сһֲ˼ֻܾõͷԸһЩүٱһЩ顣
²μհ»ıһ㱻Ľס
ıˣϲȥһʱأ
ı̧ͷһȴС߲𾪣񣿡ôأ
СѾȥˣûˣ÷ǳ
ı˵ʲôղΪʲôСˡ񡯵֣ʵ
ղǸŮӣ񣡡
ʲô˵СᾹȻ⡤ôܣ
ֹ񣬼ֱһģһı̾
һգͻȻЩ˼ѹ֮ǰܾ챱СֵֹģԭȻʲôɵɵڹ
˵ģȷϵ
ıʶԼȻǰἰй飬һӣֻоԼĩˣӲƤԼҲˡ
 
 
ı˵ֹ飬Ѿȷ˵ȷʵˡ 
˼ˣɿ鷿ȥ 
鷿Ľ챱Ծɼϴεʡ 
㻹ǲ˵𣿡 
Сû뵽Ľ챱һֱؾסⲻţǲ֪ôźãѵҪ 
Ʊ֣Ľ챱Ѿ˼ޡ 
ҡū澡ûûСĻδ˵꣬Ѿ˺ݺݵס 
˵Ľ챱ǽǣݺݵغȵ 
Ȼ֪Ӵ⿴ͺؽСӵ뻳һ㣬ܡ 
Ҵҵظϵ鷿ʱ·鷿ĴڣĳЩԼ۾Ľ챱⡤һж仯̫ˡһܵûУ 
Ľ챱쵰òƿţ˵꣬ȥ 
Ľ챱ɿСᣬһʲôˣҲҲ˳ȥСѾ̱˵ϣٹһ£С͸ȥүǶˡ 





һٶʮһ   


ţκĽ챱㽫סץסĸ첲ܿ
ΪʲôңΪʲôһֱƭңôܲأ֪Сһſȴʲô
˵ʲôĽ챱⡣
˵ʲôѵ㻹ҪҸ𣿡˫ۺᣬЦҪ˵εСᣬϧ𣿡ҪһҲټ
˭ģô֪С᳤ģǣȴˣֻݵ˭
⻹Ҫ𣿡
ûУңѵôûţ
ֻۿģҲٿ㣬ſң֣ʵ̫ˣΪ
㲻ҪȡֺòãĽ챱ʵΣֻԼûô޴Ȼһ͵ˣ
ǣҾôȡ֣ſңҲٷˣȻô߻
㵽ʲôĽ챱ü
Ҳʲôǲ뿴㣡
Ƿſ֣Ůˣֻ˷ĸʨӣھٽʲôȥһ֣Ȳܿˣٲ࿴һۡ
ʱıսսعˣֻԼĩյˡ
ӣԸѾˣı
㻹ʧڱǰĽ챱ŭı󣬳˭֪飿
ǣıĴʯ˵أҿܱסһ˵꣬뿪
ţĽ챱е
ıסŲЩٵԤУ
Сҹ죬Ҫ֪˭ʹĽ챱˵꣬Լķȥ
ı㶵վǶӾû
һڴϣǶ׷ʰԻؼˣһվڽϣ֪ʲôطȥܵȺôڴȥȴ޴ȥ
 
 
˿գɫѾİͻȻ˾Ļ 
㲻عңϲ㣬ԺϲͳңҲúܿģ 
Ȼôã޷ģ޴ȥôȥɣ 
ǣһ·ȥ 
һЩ⣬ҲûпԼŮˣԺǸˣصȥ׼͡Ҳ飬оһּҵů 
 
ӣھҪҪȥӻĺǵôӣ϶Ǻĵġ 
أĽ챱 
Ĳ⣬ƽ۵ôڲȥοȥأ 
Ϊʲôӣ̲סʵ 
ȱߵ鴦˵Ľ챱˵ҪȽСֻĻ־򣬾ȥӻǲܽ⡣ 
ǣӣӦȻӲ˵Ҳܲµӵˡ 





һٶʮ  ҹɫ


ϣδīԾһϮ£ƮȻɣֻü䣬ԶһĨ
ԺУտɫգûǣƺҲЩɬƲﲻӰҡҡͷҪ˦Լġٻκ顣
£ī֪ʲôʱѾߵߡ
ī⡣
īԱ£ʵЩ˵һùܶ࣡
ɬһЦ
īһԵ⣬ֿܿ޹ĺۼ˵Ǻ챱Щ죡
֪ߣĪī̾
ī˼Ļ㱣עãܳΪ֪ҲһҸ飡
ǣҿѡ˵𣿡ڻһյ֡
㲻˵ͱǿԼīȻ
֧棬ÿοīмһ֧
īеܸҿһ𣿡
īƺܸȤֵݸǵһΣԼ˿
֧ͨ͸ƺܸоīµ¡֧īҹҲīĵѡ
ī˵һǲעĵģһʹôҸƺԼΪǡĽ챱ҲǰģҲͬűˣİ飬ƺԼ͵һ㣬ֻǵ˸ù黹ʱˡ
īҡҡͷϣҲѣձǲīο
룬ҵ治йˣ⣬Ŀ֣еҸĽ챱ڣЩʧȥˣȫʧˣ
ҵӡ㲢һ˴ˣīǵǵһʱ˵Ļ𣿡һֱڹѽ
ô᲻ǵãֻǵδŮ֮飬õнʱأ
 
 
īܴһ𣿡ݸī 
ʲôīӹʵ 
һЦɣǵĶ֮Ҳһ׻ӣܸҹˮϴһ˵ա 
īʼתСˮһϸ壬Ѱζ 
һգǳС 
ȥɽɣīǶ羰һȥߣҲǺõģ 
Ҳ˵ɽ뾩ǺԶҷ羰续ǸɾĵطܳȥɢɢģҲһѡ 
ðӦ˵ǶǸ˼ɾ羰 
īͷͺúϢɣ 
ţɬһЦϢҹעߡ 





һʮ  ɽ֮Уһ

ɽλھǽԷ羰续һ·չ⾰㵽ɽ¡ľ֦Ҷïһɫ⣬ǹ߼Ϊͣر
Զ㿴һΪµᣬȫɵģƯ
̲סǰȥԺϲû֣˶ס
ܽȥͺˣ˿²ϲţЩʧ
īǰЦҡҡͷҲûбŵĸо
ȣ˵
īͷǾͻסȥɣ
֮࣬Ҳ⣬īһϲˣмôµƺҲ֣ѹɽԭˣ
īᡣ
սŵһɵӵľ㣬ζ㵭ţܣϹ÷յֻԶϣ׵˿ϻһˮīĶ侲ʢİȻȺ֮⣬¶Ȼʧɫġ
һϾ֮ʣСī
ĶȻȫģ̾
ǰ
īʵ÷գǸˮī֮Уϲһ
īҲľʹˮī
ҲǣǷֻʣյôӭţǺϲϵǸ˿
 
 
īУγǶأһһЦģֻǣֻһ֪´ûһλģ 
һ·ҲˣطϢɣī 
ţ 
Լķ䣬һȻġϣīһʱԾĺī죬ȥ飬ֻǵһ˵ʱʹֻʴġ 
˿̵챱ʲôأƺѾԼˣѾһ 
ĺãʱʱ̶̿һֱΪĽ챱Ѿ߳˹ȥȫȫİԼǣԼƺˣûǹ򣬲ڼһŮʱܵľٶ 
ȻǰԼģȻȴܽһб˵ˣ˽ģΪҪȫȫİ飬ݲһ˿ʣ 
ӿۿ˱ϣһƬաһ߹ôķ꣬ͷȴҪֿȻΪʲôֻҪأƺ￪һЦôΪ 





һٶʮ  ɽ֮У


ڶգѾˣһţͿī׼ţƺʲô顣
ңװһܿĵӡ
յһȥɽɣīʵ
˵ɽˣãһɽȥҲǲУЩԶԼһ˴źöˣٲԼжʱ˼룡
ᣬȻǸĺӣ˸Ҳࡣ
ڶ࣬ɽͨɽһʯף;йϢͤһ·Ҳ
ɽһͤͤܿСһɽСĸо࣬ɽµһз·СˣʵܿһЩӰӣɾ֮С
īʯ׼ֻͣǵĵ
ٷḻͣܵɽȷʵҲЩˡ
Ҳˣ԰ɣī
ҾͲˣ˵űѾ˿Ӽ
Ӧûϲī
㣿ǽݵһˣȴҲǼѵܳԵһˡֻΪζʣȴּѲ׽ƽİ˼ҸͳԲڽݵʱҲΪĹϵԹһΣζԽ񶼻ûأ
һ㣬˳ȻǸζֻǲ֪ΪʲôͻȻЩģһŻĸо
ôˣóԣӣīЩʧ
ҡҡͷûʲôеۣϢһ¾ͺˣ
û£īʵɫƺҲ̫á
û£΢ЦɽĸоȻһȥʲôСˣ˸Ķ㿴ȥҲһƬˣ
ǽأ
ľɫȻֻҸϲԶһƬʵ⾳
 
 
īЦߣȴֻüԶ 
ɽʱԼ֣ī¾Ҫ̧ˣûʲôģ̫ˣ 
صᣬɫѾˣһ࣬طˡ 
һڴߣƺС꣬ϸϸܵ洫ľ紵ɳɳֱ졣ôõû뵽˿̾Сꡣûйشķһⴵ˽˲һ£Ѿ˳ģôķ硣վŻĸоһϮúúϢһˣ⼸գûкϹۣĲ 
ŴԾɻߡ 
Ī꣬磬˱Ȼƻݣ 
ǰܾЩԹʹˣڿʵЩԹдֱǺľһޡ 
Ѿˣ챱ȲʲôҲûСƺѾԼˣѵ˵᣿ 
ǣǸˣ 





һٶʮ  ĩ


鷿ڣĽ챱վڴߣ˫ڱ۾һֱŴ⣬ƺ붨һ㡣
ӣѾˣͻȻı
˭Ľ챱ʵкޡ
ǡ칫ıʵʵ˵
ԭѾܲµˣǸЫĳŮˣѾһֻ乬û뵽ȻҪô͹ֲˡ
֪ôģĽ챱Ļ͸¶ɱ
ı߶꣬˵ڣѾ֪ӵ˼ˡ

Ϊ뿪ˣ˵ԼòĶҲñ˵õ
ǸŮ뿪ôˣһԵµ
Ȼٸ𣿡һ˷ܡ
ҡҡͷⲻ֤ˣΪ㻹л᣿첻ΪʲôôĹִ
㣬ûлᣬҲôȥڣĿĴﵽˡ
¹ģԸˣͻȻһӰ
˭һ
֮Ƕ˶Щ⣬ı󣿡쾪
ôһūţܵ¶ŹļӣȴЩ飬ߵˣҲ
㲻ôţֻȡһѣı
챱ʲô쿴ıı飬Щ£ѵİűҴˣ
òҪһ˵ţһ߽커֪Ľ챱Ǹĺ֮ˣֻļıѾ֪ˣڣֻǲ
 
 
ı±ӣȻǸûʽˣֻǣõĳ̫֮ǰһУѾ˲С˹ֻǣȴҪȥ 
ֻöԲסˣ˵꣬ӰѾӵ̶̵ֻһ˲䣬ķŰ׹Ľоʹ̽壬ʺѪҺ 
죬졤Ѿʧˣصڵϣ۾ü󣬶Լ˿ڡ 
ȡ칫ıջԼĽ 
ѾˣֽץסµĽ£Ҫ˵Щʲôվʲôû˵Ѷˡ 
졤Ѿɣ֪ϲĻˣһӣȻǰôأ 
ģûֹı˵꣬һķɳ˴⣬ֻһ仰صڿյ 
±ʬ壬ܸо£ɵãһӣôͰһôأүҲ̫ˣȻԼһеһУôΣ 
ı˵öԣ飬ûֹûУ 





һٶʮ  

ס죬Ѿȥˣûа취ԼҪôͺ챱Ҫи˽⡣
ˣīҲûжձͬص˾
ȵͣھʱ֪òȥ챱ȴֹĲ
³ɣ⣬ī
̾һվûǸǣȻһ³۾Ѿ˲ԶһӰ
վǶ͡
ӰѾܱߵһУ⼸ûмʱ̶ȴֺ
Ľ챱Ѿߵߡ
᲻Ծľ˳תǿԼ뿪ʲô
ɽ𣿡óĽ챱ﲻۣ֤Ŀеĵλ
Ȼôеȥúᣬʧ㣡
ǻҸط̸̸ɣڴſڣʼն˵ĵطī̲ס֮ͣᣬҪ⿪˲źã
ķ䡣վţһﲻڲ
ûǣȻӱӵסҵǴδйͣЩ㱡
㡤ſңֹԼֻ
ѾС뿪ˣ֪ǱļϸԾûҪſ˼ϵζôľ
ϸۣһ
ģѾˣĽ챱赭д
 
 
ת죬ǡ乬 
ӳ乬еҶѾˣס֣һǡ 
ҪĲ֪ͣģĲбŮˣ˵ҲãǿҲգҾûа취̡ 
ҵֻ㣡˵쳣ļᶨҳϲ񣬿Ѿȥˣһ죬֪Լ㣬ҾԲκŮ˶飬ǣǸʱң֪ϻһ㣡˵úǶ顣 
֪ǸױԼˣԼĵӰĻеûа취ֻһ䣬ңȫȫ𣿡 
ͻȻסһеĻֲһȵǡ 
ղѾҪˣκεĴ𰸣ֲǣܸܵõġֽסӦǡ 
ãڿϷŹѾرסĶҸ 
ⱲӣҵΨһʲôʧȥΨܣ 
㣡ͻȻԼ֮ǰΪ̫СˣԼƺΣĳŵٷ֮ٵ 





һٶʮ  

ھĽ챱Ҫȥ̫ˡ
ůĻۡ
챱
ͷ˫סģţ
᲻ǸСŮˣԼĪĳ˸ɴף룬Լǲһ˵ĶҲûأ
챱Դεı飬ϵıЦ⣬ȷƢ̹ˣûô˽͹ʲôֻΪǸŻԼԭ
ôҲΪԼһأ
ҡͷһЦҾϲ㣬һӣǰˣСƢÿɰңİôأ
һ仰⡣ֻбƣһŻĸоϮԼ˼άƽԼؿڣϣָоܹ⡣
ôˣƺЩһ
û£ֻǡδ˵꣬Ͻͷת⣬һ˳
Ľ챱ס֪⾿ô¡
˳ڲŸоһЩļϣЩͷΣǳԻˣͷκģоȫһҲûС
ѳݿ㣡Ľ챱⺰
ûµģ㲻Ҫģ˵
һ·ʻڹϣһӣ㵽
иϵĴĽ챱ȥ
ǣӱ
ڴϣǽŵģ̲ס˵һӾͺˣûʲô󰭵ģԻӶѣԷҩͺˣǰҲûô
Ľ챱ֻüͷ塣
ûһ͹ˡ
ūμүλͷߣһֱĽҵļҳһֱĽ챱ǳء
ض񣬿Ľ챱ֱ⡣
ǣӦ
 
 
СһֻֻͣԼİ׺롣 
ҡû°ɣޱӣЩ 
ֻ΢΢һЦĽ챱ˣүǲУϲүϲ 
һֱԼĶ䣬ѵղһϵе֢״ǻеף 
ȷĽ챱⡣ 
ūǳȷ 
Ľ챱Ҳﻹˮ 
ȥΪҩɣһѡõҩģ֪𣿡Ľ챱 
ǣص¡ 
Ľ챱ȻϰԼϲŭ˿Ҳĵļڴͷ£Цòá 
кˣԾЩ롣 
ӵ뻳УЩǣǣкˣԭΪԼһӶûлõҸҸҸˣ 
˫ֽץסļ򣬡ҪˣҲҪˣǶôʥһ顣 
ԭһӣͱȫܰͻ֣һΪҸĶ 





һٶʮ  

ʱ䣬ȴȷǳ
ʹֻһҲҲ㺹죬Լ˵Ľ챱ȫ
գͤżһ˿羭޵ˬĶ˹ڿ顣
ū澸ı÷һɣЦ
̧ͷЦһĸԵĹԣȷ°ɣҾͺȣȤĵطͣ
ﻹһЩ÷Ҫˣɣ˵
ͷлл㣬ģ
ļģ̴ţĵȥˡ
ǶξʵĲֿ꣬飬ȻԶ˸Ӱ
ˣĽ챱ʵ˼ȫϣԣҲ˿ûз
ôͻˣ´ˣ⡣
Ľ챱ͷйصЩ飬һϵı÷ʵôȣ
׼أ˵ţҪȥ
ȻĽ챱죬ι㣡
ЦҡҡͷԼͿˣ
ûѾʢһ͵ߡԾſ죬÷£ʱú
˺ö÷ңҪҪһָһ÷ӵ
Ľ챱ҡҡͷôĶƺζģʶؿ˿ƽ̹ĸǵĹѪǰĽᾧֻҪһ뵽һ㣬õҸ
 
 
ٹ죬׼һͬȥݣĽ챱 
ҪؽݣĹ¡Щ˷ܣֻ²ôʱȥ 
ЩҪʱȥݱ춼ȵܣۣ䴦ھϷΪɽˮǸĺõطңĵطŻ뵽Ҫȥݱ 
ѾȻǷ˹£רиͷ῿챱ļϣ˵ĸжлл㣬챱 
ʵһУԸģκε飬ֲеĵλ 
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ˣ 
ͷĻﲻԸɿƤȴԽˡ 
۵ӣұطϢὫܱأ챱ȴԼصֻۣһˣǵĺӰ 
˷䣬ڴ£Ѿ˯ˣǻЦ⣬ôһԿ˫ǳ谮֮顣 
ãĶӡһǣ˯գ꣬ͳˣһڣƺãô޲ÿÿ룬Լԣ 





һٶʮ  

ǣȥɽˣڲŻأϸС۰
Ϊ˼ӣĽ챱ǰݵʱһ·Ǳ߱ΣԵｭݵʱʮ֮ˡ
ɽׯڣصѿ׵ģŮȹڣۺģ˺ױǰĨ˵̺죬һĻյĳͤͤżеһ˿΢罫֮ҡҷˣòϲ
ԣصĳ
ʲôأĿӣ̲סʵ
ģ˵ǳ棬һȤͻȻЩŮӣ̤ŸĴУ龰ʵ
ӵˣΪ˰ȫ룬ɱ³ȥˣע⣬Ѿÿˡ
žһŵӣһЦָԼ΢΢¡ĸҸ챱ĺ
СֺͶүأĵ
΢΢üǵͷۣ֪ģϲϣȴƺûǲ˼ԭΪȥһʱǵĸһȴͣߵһ̣һ׷һ㣡
ǰʵСܿɰأֻǶүϡҲΡ
ﰡʵ
Ͷү˼ܣһ˻ȥˣ˵
վһȥɣڸǺĵģ
ǵӻһȥ𣿡ʼղĺһȥϾڵӲ㡣
ģûµģ书ôãҿ϶ûģЦ
һ˹һ㣬֤ţūһ
һж׼ȫǰʱ֮ˡһۺɫᱡɴȹҺⲻǺܴòǺܡ
еüƽȣûʲôʡ
 
 
ӻȥǲڣ𣿡һʱ֮ܵࡣ 
ɽׯҲǺԶ˵챱ȥʱѾȥˣǲǣ 
ĵͷЦ˵Ҳǣ 
ͻȻصصһ£ĽطסһͣԼС黹Ǵһֽ״̬ 
ô£ʵ 
Ľһ˵ĳֻˣҪͷЪϢһ󣬴½޺ã· 
ͷ鷳ˣ 
Ĳ£һôһûмʲôᣬǽԵʣ£ĹɵΪȡ 
ģҪˣҲϢһ°ɣе 
ū澲ۣЦ 
ȰҲãҲûٶ˵Щʲô 





һʮ  



һЩżˡ
һ£ūȥ޺ûУĵ
ţɣҲż
ߺЩ˯ĸоˣѾϰ˯ĸоˣֻڽ⣬ܲھ˯ţֻǱĿѡ
ͻȻϸ΢ĽŲΪǾĻˣ˭֪ſ۾һȻǡ
þòСЦģµЦݲĴ࣬һĺ⡣
С᣿û뵽ټСᣬʱΪԼĳԴףԼһ˾ˣʱСѾˣĽ챱˵ˡ
ôܾȣǰȥеαװ
㡤վﾹһ˿־塣ǰСᣬĸоȫǿ˺¡
϶ɻΪʲôҸ㣬Һܺ㣬֪𣿡Ц
ΪʲôҲûжԲ㣡ǵΪҵẦ˺ĻҺܱǸ
ֻСҾǺΪʲôԵõҸȴܣΪʲôֻǸū澣ȴǸ߸ϵеҸ
Сᣬ㡤ԭǼʣ
Сὥƽһ·ݣΪ˻Ҹ֪𣿡ЦЩ
㲻ҪСᣡδһƫˣǰˣ͵ǸСֱֲ֮ԾԼĸʱ֪Ǻá
СὫݺһƣһӱˤڵأθպùһʯͷϣֻһʹϧû뵽ǣСв֪ʱֶһذףˣһǷˡ
ȥɣ
ΪԼɵʱȴСĶֹͣˣ̧ͷȥ屻һѽ̴ˣ˿ѪС۾úܴƺʱҲ֪ʲô
СصصȥſǸִ˭
һ޴ıߣô
ͰӣǴ˿̵аȵЦݣؿ
ʹԽԽԣֽԼĸ뵽
 
 
ƲǰٴμƺˣֻػԼĶӣҲһ亹ƺʹࡣ 
ôˣʵ 
ֻǱܵţǵڵصġ 
˵˼ٴðǱ쳯û뵽õĻ˾ֵı顣вã˫ֽԼĻУҪһĴڡ֣ȹѪ 
ˣ졣 
Ѿʹ̣ʹѶĲãǴ˿̣ûбİ취ֻˡ 
ѣץ·㣬Ⱦҵĺӣ㡤 
ѿôĻԼĸѾȫȻĸУȻѾĽ챱ĺӣ 
ҡ㡤 
һ־󣬹ѵﾹûзԼռʹڡǣô 
ãҰ㣡Ѵ 





һʮһ  



ѽסһլӣĻһҽһ˿̵ĹޱȵĸмԼȻһҽ
ڴϣɫҰס
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¹ּ̫ҽӦȴо亹乡
ɽׯѾը˹
ԴӾĻ֮Ľ챱ĽѾɳ˴֣Ĵ
ӣʱūֻСʬ壬ȴûӰû뵽ûտ
Ľ챱ޣȫɱ
ǣū澸Ĺ
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ҽĽҽΣڻʹ˯ȥֻɫԾһŰֽûһѪɫ
̫ӵ£Ѿסˣ¹ٲ²⣬λĸпǶ˫̥أҽͻȻһԺĵĸо
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ѿüͷһ壬˯У־ȻǽػסԼĺӣĽ챱ĺӣ
ô𣿡̾ϢǰΪһеĶֻҪԼҪõģûвܵģڰϣȴóסһôϧôŮˣͲ˿İ˵йҸĻôʧǶʱ䣬һ˿
 
 
ģԶſڣѿǰģȴҡˡ׸ò÷ſ 
˫ۣǸİĵطƺ㱻СɱǹѾˣӣĺӣϽԼĸʵһֱδ뿪Һãڣû뿪 
ںĺӣЦ 
תͷԼͺӣ˿̣ͻȻãʵҲôֲ٣ллҵĺӣѣĵ˵Цݡ 
ͻȻһ˿Ļ㱣ʧ䣬һΣôеؽ֣ 
㲻ңǰԶǺµģһΣȴЦˡ 
ҲҴûҪ㣬ֻҳ˷УԼмϲģǣҪİ 
ңᰮ𣿡ʵƽʱ˵һΪԼַܵڿӣȻһֱ룬Ľ챱絽һô᲻Ͱأ 
⣬ûҲ޴ӻش𣬡飬޷ش㣬ֻҾãٻѵĿܣ 
Ǹһ˿ϣԼʲô˵ 
úϢɣϣԶһҼʱɰ˵꣬߳˷䡣 





һʮ  ֣ţ֣


գѾܴԼҩǹȴιԼʱѼִӣЩȻΪҲȹϴǰⶾθǾͺӵ
ѣһȥɣ˵
ѿҪôطſôãУֻԼҪ֣ȴԸᣡ
һĴҪΪңԼһУ쳯ΣյģҲϿȥɣȰ
ڵңѵһ˿ů
ǣ
㲻ңЩš
Ҳǰޣңû㣬ҽҲˣЦ
ƺ˵ʲôǷͻȻ߿ˣһӰĽϡ
ϣ
ɩӣ˷ܵ
ôˣǵ͹ǣѺߵ
߽һӰӢˣѾܸо˭ˣ
û뵽㾹Ľ챱۵ǵĽ챱ʱѾóһᲨˡ
챱סҪĳ嶯е
챱ǰôˣɫܲãĽ챱ʱŭŹѡ
˺ˣһӣһϢ
ǵģ챱ץסֱۣң͵
Ľ챱㲻Ǹܵ˰ˣԼϲŮӶˣʲôˣѲںԼʲôΣյĻ֮У̵
˵Ҵ磬òͷ𣿡Ľ˵űѰν
ϣǲҪòãȰʵǶԺƽദģΪʲôһҪŪõأȻȴеġ
Ųм˺ƽЦ
 
 
Ľ챱ӣвûкúտŻˡ 
챱ĴԼȥģ㵣ˣᣬСҪɱңѾңǸúúллģ 
Ľ챱תͷѣ߰ɣȻˣҲΪ 
硤Ľϲ̴ôõһ׽ס 
ߣĽ챱ȵ 
ǹѲûҪߵ˼Ľ챱֮伴ʹûҲ޵УȻβأǣһ֮Ľɣ 
ѣ챱ǡδ˵꣬Ľ챱Ѿڡ 
ãսĽ챱Ӧ֮䣬綼һ˶ϵġ 
ǺαһҪȳأףͷЩεģԾЩʡ 
ģҲ£Ľ챱סᶨص 
Ľ챱໥ԷĶôơ 





һʮ  Ծ



լһƬ֣Ȼϡ裬Ȼȴ͵̸ڣյⶼסˡ
ŽֱָĽ챱Ľ챱һֻδγ
ȻȴҲҲʵϣν򡣴Ź˵öԣ޵УһҪһ£
νɣаһЦ
Ľ챱ûйı飬γʣһĹ
˲䣬ѱ˹Ľ챱֪ʱѾ˽ʣֻһоͽѵĹƻȥˡ嶼ʹʱ͹ѲûĶԴ˵ĵһ档
ûлӮĽ챱Ȼʱƣȴ
ǿɲһѲںƣԸҵʽĽ챱
Ľ챱סʽ´ࡣֻĿǰ̽һ¹ѵ׻ʲôʽν֪֪ˣܰսʤ
ϣ˵챱Ӯ𣿡Ľ챱ƺ·磬Щš
ɩӣİɣӮģϸؿǵһһʽ˵ԼҲ˵׼
˵԰
ʱĽ챱ѾϤ˹ѵʽ·Ѿгֻһ㵽˹ѵʹÿһУڿסʽһЩֲܿ죬·Ľ챱Ľˣʱ¾ͲǴ·ôˡ
ߣ书Ҳеôܣѵ˿ûо֮⡣
ɣĽ챱
ʤδ֣˵⻰δ̫磡Ѳм˵ţȥεʽЩãĽ챱Ҳ漴䣬ʱ˴òɿ
һԣ̫ţͻȻԼĺЩѣͷʼѣΣǰģģģֻӰӻζӰָ׽ԼģϣԼһЩǰһлԽԽģ
󣬲֪ǲԼĴֻԼǰζӰƺԼǵĽ

ôˣ
̫˯һͺãһͺá
Ľ챱͹ѽɫصģҽѺ֮̾Ϣҡҡͷ
 
 
ôĽ챱ڱԵʱͻȻҪȥԹ˲ʲôӲǵ˹һֱˣܵǰ 
Ҳʱſ֪֮ȥѾûʶˡĽ챱Ծʱ򣬾ڹ۲һһվԱߵ϶ 
ԭ̥ȻδãŲֵ»ʵģѾˣòҪκˣ¹Ҳûа취ˣ 
ȥҩȥ 
ǣ 
Ľ챱ڴͷסЩ֣ãӦʱ򻹶ˣȥܹѵıԣȻҲҺû£ôҲԼ 
磬Բûпɩӣ 
ҵĴ 
ǿĽ챱ʲôԾδףϲԭѵǰһоǴתͷ˷š 
ϼѳȥˣԼҲ֪Ȥ˳˷䡣 
ֻʣĽ챱ߣԼϵϣ˿ûʱ˼ 





һʮ  ֣



յҹ֪ﾡĻرԲһһôϣбӵյ
䣬ûʲôֵģȴطˣӴԺԼȥ
յģȻ˿ôһֱЯֻǽҹǵ˶ʱˡѽ˿һ˦ᱡ˿ڿƮֻһ˿Ѿ׷ɳƬȻͲ
գˣ۾صЩۣӣĽ챱ֽסģڴͷƺ˯ˡһѽѡ
Ľ챱
챱۾һӾͿֱϵˡôҲһ£𣿡Ȼڱԣһ룬ȴȥˡ
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ǹѰ컹ûʹԼˣֻһСӣõģĽԹԵ˵
Ľ챱һ
ĽͣʶԼڴǰ𡣡磬ɩӣģȳȥˣɣ
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ĽҲ˻ӳ˷䡣
챱ֻ㣡˵Խ漣һҲֻΪֻΪ˶ѣ
 
 
Ұ,ӵ 
챱ȥˣļϣܸܵ 
ã 
ɽׯǿҶǻˣ˷죬ȴһ㣬Ҳزˡ 
Ľ챱ص䣬дڴ˵Ⱥˣڴһϵм֮󣬱ȥҩˡȻЩ£ҪûЩҩ֭ˡ 
ôûİʵ 
ãĽ챱Ҳشֻ 
ôˣ⡣ 
ҷ˰ӣڴŻ²˴Ľ챱ǽģȴʧְ 
㡤ԹһУǾĵĴҲԼ𣿡žۡ 
صģĽ챱ӵס 





һʮ  ½


ʱѾȫĿˣԵĸоԼĶӴԵıһиҪܶࡣΪжҲԽ
˵ﲻֹһأ˫̥ǲǣһɽׯ̾ʵ
ڴϣﲻۣ˵ľ˫̥ԶӲŻһиһЩ
ǻӣϲɣ٩
˭˵ģҲŲҪأ졣
˵Ժأ
Ժϲ
˵ȥɣȻҲ⣡ϵĵһ÷ԹԵĽš
ҲûأЩ鲻סˣ̫ˣȥ͸͸˵ţѾһ̵ˡ
СŮ˼᲻֪ԩģֵòɿ˭ǸѾͷȻϲϣҲ˲ʲôͲϡȻǿóôһںģ٣ڣҲôųˡ
ȻǸ˵ġ
ʲôĽ챱һ߹㿴Цݡ
룬ǾҪиϱˣЦ
챱ԼԼһ裬ô϶ĵܵܣ۹ȻҲ͡
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Ҳ
òãģòã
ζķĽ챱°ȻҲɨˡ
ԼĴӣֱӣǺһǱӮˣԵ޷ݣǱӮˣô
ӮкνĽ챱ĵ
šһʱҲЩͷۣ׸Ҫʲôעźãɣ˾ͳŵӮһԸ˺òãľӮˣ
һΪĽ챱νֻľͺá
 
 
ããЦõ⡣ 
Ľ챱ǵЦݣƺһֱĵס 
ʹɻˣ£Ҳ 
𣿡⣬ԸˣļҹԷ˭ 
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ô˵λŮӿ϶ܲأšͻȻһһӴصʵ 
ôˣĽ챱ʵ 
ס챱ָ֣Լ߸¡ĸЦոˣ 
Ľ챱ĴַĸܸܵСڶָдʱõĸоЩڶĽ챱ȻЩ 
϶ǸƤĺӣЦģҪһӶʨıˣ 
ʲôӣǵĺӣڴڴԼĺӣһ졣 





һʮ  ֣


ٲڵˣգճͣԼĶһһʹʹֱҧ
ļӣҲ֪ҪٲˣǣڷɽׯסµĲšһѾ֪ٲ֢״ǷԸһˣλӣǱʲôҪɲаĵ
ڴϣʹֱð亹ȴһֱҧϽг
棬Ľ챱ҲѾҲδ˵ؽţ֪ôˡ̲סأҪȥ
ӣ˵㲻ܽģס˵
Ľ챱Ļȥôʲôɻ䡣
ӣ˵᲻ģȰɣȰ
һ֣Ͳֹס˽Ųϣκβ鷢
ߣڲŵָ£һֱӣԭһôʹ飬ִһѡʸֱ뵽СҲֻܼͼټͣ
һԵ
þԼȫǣʹҲ̲סؽ˳
Ľ챱ڷ⣬һһֱţ˿Ľкĺһ㡣У˲࣬Ҫȥ
ÿĽ챱ɫ
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