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һ

飬һʲĶأҲ֪
һ˵Ļһ㶼ΪʲأҲ֪ûκһҹҡ
ҽм΢İľ顣Ϊġ
춰˵һѡΪ˵õԷиŬͼΪĻС
εĶѾһˣҲõҲڨҲûкܾĻ롣
ҼסĵطаСʱĳ̣סլȫǵŶԺĺסլһȴ·ͨɽ£·ûйſģÿ·ܡ
˶䣬ܶе˫޳Ӵ߾ʱԿҪ˶µ˫顣
ĳ尡·֮µĶɡ
ʱһ͵͵ŤͷƳۡǵóø粻עʱ
ǸֺǵˣҶЩη
粢ҵ׸硣
ʮǰһ޽ȫ̸ռˣֻ˹ԼĿӣٻסСңʮһյرܡ
Сʱ򱻹ܣҲˣʱգһһ㿴ýŵϣ
ÿ춼ӿҵĽҵ¥£һ³ݸȻȵ¥ʧŻȥͺڰҵСӡ
ǳʮϰߣҲ޷ѧ꼶ѧİɡ
ҲŬվڸĽǶ˼ҲŮעҲ˵ѧھŮѱء
ҵѧУŮܶ࣬ΪѧԵʣԼŪúʡŮҴҸ磬ȷʾ
ҵȻ⡣е֮⣬µġ
Ҹģȫϵʹһ¹ʶϾⷽ棬ѧԺ˵۾ѩġ
Ȼ뵱ҵɩӵĻʩչĹǲټӴ
ԣиĸѧУܻӭúܡ
ɣ纰סңеʱ䣬һ緹ɡ
Ӧһȴ̾˿Ǹæ˰ȴֻҪһʱ䣬ͻԼһ緹Ȼʱ򣬶ǱԼȥǣżҲҪƼᡣ
Ҵǲģǣ澳еˣҲܵҵȤ
һңҾͷɥӣһϣԱλõĶԹ粻ܸһȥ綯ˣҸҪѧУһ緹
ûд𻰸ҪʵǣһһͱһȦΧסرעһ£һȦŮˡ
ףɣĹ߰ģҰɾɡ
ɣҷģ´ѡУҾԲͶƱ
ɣ㱣˶ʱҸʱ͵򳡡
ɣ첻˵ûʱС𣬽Ұɡ
ɣиŮӺƯ벻Ҫĵ绰룿

ʲ취أ磿

Ůǵİţ˵һѧ緹Ȼ˳Ǽλͬòͣ򵥵Ĳ߻
ѧҺʹһ¥ʱ򣬸Ѿڵˡ
վڳԱߣȣһֻ֧ڳϣһְֻβбš紵΢ĳСƤ׳ѩ׵ĳŦ۲ϣ¶׹ε
γˡ
ӿѧ¥ŮǷһһľ
Ҿָ֪ߴͣmanƷζ˧磬ɰʯ󰡡
Ҫƾʲ˼ôء
硣ԶҾͺһŬԼĵЦɱȽʵŵĽǶȣҿɲ¶ֺˡ˻ɵӡ
磬ѧУĲ԰ɡȻѺŬˣɻǴԼֺõζ
ңҲ˵˵ʱʮа˾ûޱؿ㡣
ȻЩھΣһֱ۾ѧߡѾǵһǿѧУֻ֪ͣᰤ
ǸнĸоƷҲԸӵĳ̶ȡʹһٱ㷹Ҳֻȥ˳ȾĶ
ѧһ·ûоܾǰҲĬĬıüΡ
ѧҲִССͲͻͲɫȽϾһЩصһųӣһ¡Լ˲ˡ
ȻᣬмλŮˣҾ۴еףɣҲڰ
ҾϲӵӣۣɣҲԷһӰɣòã
Ȼˡ
ᣬضԸ˵磬⼸λҰϵͬѧλǡ
ܸٴμǣҸ翪˵֮ǰҲһԹҵܵܺദúܺð
绹ǵǰ̫ˡ
ûʲˡ
ˣðװ׽˼ҺôȻ֪Щ˸һ£ǣ˵õ͵˸ұǲø簤ҲǸ˰

˸֮⣬Ҽﻹһλ㡣Ҳ׽㣬͸һǼ̸ĺӡ
׿Ұ׿֣˼̸գ׿ɡ
ڼֻұܵģȴûȥǳӼ
ѧҵüˣȲҲ绨ѩϷ˼䡣ΨһԼľǸ磬ȴûԴ㡣
㱾ҲǸܵˣʲ¾ӣȥһ㣬˶ǴСĴС㣬κ¶ֻͼԼľͺá
ʵҲܹѡԼϲĶϲѣ̸һ۵鲻ˣ͹֣ˣһۻᡣ
ϧֻܰ״ýֵʱһմմ⡣
Һ͸ճԹͣʹ˼ѻСȾ졣
СҾ;ýύѶȤЩܿʣ̸ܽˡ˹޹֭ڴվһᣬԱ߷䴫Цȥո֡
ɣҪվ¥ȥȫһְֵĿǶ˵
ǴҳǰˣǷ塣
ҿ˿վ¥ݿڵҵĸ磬뵽飬еԹԸᡣ
¥ǽͰңΪλסԵʣ¥ֻнһʹá¥ʹãֻұҵĴöࡣ
¥춸Ŀռ䣬ʹ粻ȥ˾İ칫ãڼҲ԰칫ﲻʵļҾߣװжİ칫豸
ɸԴϸпʼ޴޼ռһʹãҵĻܡС塢ֽš䣬һֻһռ˲ٵ̡
ϵʱ䣬Ҵ򷢡ҵûеӣһ￴ӣǻʱڸ칫ԵĳɳϿС˵
رϲɳſòˡ
˴ѧ֮ᣬҾͱ˺ö࣬ڵѧҵѹǲܱȰרҵΣĿγ̶Ǽ򵥵ẦԼĳ̶ȡڼҼù
ſɳϿС˵ҲҡǸˣȴҶҲࡣ
С˵
ǽߵļ﷭˰죬ҲûҵӰӡſ̺ϣɳ˰죬ûСְѴȫһ飬ʱһ͹Ĵ̨Ͽ飬ῴĶĶˡ
磬ûпǱ鰡ɫġ
ھ޴İ칫ǰĸ߱Ƥϣ̧ͷʮָۣҡ
ҰˣҲһֱڿ磬Ұ
绹û˵߹İ칫Ҳɨһ飬ҲûС
ףǹУر࣬ѵǱ黹Լܵˣſӣ굽ȵ£칫׶һ顣
磬װɣ㲻ǲʱҵԼܡҲ벻ķӣֻʣͷķˡ
һֱῴң﷢顣
춣ôվˣΪ飬ֻߵҸǰޱ鿴ҡȻһװĸͷȣǰһأῴﻹǷ顣
һһֻɳԲСϵ޹֭ҸղýĹ֭һֻѹɫ飬һ
Ȼеġ




2 ĸ

ɳϿ飬ˣſſˣ֪֮䣬е̺Ҳ֪
ȥ˯ɡ
۾ԭǸɳ߸ҽ
˯ɣɡ˵꣬վԱߡ
ֻͷؽᣬڸߣһ¥Լҡ粻ȥ˯϶ȥ˶˯
ȻǼϴ˯ϴڿʵúܣҵСûпȪˮˣֻй֭ˢٺȹ֭
ҹ˼ԡ£¥ȥˮ
ǻûߣڳǵĻЦãֻһ˯硣
ȹˮƿȪˮط䱸á˳һߴİ˴СȻǽѡҵͷһ¥ݡ
ɣ
ͣ½ŲתͷҵľȻǸղǸˡ
ɡ
Ǹֺһҿµشҡ
ã££ԡ۵ǰ󣬲̫ϲ˴ˣ֪ҵְ
ɣ㲻ǵ𣿡ıӡ
ҮҼ𣿡еͿˣʹŬ䡣
ῴ˶Ǹ͵ĻУûɻ˧ֿ˶ǲס
Ǹûӡ󡣡ǸΣµ˶ǲס̫ʧˡ
ҵ߹˫סҵļ磬Դ찤ҵĶͷ˻ҵļ򣬿ҵ۾΢Цӿӿɣ˰ɣ
Ŷӿ簡ҡһǼǲϵ
ỹû˯ǸͷʪʪģӾӣԡվ￴ҡ
磬ȥ˯ӿ֣Ҫ˯ˣİɡ
ȾܣܵǰҲûдǸˣһ¥
صʱ򣬻һֱ룬ǵʽ㣬ӿʲˣҼʱ

ᣬֻ뵽һ¡
Ҳͣز²⣬ҵλ߽ʲװ磬û׵ӣϧûԸ뿴ǾĵˣܶеƨʲӡҶ԰Ǻ޵ġ
ﴩһסլСͨɽµɵСǰÿʱ׼
ҵҲе棬ǰûܳܡɽϵסլڣһ൱߼Ļк˶ʩࡣ
ȻֿǰܶӰƳһߵĸ磬ҲԾֱͦӣǰȥ
ɣ纰һŤͷ
ְһ˾ıһǽ˼ʻҺͳᣬҲ赲סҿǰ
л˵˵
Ŷϴ۾ȴͣԱ顣
Ҷļ°װˣһȥԴɡ
һӰӳӹֻԼӿز
ǣ֪ˡʲᰡּëƤ£õĵظң

綼ڻ裬ȻʯģϴûȻһµĹ䣬鵹泩
Ҳûʲر׷ֻǴСܵ黭ȫλԵʣһֱ
ʵҵСҲ춣н׶Σҵҽ̾бСټҽǿöɿĻû׼ѧԺĽ
ʱ뵱ʫˡ
ܾãдʫҪ滭֣רҵȴͬﵽ⾳
ɫв׽ӰҾû滭ʵУ׷λáҲٵʱоʵ֮䣬̻еʵ
Ϊʫ˵ңʵλãλõʵ֮䣬ֹճһ־С
˵滭ڻͨģյּܰҳΪһдʫʫˡòϣȱɵ˵ʫһֽƻ
дһʫ飬ϵġ
һ죬һ᲻氵ϷʱҾͻΪһĶдһʫȻرϲĻҿ϶дֹһס
ź֮ĶߵŮ䶼ҴΪСʱԵʣһֱͬͬѧСȻҲĲ죬ǰŮҵܵܿʮִѰ¡
ҲҲʮ꣬Ҵ̵ʮ꣬ʱҵĳǧŮ
οһиҵͣɼƷеĸ硣δõĵǿܡ
ѧңԺʣ˼ҺʶĴƵꡣֵطһȻ𾴣Ŀǿŵľֹϸ
ò͵ʱҾ룬Щˣյأӵء޷һʳȴյģ
Ҳһ࣬ʳӡ˹ؾ׽ʳһһ̹⡣
翴˿ǰӣֿ˿ҵ۾̧òͽ˲ǣ˵ٸһݰɡ
ðɡӦԵҸɵһ
Ժ÷ֱȥר꿴·Ͱ¿װһڵǡ
һţҺ͸ܾ˹ά
֪Ǹò绨С˧ǣļ仰ҶǸʹʵҵʵٴŲɡ
еĿʽҶһ飬ߴʵĶ۹ƷζԶֵԼֻҪ·Ҷϲ
е·ãȥ
˵ţֵú͵̣ͻȻѧУػʯˡ
磬ҲѧУˡ续˰ʯ࣬Ҷ컭ɵˣʦҲһ
ȥͣ½Ųʵ
ǰȥأѵ̿θҲûԴҽ˴ѧҵѧҵҪϸˡ
ûرȥĵطڽҹ䡣
ҽϽ㡣ˣҰ칫ҡ˵곯˾Ͻ˸ơ
Ҫ磬קס磬С˵ҲŲҪһء
Ͻʵֻǳûͷ󣬲ʺվ޳ߣҵĻͷʡ
翴˿ңϽ˰֣˵߰ɣҺһɡ
һֻǮʱͻȻкöطҶȥ
һĿĵҵ
磬ҿɲ㰡ЦеغѺõʵ
ֻüңû˵
ͳֻ쵽ǰֻʾϵһϸѷ졣Ҳ֪ѷġ
ԴһƫʾҽԱһҴáһ¥ֻרӪ̨
ŵùֻҶľǿʽſڹ̨Ͽ˸ۻҡ
뿴¿ġԷС˵
Сóֻһ۾Ϳһֻʱдֻ
С۹أй۵ģֻ߱Եȫܣܻӭ
Ǻ˵飬е㷢뵽ǫʹ˽ǫظС˵ϲʹðɡ
Ҹ˵ֻܲϵͳûܣֲ֧죬ֲֻۣҶá
ԼܣֻЦбһۣԷС˵
Ҫˡ
һ࣬ѵЦ˵ҲһȥϷ
һ·նķᣬòˡɲǵĻ˵ǮԼĶֿ֡ܽڲҵˣʹ죬ء
ûоۣȥȵʲɡ
÷ǳʱееʡҽһȥĿ˵ǿʵ͹֭С
¥´λöˣϵ¥˽ƫƧλãҽֻó˷⣬רĵصڡ
˿ȣ㲻˵˫ȣָɳ֣ĬĬؿңĵӡ
Ҫҿ͹۵˵ĻҼ磬˱ĮЩЩĵطһ˵Ļ
ҲֻԵʣ˿ĵӣҶر˳ۣ͸ţ͸ԸУɢȴȻַĸ߹Ϣ
磬˧รֻհɡеĵ˵ֻ׼硣
һֻ֣ſָסͷ
Ү磬һֻֻسߣȰҺ͸һհɡվһƨߡ
㰡þĻ￿ᱳסţ磬ԴҰֻҪԴء
о˫§סңůůıϢҵĶϣֻĽǶȣѵҪˣ۾ͷҪЦһģˡ
ѽ磬Ҷ˵۾Ҫͷ
ʾƬҺŬЦȴûЦҲûͷֻҵգߵʹҵϡ
ģű˼ҿĻΪأһŰɡ
ҽƬݸ翴һͷ˫һƬﲻһʹȥﾹǸĴƯĴΣ籾һƯ˫΢ǰ
롣ٸоһĴа
ɡ
Ǹҵ֣׽ڸǴסҵָԭȥ
ͫûоͷסҵߣµ貵ĺʯ۵׵ǹҫ˸ǣС
硣૵Ļһ
ûɵģȴʲᰡ
һߣ˼Цôеŵ˵°ںƣġ
ˡɿ§סҵֱۣܾϲϲֻһš
ܱ̾ûǿ
翴һۣҵֻԹ˲
Ҫɾû˵ϲҼˣת
ûҪɾֻҵֻﴫѡֱ۾ٵø߸ߵģҹ
ѽҰ磬Ҳﰡ
һһŮɳߡ
ҸһŤͷȥŮỹмŮҲС




4 ڵҳ

Ķᣬо衣ʵϣͺ衣
Դٻᣬһڼ̸ϣȫҶ͹ܼҡȻ׵ܵܣȴһֱҳְ𣬽߾ȫչҡ
һһ곤ҵԽԽĹƣ뷴ŭ
ģ֪ЩԸΪҵԶѣҵΪڸµģǶĲ
еΣȫ米ֻиһ˿
뾡óòҲҪ衣ǣֺ¸ҲһһҶһߡøһֱעңҶԸԣϣĿϡ
ͺǰȫעضңСǼǳ˲õ¡
վҵƺϥǣ˵ϴɣ»
ԡˮѵҪˮ˵˳ȥ
ԡûһԡףˮѹĦװãҵֻһֻͨԡ׶ѡ
еڸֱֵֻᣬˮ
ʱľоˡֻȫ
ǣǱȲϴ硣
˰ҲûһŮġҪϵĻǽһţΧŮÿһܰһֻo
ҽŶʵǿ
˵ʵĻҵҲʮֵĺãУҵʲᡣҡ

ĸоû˯붯
Ӳö˯һѣĺɨء
۾Աߣ῿б۾Ķϡ
˰ɣ˵ڵһԷ
ף˯𣿡˯ڸҲ֪ڼˡ
΢΢΢΢Цһ£ǰ֮ǰҰ̳ˡ
ϴʱ˯ˡ
šӦһùڴβһ˯۵ݸҡ
ƿһȻǳ 㣬ϥǺƵɴѾ°ˡ
˴ԡۣҴߴٸ磺ȥԷɣҶӹء
Ҿ¥³壬纰ס縧˸ͷе뵡У˵
㡣Ҳڿȥɡ
ʲϵ˯ֳִ󣬶ء˵һǹԹԻط䴩ڿų
֪ðȫʩбҪ
Ҳô˼ѻûҴкͽ˳͹ʱ䣬ѷһ顣
绹ǳԷ̵ģ̻ʵسԱֻط˯Ҫ¥ʱһ˵
ڼװ𣿡
һͷѰ˵ˣӰɳһˡ
˵𣿡ҶǸʵ
Ǹ˴Ӱ߹Ц⣺ѵбˣ
ԭϴԳϵҵλС
á˵벻ˣҴΪϴ裬Ҫ˯
վǰЦ
㰡СʱһĿء
СʱĿˣָҼǲ
еɻĿٶֶԳƣ沿̣ü߱ǣ˫Ŀ΢̣ɫŨܵĺڷģᣬĿ
ȷʵҲԣܶµûмأѹṢ춻
ĺЦҵ۾һֻסҵļͷŵͣСʱƯء
ǡ˧ˡɡҴＷ֡
ǣ˧ˣҵЦݣҶߣЩ꣬һ̶ûаء
ͷ˫ûжϰţҸ˵ʲᡣĪǣԽھΣ
ǸǸȻ˵ְˣ˵һɡ
㰡̾Ϣһҵľͣҵľᣬ޵ᴥ
סҵ֣ӿˡ
ɣ㻹ûȥ˯Ǹڲų
Ұ㻹Ǻǰһչ˵úȫӿЦԸ˵סᾱɿ
ɽе㲻
糯߹Ҿɴ֣ӿҫĻ˻Σ˵˯ȥˡ
Ǹ¥ĽŲңҲˡ
˯ۣݵϣӣ˽ȥ绹վ˵ʵ磬ڷ˼
ߵߣ׵İĹ⣬ңƬ̣˵˯ɡ˵꣬ת߳ҵķ䡣
ӣÿΪҪ˵ЩʲʱĬ̫ˣƣҪΡ
Ȼеڴڼ￪ᡣѧʱ򣬾ڼҿᡣ⼸Ϊķԣڼͺ;ۻᣬþûֹˡ
ǣңûпˡ

춴ٽʶ˵Ǹٺòĳϡ
ڽĿУ׽һΪӰҲûεͼֻǵѡ
ЩҺޣۼԷ輼ǲصġһ㣬׷Ʒʵϰе
ȵ֧֮¥ΧǻһᣬȻžλĽ㹲衣ȻܶԷǽ㱲ģУҲὫԼΪ㡣λСõõǽͶԵѡ
ϧֻСõ⣬ģվһǰϡĽǲԸõĻᣬʱ˷ϡǸȤǸĳļƷˡҲñԹģҰȻû˴档
һֱûټΪԺԺĲƺɢڷΣֻм죬ûиӰӡǲȺĸ硣
Ҳûˣ˰̨һʱȥ
Ҫ֭𣿡̧ͷһӿһһѾƣһһֽ֭ӹ֭
ûòģǵǰ㻹Сʱľۻϣÿ㶼÷úء
бһۡÿζСʱҳƵġ
˽𣿲֪ģΪСҳ󡣡
ӿ¶һ˵еЦݣҶ˵Ȼûп㳤󣬿ǣһֱڵ㳤󡣡
ǶԴŽӴͷȥ̫ڲˡ
ѵûҾͳ᣿̲סƲƲ죬ҲֵڽǷȱٸ߹֭ӣסͣһڡ
㰡עߵ㲻֪ʲ𣿡ӿԱߵһӣǰҡ
Ҳ˵ʲᣬҪ֪ʲᡣˣ⣬˵ȴֻɬ
ǰҲûעҡڣҲϣٺҵĴڡѧҵ֮ǰҾö⣬һҪȵ㳤ҵȺܾˡ
˵ıе̨Ƭǡһֱֻ۽סӵֱֻۣƽë΢΢ŤͷҿܾãҵԻǱᣬ϶վһλŮǡ
õˣ𣿡ҽʵҲΪǵҳ˺ܡ
ҿԺԼʱ䵥ЩڱȽϰʽĳ϶˵¶ʵЦݣ۾ĹҲЦ⡣
ͳֻʵĺ룿
һҲܾſ˵ֻ롣
һԼ㣬пյʱ򡣡ЦҲʧġ
ŶûϵӦ
˵ʵҲ֪˵ʲᡣ




5 λ֮

ӿһӣ˲ࡣͼΧһȦ졣ô¥λŮʧʱΧȥ
绹һعâ䡣
ֻһ򵥵ɫףгļͱߣļ磬խխ޴ʾ´һͬɫļüΪı㣬εعճΣͼⱥ޳˫ȡѩ׵ĳŦɿ򵥵ľκƯǽӳµԸкͻ
ĿλвŻֵġ
ҴһרҵʿĽǶȷĹ۵㡣
绹ܻӭǸĶļⷡ
ӿﲻ͡Ҳֳ࿴ۡ
ҵǾøǸļⷡ˲˽硣ߴվñֱԴ΢΢һߣʼʹںڵĳشüңǹ΢Цȥһϸӣ֪ǸеĮͲм
Ҿͺܺ棬ܹģһȺŮΧȴһԲķܺгά൱ʱ䣬ֱֱڣһοڣ΢һʾ⣬Ц˵ȥñưɣ
ûܹס磬룬Ըǲʡ
Ҳ˵ĻֻڶСֹѣȴյԸһĿ⡣֪ˡ 
û˵鲻ãǺĽءԽ˼Խ֮͡ҲѧĻֻǻƺ׷׷ײ˵ؿ׿ɡ 
ҰŮ𣿽ҲӦûİɣ֪ڳһλӿ΢Цһ۸ķҸоֻһѣȻ졣
еĻҲûнչԸؼҵĳ̶ȡҶȱ顣
Ҳ֪ʲŮؼҡ׷ŮԺܶ࣬һܽûйⷽĴԺš
ûдԺţûʵ֪߲ȱŮˣһЩŮ֮ĹϵǷͰմϱߡȱǹ̶ŮˣƺûдĽĳһλ֮Ůԡ
ǸԴһ֤ϲԸ⸶ֻýֻøȡ衣СңֻлึӵйͬҸĵԶ һ棬ò˵ûҳ졣
ҰˣԸ̫ˡҲΪİɣɣӿƱ⣬Ц֡
šӦһ˳һ£˿ЦֵǸ磬Ǳ߶ƣһǧ֮ģǽ㡣ŶҰɡ
Ҳ֪أпʼԵظ˸⸱ֿ˧ģͬʱҲܸ˽㲻Ǹ⸱С
糯߹Һϸע·ƣٴʶȻֲãǸƼǵˡʣҪⲿϸǿֻƾƺ񣬾㹻ˡ
ϣþˣӿ΢Цһ£Ŀɨء
ллҺܿġǶҰ㣬һ֧趼ûпءˣӿ˵Ǳ߻˻֡
ʱ仹΢һھƣ˫ڱϷҡ
۾̿ʼԼղһֱΪ̸ֹǱ񣬲ûʲʧ֮Ȼ뷨һڶ
ӿ谡ǸǰСõֱۡλŮ˹Լҿʤա
ҰҲɣСõ֧
ֶеľƱԶԷһʱæң̲ס̾һ
СõһԣǳɫˣҲܵǶԣ輼ڣĻʽû죬żݣĿޱҽеľһ
ҲǲˣֻͶǺ졣ǵһοӿ裬Ŀ࿴ߴ׾ܽͷĲɵĽӯ鶯ɡ
˱׼úãȻ˫ذߣҾúһһԣȻɵؽۺһչʾ紴ټ򵥵Ľ裬Ժõ˵㹻Ĵռ䡣
ϲתչֱۣ·ɴԼʹ׷в׽ѪҺ飬֮ӿ顣
ûҾüõǸˡ
ϧ׷ߣֳ޶ˡ
įְڽ˼ҵ̡
һ꣬˹ебӣͻزϡ
е㼵ʡе㰧ԹĿϳһѵˣӦҲŶ԰ɡȻǸŮ޵ˡ
㲻ϲˣ̵סڳ⣿
Ҳ֪Ĺģ˵ƵƳһۣ˵
ֲǿЩһҲûС
һߵüëעңƬ̣ǾЦ⡣
ΪܹģǿȥӲˡ
ֻҪЦҵĵӾͻ׳ࡣ
ҰЦ磬Ҫ磬ҵ飬ɡ
ȻûбҵͷҪֳݣִ𣿡
ʲ⡣ֱۣ߳ԺûԺģ˶ӣֻʣſΡ
ԺܴԺǽֲߴľԵشֲľмһƬ̺Ĳƺߵƺм䣬תͷЦɡ
ߵǰվĵƹ͸Ͷϡ米⣬һĹΣݽĺڰ
עȻᳯǰչ˫ۣ緢롣
ﴫ֣ȥңԶҹķҲС
΢΢ģķ磬ֻӹң֦Ҷḧ࣬ҹⴺҹᡣǷҶĲ࣬ǷҶĲ࣬衣
ɣ硣ҺһƬҶ֦ͷȴϰϰķ磬ȴеĵһ衣
ҵ˫Ȼǹִǰơ۾ҲںҵȶãҵѾ裬ҵѪҺѾ趯зڡ
һתϲ֮ʣһֱֻסһֻ֣ȴ§סҵ
ףҰڳʿҮ
ȻȻһƵĶֱֹסӦǰ衣
ڲƺ裬Ĳһרҵˮ׼ѡ񡣿ǣڵңһ㶼Ҫˮ׼貽Ȳ׼ˡ
Ǹֱȵҵ֫Һ򵥵Ļɲˡֵĸоû衣
ҲҶġҿǵһεҶȻҲǵһ衣ҶԼˣֻ衣Ҳˡ
ǣҪ衣
磬Ҫͣҵûסļ磬ιסľӡ
ˡҵĶϣܸоůϢ
˵˭˰
粻Уûмʶټֻ֡ǣһҶѣ᣿
һСģһҹдʫĻ᲻Ҫ˵Ҳ˰
˵˭ˣûаֻ衣
ºȻһ֪һʧܵĻǵıֻоһӱ˫۱Ľġ
û𣿡ϢҵգֺûĻǾ衣
԰衣һ̣ҿʲҲֻǵ衣ֻҹڷ衣һȻ衣
ǸסǿţɳɳѪҺʣҵѪҺҲù̡Ҳ֪Լڲ裬ΪҲ֪ԼĽǷǸڵĵط
ȷʵ裬簵Ƶڶߣһ衣
䴫һƬȵĸоһסȵĸоһͣƣ͸ҵļҵ塣
ҵĴ˱סԣȵģʪģģģûйõĸܡ
Ǿ飬֪ǾҵĴ衣
ҵѣΣҲǿٵתֻƯҳ趯ֽţȴһҲܶңһرңһ衣




6 ǰ״ĺ

硣
ˣһ˰Ž۾һ۾Ϳڴߣҡ
ˣҲٵɣҳȥô͸Ĺеǿ糿⡣
աƽӿܵĹ⡣ҿˣ뿴ϸ֮ʾͷʹ̲סһ
ɢҶͷҷʵǲ𣿡
ţ巢᲻񡣴ǸðˡҴӱһֻ֣ͷãġ
׽סҵ֣˳ǣǿЦһ£˵û£ֻǺˣ˽һ㣬Ϣһͻá
ףˣҺȾᡣһǲȾƵģСǣ۰׾ƻƾѾƣһմƾƷûбϣ֪֮ơ
㣬ǵ𣿡ƺЩ˸ѵĺȾˣ
ϸһ飬ǵӿݸһ֭Һһƻ֭
ţƬ̣΢΢Цһ£˵˵û
ְҴͷ绰һ裬ˣѳԵɡ
ҷͷеأһұᡣ
磬ҿڵŬ˼˵磬죬㣬𣿡
վ򴰱ߣһ֣۵һ˽Ҷ⡣תشߣͦεӸ¸ҡ
ҸæһЦݣ죬ҺСõ裬ǣҲ͸ˡεԼҶ衣
⣬ֿʼޱ飬Ŀˡÿ鿴ҵʱҶڲ˵Ҫֵں
ұԽԽе飬Ȼסˣƿ˴ͷеΣվ˾ûˡ
˫߽ԡң򵥵ϴһ飬ϴ̨Ϸǽһž޴ľӣϴʱǰ״ĺߣҲһϸ۲죬ͶҲָ࣬ᴥɫ߿飬͹УҲûʹĵ֢״
ᣬȷʵǺȾˡ֢״ǵһγ֡
ԡҳԵİڷڴǰСϣҺסҪȥ裺
裬ûпҩ
ûˣȥҿﲻ𣿡վҡ
ûвбô
ҳЦЦġ
ߣҲȥ¡ʳܷʢ˷ݵġ
ʱˣһԡ˵꣬ݸһֻ롣Ե׷ϡࡣ
Ҫҩʲ᣿в𣿡ûӣһ飬ʵ
Ұǿ˯µڣ¶һߣҲȥһҹ֮ͳöǰȾƶûֹӦȳԵҩѹһѹ
ĺݳֵĿתضҵ۾
ֻ۾ڽ죬ƺǸеʹ࣬͵ģ
ҵʱеûûģӣẦΪԼ˾֢Ҷһˡ

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֪ﲻʸҪҪҽŽšŰֳ￴ûп硣ֱ߽ȥԡﴫˮ
ߵԡűߣߵţʵ磬㻹ǲҪҪںҽ
һص֮ᣬǸ缱ٵĺ߿߿
׺ݵһȾͻԼ䡣Ų£ͷܽķ䣬ſڴĵȴ
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ѱˣһûһڵسеĲɡ
̵ʱ򣬵ݸһϢ˹ֽ˹ȥ˵Ҫҳҩ

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ζݵζɰصζҶζζ
ҽ֧Ứ԰԰úܺãÿ䶼뻭ȡþﹹͼïʢεɰأ֦ݵһ֦ޱ忡ÿ̵ء
Ȼһɴľ
뻭ĻֲǿȥȻȴıյĸо
˴˼⡣춹ͼҿǴġ
߽԰ϴһë£һ顣
磬ҿͼɡָָǸ䡣
Ȱϰɣе
罫ëϣԱʵҴ Ǹ˲ˣӵзϼ巢չѧλվڼѡ񡣶籾˴Сһܵȫλȸ˵ǣҿѡԼ¡
ĵ˵㣬˵ӽǿٴһЩ
´ɡµһ
磬ǦʣһĿһ˵Ϊһǰ;𣿡
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ͷҲ̧۶գһµ˵
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Ҳָҵ᲻þҵɡȷʵһûǹְҵѡءʵˣܻĳġ
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翴ңȫޱӣȻɰͰ͵˵ûС
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ȥǰοʵָ𡣸Ұ
ں£¹µأȶվﻭ˵ҲŬֹ˵˸һۡ
ҵĿߣ絹Ҳ޶ԣ鱾ߵҸǰϸһ´ߡ
ͼˣֽʵ
ţˡѾˣӽҲˣȥѾࡣ
Աֽʵңʲ⾳
µְ벪ž뻭ԤϰСѧϿ˲Ѱҿĵ˼롣
۲ҵĹͼоģͼܹﵽǸ⾳𣿡
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ܺãҲָоջߣŵϣ⾳չֳɡ
Ĺ۲ĥ˰죬ûޣֲܾ㣬¹ͼ⾳㡣
ĬĬԵؿ˰죬̾һ˵
ΪɣŻСջ԰ļįһǡˡ
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ЦЦĻﲻ⾳ͳ̶˵һ㣬չֳĶûṩ㹻ռ䡣ĶʵչʾĶֻпԼöߺг档ĻȥĴͷպˡ
̫̫̫̫ݲˡ
ΪʲҪĴͷգҪҲķ羰ա
ǸҲǲġƵ˵
磡Ҵ㲻ҪʮСʱڲ˵
üңһֱң΢šüë´ҷסĸо
ѾɫºͰɫĳ㣬Ҹ׾Ȼǰɫġ߻ǲϣأһװ磬ȥõõƺмįĸоɩ
Լɫнɫεϵҵľ
ܺãصͷöˣȥֳ࣬
ڸת֪ڸʲ충
֪ˡ˵֪ˡ
ٴϸϸҵͼ֮ᣬҰղŸηŽʵְһֻԲǰط˼Σȷλá
ᣬ翴ǱҲߣڶСԲϡ
ҵ˸һۡ
û˵ֻһָͷָָ塣
¿ʼߣһΣῴû˼įıյĸоһиõ⡣һֻȱСԲϣְ¸ϵķɫףαϡ
һĻ԰һǵͼ




3 į־ʮ

ϼȻнŮĻͿ϶ֻһ
˸ߵȽƫƫֻϲѣ켣ưɲ¥ÿճϢ
˵Ҳ벻ѧְ
ҰʱȸС꣬Ըֱ
ŶҰ磬ѵýܼҰ簡λŮһӽǵλüġ
Ҳ𻰣ֻ΢Ц𿧷ȱ˹
ÿζԽڵŮԽĮ䵭֪粻̫ԤʽԽǣһǾԶ֮
粻˵ֻ˵ֻҿ
Ⱥ㣬ҵԼСܵܣ׶챻ˡ
˵䣬λʿһλĻУһλϵá
˼Ǿõˣӵǵ绰ʱͷе¡λŮǸҲǵˣȻ߹ҡ
һλʿԱ˼ֻɳΣƴһ
ҪϰˣʻС
ûСղе£úɭһ𡣡д𸴵ȻңЦ
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ҵֽҵͷʾ⣬Ҳվ
Ұ磬һͷһ
δţԹߣæ߱߻ͷλ˵ǻҪ죬ǡ
ϸ磬ʵղź˵λҲǰңûӡˣ磬˭
ֵĴѧͬѧǰѧλӹޱ飬ɰͰ͵ؽ
ŶֲҼǲãüˣ˵ĺöͬѧҲǲȫ
һصİ칫ҡ
Ըͱ֭Ȼֻ˵ԼһɡͿʼ칫ٲˡ
칫ʲģǽҲҪ
Һ칫ңų޴Ļΰ칫ǰһͬġ˵̸ߵʵҵ·תΪʱ׿ҵҵӴԴӸӰᣬںʲҲ
һҪ£Ƕడٻļ̸ҵҲûǰǿˣʮݡ붼ûҪæ
ǧصȫѹڸһ˼ϣóܶѹæʲ϶æáæáæҳԷѧѧ¶Ҫܣ
ջضͬ顣
°࣬İλ㵹ǳúƯ
ŮһǱȽϲƯйġҪ֪ȢŮˣˣǶ崫ǶҪҵǽǲܽܵġ
ЩеԶˡң
϶ʮˣһ붼аˣ˼˫˫ԶһһңһԷɵĴÿ򳡴򣬶иŮΪ͡ҿɲԲҪ̵ʮ꣬ھͽŮأǿհ
ϡǵĳλʫ˵ΪյʱҲóʱ
ȻҲڲ֪֮䣬óˡǼ˲°Ӧףһ¡
ʵһûаҮΪûаգ㲻أ
⻹˵Ŀհ
ϸһ룬ȻǿգоԼˡ
߰ɣҽˡ
һ̧ͷվߣѴãȻ°ˡ
ջߡ
ʵͣǻؼҳԣ
ؼҳ԰ɣˣֻؼϢҲ˰ɡ϶Ҳۣһᣬֻذ칫ս
һãûۡ˵¡
ҿ˿ȷʵûʲƣ͵ĺۼҲҶ˸ĳʣĹ֮ǿ
ѧʱ˶֣ûв˶ĿϲӾóγ룬־ǿܼ
˵Ӧ칫ͶǿȣȷʵǴ´ࡣ
ԹڳݲˡҲƵĶϲ̡ҽ֮ǰ﹤ˣҵȫǸܾĹܼҡ
żʱԵݲˣˡгƬƻӣкӶײҶһŽ̳ӣЩͱζСˡ
ݲˣˡһˣӵ¶ˡ¥һϷһûȥѧУһ档
٣į
ƿķţûˡ֪Ӿﻹ¥
Ȼ¥ϣûڹɳϿ飬ȴڷϡ
ҽԼӽԱߵĳɳİġ
罫ϣȽ棬ңˣ
ĺưģһ㾫Ҳ᲻Ϸ治ȥ̫ˣ磬ǲǵ֢
ЦҿŬסˣ˵ĻҴȥҽԺɡ
ף㲻ţ磬ѵûмįĸо𣿡ҶҪˡ
į𣿡罫еŵһߡ
ףףԼ˵ģûʲоһʣȥŤĺأ񣬺ǸԹƵġ
ᰧԹҲֻǼЪЪ˹ˡϾʮе˼˭˵׼ء
˵׼Ҳ˼˵˵˼ҪŮأΪġ
磬㽻ٸŮѰ?
ɿؿһۣҲһ̴ڳ۽ббƳңЩЩ̽ζ
Ҳ׽һƳ֮˸ϷŹأյǰЦǲʤ
ҴŮ˻𣿡ЦЦҡ
ûŮ˻ؼңҳϵ֪㻨Ӵ
ҵСӣǺѵŶЩ꣬ṩ٣Ҿ͵˺öǵĺôء
ֻǸȡˡ˵ҵСӡ
뵽ҵĳŮɣ֮ûпܽȡĹϵ
񣬲Ҳ˽ʲҪģҪǣҲ֪ϿԵõʲᣬ˵Ҳ֪ϣܹϵõʲᡣ
ȥҶûƵġΪʲᰵأ
̫ģ̫į

ּįˣͷʵֲͷϡ
ԶĽ㣬ĳ糿ȻҺ͸ϣжױֻһ֣ݲҵ
İԱߣҵĳ֭һڣҲܲҵʲ¶ġҼį鰡
Ц˵ҲǲǴۺ֢Ҳͬء
ŵסҵĶͷͬʣҲᷳꣿ
ҮҲǳЦԽ˵̸һͻܿİɡ
ǧƪһɡģϵûȤѽ
㲻ؽʮָͷһ
ȥУɢɢİɡӦúܺãԼͺȥ档
ڻǳȥеʱ򣬵õȵкʵ˺һ𡣸穤
ÿſںʱ򣬱
磬ڼ￪һɡȻ
ҼҹܻǸ𡣡Ƥû̧س͡
粻ϲ䲻ϲһѾۼڼ
ڼ￪Ļܼ鰡ңһĿˣǼӲ˰ԸûлյĵģżһҲûϵİɡ
ͰŰɡɣ˵ĻҲһɡƿ룬߳ҡ
ˣܵˣʹ˼᣿
ǿʮеģյѽ

ټǳŮʱʧطҶ׹סβΣѲڡԶԶؿıӰҵ޷ϣڳӹʱһҲ˷ܲ
ҵˣѵһˣ
Ϊʲһİ޷ӵУҵഺھҪ޼ضȹҪõľĻ䰡
ѵ˵Ǹߣ̫׷ҵҲʱַۺɫСŷ⣬Ҳ޵Ļ˵ܻһξõġ
лᣬлᣬۺСŷֵƵһȶ
ǣΪһmanǸӦ
˭أ
ϸǦʲԱҾ궯ģ̿ڻֽϷйһ졣
ѧᣬҲûȥȥٳֵźУһó
ƽⲻ̫õԵʣˤ˼ӣҲƤһϥҲѪ
ȻǱ俴վڲٳ߿ʱȴʱƽࡣ
ûл·»˼ҡ
¥ޱ飬Ӳ˵˿ϴһ¡
緿ҽҩǰҲˡҵ˶񾭲ȫΧܵʱ򣬼ˤӡ
ҽԡңԡױ£ҵϥǣ˵ȼһ£ϴɾϵĺˮٰҩ




7 ַ

ҵԲǸǵİɡ
չðǰ˵׸壬Ҹоܺáһֱվᣬſڴţ
ɹĻһҪ͸硣㲻Ҫ̫жŶһ鲼סܣְһֻɡסܣҹ¶ˮء
ҽӣǳ͡˲ңѵÿѾڲ
ףͻͦڼҳ͡
ûУһûء
ʱʢ;ÿ춼ÿ־ˣҲһֳɡ֪ѧǺܵģĻͲֻٶĻʽҲˡ
㣬Һ̣ÿ춼һȤ𣿻᲻ûʸУ
ǾҪ᲻ˡʼ磬һߴͽ̵ģȥ޷ҲǼԾҪѧڲȤ
䣿ʲ˼ѵ˵ϸĳɴЬ裬ʱĳø߶򣿡
ɣ㣡Ǳ֪ģе㱻̼ˡ
һ̲סҿĵЦһֺۣһ
һ״
תͶԸ˵磬ǺұҪǽյʾĻҿĻɱҮ
õģذοңյʾҲҪһ̶ȵˮƽġ
ȷʵᣬǣᲢûбοĸо
Ʋǣбһۣߣ
ҳϣܴ̼ˡ
Ժˡƿʣһķ룬׼ˡټС
ѽ㾾һʤ
Ҳƿ룬վ
Ҫȥģûءͬͷʵ
ˡ˭Լļⷡ
Ҫ¥ҽ㣬ִҸأЬЦҪһȥ𣿡
ţðɣҵͷһȥɡܴ̼ˣС
㡰ۡЦһ˵ȥһ¶ҰӦĻҾʹһ𡣡
ΪʲҪͬѵҾͲܳ𣿡̧žͻЬӡ
Դң˵ǰûϵҰͬĻҲ
ףף¸
Ҫȥ
һתͷվᣬҵЬϡ
Ҳڼˣͽһȥ˵գ㳯ߡ
֣㲻Ҫһ֡е
ûа㺰ԩˣ˵Ҫ飬޹ذ
ǣתͳšҰȾ͸ϡ
Ҫȥ׽סҵ
ûұʵҲҪȥҾͲȥ˭֪
ĿתؿңͫףľҪȥ
ȥͻȻ֮ҡ
ȥҲ֪˵ҾˣشһͷҲûС
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ʲᰡһ¡߳⣬ôӳ￪ӳҰ˰ȣֻ˻֡Ľÿ춼еطȥأԼȥط벻
绻˼׳Ҳ˳⣬Ƭ̾ͿɫĵܳǸļ֮һΪһԼԺлá
ɡͣǰ³ƫƫͷʾϳ
ͻȻõòˡ
˾ԣЦеʣ磬ȥﰡ
·ȥ롣
˿ĳɽʻȥ
ɫѾ··ƱᣬǸߴľƹЩïֻܵһС뱻յ΢⣬֦Ӱһ·ҲûУ·ɪļŵĸо
˱Ƚ϶˶ʵĵƹ⣬ҲһϢĽͨɵʻĽֵϣﶼȥʻҲио
ȳͰɣղʲᶼûԡʲ᣿Ŀĵؿһһҹգû׼
ԵرġŬԹĺóԵĶȥٱɣȥȥһεǼҾƵĸݣˮٱܲ춹ٱóԣǼҵҲܺá
ոԱ᲻
ûϵȳԿ鵰ˡ
ûǾͽ˸ݣС£һ춹ٱһ򵥵ĺ൰⡣ǰкҲһݣҲָġ
ҡҡͷֽ׷ϣָڳױߣָһûһµ档
ܿ챻ҳ¶ǣ춹ٱҾسԡ
ó𣿡죬뵽Ҫ˵᲻óԵӣ¸粻ڶ𣿡
Уұӵ˵Ҿ˵ҪԹзȨţܳʲζڳĻȫˣûζˣǵСڳԲζԡ
ҽ׺춹ٱ͵ߡͷһٱֱҡ
԰ҴߴٵҵֻҮ
Ȼһؿңˣ˵ֱˡһˬҾҪֱۣһӾͱҧסһڳٱ
ó԰ɣֱˬɡ
šӦһޱؿңҿɲٷԵڶڡ
һ룬ûٳԵڶ룬е㷢ĸо
˵ţʵʲȥ
ȥʲأͻȻ֣ҾȻһѧûбҮûгԹҹҲûԼҵ浥һҪŬܶŬ׷顣磬ȥӰɡ
İԣ
ֻҷʡѣҪԼøɡ
ؼҰɡڴˡ׽סҵߵӸǰ
ȥӰ𣿡
Ҫʲ᣿Ƭؼҿ
Ҳãҿʼе㲻ȥ꣬һѵƬظ
ᣬһƣ۸ϮҲ䡣ϴ˯һͺˡû뵽ҹԽ˯˯ѲԺ״̬
ϣ纰𴲵ȴ۾оָҵ뽲ſȴ֪䣬˯ˡ
ѹʱ࣬ͽ㶼ҵķһλ´СñĻʿڲ鿴֧ϵˮƿ
о𣿡ڴ£ʵ
Ҳ˹Ҷͷһëֻһʪģ΢ЦҰɱѵˣ˵ȥԱ
۾ת磬ЦЦ
Žʵ֤ĻˣƽŴһˣһͳһ࣬Ĵ컹ȥԱҲǵģԼ治𣿡
ҸæҲЦЦ
ЦأջˡСӾڷﻭ˴졣ΪǴˣǲչԼ塣
ŬЦʿ˸ơ˯ˡ
ٴѵʱҹסҵڴߵϡûҺûʿ
Ѿˣܵ𣿡
ҵ˵ͷɤܣһ£еʹ
Ҫˮ𣿡
ҵͷǷֻұᣬ˱ˮֽסڡ
Ҫʲ᣿һ㣬Ҫʲ͸ҡ罫ϵð
ҡĿߴ
Ҫȥϣ۾ҡ
šĴȸƱӽĿˣҵݸͶһ飬˵
ڸĶУ˯ˡ
һ̤̤ʵʵ˯۾һۿ˯ĸ磬ббں΢ĳ˿˿Ƶס޳ͦεüëɫգֺܵ۽ëһŵ´þˣָһȴ̾ˡ
˯ú𣿡סҵָ΢Цҡ
ţû˯ᰲȹء˵Ҳˣĺࡣ
ʿ£ѻˡ˰࣬ҩˣ˻ȥ
һֱڷż˵˵ʱҲ˵ࡣãҲһᡣҵ²ȶ
ɣȥ칫һˣڼҺúϢҪʲᲦ绰衣ҷԸ裬пվ㡣紩վڴߣϸҡ
֪ˣ㰲ϰȥɣҳû˯һû׼°ʱһ˯ء
Ǻã˯ɡһᾡ粦˲Ҷǰҷϰȥˡ
ÿտյģȻЩƣۣȴģżСĸоǲأÿ˶Χ߹ңҺϲ
һ˯ˡУԼˡ
裿һһ
¥ȥæˡһİ˵
۾һˣӿ磿
˵뵥㡣ӿЦȥе㲻С
ǣӵңû˵е֣˻Щأ˼ʱ
ӿҵزͣѲ󣬵͵͵˵ҰǺǰһַ㣬κ˻ء




8 ˸

Ŭ绰ʵȵʲ?ɡ
ӿסҵ֣Цһ£ѾˣողŸ˱衣
ӱסͦŤҸֲǺ졣
ҽأûкһ𣿡
ղһ𣬼һȲ裬˵㲡ˣҾ͹ˡ
һģҲ켫ˣлл㣬Ѿöˡ
˳ָУҰࡣӿſҵ֣վǣɣЩ˵
գգ۾ͣ׼ϴ
˼룬ɾһƬֻǾӸעҡҴ۽ޣöȵڡ
ĬĬؿңֱΪԼҪ˯ʱĽŲ
ߵߣһᣬָŪ˼´򣬽ڵĴȻ°ϣСؽߡƽ
ҺľٶЦ־þ񲻼ã˵
ڴǰٿתֱؿңǳл˵ɡ
ɣǳ˳һЦݣȥȻȴ
ɣȣ֪ǸˣҶǸǳǳˡ
һӣʵģһ̲סЦİɣֻǷգȾƻĽ
ҵ۾˸һ£ĬƬ̣˵Һܸ̬һ𡣶˵ĸܱʲᶼҪ
һҺɣ⼸죬ÿ˶ǳҵĸܡ
Ҹ˵ȷ˵ÿһ仰ǳĵʵأǰֺסŲɣǲǵãҲż㣬ʶѾöˣһֱҵûа취κ潻ڹ⼸꣬һһ졣
ҶеģعĵһۣҸӼᶨ˶ĸ顣ҵѡɣϲ㣬һ𡣡
ҲڿֻǷչȣʱ΢ѣԣܺܿ˵ʲᣬȫ֮С
ɣӦңӦΪҪ˰ɡ
ӹ£ǰעҡ
ҵ˰죬ʶڵ˵
㡣ò׼ҵĿ㿴Ȼң˭
ضңĬãſڣΪʲʣҲûκεĴң˿̵ңǼΪѵġ㣬׿ɱװ顣˵Ұ֣ܵĵİĻԸ˵
˵ҲǸСӣ԰鵱Ȼõ㽡᲻ԺУһ˸ףǱ˸׵龰ǣƾնĵһһָףҵ˼ԡľԣԼӦͻ¼ıԣͳͳر¶š
㣬̫ҳԾˣӦòһաҵ߿˳һ񾭣˵ĻҶˣ˼Ҳˡǣ֮⣬㲻ҪڴˡҲӦ㣬Ǹˡ˶ûȺá
ұҲûָһӾͽңҪҵ⡣׽סҵһֻ֣˫֮ڣ㣬ҵ׷׷ɣɣᰮҵġ
׷󣬵ȻǼܹĵĺ£ǣǰ᲻ˡ
׷ҵĵһоǺΡڶӦǣẦһԼһΪҵĿǷǧŮԲӿ
ҳرס֣ǿЦЦҲҪ˵ˣʵ˵ڻĸоءһеĶԻ͵˸κˡ
ԣûпʼܾʹ˽ءҶʵİξɣ㲻ھͰңһĵ׷㣬ֱȫȫⰮҡ
򼤶糺죬սʮָ۾˵Ҳ˵Ļ϶ȷʵڱıԵˣҪ˵ЩսҵƢ𣿡
΢΢һ漴ǸȻ̫Լˣѹᩤ
˫ְס֣ŬѰ»⡣
Ը㽶𣿡
ҽ񾭷ܺã㽶԰Ҹɡҵ˵ͷ

ʱڳԵĸ㽶Եеࡣ
˵ʵûҿӿ뿪ֻװӳ㽶ҲɹֹỰ⡣
ӿҵķһӡ
ӿƿվӹе㽶ƤӽͰ
ʲʱģӿҵĶͷĵ
ҲǸյҪأѻԼӿûжԸ˵ʵ
ɣӿ¶΢Ц˵ȸˣ㡣
ֱ㶵ؿ˵Ļֱ߳ţһɿֲ֮࣬ˬұģĽܴҵĹգƾʲҪƻҵʰ
ɫ̫ãûúϢ𣿡ҵĶͷʵӿ˵ʲ𣿡
˵ʲ᣿һ˵ʲءĺŻᷢ£˵ĻͲġ
û˵ʲᣬʲᶼû˵һش
Ȼûк˵ʲᣬҲؼסһͬԵİס׿ɣֻԸסԼģģͳͳԶɾ
ˣﻹǾɥģһûаľûпʼİ;ҵǰǧŮڵҡΪʲ᣿ȥҵĸ׳ģȻһˡ
磬еۣû˯⣬Ҿеֲۣ˯Ҳе㲻ãأ
վڴ߿һᣬ漴ڴ£ʵв˵𣿰뵽ģҰɡ
̾˿ӵˣ鲻ãرӡ
⵹е㲻أʱָоҲġҪת飿
ֲ˵ϣ̳ǧŮ˵ˣֻ¸Ҳûұɡ
ᣬҪ˯ˡ
˯úһҹΣѵʱ컹û˯ߣûкϣַǵıϡ
ҽڵšȻŲ磬ϸǺ˯ݡ⸱˯ģƯˣῴҲ޳ͦεüͣǵһ㣬һüëѵصСһ뻮һһ㵹
Գָͦӵ͹иɻ촽ȴ΢΢ûʱϱ顣۽ëܳڵƹҲ˽ëסĴûȥ۽ޣ־
Ư϶кܶף֪Ů׷Ľ㡣֪û˸סģǶ˻Ůˣ޴ɱɡ
ʲ뷨ʹһ˵һ˸ףѵȡģǣҪ׵ĻҪһ־ȤͶİɣء
һ֪û˸׹ǶŮ̫ޡǰĳһ죬İ˸ףȴܾˣֻϷԣȴٺ潻˵Ļÿĸ磡
ֻ롣ʵҲǣǸߣ氮֮ǰǿԼ
Ҳߣǣ氮֮ǰ̸һĮĮĶ˰ӣҿ
ʲ᣿
Ǹ֪ʲʱ򣬸۾ȻѾˡ
Ǹ룬Ҵһ˸׵顣
ÿüëšҼʱ˭ˣ
ŶǾǱ˸׵顣ҺȻĺ֪Щ顣
㣬ҹ˯Щ£һֻۣסԼա
Цҹˣ˯˯ӣ룬Ưһܶϲ˳룬ϲʲˡ
ǰ˵㣬ʵ˵ʵһֱûнˣܿŶʵǲǱϲ˾ܾˣԾҷˣҰ֪ϲʲء
һģ˵֪𣿺ðɣҾ͸ʵɣʲ޹أҰϲˡ
̲סЦúϲ£죺̫ƻˣ֪һһٷ֣ɻء
Ҹ˵Ųɻأ
ֻҪ̬ҽ;ˣò˼ȶ̬ȣƤЦı顣
罫ǰĳᣬ˫۾ضңʵȥ𣿡
ҵͷ
ģ׵ƺĹ˸
ǺãҸʵϲˣʲ޹أҰϲˡ




9 Ҫ

̾ϢһһɣԴͷϡ
ҵȻ֪ϲңǣϲŮ˵ͣɲԻشдһ㣿
ˣΪ֪ʵ𰸣û뵽ռ⡣ᣬϲһ͵Ĵأģϲģģʵģ
磬ģҺ
縩ңһ˿ƣǹġ
ҷйؽһȥ֪һСС˽ᡣСᰡҲ֪ϲʲ͵Ůӡ
ָ˲ҵ°ͣ͵˵ɣ̫˵ĻˡѾʵĴ𰸣Ϊʲ㻹Ҫң
ҡ룬ҵ𣿡
˵أڶҷƢ
°ͱָĦģе㲻˼˵ûзƢǸǷƢ
ᣬˣڸɡ˵ûɡ죬ɣϲˡ
ûа취øûˣ˵ϲңʱһƢûˡЩܸ꣬ĶרУΪ֪ʵϲңȫ棬ϲҵľǸ硣
Ҳϲ㰡ض磬ϲˣǰ档
ҵ֪ΪҸĹĺչˣȸĸҵĸࡣеķ˵һλҪˡ

ڼϢ˺üŻѧУϿΡܵͬѧ黶ӭ
˻ңиܵԼֻصӵСʣһʯȥķƶУʱ÷ɿ졣
һڿλûǾ»ʣǰȥ緹ԹȥǴ˿ơ
ҹļ򣬺һȺֵһ˵Ц¥һȺ·ûʲˡѧʱ仹ûͦġ
Ŷһͬѧŵؽһ
һͬѧһĿڡ
˧簡˧磬ܴˡҲŵס
һɨʱһеŤ
ˣɣ
ӿһɫ˫ܳ溬Цسһ֣ɫĳ°ڱ紵÷ɫףûϵѩ׵ĳ϶ɿϵһɫɫƵ˿
λɷ΢Ц֮ɢ˵Ĺ⻪ҵһαȽʽضˡ
㡣ҳɵʵµġ
Цúܿģüëһ£˵ѧˣҾ㰡
ҲûȸҰһһ׼ûСҪͬѧһȥԷء
תҵͬѧǣЦӻ֣ȥɣɺҪ˵仰
ͬѧJJ߿ˣȴе㲻
߰ɣϳɡΪҴ򿪳ţ΢Цȴȥ
Ҳе޴룺ȥ
ȥԷ㲻ܾһͰɡ
Ҳȥ绹ҪѧҶѧ͡ΪʲҪһֲͣú졣
ֻǳһͶѣỨѺܶʱ䣬һᰴʱɣҪܾҵĺ⡣Цݣעҡ
ӴҸأʱͷʵڲҵķȻܡ
ɣɣϳɡ˸ƣϿҡ
ðɣǳԶٷپܾȥԵòˡ
ϵðȫ˳ӣһۣʵϲЩʲᣬͳͳңòã
ǸҾûҪ˵ҳʲᶼԡֻһΣ᲻ҪҳԷˡ
ֻǳԷѣΪʲأɣų𣿡
ǵģǵģų㡣û˵תͷ⡣
ͣһװθŵĲǰͣ£ţҪһ䡣Ǳ¥˰䣬ĺƯ;Ҳ¡ףһߵɳ¡
ʲ᣿ɣ򿪲ףһ𿴣ҼǵСʱ򰮳ԺʣĻϲʲ᣿
ҾҪʺˡ
Ǻãֵļɡ
òˣϲ˵Ա˳ȥ
ɣûмˣĲǵ𣿡ӿԲӣ˵
ǣʵʵش𣬡ҵͬѧܶ࣬ļǲˣǵãҲֻǵüλƯĽ㡣
Ҹü𣿡Ц
ҶЩӡ̣Ϊҵùǲٺôǻ¸ңýӽ硣ҸɰͰ͵س
Ŷ£㾹ȻҰ˼ӿЦúܿġ
Ҳûֹͣʵɣϲ׽ȡҹÿֲ˵
üˡվȻǰסҵ˫£һĬƬ̣˵ϣ㣬Լһȡ
ϧǸˣûüһĪı顣
ɲԲҪȥǸˣҵԱģɣֻҪúúദˡӿͱᡣ
ǣȴƲסЦ˳ǱˣҲпܣ㣬֪֪ΪԵĴڸжǿңңߺͣҲģɡ
ָʵҿԵͬҵ𣿡
һ᣿
𣬼Ա̽Ȱ˲
ӿʾ¡
ӵʱٴ˵ˣֻһҺһԷ᲻ٵԼҡ
ҴӦ㣬һŬ˵ǣʵ̲סĻżԼҲǿԵİɣ˫ĿЦңһҲûеӡ
ԡ
Ҹɴ˵꣬㲻רò͡Ҳ֪ʶȤĺܣżϸңҲٶ˵
ͣӿԼͻѧУ˳Ҳ˳
ɡҡ
ת߽ң˵ܹһĺܸˡһڴĵڶԼᡣ
סˡԼ᣿˭ԼᰡԼ
תֱס
ɣָվǰ͵͵˵ϲ㡣
ʱһͷա
Ҫն˵ҪϲңϲңĻᷭŶ
ǸЦһ˻֣߻سӣƺûҵв¡
աաǰ³Ȼǣߡ
µҪҪ߸֪Ҫ֪ĻһĽ飬ҲܵӰ졣õĻµͷпܻݱһšҵĴϾ
ǽ̬ССΧںˣؾˣʹһͷе
Ȼö⣬ͲҪϺķѾˣİɣġһ룬ŷһμҶ龰ˡʵұȽĽŷ˳ïܵҶ̨ڡǸǷǳĽء
ءлģһжпܡ̨ǽлġ춣泩࣬üˡ

ѧᣬһ¾ȥỨ԰һǰЩõ׸ĻչðǰֻǴ˵ɫȻЩ⣬ӡ
ʱ䣬һ¥Цڼңѵá
˲һۿģֹһˡ
ˣɣָĻ𣿡ӿڽߵλϣ˫ض΢Ц
ţллģѾȫˡ
ɣǹģҼҵϣҲǽİɡԸǽġǽų򣬱Ҹûꡣ
ҼǵСʱ֣˶మתڸо࣬ȻǳˡӿҵĴڣҵ⡣
ЦһۣתӿϣڿһλСʿء
ʿʿӸСʲ˼̫ά˵ˡ
СʿӿšüظҿѾһƯӺ
ͻȻЦӿ֪֪ɽ˴ѧᣬõʲͷΣ
׿֣Һһ˵ҾͰеЬӺִȫƻ
ӿ۾
ʹһˣȫΪģԼ͡
Ϊ˷ɢӿĺģҼضԸ˵磬ĩҿɲЩؼң
̧ͷһֻüѯʵı鿴ҡ
ͬѧҪһμĩ꣬μӣ˵ϲŮҲȥμӣԣҲȥԸ⿴׷ߡ
ӿϲŮӣ֪Ѷ˵ĻҾ̫ˡ
ⷬãһʱ֮䣬ﾲĵģû˵




10 õؽܰ

ɣĬǽ㣬𣿡
ǺЦֻ軭úƯ۾һ־ϲӡ
šµصͷν˵ûʲҶˣûһģֻʣһˡȻϲŮҲǵȻǲܷŹ
ҮŵҰ㿴ת˵һգɶһˣϸĻǸǳء
˽һۣޱءһ˹ò͡
ӿЦһ£˵ˣ϶ᱻϲɣɱŲȼŶ
ŶҲ˵ɣɲܻӴҪԸרһܴŮҸǽϵĳ˵һΡ
İɣ㣬ҾԻһֻһŮӡңҷһ٣ҾǿԼͲһ𡣡
ʵǸӿЦӯӯζؿңƵ˵ڰе˵ҲҸҲ˵֣㲻Ϊ𣿡
ת㣬ʵ
ȻҼҽӦɲжڰ׷ֱǻ谮ϧĸֻܰбȫȫⰮӵᱦĴء
ףȥ񱻰ǰ׷Ϊ׷ءе̵˵
춴˵ǿİȻǽöվӿһߣᣬڴ£ܶԷֿİ飬ʧΪһǵľ񡣵ȻǰȷǶԷΨһ
ҳҶԽеԶԡƳһ۸磬ǰһСݲ˵ȤϵĻ⡣
ҷŵ̬˵˵ѡҳûѡ£Ҳһѡ񡣵ǣ㩤
գЦҲҪһ̸;ɡҿʮഺ껪ûпʼȥζңҲ޷˽ѡǡ
ȷʵ鲻һ˵£ǲӿˮһڣζӣ˵ǰһԣʹమˣҲ޷⡣ǾǰĶռԡԽǰԷԽռԷϣԷֻԼһˣ޲ýԷ˽κ˽Ӵκ˿
һ˵మͱһġ˵꣬΢΢Цһ£۾עҡ
߻вͬұֱػӹȥ춱ؽܰһ˵ֶռδõģǸһΪǿӸԷమĻͻȫһĸܣʹǱԷռҲõؽְ
ᣬĸԸؽܱռõؽܰ𣿡
˵Ǹ磬òϣòͽ촽۾ȴ˼ضҡ
ңһ£ոպҶڸ̸ۣһʣ̱ʵþǰ
㹻İĻеϻֻŬΣǹŨǸ̶ȵİĻ룬ӦûԸһ˶ռɡ
ҷŵСֹһˡİĻ
̸һ£ǣԼһ¡ûңЩС
ҰҲϣһ˳ءִĵר飬ȫǰʽİвŻеİɡ˵˵ʵּİ飿
ȻСֻҪԷԼİˣٶר飬ޱطĽ¡ΪԼȫǰСɣ˵ûɣӿĵ΢ЦҿĿȴһ˿ִ֡
ұܿе㲻֪ƣȻõ˵ٶĸΪǣһеİҲǳΣաϾ鲻һ˵¡
ѵСС;Ͷ԰ǵļ⡣ӿЦһۣ֪Ц͡
ǣɣһܻ֪֮һۣĿԼߵָϣǳģԼĵİʱȴ׷пһдۺʹյõҸƷģЩ㹻ƿƵˡ
ӿȻ㱻ִˣжغһǸ˵˸˼˵֣в顣
ӿһֱ㻨ӵɱסˣû뵽һֳĵˡ㰮ϵĻһҸɣģʶһ㡣Ůˡ
ӿؿһ£Ц˵˲㣬ܹشģֻһˡҲڴյõ𰸡
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㰮ˣҲĻԼͻԶд𰸡Ҹɸɴ˵꣬ƿվ
ҵȥˣ˼첡٣һѹΡʧˡ
һˡ߳ʱӵ˵á
ҵᣬһ¥
ſڣ˵ζĻϢ
Ӧһ˷䡣ǰһʲαҲȥǿʷ־ڴϿ˼񣬻¡
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ȻҲϣǸӿ̬ȺʹǣȷʵҲѹ
Ҳ˽һˣǣҸо˲ģһ˿ΣյϢ
Īţеִ޷ӡҺܵ档ֵ֪ʲز
ҵУһ˾ܾĻӦضԷľ𣿼ʹϾʹ˰ݣᣬٶ౻ܾΣҲ͸÷˰ɡ
ϣܹϢ˽ᣬܹȻȴҲϣκεĲ졣ҲϣԼκһ˿һоε£ҲԸκ֪
Ӱǻ֮ȥ

֪оȻ˯ˡżȻһۣڴߡ
Ц𣿡
ûЦһüʵҲҪΪǲ˲ŻҪĴ
ҵȻǲˣԸŻе㿪ģҲǿװҮ
Ǹͷ˵ҹ飬Ǳ飬оͦȥ
бõģҳѹµʷ̾˵ɡ
㹦⣿翴˿е飬̽ҡ
ʲᰡҰҲǸзյء֧סԴͷϣŬԼ㡣
ҵ˼룬Լûеõġƫͷ翴ȥҲڿңںڵƺİ
û˵̲ס
㡣˸һ£ֹ¾˵ɡ
һ㶼ĵӡҵֲ˵ˡ
΢΢ͷƬ̧עң˵ɣеյ顣ǩ
ٴֹ˵ǲμȥĻͲμӰɡ
ҶˣȥʵҲǸ֣˭Ҳ֪ʱʲ£˵׼ܽһˣֵ֮ڴ
ǸһȥμӵȥҲðҲҪȥû׼б㿴۵ŮӴ
ҿЦ֪ǲܵġҪѡĶ󣬽ӵԶԶġҵͬѧУûиǸˡ
ȥĻ㲻һῴϲŮӣɰͰ͵˵һҲЦЦҲѵ˵Ц
ϲĻøˡѵһ᣿
ЦЦЦеǿûбὲĵܸܵж
񶼲֪ϲʲŮӡҵһμһӣκϲãҲӲϣĮĵȥܿᣬʵദһʮ֮飬ԲԼ˽

͵Ĵȥůůббսҡ綼ڻʯ࣬Դ֪еʶ˶˾⡣ʦֻ˼ͳʧˣǵϵľۻᣬһѲɡ
ĲڣӺܿҲ᲻ڡ
ѧдͷѾһ롣ȻҲǸÿˡ
ϣѽĵصҵʱ䣬Ͻʹʹһ׼
춴ѧɷУԭǼȤġҽѧΪٶұ˵ƷȣҪ͵öࡣСģҲһβμӡ
һ꼶ʱҽʵʵسһشѧɷеĿ
ʱһĽЩ˿ξͿ֧ԼʱͬѧǣҲֵסУ޾ңҺС
򳡣̲סͣ˽ŲϲϲϢԾϢԾഺѪҵͬһġ
û³ֻվڳ⣬عۿڵ򳡡򼼳ڵˣܵҵĳݣҲгݵĶNBAż̫ңԶУ԰ǣֵҸ顣
ȰеЩʵЩʵܻҸж˵гһһһʧȥоĻɥʧ˴ڸУѾڡ
ڴʱұǸݺӵĴڡǸʹ˶ҲױϵˡȻָӾЧԡ
κγϣҶܸܵͶעϵĿ⣬ӭŮӵעӡվ￪ʼѽΧ˲Ůһս
ǣ˿̣ȴоһ˿ŮǿҵƺЩͬƽеԱҲƵƵҵķ
ҲΪԼκ쳣ĵط΢ᱳرû뵽վľ롣
Ťͷῴȥԭˣֲô졣




11 ޴ڵ鰮׷

ȳκһλҪߴģ׵ķΣȻŵ飬ƮĳҶĲ˵һ乫˵ɣӡ
ǣҸ¶Ĳ
㣬ˡָ
ˣˡ
ӿ󴺷һ󲽣룬վûǲ߳򳡡ҵߡ
㲻Ҫ˵Ļ˵ġߵٵĵطҲŸ˵Ҵ
û˵ֻҵĲǰߡ
ҲͣضʲᷨӰߡˣúø˵ᳳأõĻһܡһӣȻα겻αǰȼ
ǰԶոһѧ¥ҳǸȥ˽ѧ¥ڴͷҲ̧˵ȥһ䡣
ͣ˽Ųվڴҡ
߽һĳȣ䡣ֻҪ¥ߣͲῴ˳ˡ
Һܿ䣬ţһ̵ܵȵľͷӲ֮زز
ѧ¥ı棬һͷĹŬΣƹѧ¥᷽ȥ
ѳɹеû뵽Ҳг²ߵһ졣
ҲϰοԼ˵ҲһѽҲһ־鰡ܵľ顣
У԰̫ˣĴ£ݺύСǸоɭɭġָоܲáҲϲ
ɡ
ĸоҲܲáҲϲ
תӿ
ͻȻһҲˣһҲ붯ˡǲ붯
ӿҵǰվվúܽû̧ͷһվվ˺þáҿı飬Ҳ뿴̧ͷ
Ĭ̫ˡҵ˲Ŭάԭ״
㣬õЩʲ𣿡춿ڣỺ
֪ҡҡͷĻҲûӰԼء
㣬Ѿַ˺ü顣ĵԣٴӿҲ֪Լʲ
ҳԾ̧ͷƯϵı飬ӵǸ˵ֲĻûңеľ壬һһ
ҡָһҵһ£е˵Ҫȥȥͬѧڵȥۻᡣ
ָķһۣջߣң˵֪ꡣ㲻ҪȥμӣԸӦ𣿡
Ը⡣ҵȻҪμӣͬѧ֮ĽʻҲϣԤҵĸ뷨㶼ܱҶӦ
оѹ𣿡
Ҷѵбĸо𣿡
ҵƺ˼еˡһĳµ°ڣĴҵȡתߣһƬһƬҶ
ң춣˿ˣϲ㻶ģ
ԣҰ಻סһ˿˿𣿸ֻҪٵңҲҪָ飬Ҿˡ
̧֣ҵͷ࣬ҵգָḧ
㣬ǺءǺᣬҿ
üͣĽëȫס⡣ûע⵽۽᳤⶯ĳ£׽˼
û뵽ԼǲǺģն鷳Ӧ˵ıܰɡĻֻµͷԼúܲҡ
ѵҪұ𣿡Һһ˵ҲԡǼĻֻĻܲˡ
һΪҷ񡣵ǣҶ𣿡
Ǹ̫ΪǵļⷡһѾס죬ʵ㵱濴ҲᷢƢΪ㣬ҵѹѾҵĳ
ɲСӦҸ֡㲻η尮顣֪ûо飬ǣɣ̻ɡ
̫̫˵ĻˡһֵСء
˫޶סǰ󣬴֣ɣҪ߰飬䲻Ҫᰮ֡ҡᡢ롢ˣ
ɿʮָ͵һѣȳԶȥ
ܺãޡҪͷܵԽԶԽáҲҪˡ
һܽ¥һ¥һͷĴ̣Ǵ˿ڻ
ҳƣڴ£ʵȥˣ
Цһ£û򡣲ȴۣһӡ
ץʱϢһᣬ˯ˡȴҶʰ޸ɾˣǾͳ
Ӧһһ壬ƺҲչˡһЩɰŮɣһļͷøְɡȥġ
Һͼλʵ˧һ߳Уʱƽࡣ
ҹĻ٣Ƴϣ˿˿Ųƽ˼졣ԼصһҴ͹㳡ڵʳǣһʽտǱԼʱ絽˽ʮһȽϴĸ䣬£ĵȴŮǵĹ١
ŮǱԼʱٵ˽ʮ񣬽ʱ׷׵ǸΪ΢һ¹㳡Եʣʱ䡣ȻǿرʾССĳٵȫǺԲƵġ
Ųƴһ߸߸ŮֵΧһ𣬴˴ξۻ˫߽֯Լһ˰һ顣ԭԷȫУŮ֯ߵϵܵҵʱŮһɧ
׿ɣһͳŮѡһ׶԰СѰõľʽ
ۣ׿ɣѧУŮ֪Үû뵽ܼ㱾ˡҺЦ˵ͷ仰ҰҸоԼǺǿǣǡ
ҮǹǹˣðѧУҲҮҾƣһסơû뵽УҲǷ¶棬öǺҵıһ¡
ɲϲ˼ҳƺλŮ꣬׷ǵŶҵĺѶ֪ģͦ
֪ܼĺ˷Ү˵Ͽʱ䣬лء
ŮǿɰĶʲ𣿾Ȼǹ
ֳտٵˣȷе˵ŮˡǷ׷óֻҪӰȻŮһǺصؾܾˡʿɶֹ
Ǽ꣬׿ɵרҿɲԸΪһ˵Եʣɨֵǵˣκηͷ
Ůǽ£վк˵Ҫȥϴּ䡣߳䣬߽ϴּ䡣ȻŮϴּ֮ķָܼף˵ҲǳҪʵһҶ꣬ԽԽ
ԣûƭ㣬ǧȷAУ׿ɱˣˮ˰ǣǣǸѰɽһ޶AУԸգҪĻͿɣ̫Կˡԣڶ¥տ
һһϮҵͷȥҲ˴롣ҿɲе㾭ͷԣһƱôأ
Ȿһǰһ粨û뵽ನ㡣
һǰΪǰУҵȫУΧչȫͶѡһУȻΪ˵ңԾƵѡΪУ
ֻ˵Aʷϵһᣬ·ϵһСС覴áΨһֵÿ϶ģAŮѧѹԵļĬС
߻ͬмʱŲѲʮܡλӣʹЦȴ뵽ԼҪΧ۵¡
һѧУѾܵ͵ˡһСС꣬Ҳ֮žμӡһ˵һ΢ľٶһ˴벻Ӱ졣ᣬһȺ˵һ΢ľٶȻмܡ
ĸоѹƲȥԶҲûʲʳҲͶЩζصʳﲻ̫áҽǰơŲǰȻеûӣǸԼ˱֭
Ҫȹ֭ⱭƸ㡣ɣһơѽȸһɡ
ŮȰƣЦЦֵסƱ˵մƾ˾˯ֻºⱭû㼸λŮ˵ˡ
ֽӹǱƣЦⱭҴˡ˵һ
һ֪ԲҵơǰŮûģյߣûпһλʹ
գգۣû׼оģҲҸ֮ǰλиоġ
֪ҪʲĸоǰҲÿϲһŮֻΪԷиоҲΪûоˡΪϲһŮӣ޷ΪƯɰ졢ԸУǻǡʡ
٣Դ˱׼ġ׷һ벻Χҡ
˵ʵҶеʧŬԸԼҵȤϰװ׶ȹ֮ʣЩڴЩһҷݵЩ
ʹ֮䣬һľͷӵĲǽұʱʱس濴ȥЩȤˣҵȤҲԽԽ
ҵĴҵܺáҲǻþûȾƣѡȷȷʵʵһܳڴ˵صˡ
ҵĽǶȣļ̨ӣԽֻͷܿбԽǵƫƧλáǸλһˣĵطһ־ϰտҸҴûгԡΪ׿ҰǸʳòͻ޵Ҫ׿Ұ
Ͻҵģû뵽Ǹ磬Ȼܽ˲档
ǵǳж꼶ʱҲμⱲΨһһӪֻǴ绰עⰲȫҪʦĻǸȻ棬ͬһл𳵣סͬһݣֱűǷ֡ٲðʦһʦ˵뿪ĸĹȱӶԿ͵־ƷʣΪʲͲ֧ʦĹأ
ҼҸ粻ϲԵ޹ʵֱ֧˵Ĺĵ
ϵĸɫտʳѾԵ߰˰ˣĵüΪͳֻдһŷȥ磬ʲأ
ܿյظ°ɡһٴλᡣ
ЦСҵҲСҵѽ
Զֻĸ翴һַۣţֻʹһλʹˣûнأ
̾˴𸴣ʮĵ֮ǰȫġ




12 įҹ

ȻܵõĸҲ㴷ءСõ㰡Сõ㣬ϴҾͿ׷׿ҰǣΪʲ᲻¸أǸߵĻᰡװ˷ѵġ
Ҳ֪Сõֻ룬绰ѯһ£о̫ԣ¸Ƶġ
˵ڷЩ֮ǰȰѴ𰸷磺ȷǣѾҿˡ
Ȼ̧ͷҿ͸ЦЦ
һЦ֮£ǽԱߵһŻʽĲһɧջ߾ͽһ̲סúЦԭѾڱΧ۵״̬ˡ
ġŮһ𣬿ȥеġΪٻһأȴֻһҵѡǻ˹ĺûԤƴƻӰ
ĬĬŵشԶҵǲ޸м
ۻὥβŮ˽ȷĻ罻ƺʼеˡ
һӲ˵˵ЦЦһ·ߵվҺÿ˶˱𣬶վ·ߵȸ
ǰǷҹͷ׵ĵƹϿգ·ǳ糱µҹ⣬洦ɼƯȹŮ
춸ոսۻᣬҵЩϣҹ
ӻҵǰͣ£ڳ򿪳ţ˽ȥɫ濴ȥ־ԵðңԶ
̧˿˵㻹һͷ
˼ǣҹʮ㻹һͷһͷڣָӡ
Ҹطģͬʱ뽫ѵõĻ滯
˼ö⣬˵
ÿĵ㣬ֻǺ͸һĻֲ֡磬Ǵ绰ʽȥһɡұֻ֤浽ʮ㡣
ǲÿɷؿ˿ңҵıȷʵ棬˵ͷ
ͳֻϲ̵زųȥι㣬ɡ档ף᣿ȥһ棬ҲڡһĽǶ಻డҪءãϾ͵
ߣҶԸ˵ڽɯֳǣǿȥɡ
Ͻת˳ͷٱĿĵء
ֳǺܴǳ˵ݵҹܻᣬҲ衣ҵȻҲϲлᾡ˵֧衣
غܴ滺ĵƹ⣬һ֮УԱһ͵Ŀ
ɣһȦӰУһֱֻקסңǽ㡣ӱקһᣬԵȥҲ֪ѹ˭
һ˫ֽطסҵ࣬΢ֱҪվ˫ȴûɿһ֮䣬˻ȥ
һֻ֣ҵ·ȴظҵ֫˹һϢһİҶߵ˵ˣð
ѿҳԾ
첲һţվȥҸλȥ
ꡱһһֻ³࣬սϵյ
ӿϴĸӣӳ£˸һ£㽻ȣֱ۸ɳŤͷתء
Ѻô󾢲ŴܵȻˡе㲻ˬˣȷе˵ǲ̫ˣվŲλߣԶԶġ
ÿҶһ飬ҳСõ㣬пһӰ
缸̾ܵ룬Ժ˾ͷеΪɣһһƴˡ
ҴյʵȾˣ
ͷţȥ֮ǰμһ硣
ûŵоζ쳤šֻ֪ǲѡ
һСõ㻹û£ۼ⿴硣
ףҰҲ˰Ұ֧һɡ
ոպ˵ƣͷеΣƾûȥءƴǣ῿ɳڰС
ӿǷӣмһˣͷ쵽Сõǰ˵Ļ
Աϣҵǹ֭һһڵغ֭еģ衣
ɣ֧ɡҵСõ㡣
⣬ܱҿеûСõ֮һ輼õû˵
ҵأסҵļ硣ϲѵˮĴУרҵĸоҴƿȨϵȫȻ
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ǰҿǺ츳İϧûкܶңرϲСõɫ飬Щ㰡ֻԸҸ
һ˵裬ֻҪлᣬҶץСţЩŮСңҲԹԡ
òãѡúüˡأΪĿİɣϲ磬Ƕûлͨ谡ĻӽղҲˣܾˡ
ףСõ㣬ֱˬŶЩҡû뵽Сõøﻰ˵
ˣźҰ벻Ұ˵˵òðҪʲֻܸҿҪ
˵ʵϲСõŮӣ̫ƽ
˼ֱӾͷء
˵ʲᰡСõ㣬˵úһΪƵġʵҾǵء
ѽأϲҰӿ˵æĻȽЩ˵ˣɰұͺϲ㰡ɱҿҪʲᣬҶ͸ģòð
û뵽ӿǸСõ͸¶Ϣġǣأ˼Сõһ仰˵Ŀܲ᣿
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磬òÿ
ƲԴң΢΢ЦЦͷţÿúܡ
Цˣĸ첲˵磬ϴҿСõһʱҲǳÿһɣҺ뿴
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ҡ롢
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Сõϲֵݸ磬˿ء
ȻΪ֮ڰĽ￿ȥհɳʲᣬӦ˭ĸ첲ֻ첲§סҵļ硣
Сõʲ¸ģҺ֪ءǵ͵͵˵
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Чʾ˰ⷾȻҵĶ˵ʲ¸㣬Żҵõ飿
Էı̬ⷡΪʲҪһ
Ҳ裬ҺץһλõĽ㣬һȻ鲻Ǹ֣ڣǶҲ÷ˮ
һȰգصλ¡һСõָָСõһע⵽Ҳ˱ĶλһҲǲԸֶСõرɡǸء
Ҽÿܿ켸λ㶼˵Բˣˡλʿȥư죬
ҲԣҲȥ
һһˡ
ȥ¥ϵľư̯Ҹ¥ؼҡ
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˰ɣᡣûпƣ·ббս
еˡ˵е϶Ѿ˯ˡ
ʲҹ
һû¹أڴߣ˵ʲҾͳʲᡣ
֮ᣬѾ˯ˣķһ¥ȻطϢԼֱӽ˳
˷䣬оЩˡѵ·˸ԡͳˣڴϣֻȫġ
ոջֵĳϣתֻصոһնļңҵȻЩģúùµüįò
ҲҲĸоԲ⣬ҹҹϸ衣
ͼ̸ҲסڼĻҿ϶иҵӡ˽ĴˣֻԼԼĺԶԶһߡҪûи磬һ֪ڹʲء
Žҷе̿ȥȷʵûڴ̫࣬ǣڳڵڵĳɾֻ̺ͣƬĻǳջ治һơ
һɣ罫̷ڴͷϣŪٶӣ΢¯˰춼û졣ڱҵһ𣬻ԪԪǸԪȥġţҼȹˣ԰ɡ
ҧһ̣ûɵģȴůůġ
磬һںȹţ̣ĨĨ죬˵磬ˣҲȥסһסұ֤۸ɩӡ
̱һͣڸĴߣһ˲䣬ƺ˶ֹˡ
Ұʱ˵ΪõˣֻиһҿɲԸҲ˻Ͱӵһߡԣҽ֮ǰɱ뿪ҡ




ʮ ûгֹģɴԶҪֺ

֪˵Ƕ˽ԣɻǺԥ˵˳뵽ĳһսĳһŮ˶ȥҵĲ
ҪˣҲǺһõˡʱٻ޹ʱ𣬸ȫҡʮңǰְ֣衣ȻǲĹҵף˸磬ûб˻ĵضԴˡ
㡣𣿡罫ӷẒ̇ʹ˵Ըһ𣿡
ҵȻҪһ𡣾˵˽ǸѸߵŮ˲˽ء
ĿǰûһŮ˴ڣҲǳеģѾʮˣʱֲֿ¼ĸΣ䡣
̫ԶȫѰա̬ȣֻǵһЦûһŮˣҲû˭ߡ˵ֻҪˡҲ˽ҲҪ󡣡
ҲҵҪˣҲŻᵣ
ҪٵЩˣЩ˯ɡվңһһֱһ𣬲뿪㡣
߳䣬´ԡˢǸˣ۾ģƺüëڻЦ
ҪȫУԼǿ֮ǰҪˡ
ҺСʱͲˣҲ֪ˣĸ׶Ը׵տڲᣬҲûǱߵݡ
ĸߵݣСʱϡǵеģҲû֪ûںЩ
˵裬Ҳѵüһ氡´ηż٣ȥһ˺ˣҴŵͼ̸ƤҲҪȥͨ绰ʲãӵһϣԼסԼأǼסԼģ
еҲˣˣҿɾԭ¡

һͶǰϦҾȥס졣
ͼ̸һڼֻסҴ绰裬ȷסڵ绰ңںڣ׼һڼȥൺᣬҸȥڻൺҵǣ費ϣȥ
Ȼڵ绰˵һ̫ˣٵʱȥɡ
Ұɲëδ룬С񡣾ûбˣԼһҲԡ
οһи硣Լȥ԰ȥͯ԰ˡ

ȥ
ǸһҲ˽شġ
ֻȥѡֲǻᵽܵСҪ㸺ȫȥ춼ڼſɳϣ˵ڴǰǸˡ
ȥﲻãҪȥͯ԰Ͷ԰ȥ粻ɿڣһһģƫء
ͻȻȥطüûȥˣȥһĥͲĥӮ
ȥֵط𣿡Ȼֵһۡ
˵Ҹұ֤Щطһ϶ǳˡ
ڲȥȥ᣿ĻɱҲŶҾҪҶһȥˡ
ȥ𣿡뿪ƤתΣ߹¡
ʵַȥɵ飬ֻЩĸоһɾ˭ŤŤ
ҲЦҪһڴӦȥĻҲҾͲȥˡ
΢Դ֧ϥϣ°ͣһԲؿ
ʱƵģҿʼԼոյоֹǷв㡣û˵ɡ
塣塣塣
üˣ绰̫ʱ
վȥ绰ǰ׽Ͳţ
ˡת˵ġ
˭˻İˣ
绰ûǰϵֱŵˣҳ֮Ϊ֮͡
ȥɡҵļ磬㳯¥ȥ
ɳһˣǣվǸİˣʮ꣬ʽʵغܿģܲ΢Ц
ǺãðǰǷΰ
ҽܣĿ䵽ϣʵɰɣı磬㲻ǵ𣿡
ǵˡҵļУûκһݵӡְҲǲˡְʱȥҲٻĹϵûбƬֵеͻȻ֪һߵݣ֮ңû⡣
һӦӣǸΰ˵ɣġ
֮ᣬΰ˵ĸҸ׵ãҲҵĹùáһֱ㣬Ը
α˵ǼٵúܡҪסϼ½ĶĻҲҰǳһȷʵѡ
˵ѪԵ׵ݣʲԭûиңǲԡЩ֪ҵĴڣȴڲңҲǲԡ
λ翴ȥҲΪԼԸҵӡ
ܸ˼㣬ĿǰڼҪϵ𣿡ʵһҲûоøˡ
ùǱߣҸ׻ϵרġΰͣס˻һصӡҶԼǿЧһûȤ
㲻Ե޹ҵģʲ£˵ɡ
ߵĸ״Ƴһۡ
ΰЦһ£߿磬·뵽òƵģʵʣλǡ
׿Ұ絭һЦ
㣿׿ҰҵıһóԾӣȥƺ
ұˡд˵ͷ
˼̫ʧˡΰǸ˵ʵû뵽㱾ᡣղŵһۿ㣬Ӧ뵽ġ
ؿᣬȻˣлͺ˵ɡҪһر𣿡ȻʣȻȵģһŲƨɵ˼ûС
ûϵΰæ˵ҲˡүүС˼ˣҲ̫ã˵ùõĺӡɣĻһȥүү𣿡
û˵ƤүүĹùáùõĺӣЩ˺ʲϵ
Ҳûע⾲Ĭ˶ã˵ȷʵǸ⣬ҲҪʱҲϰߡ˼岻ãȥһҲӦõġ
̧ͷ硣ңģ
ģҲأ˭ˣ˭岻ˣʲүүʲùãⶼʲϵЩ˶ʲȥˣϵҪ˾뵽Ҫᣬֲ񸦣ȥ˼ҵڡ
ƲͣһۣҪ˵ͿֱӹеҸæס죬顣
ţȻӦõģǾȥһ˰ɡҶԷΰ˵
̫ˣϽȥΰܸɴ˵ᣬҾ͸ˡ

Ҿе㰧ԹĿ磺Ϊʲң˵᣿
Ϊ֪˵ʲỰ˵ķϻ粻˵
ɶ̫ˡѪҵ顣Щһֱ֪ҵĴڣֻΪЩϵҪˣѵҸøмӯ𣿡
춻رܲ飬ԹȥҲȥ˽е飬¶ԭġ
ҲɣҲ顣ǣǸʲɡûгֹģɴԶҪֺˡ
ˣΪ˺ģһҲǸȥġ
ڶϣ翪ҺͷΰȥһڵһԵʣرࡣ
˸Ҵ绰
ζ˵仰ҵͷΰ˰졣
ɻвһͷ˻гӵǡĿĵԽԽҵĺҲԽԽŨ
ʻһľסլʻסլһ˹ƵϣʻһģĴԺ䣬ͣ¥Ưǰ
߳ˣЦضǵĳΰһ˳
裬ҰɴˡΰһλͷŮ˵ת˵ɣ衣
ĸáǱ̬ãҺѺá
Ҫ裬ɣǸؾܣλǶ˺Ͷ衣λǴ㷽λǶ㷽¶㻹и磬ûؼ
һһк
кվ˵ȥɣ⹫ڵء
Ѿˣΰ˵үүְ֣ˡ
Ǹ׾ĸ߸ͷҵ⹫һΪҽԺﲻܶء
չߵҸǰ´ң˰졣
úӣ¡
Ҹ£ղߵһλǴˡԭҵࡣ赽ΪʲԵʣ˲ء
ҷ׷£붼ڴңƶûлҪ˵ӡȻٷ硢ò绨ʸ߹̸ţҲظݵҰɡ
ͷӾȻ׽סҵ֣ϥϣҲһû˵ӡεҪѵֻܿԾ
еˣЦЦ˵Ըҵ㶫𣿡
ÿ˶ҵĻƳϵħȫж
Ӵԣ˵׼ˣ͵ǵءԷɡ
˲䣬ÿ˶˲ҡһ˲䣬߱ġ̾˿ڷ꣬ûкԼҵһԹء
ƻգҴ绨ʱŪ֮ʷ⣬֪ܲڴҡ
Թ緹Ҫ绰ͳֻҪţֻȴϬ£
ι簡ţ˭Ŷӿûʱȥ㡣Ҳڼҡǻر㡣ǣرأ㲻أҲһȼ١㲻ҪҡҪٺ˵ֻᣬټ




14 ǽĻ

ǵǵǵġʱֵطܽӵ˵ĵ绰ֲרŮѣǣҡ⡣
ͻȻӱˡ
磬Ҳͨ˵绰磬ҵˣոճԹ緹ţҸ㣬һˣؼһһ㡣Ұץʱ̽Ϣ֪ˣҲûòġţټ
˭̽ϢأҳһصͷѾȥ˯ˡ
ɣ鷿ң˱뿪˿뿪ˡ
鷿һ¥Ա߾ͷӵҡ˽£ԼҲҶĵɳϣƬ̣˵ɣ˵ΰȥʱ⣬ƺû˵ǡʵСʱǼΣֻ㲻ǵˡ
ҵͷ˵ҲǵãһֱҲ֪ݡǺ֮䷢ص°ɣ
ǰⶼʮʮǰˡΪ㸸׵ԵʣͼϾ˹ϵ
Ҹ𣿡ҶҲûмˣû뵽İ겻壬ϧƼͥ谭ҿİְ֡
Ҳںӵǰ˵ףǣ赱갮ϵǸˣǸʵʵڵǽĻӡֹǽϣ軹ǾȻ뿪ңǸ˽顣
Ҹǻӣ
ƭҵİɣСӺƭᡣİˣһ޾꣬Ȼ˵˶Ź
ǹȥڣϵˣûвġ̤صذͷ㱻㸸۵ԼҲѡ
ȵȣΪʲҪ˵ҸףΪĽûеõǵǺꡣ
˵޵ĻӦ衣
裿ᰮҸףΪʲᱻ˵Ǻ
ȷʵǷǳԵʣʱͷغޡǸرҪǿˣΪ㸸ףͼϾ˹ϵûͺͱĵɷˡҲܾͼָϵԭ򡣡
еͿˡ
ѣͱĵɷ飿˵ҵİְҰְֲ𣿡
ˣ˵춶˶˵˵ְˣҲ⡣ٵĿǰΪֹ㸸׻úúõġ

Ϊ˵ȴ
ǵģû뵽ˣ֪ĻҲ˵ˡʹ֪ˣһҪ㣬Զһ㡣
⹫ϲ㡣˻˻⣬˵ǴҶϣܹ㣬ҲϣܹͱǶ׽ɣʱգ軹ǲԸϵϣܳ
Ұְ֡
̶ĳһط
ʲ˼ڵ޼ҿɹ飿
ƶ˺ȷʵмҲԸءҸ߹㣬ǸĻӣᰲĴһءѾܶûйעˣʹż̸۵ҲûʲʵʵϢ
ԭ
û˵ˡԴеľ⡣һֱΪˣʵúúõġûܹ鲻ǻ°ɡ
ǰû¡ûʲֵѹġ˵һ˵ĻȻҲԸᡣ
ǣ˵ҲҵĸװءʮһֱΪԼûаְֵĿС
ȻΪʲְִûҹأʮ겻ԼĶҲνܲ˭˵Ҳ˰ɡ
ǴˣҲܵ߹ȥ˵˵ɣ̫ҵĻҿһԭ¡
˴谲źõĿͷҶ¡¥¾ƬƽĲƺӵ˹ϡ΢縡ĲƣW˸⡣һϸԽһ޼¼ܿïʢݡºסĵطΪ˰飬ȴԶ뿪
飬жҲ֪֪ԼļҪԳҵ֮ϣΪҾ޷ʹҴʮ֮ãûаְļңҲ޷κֵΪ֮
Ǹи硣
԰иءֻҪиڣǸңļҡֻҪи磬ҾʲᶼںǴ˹ʲء
𡢰𡢰
һŲûйءһعͷſվһˣİˣʮ꣬һͷȺܺõɫһҲȾǸɫ΢ЦȴΪɵضҡĸߴ˶һ˶ȵӡ
ҹùõĶɣżɽʵ
ɣ˭
Ƿΰı硣գգ۾Թ˽
ᣬλˡоǸܲһһˡ
㳤úƯһƨϣԱߵλã㳤һҲøȻҲǸӡ
ҿ˿ѡĵɳϣʵ㻹ǵҰְ֣Ϥ𣿡
ǺϤɣҶȼ֪øࡣЦһҲʲʵ¡
Ұɣ磬֪ĶҰɣ֪
ҵĿܿԥ۽޺Ũܣ춣̧Цһ£˵
ҹùúܿһֵðˡ֪ԭ𣿡
ҵͷ˵ղŴ˸ңǱѡ
Ҳͷ˵Ǳѡ޷ҹùԭµıѡøڽ֮ǰǸεĻӣ˵ܲá׷ʱùҲԼܹΪǸ˵Ψһùڼܾ谮ƯԽݵúܣһиø˻顣ǣøûֿ꣬ʼ黨ǲݡ޷ܵǣȻһԼʮŮˡ
̫Ծˣְ־ȻΪһ곤ʮŮˣҺ衣ܡ
ܣΪһŮǡǴǱĹ°ɣ
£˵ġֻ£ұȴǸΪͣĿббƳҡ
Ϊ׷ǸŮˣҵͬѧҲҪõѵĸס
иԾˡԭġ¡ְˡ
ְֲҺ裬ȥͱѻŮһ𡣡֪Լһ˵ûУҾǲšš
ǹùġǸҪǿˣɷһԼŮ˻һ𡣲øǸܺκŮ˳һˡ
ᣬְҲûкǸŮһ𣿡ѵְǸ˵ӣǸ׷ˣ
Ǻ͹ù֮ˡ֪㲻֪ġ㲻֪õѵĸʲ¡
λƺЩʹѾûȥˡûȥְֻ֪ñŮʲᡣûȥѯ䡣
һεˣεؽ˻飬ε˺ӣε׿޶ε׷һһŮˡҪ׷ʲ᣿еʲҪģҲԲͣӵŮˣҲԲͣغŮຢӡǣңΨһĸװûѡġңƽ
ˣСӰֵֹģһֽǰɡ㿴ȥӺ
ʲ񰡣һѶֽɿһ۾ұӺ
ҵͷЦС
ûûС˵˭
ƫͷÿ֡һμ͸˵ûûصĲ¼ⷣҷһʶ
СⷣһҵͷЦ֪ұҪǼǰڽĻû׼Ằ塣
ҵ۾ҲͶʮӣҴ˶٣Ҳϡ
ͷƳһۣЦ˵Ҷʮˣأʮɡ
ʮˡ
ҲҵĻش𼱴ЩЦеǸӣ濴Ҵ꣬û׼ΪƮĳͷԵʰɣԵرͳ
һ죿һ
ҵͷЦŵغ˵֪Щ춴˵ĲĻ⣬ȫ׵ˡ
ȥķ䣬˲ʱղصĳƬ԰ڸҿ¶λ㺰ĸһ˿ơ
ܸоǶҺܺãĵ棬Ƥơֱ¥ȥ⹫Ǹͷӡ
Һϲгֵաⲻҵļҡ
г̰ţڶԹ緹Ҿ͸˴ҡ⹫Ҿ˵Լʱ´һʱҾЩڴ
ݵĸоǲ
˷ɻΪῴ磬ֻϽҡϽ˵Ҫģٳŵʱ򣬼˿ˣûİˡ
ͣҲܺ뾡
һͿһƱˣԺﶼ֣ȴûһˣȫǽǡ
ÿ˶ѺõظҴкֻһߵҸǰ˵춼ˣ㰡
񣬿ӿⷣҵͷƤĪģ˵Ҳһ±˵ɣҲҪӸҽˡ
ӿЦָᾱͷұ֮ܿǰջ֣תصм䣬ȴתƳһۡ£ȫġ
ϽҵͰɣԶԶĲһۿСõڸǰе޾ɵӡ
Сõ㣬Ҹ𣿡
СõƤֺ̧ԺָָҰȾҪԺȥһק
ɰ˵ҶòãСõסҵֱ۲ţЦҲееɡ
ţáϴδӦҵĺôˣж١
ǣ᲻ң
ףҪ𣿡
Ҫҡ
أֻżϲΪֶѣȻСõˡ
򵥵ĻУѶȵҿɰﲻæӴЦȥԺ
Ժм졣
ڱȡǸһŶСԲϣˣһǸ磬һλƯŮˣǸŮ˴ûڽֹǸİˡ




15 Ȼͷ

ԭϽ˵ͣ
ǸƯŮˣ⿴ʾŵòˡһͷֱֺڵĳҲĿWױҲǼΪȻĵױʹǴװҲܿĺԸǸƯָŮˡ
ҵͷܻ衣
裬ȫ𣿡ʵҲܿΪﲻֻһˣλæ㹤
Ŷڸ׼ءֵ˵ˣļҳˡڷԣֻԽԽζڡǸүһסԢҲֿġ
ף𣿿Ļذְȥһֺеأء϶ǰװ
ӳʱ򣬸оǸװļһֱעңŤͷȻݺݵظһǰ򣬱¥
ˬˬӿǸ˵ļⷡңûȥңΪǸŮ
ǸŮˣӦǸĹϵɡԼ£ǴῪ˵ġʱڿ˼̽ҲûнˡŮˣڶŮˣĪǸӵˣ
ߵǰ¥Ժ￴ȥǸŮЦݵر˵߱ƣ̬ܿɰҲŴݡ
絥֧ϣָߵ棬΢Ц˵ż𿧷ȱĵһڣ΢΢ͷԷ˵ģǺÿˡ
Ư˰
˵͵תȴײ˵˵ϡ
ӿĿ͸ͶԺ˳ȥǸλá
ǺƯӦǣҵķ
ˣ˰
ˣ˵ֻȻһ£յЦƹСԲߵĵɳ¡
ڴߵıӰ뿪˵治֪Ӻ˵𡣵˵˵Ļ϶̸УԵеЦⲻǿּۻص顣
ǣΪʲҷǵ£ΪʲǵΪֻƵ¿գ
£ӿת߹Ӹ¸ҡ
ҵһۣ˵ǿʧĻҾͲκˡ
һ䣬˫ְסɳεķ֣ߴҲӼҵıǼ⣬ںڵ۾һ˿ҲûС
Ǹ߻Сԡ͸ЩЩΣϢֻԼһ˵ĸܣ˱ӵΪһԸ𣿡
㣬Ҫ죿Ŭ˵ҵľܾҲԼĸʲ᲻ԣѵҪΪ𣿡
ͫðסҵߡӣȴߣҲӡ
ã˵򣬡Ұ㡣
˲䣬ҵ촽˱ס
Ҫһſ˵ͱͷģԼͷҲ޴ء
Ȼᷢ¡Ȼᱻһǡᾱһֻεع̶סҲܲǣͺʹ
ֱۣǰһȭֹͣǣһʹѹסҵ˫ȣֻֿٽ⿪ҵëŦۣӼ£ʵ⴦Ͻᣬӱסҵ˫ۡ
Ҫʲ᣿еԾ۾ƺԽԽΣա
Ļشסҡ̫ˣֻýߣܱ߷ɲźáȻϲʹ˫ŻǷ
Ҫ˵ҵĴҧһ¡
ʹòҽһϵʧˣתƵҵȼ䣬ϥǼѹǶòȴ֪Ķ
Ҫ
ģŬֻƣȴһֻҵϣǰͣĸĸоҲܡ
ſҡƴͷŤһߣͱס޷ܵҪȫܣĵطܡ
һ˽ҵĶ䣬ҧסȵϡɲǼһӣҲƲסĲģ
ſңĲ档ҰɣҺܡ
𣿡ҵĶ˵ůůһӹȫ
Ҵеܣܡ
أ
ǰֻƶ쵽ϥǵסĵĵط͵߬ססӴࡣ
˵¸ĳ鴤Ҿţȴǯƣֻм̫߲
ſңſҡҵĺȥӽƴܿ
Էſֻ֣һŬվ뿪ŵùӣᾱһʹһֱֻε§ס
һڴҪȴͻȻһһɣƤ⿪һֻ˽ڿ㣬߬ơ
ܵӣ˲䱻ͨ˵־ͻϮȫ¸ľμҵʶҲһ˿
𣿡Ǹ˵ֲͣ󣬺ŹңȴҵĴ˵ϵ˱ҵ촽
һһУԼӣܿȴֻͽ͵ŤӡѱùȣƤ͵ܡҵ壬ܰ
ɣҡ
޷κζҲ֪ÿȫʶȫ֮УȫĶٿءͷڣԶƵļɢȫһľλǣ峹׵ʧء
Ȼͷˡ
Ȼֻ֣ҴŲߣһһ˻ᣬ᲻һ
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ҡҰɡİȻ򶯲رҲ˫ۡ
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 ǡŮˣԶϲҡΪҾԲܱܽ塣е߳ŭе޿κΡ
˵ĻЩɱֿЦҾĶź
Цһȴ˵˫ҵıᣬ⿪Ǽý·ɿҵ˫ۡ
һõɣסͷʹһȭǰ˳ֳͷҹȥͷҲ׷ӹȥ
ٸңɱ㡣ٸ˵ϲңԿ㡣Һ޺޵˵ٵҼˡҲ뿴㡣
ֻߣļܵõĻᣬҾԻġڵϵĶһһǳ޵Ц⣬ҡ
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㲻ҾͲ᣿ЦһֿȤĶ鿴ң˻ӭҵӴԣӡ
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ЦϽǰҵͷһĿȻѹңſǿ˱סҵ촽ʹбǿҡ
ֻǶ̶̼룬ͷſңӽ˽ȥ뿪ȥűߣŤתͷЦ
촽Һ֪˵
ǿ Цɣ
Ҵؿʧ⣬ָ촽еһʹԭǹġ




16 촽Ūģ

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ҵͷԡҲʪʪͷû˵
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ҺӦһϣȥڲ˵顣ҲȥԷ顣λŮ顣
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ǸͷܺãչĻСܶû⡣ģ˾ˣ裬磬㡣
ûзʲ᲻飿Ȼ˵˵ˣЩɣת˵
Ҳ˵ҽͷ׷ʣҲûش飬Ҳ˵óڵ¡
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ֱֻͣҵĶߣֱҵ˰죬˵ᣬشһ䣺촽Ūģ




17 ڸͷ

ҲǶ˵ͷ͵ǰ촽Ǻʹˡ
˵ˣҰèҧָҴ䣬΢ĴУЩġ
ԡ԰ҺӦ
ǿɲԸң˭ҵҰèΪʲҧҧģ
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ϸϸҵļ硣ֱۺԼϣڸǰͷŵ壬ΪҪ
ܵϸǻҵǣ򱻹ȵδƽѪ궯
ȥֹϵǣֻһŲ¶Լ
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һҵѭȥɵ͵
͹̨ϣһˣĵ߰һȣǰ˫֧ϥϣʮָ棬ĬĬҡ
Ҳæѿ˵硢簡硣
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˵꣬뿪̨ߵߡҺϽ˵ʲᣬȴһ仰Ҳ벻
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͵͵۽£ϣֿʲᷴ˵ı飬ͬҲ
Һϴ촽ûסšëһۿһˡվҵᣬվúܽҵ΢΢һᱳš
η쵽ҵǰ̧ҵ°תһߣһֻڸղŸľƶ
Щɳƣᣬɡ
ϸȥ֮侹״ĺߣָҲûԵʹС
Ҫÿҩ𣿡ںڵңһ⾹ЩʪƺҲƮ΢
ең۾ɻеɻҲҲȷضǸˡ
һ̾ϢİҵĶ𡣾Ǽ䱻ȵĴססңٴοɱ鲼֮д΢ʹҵļ䡣
̧۳￴ȥҵĶʣյסҵգ͵ϸЩӡۣµġ㣬֪𣿡




18 ָĶҷ

֪û˵ұԹ˫ͼֿ§ֱۣΪʲᣬΪʲͻȻң
ɿһֱֻ̧ҵ°ֱֱͣضҵ۾
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ⲻǵһҪõ㡱仰ӿҲ˵
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Ҫſҡҵֵǰſҡ
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ȵĿ־ͼȵĿУͬʱ˺ңҪڶҪ׹ԨҲĸоڸһĿС
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ȼֳֻҵȫ꣬ľǵ˹ҾйڸĻС

סңͣҡ
Ȼ޷ûҲ붯ڸϡ
ܣҾûİųĸо񣬺͸˵ġ籧ڻԼԼģһ˿˿밲ġ
ҵָƽҾΪƿȴø
Ҫֽ§סҵԸſҸеΪ顣
ŤҪѣеȴ䵽һƬʪ
ҡҪϴ衣С˵ͷסļ磬ͼһ롣
ӱɿϵİ߰ߺۼӳҵȫĶȻ֮䣬ֱùȣƿ磬æؽԡ䡣
µˮ岻ϵȣ¶ȻܸߣڵˮסԽȵܡ
ȥˮ£ȴסҲ˽תͷҵĶͷ˵ϴ
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֪ΪʲʵҺϰ߸ϴ裬Ҳϰǰ ¶塣
Сʱ𣬾Ǹһϴ裬ǰҿ˼ɵ ¶˼ɡǣڣֻһҹ֮ȴûΪ ¶е
ҲҶֱվɸϴÿһǣҲûȻУÿһҵļޱȵĸо
оֲϼ޷վȡ
硣ҵĺͬһ㡣
ץס֣ץסеԡҪԼϴȴס΢΢һײĻٴα¥ס
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ͼ֣оøԼϴЩ޴ˡ
̧ͷɣҿ㡣ǣСʱÿκҵʱ˵
̧ͷǰ˸ǹ˽ȥ˫һҲ鶯Ļ꣬ջС
ͬûбעӰ㣬ȫȻͶ˫ջ֮У粻ڣֻʣһǺͫٿأ밵
ſͣҡⰵƵջջС
۾޷뿪˫ҵ΢΢ſѭķȥ
Ǽ䣬˫ɡҵҲɡ㱻ǶĻ
ȫҡ΢ͬߣҵĶպ壬ȫҡ
ԿƵ·ҵȫڣƮ٣ֻҵȫ
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Ҫ¡缱ٵص彻ңһ
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˵¸ĳ鴤˳һ۲ƴҪּµĿҼʧرԵҿ־壬֪ɴĳ
ָָҵ棬ԽԽĳ Ҽ
ȼļӲҪգȫеѪҺӿ֮УĿ۷塣
۷ɸٿͷһǴ˱Ҿε¸춱ǿĲ룬ļ龡

Ҳֲס䵽ϣˮܵҵͷϣҵˮȻҵǰҲضң⾹Ǳ졣
ĿɿڴƯ촽ߣаɫҺ£΢ŵ˫֮䣬ҵ Һ
ɶҵ۾ſͣͷеĶϤȥ·ħһ㣬޷ҲĿģƶá
Խ죬Ҫɽ֮ͫУңͷߵҺһһؼ仺سȥ
ҵҲһһرԽѱյԽӵȻ޴档
壬ڸȰ֮£޷Ƶز
硣ҵૣߺľǵ
˵ͬȻ˵ҪңԶһ𡣡
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Ҫ磬һֱҪ硣ҲҪֿҪˡ
վȥϵʪ·ңһϴɾҵһ㿹ܵͷûˣϴ˴˵塣
صͷΪȥϵˮΣӿԡһѱҡҵԴȻһΣ޲иض
ſңǳˣˣҲҪ رһ˺ᱧ
ȫǲΪӣ߳ԡңҳԾǣȻ߳˷ţȣֱ߽ҡ




19 ɣ

ȻģԽĪ
΢򣬸罫ҷĴϡԴֻصСʱʱϴ᳣ڸĴϱˣһӣٻԼ˯
ǣڵҲСˣΪʲỹҪȥء
磿վڴߵĸߴӰ죬һ΢
վڴߣ˶ƺƽոͦΣӾֵģխᣬ˫Ƚ޳һ
ƯԭϤģÿնӾ߮Ǵ˿̣ȴİİĸооĿˣľ
޷עӣֱ֧۾Ҫ޴Ѹ˹ҵļббࡣ
粻˵ҽšŲŲ壬ͷСһ£磿
ɣ㩤ط֣羹Ȼµ˵
۰Ͱ͵֪Ҫ˵ʲᣬðտʡ
֪Ҫʲ𣿡˵ָ֪֪ҽҪʲ᣿
Ƕ΢šĳü֮£ﲻһߣѵʲûģ
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һѱסңͷסҵգãŵɣ
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ҵĴԿʼҪʲᡣ
ɡ缱ٵĻһҵֱס
ӵ־ͷסĸо§˫֣סظҵıоҲ
岻֪ס˸ĹȵļҲԽԽȣ»еβǸֻһץסҵΣ
ͻҾһ̣羱ҧסͷȻ˱էʹ֮£Ӳɵֱͦסβֺ΢΢һգұ˽Ļ촽סŵؼůĴҵĴҲ޿ɶֹ
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ҵ˫ֳڸǰҪƿֱҧһ£һʹ֮£ûƾܡ
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硣ͷܲˣܲǳʱʧصĸо
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һҵգ쳤ֱùͷһֻܣҺͿָҵ塣
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ʷס˫΢΢ٸҵӣŵͣӲľ޴֮ϡ
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סľӣƴ̧ӡ
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ȵҵĶϣٿزʵ˫ļһ򣬸͵һͦҵ屻Ӵ롣
ǿҵҸеʹ࣬类ΰ㲻Ҷֹסزֻʹ࣬п־塣˵
ɣɣϲˡ
粻סңҵĴࡣһֻůƲͣҵȼ 󣬸οҾѵ塣أƺͣȫĸйٱٿУûʶԼڴִĿУ¸ĳ鴤ԽԽ
ٴαסһ·ϸϸҧͣ˾࣬ȵ಻ס¶ĶĸоҵͷڶֹȼֻͻȻӿٶȳ鶯ֹס͵ҧסҵľҴһɲǣ֫Ȼʹԭֹľ޴ҵ
Ҵгȴ̱ס͡
ҵġɣҵġ
ҵĴ˵ЩңҺ¡֫ڶǼӲľ޴һһεس 塣
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Ұˡ޼ɵĴҸе裬ǱҰӶ
͵Ҫҵײ䣬ǸӴӲƺҪҵ壬ƺƴҵоԼĳȫк
ᱻҳ ʹ಻ʸУǰڸбŪĿУĥľƣ
̧ͷɳּУҿ
̧ͷȴʲҲˮģ۾ǿײ߻ɢûо׼࣬ȫעٿס
硣ͷţҰ֧顣
˫סǣˮҵϣصĴϢУ˵š
ȼӲڸ͵ޣ̵ѪҺ籬Ѱ㣬Ѱͷšʪ͸ĶˣָסĦһ֮䣬Һڸ縹ҵõĿС
ȻҰӶھκеȴܵûУʶԽԽԶҲԽԽʧ
ңڵͺ𣬡۾ҡ
ҿûˣû۾ûˡ
ʲҲ
ĸоҲûκθоĸо

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۾ɬɬģܲڴϣԼĴǸҡ
ֱ̧֧ӣȴûɵƣ۵Ҫס˻ȥ
һƳ֮䣬ע⵽ͱ»ģ˯֮ǰɫһ
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̧ƿӣͻһ죬¼˳һĴѩ׵ĳĵ̻ɫͱģһεģ
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ҡҡҲ֪ʲᣬҪȥϴ衣
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ǣٱעӵĻ϶衣Ť֮¡
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šüЩ߷ߵббƳĬĬһߣԶСΪ֮СΪ֪ܸģĪɡ
ԣɣʵң촽ʲԭŪ˽ˣ
ףʲԾʽ
˵˭ǵģҡҡ缱ٵʡ
Ҳ˵Ҳ˵ڣҲ˵ģ㲻Ҫˡ
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ҲҪκ㡣°ͱ̧ҵĿⱻǿ͸ӣҲٷɣгֵ׼
ҵɣѵһɹвңû
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ЩĺеԺˣȴЩŭѵΪ˱ˣԲŶ£ҵ˽ҲҪƣ
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סҾظǡǣĳһССĽ䣬ԼһҲ޷ѵԨ




20 ռк͵õ

Լķ˵㶫ʵû¥ʱˣֻûʱ䡣úܣԵȴһζڶûС
Σ޷ҸоõûУǲǻò
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ҵǺĽǸһģʲ¶ûзһ¶㲻һƵġ
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ǣҲܽܵ飬Ȼֱ˵˵˳ֳǵޱϮȫ
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ֻü򵥼־ͼұѱģۿȣÿգһ۾һˮҲޡԼðġ




21 Լķʽӽ

ĪǣǿģӿʵɭĿƺҪҴ͸
ûУûǿҡ
ԼûзѡΪʲûз˵ɡһֱ͸׽ңһֱѺϰ߶ԸӡԣҪ׽ʱ˿ûоܾԾڸҪַʽܵʱҲ˳ӦĶԸѱɸΪΪ
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֪ɵģҳ˸ۣӵ˵ΪǱŮҧġ
ʱסˡ
ĬƬ̣򴰱ߣƺûнӽҵ˼һѾס򣬳⿴˰Σ˵
ԭҰĸӷ񡣡
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˵꣬ſȥţͷҲص˳ȥ
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ڶѧҲ
ߵĸһֱû˵Ҳ˵ѧУ˳˵һ仰һԷɡ
ҺӦһͷҲصؽ˴¥
ȫûεˡ˵ʵѧ鶼ûСʦڽΣֱ¿ΣҶûзӦڽɫʹɣ幹ɡ
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ѧұһ¥ĳȻͣ¥£ң˳šһѽӽȥҲȥ
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ܺãպƿҲƯҾңԸѡеĲҲеᷳ˳ۡ
ѹֵòͻò͵Щ˫ɶԼģˣ˵ùԶĻֱͺˣƫҲҪװģһ
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ԭҲвϲߵʱֻԼһ˵ٺκһ
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ЩٻᡣЩٻᡣҵԴεģ˻ƮƮԶɽԶ
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Ҹо̫ˡ֣¶Ҫһһĺޱ˵
ȴŽ˵ĻоԼЩ㣬˵ʲ᣿
ҲͶһƱ㲻ᷴҽӿ׷ɡҿϲһֱڵףֱ죬ſڡ㽫ЦеյҸǰЦ˵֪϶ԸӿĽ򡣡
ԡ
ԣֻϥҲڴȶӷҲղס֣ҡҡλε̱¥ϣ¼ݽףˤײ㡣
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ңԶĵطŲںҵ֡۾ȴʲҲԴεģԣȫεġֻ˯
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ѹʱֻöͷģͷϻë
ɣ΢Цһ£С˵ղ¥ˤˣΪǲСأû뵽ԭһֱڷա
Ա߾Ǹ磬ڴأң˵ҽϾ͵ˡ
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ӵĽŲӦҽˡŲûйϣƺоվ˴ǰ
ӿˡǽ
šվڴߵӿӦһ
ſ۾ɨǸһۣʱȫ䣬Ҳġ
ǸһԲĿң˫۾ȴƺ˵ƺ¶Ĺ뵣ǡѹֵУҺ¡
վӴһҽͻʿеڱ򿪣ʿ֧Һܡ
ºѪѹķΣҽҩܿҽҺ۲һ֮ᣬҽעȥ»ʿչҡ
ұ۾ҲۡڴߣʿһߡӿڴߵĳɳС˵
ϣӿܹʧ뿪䡣ֲϣ뿪Ϊ߳ȥĻ϶Ҳһȥ
ͽһ𣬲֪ʲƭõ¡֪һֱϲֻҲû뵽ȻϲǸ̶ȣȻڵ׷ڵ顣
Ľ㣬ˣɸźáһ֪ԼõĻִֻԳܵġ
ЩʲءҵֹЧĻһᾡȫֹҲֻˣһҪֹ㡣
ͷ̫֪࣬۵˯˹ȥ

Ҳ֪˶ãԺľѹڴߣĵطһ־ﲻʼ˯ǰļ䣬ԼˣȻᡣ
͵̧ͷȻһۿǸӿǿҲȻڷǲɵһԴصͷϡ
飬ǸӰ




22 һҪЮ

˵ڶ죬ʼնûҲ򵽣ǽر˳ӿԸ
죬ǼһֱĴҵķҪ죬Ҫῴ飬ҪῴȫǲϽԵġ
ӵֹһ绰Լȥ棬ѯӿͬ⣬ÿǸ˶˵岻رоֻ밲ڼ
ǣ㲻ݵڼԸ裬˺һĲŲ͡
ȻˣҲڻָУȴ˵ദԽԽеľ
ȥö⣬һʵӿĹϵּ׽Է飬ӿܺõˣԣȻڽһչҡ춽˵ҵṩӿʱദ
յУѾǳһ죬˵ģҪԼķʽӽҵ˼ˡ
ҪúͽĹϵӽҡĿ
ҲԸҵĽ
ҸʵĻᣬ̸̸̸Щʲᣬһ벻ֹԽ֡
ġ죬㱻׼жˡҴ¥µĿ߿ӣߵȴӿ˵
ϧһֱճֻضӻܿ͵˸°ʱ䣬ŵʱ߸
ȻݹЦȻһž͸˴кȻҸǰеǰĲ輸ϣЦ
ɣף念ҰҲ˵Ҳ֪ˣɱû㰡
־ȥЦе˵أлл㰡㣬ˡ
Ȼˣһֻ󵰸⣬һĺǼ¿Ϸ ҲûΪʲᣬȻҲյ⵹һϰ߽ң˼ͬʱҲеȤ
Ҷˣ졣ֻܿӽĿż㵽ˣӦ˵һ䡣
쵽Էʱվӣȥ˵ȥ費Ҫæ
ȣ쳤ֱۣһֻɳϵĸĸ첲ЦԺܸӴ
ɨһۣû˵
𣿡Ц˵ԤУֻҪٸĻϴͬѡ񡣡
ҸоʹѸ⶯һ£ббƳһۡ
Ͼ˵Ů˵ҪҵͰ֮ѡġܴȻҵѾɹˣҲÿʼˡ
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ȻףᳶˣҰֻҪа͹ˡ
˵꣬Ϊ۵ӿһۡ
ӿߣһֱҵϣһֱڹעҶԽ˵ĻķӦȻҲںؽɻȥ
ȻߣԱܵӦȡеңµػ˸̨
εáҷ߷ߵ롣ֶң̨ȥ
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ش۽翴ȥȴת򳢳ֵһˡ
̧۾ڶӿ˲Ҳ˲Ŀҡ̲סֵԲ۾ǣûƵسǰ°ͣ˵
ҪǸˡ
΢΢һЦѸٽ̲˵ҵǰ
ȫĿͶңֶ΢Ц
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ԱߵĽ㣬ǶĴԽЦв˷С
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㣬ӽ㣿Ǹ޳ܵļͬѹ˵⼸죬һҲûа취Ҹ߰ɣҲܹĳֻҪԸ⣬ʱԳΪһԱ
˵Ĳ̬ȣ˭ܿסңƾͼʹԸ۹⣬Ҳûʲ޵ġ
Ҫҽ飿Ŵ۾ɻ
ֻܹһĻһѡ顣
˫ȣչ˫ۣ濿ɳµ˵
ˡҧгݵصҪҽһ𣿡
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ҲġĻýһҪЮҡ
Ҹ

ϣҪ˯ʱ򣬸ˡ
ߵߣĬĬؿҲɵýһµ۾
㡣ֹӣƬ̣˵ѧǼڼϢ
ʵҼȲѧȥҲڼ
֪Ҫ϶ǸԼòݵĻ⡣ǣ˭ɵ˵ء
˵ɣҵ۾˵ڻЩƣ롣
ðûҼ۾춣оϵıӱȻ߳ĽŲ
űϵﾹ˿
ҲزǰˡΣҲǰһԴˡ

ڶ죬һѡȥѧУϿΡһңͱͬѧѯǷԸⱨμӰ༶оٰ˫ջд
Ҷ˵ͱֱ¿֪֮ݺ͵ص㶼ûо
ȥ԰ɡ
ſھṩһѡص㣬ײ㱻ı⡣
԰ʲ᲻ã԰ﴦǶõľ£ʺд
У㶯룬ҵԴ˵԰࣬˫գȥд˵ȡˣֻԼɱΧ۵ľˡ
ʱ˲õԤС
ȻǻȥϴȥǸСӰɣﲻ̫ԶСʱ͵ˣԷҲܷ㣬ҪǣǸΧĻǳ⾳öطǳƯ
Ҫԣȥֵطȥιӵѽ
ÿ˶ؿһۣȻһ¾ȥС
֪֪ҪȥιӣҪιһҹ
˳ҲҵĲûóסҲסһˮҲӣҧҡ
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ȥȥɣʲ˲õģ𡣱ȥҵȻҲȥã죬ֲˡ
ϻؼңҲû˵¡ֱϣҲڷ϶Ը˵
죬Һͬѧһȥд
ǰҿ϶͸߸磬ǻһҹڣֻǸѾľ
ϣȻʼϸϸشҡҵͷԹԵس
Һһȥɣոտʼ˵㣬Ҳɷɡ
Ҫǰ˵͸˵е֮á
ڡ
ҡҡͷ˵ԼȥͿˣǺͬͬѧһȥĻһֵġ
û˵ĬĬسԷ극û뿪ߡ
ƺڵҵӣĥ춻ǳˣƿ룬뿪ҡҲٸ
¥תҪԼķ䣬˵ȥ¥ϣɣҪ̸̸
ȥ̸ҸɰͰ͵˵Ų߽ͣԼҡ
ԴǼ֮ᣬҾҲûȥ¥ˣжģǼִԼķ
һűĸϣٿתŵʣҪʲ᣿




23 壬Ǹסļ

ԭ̸̸ֻΪж˵
ƽѾˣģ˿ֻŵ
ԼҪ򶨣ȻῪڵ̸̸̸̸̸ʲ᣿
һֱҺ䵭ҵϣͣѲҲ̬ȡ
ҽŤһߣ˵̬ȣ롣
һ̾Ϣһִֻҵļͷ
ɣҪҡָֻҵҲҪװûпҡҪҲ
˭ұģֲ̧֣һ˵ҲŶ԰ɡ
֣ȻڰУΣ˵ȴˣϲϱ𣿡
ҰһۡϲһˣҲҪġϲ˭顣
شҡץסҵ˫磬ҡһ
ûСҴһɤӡ
ֿʼסضҵȻþõؿҵ۾ʵڶסˣұܿĿ⣬תԱߡ
ңɡҡһ£˵
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һ͵͵̾Ϣͷ˫ֻᣬס
ȥҵҰɡо˵ʱ
Ȼúᣬǲһֱִɹ谭ȥе˼ 
Ȼ֪δÿŬƿš
Ҫҡֺڶߣ˱һ£ҲֻõһΡʱңǣֻԽԽ䵭ԣٵȴˡҪÿһ춼ҡ
ֱһ̣ҲųˣѾٴˡжò뿪뿪ãҲҪĵط
־ӣòȽǿȨͳΡ̷֮Լ״ټϣҪʱٱ˿šҪЮ
Ҫ˼ˡֻҪרһ˾ͺˡɡĴպ
ʹֱ۳ǰͷҲһŤԶԶġ
ҲҪҴ˵ҲҪٺ¡
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ֱ۱Ť˱ᣬһ˲Ҳεס֪ԼѾ޷ˣֻн۾رϡ
۾֮ᣬĸйȴ
·壬Ĵ࣬޲һεľڸĻһбǱֱӽ˸ҡ
Լߡ̫ѿ̫ˣʮǰһϲڣһɡ
ҵźӦٴν۾ϡ˾Ͷ˰ɣԼͳɡ
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Լ۾ֱ۲صϡʵÿҲԼʲӡ
ͻȻ֮䣬һжĬþĵģҲоĶ֪ڴϣҵԱߡ
ŵʱ̫ˣõʵ̲ס۷͵۾֮ǰҺȻʶᰲԭ
һֱڿҵ壬ûд·塣
˲䣬ùȣ˫ȲŤһֱҲԽεסԼ
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ɶĻҵụ̀ͼн˫ȣѾӲѼס㷭תȥ˫ȣϥұ仯忪ġ
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ӱһ⣬ֱ泯ȵĴ뿪䣬һ̣ǰһеϡ
ʪȵͷ˱סϸϸزͣҧĸоȫϵĲҧסԼŬԼʧء
ļأһ౻ָͷססشǿҵĵĸоٿػ¸ҧһ˷͵۾ԭҪװԸİڲ޷ӦĴ㣬
ҪҪҡ
װ޷Ӧӡ
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ǲϵġֻǣҪѣҵļⷡ
屻ǿḲס縩ңȻὫһֻҵǰضҵ۾ֻֻȴԥرֱȥ
ҵ۾ʱɵϴ˲Ҳ˲۾
һ˫˸ǹ֮£ӿ˳ںڵͫＤ鳱ƺڽȥ
һ˲䣬ֻ¶֮ҵļ¶߬ġ
ע£ҵ۾ģȣ߱ûɢϵĶ಻ϡ
ǳãҪܣĸоһõǵĸܡ
ڵϸ֪ȻעҵǣȴǱס޷ƺתˡ
֣֮Ҳоˣе񾭶ֻ¡Ȼֻ˿ȥ̵̱ĿΧӲŤ֫Ҳ鲻ԽعȴҲѰٲֻ֡
۾ʶգȴоˮ˳͵ļУҿ޳
磿ԼҵĿ硣
ϥǣֻ׽ס˫ȱ˿廹ѱȵ࣬סڶתȦ˱
ողűͻȻܵⳬĳҲҵУɵñʶҲ޷Ƶסˡ
еĻĸоѾȫڸͷϣȫ
̱֫ҵʹؿʹеԼΪʲڸĿͷţһҿûС
Ǻϴһͷŵ̫ˡҪϰһóá˵
ҺشЦֻ΢΢Ƥ
Ҫˡǿ۾˵Ҿе㲻
ҵľòҵľò壬Ǹסļⷡ
ʵٴ֤ûа취ܸģֻҪҾˡԶߣȥһӽ˵ĵط
Ҳԣ罫˫֧ҵԴߣ˵Ҫ˯
ҵ˵ͷ̧ƿ׼ȥϴ衣˴ԥһ£òǻԼϴ裬Ǿϴ衣
ݸˮɣ˵߽ȥԡҷˮ
ߵűߣſſվһᣬ˵ȥɣԼˮ
Լ￴˸Ц⡣
ʵҲЦҲһȫνǼҳ㷹ӡ
ԡȫȵİ滺سʱҵһֻڰҼҾơ




24 廹ǻþ

ڶ˸磬Կ͵ѧУ
ԭʱ򣬼ǵмŮģٳ˲ŷյĲֻǰ˸һŮҲûСҲѹ֣һҹĻŮӿܻò
˸;վ˳ƱûеȳǾʵĴͳĿĵء
ʻУ·ԽҰƽʱڳԶᱻϰﵲסڱ۵ϣԽԭҰƺԵؽ֮ĵƽߣͶɽ壬ңԶӵӰ֮ᡣ
һũﱻᣬۿȥǰǸһ޼ʵ顣ɿˮ·սһխİ·
·潥ЩҲ·߸һŸߴľïʢ֦ϣƴҶƬббĳӳ£ҡ㣬ͣҶƬ֮ҫĹâء
ҺǿҶ֮еĹ趯Ҳ鶯ľ֮£ִ֦ɵׯȻ״ʵѡģѲ״
֪ѾС򣬽Ƿּǰ
СС빫·ԼжԶľ룬һխխġˮ·ͨӡˮС·Աߣȫũ͹ũǵͰƽģ﹡͹ϣβسïʢҰݡ
Щϸխ﹡ЩƺҲⲻӲݣҵǷġĻҲõ룬ó֮⣬˵߰򼰡ʲġ
ȻѾߵһˣֻȰԼſ뿪㣬һɣа˸ѡδؾͻᵹùҧҡ
ãżСȥˣһխС֣͹۵Ĺ۲ͷжᣬ϶ΪǱɵҪҵ֡
ҵϲɹ˳ĿȪˮһЩǿԳ䵱͵ʳͲٻʱСֱͣڻͿԽ
û񣬾ʹӵһͷߵһͷͷĴƬԭҰȻ⣬ǴеĿġ
ûľҲǼΪˡۻСӻ˰˶󣡱֯ĲñеӰƷũ񲮲ֲñ
ȻֲñûʣҲƻҵķͣǣûܹܵסյıɹ
ӣһ׵С·֮⣬ߵĵطֻ﹡ˡ˳С·ǰߣС·İйõˮ·ߣ˻ɫС
ССĻƶꡣһһ俴ĻãϲܻбֲˡȻһ·Сƻ޴ڣнˣʵǿ
˽ͷһСԶԶһдеꡣС·﹡ػƬ塣
﹡խƽټӲïܣ·һĶӡ
ֻһǳһŵ״ҲˣΣҾȻ˸գݽҰµˮ
Ϊ˷߶صشĶͲƤѥݸ˻˻ֱۣճĨð߲߰ڣûˤϼͷѾǳˡ
ƬСɽ𣬳ȥȻ丵С壬ľºһƬСС֣м¾ɵӣֻˮţȻؽںӱߵһȺһȺѼѺõطͬһƬˮ档Ӱϡ賤ͻҡҷ
ǻ˵ʱȡ˾óЯСɢ˿Ҵ򿪻ܣϻֽרĵع۲
дǵģڳĵĽ¡磬ͬѧ˵סˣҪɹˡ
ҲеΡ֣ͬıгǰλʹķζĻҲñȴڼоöˡ
·Ϊ˹ҸӼȥһ㣬ӵӿĺüε绰Ҷûó϶Կ嵽˼֪ҲڼңŴĵ绰
ĺ֪ҲڼҵĻڽ
⣬Ū
ϣҾ֪˴𰸡

չ䰵֮ǰǷСҵΨһһ硣˸ˣҪĸ䣬һ䡣
йֵ׼ԣĿͷκۣΨһҪ󣬾ǰλΨһķԱϰȫɸɾġ
ıܷڷ֮ᣬǳȥСɵϴͷβһ飬һҿȥɾС꣬˲֮ᣬ̲סرҪϰҪõĲ;߶ÿˮ顣
ʱϰԽ˶ǾھҵڵϰϵػӬĴӬžУֻʵؽ͡
극ʱ仹磬ұݺύС
С羰ǿʲģҪ˵ĻҲûʲرģڼʯ·žɵСɽͳ̦ʯǽЩĲɣС
С˸飬˳ɵߣ쵽ŵʱ򣬿һɫĵܳͣǰĿĳӣռ˴·Ŀȡ
Щõĸоʶ
˽ǰŵʱҿز￴ȴشˣ۽ǵ鵽˴ӳһߴΡͷһͣҾ˶סԼ
ɡ
ұǸᶨסͬѧҲȫӦعͷǸӿ
ǲʶʱΨ²ҵļⷡһپ䡣
ɡҹ侲˵
ȴӦң΢Цҵͬѧ˵ȽȥϢɣɺ˵仰ͽȥ
ӣ½½ϵ¥Ŀͷ
û뵽Ҿ˵
ϳɡ򵥵˵
ҡҡͷ˵Ҫ˵ʲ˵ɣҪ͵һص˵
Ҫ˵Ļ˵Ļܻ˵Ļ϶˵ĻͳͳûȤ֪ûȤ
˵ҲУ㲻ϣǵ̸ɡ
ҵͷʹ
˵ɣֱȣŬԼЩ㾯˵Ҫ˵ĻķǳҪҪǵҵ˵
šģӦһȻᣬƽ޲˵ȥңȴڼҡÿȥҶԿ㣬û뵽ῴ㡣ֲ֪ȥʶҰʱֻ˵ͬѧһŻҴĵ绰ǣûн
Ĭ˰Σûеȵ˵ȥѾ˵ˡ
вɻԥһ£ʵЩҪЩ£
ѵ㲻Щ¶ҷǳҪ
ǵȻģ̲סΪڹ˵һЦЦ
ò⣬ǲǸʱЦһ¡
һ̣˵ĻȷԼûпЦġ
ûйĸܰɣɡ۾ң΢Ц˵ÿһÿһ̣ﶼ˼һˡÿһÿһ̣ﶼһ۵ԸǾ̼ǸˡȻᣬǻȥǸˣȴ˸ա룬ǻ飿
ͣЦԽˣڰУؿ˫ǹ⣬˲Ŀѣ
ɣҵ˻õᣬҿûʸ㱧Թ㰮֮ᣬһ㣬ĺܲءΪʲ᲻ҵĵ绰ҽ᲻ȥҪңҪҵ绰òã
ҸоʱһֻѾȴӦѿ
壬ǻþˣƺһˡǸֻҪңֻвȵӿܻ˵ЩֶĻ




25 

ûнĵ绰صҵˣҵĻɡ
ұۿ㣬Լġ㣬лʧ˵ĸо޷ܡԣȥѧУͬѧңطҾˣΪ̫㡣
һ仰ѣҺɵ𱸵һ˵ңһ׷ҽ㣬㲻ñ̬𣿡
ֻҪܹһٱ̬ҲĳĿǰΪֹⷽ滹ûֵָĵطΪһûֱףҲûпʼ׷׷ңģһӦúܺáڣɣֻڵȴѡ񡣡
˵ò׵ʱͣҲػʶ
̬ǲ̬¶ЦݣЩŹ֣ǸЦݼֱƵǴЦ
Ǹʲˣģʲϵ춱ܣҾǰƲһпܵġǱڵģ֮ǣ
ɣ˵ң̬ͨõ㡣Ըֱӵ߰ɡ
˵֪ƽȥȻҵڸ֮еľԻеġ
ҲϲЦˣЦеԱ󱻺ܿݵضԴˡ
˵ø׵㣬ɣϣܹӦҵİ£Ұ㣬Ҫõ㡣޷İµĻԱݣҲҪõ㣬ҲҪһͲò˺ˣҸȴòȢΪֻܹһֺϷߵݡҸȫ˵㡣ҵȴĴ𸴡
ȻǸ̬ſڽֹǸı̬
΢΢һЦ˵Ǹ̬вġ
ʲôһڣҾ֪Լ˸ޱ޴⡣
ȻЦЦúܿģЦúܾˣЦúûأЦ˺ûӡ
˵ɣɣסЦݣ׽סҵָ֣һ£ҳԷʲô˯ʲôȻᣬȻ㣬ĺô
ڳЦңҳ֣ŭ
ûгЦ㣬ĿģΪǷһһӰ㡣
ûЦȴ˳ӣüֹ֮ǰǰ
ͣҺҪϢˣ³
һֱͣӰ˼⣬΢ŲһλãԶµ˵
˳Сֿͷͣļϻ档Զ˵ĵƹ⣬һƬû·ƣҲĵƹ⡣ʣ˿ȴպѹѹģҰҲǺӰҰҹȻһƬĺڰǿ°
ѳƴ򿪰ɡеƵĻӰȫС
㺦𣿡ŹֵʵϰߴڵĵطƵġ
Ҳҽν˵Ȼ˵ҪڰĻ˵ʲҶšǣû뵽ũȻڣĺʲħֶпܻðǸǿưɡ
֪ˡӦ
ûЦңһǣһ̣Ʋûб򿪣ȴıסˡ
Һϲ㰡͵͵ڶߣ˵߰ɣɣһ뿪ȥĳУȥĹңҪһ𡣡
һԸغ˼룬ҲŲءƿȴҲƲ
ᣬǱȥ׷㿩
ЩƣҵĴߡ
˵޳ܣڱңвҪЮҡҵָرɵˡ
ǿɶַѵҿȥܺ۸ÿ˶ϰַ𣿲Ǹ硣
ǣΪʲСһ
ﲻϵں£ԼϰߣַԽԽϰߣĻң
˵Ҷν֣ҵ·ֻҪ֪һ
Ҫſҡ
ȻڷȴΪĴĻ䡣
ٷˣܲġ˵ѹ˵Ļ
ǰļֻظҺĸָķӦǻᱻ޹鰮ĶòҾԼܿɱ
ҪǿңϲңͲҪҾԼڱַʧ֮ǰԼȳ
ǰֵֻĶͣƬ̵֮ᣬҵĶߵ
ϲ㡣ܵҵ壬ǲ˵ѵģͨҵ壬ܵǿҵ޷Ƶİ顣
ܵ巢Ҳ
飬Ӧݵ𣿡ҿ챻ԴŪˣöԷ飬ܵԼģǰ鰡
˵ûдȫһЦһ˵дȥҵ̫áԣΪֱӵܵҵġ
Цشҵҷ߷˵϶Ҳдϲһ˵ĻǲǿȶԷģǿԷĻ͸ϲ
˫뿪ҵ壬˫类סʵˣ
Ҳ㱻ҭס
ѵʱգŷһû
һֻϲȻΪģȻ¡
Ȼ˵˳ĻҲɻ̧۳ϿȥڰгȴʲҲС
ʵĸоԽǿңӿƽӿ̫ͬˡ
ҲóҪһ£һ˰ɣ뿪̫ãͬѧᵣĵġ
ģĬʮ֮ᣬ˳صͷӣܿͣ⡣
̧֣ҾҪţһֱֻȴקס
ɣ㲻˵ʲ𣿡еڴе
㡣ҳһ£֪Ҫ˵ʲᣬ룬˵ƽʱЩһҾ˵
֪㣬ƽʱһΪһ춼ܺ¼㣬Ϣʧ
ֱȻĻƵĵƹббش͸ɫĳԿЦµĲ
ҵģǼ򵥵һ仰Ǽ򵥵һ񣬾أԳ鶯һ¡
תͷٴȥţֱ˻ȥ
һ³ɡ˵
ҵͷֱ۴гת˳߽˰ڵ
ɡ
һعͷűƿбӣҵ۾˵˸Ҵ𸴣ҵ
˵꣬ϳţشǰʻ˰죬ڵʲ𸴡
ǰ׳աˣƽʱһˣ
ֻǱƽʱһ㣬ҾȻͱɱסˡͼͨ뺣˵õѡ񣬵ҵĴ𸴡
ɴңϲֱӱԵϲԵ
ҸͲԸⱻԵ
ǣѾòˡĻͻᱻǣ
һеý㣬˺㡣
ҲòһǸʹľʵʩҵҲòŬʵ




26 

ûŬԼæµ٣ŬԼװһæµӡ
ͶǰδеרעĩչƷϣʱ׼ĩԡ
ʱѾԽԽѰˣÿһÿһҹ
ӦͻȻöÿмͣŻȻ̲ס˭һ𡣵ÿڼҵϣҾͻҲѣҲࡣ
ڼʱǰЩÿڼȷе˵ÿӿ֮һţȥһҹ
֪ˣʲ󣬿ΪĽ࣬ϵظıԼϰߣҵ˻㽹
Ǹ˽Ū춹֮䣬һ̸Цһñҵʱ֪ڴ߱ҵĴ𸴡
ÿᣬסңͽһڿһ죬ֱᣬұΪƽȹһм
һûڼҡӿָո뿪ҳȥ֡øڵңȴҲɲ
صԼķ䣬ϸؽŴϡѾһʩˣòɵϰߡ
֪ǵرյţֻǸԼһϵľοˣûκʵõġʲҲס
ʱȡжˣȻһ뵽ͻĻš
һֱҶֵûȥĳһ죬ԼҲвòȥ飬òΥԼԸʹѡ
ʹẦ£᲻£Ҳѡ񣬱ж
ȥǶáҸֵĳɳ䣬ţЩٵġ
ֻǣս֣һ
Ѿݽ
ЦǣҸ֪Ϊʲ
ûҽͣЩ޷¡Լǰ߸ûҡ
Լ˭


֪˭ţסһֻҪװ˯˾ͺˡÿֻҪװ˯ܿͻֹͣ
ҽ
ɣš̴ܶ٣ǲɵš֪㻹û˯
ǵģҲû˯ȴòװ˯˵ӡΪ˯ˣͲҲȥţŵˡ
ţɣһõ㿪Ϊֹ
ĸЩ죬ԴҿʼϷ˯֮ᣬÿֻҪӦлطȥû֡
Ȼװȥˣֻÿš
Ȼû˯һְֻᣬһֻ֧ſƳͷ΢Цҡ
ҿһۣʵ벻˵ЩʲᣬԼģЦЩ졣
㣿ˣɻʵǸе˵Цݣȫİĸԡ
ܿ𣿡ʣԾǸЦݡ
šüͷӴսᣬȷʵŵ˾ζǣһȾƺܽƣҲӲȰ׾ƣҲûмƵӡ
ûк𣿡
Ҹɻʵ￪ʼ㣬ǺˣûҸ
ݷܿҵƵģ뿪ſ߽ץסҵļ磬ʵϣҺˣ
ǰʡ¡Ҽ˵˵
ȻˣȷʵǺˡ˫ְסҵļͷǰλã˵Եĳ̶ȡɣڻرңܾҡ
ͻı任⣬Ӧ
ȻܲԸ⣬һӦμ˸ʽᣬΪʲأΪڼҵĻһֱڽţһ˶ʱ䡣ǣΪʲ㻹Ҫأ
ֱͦӣҡҡҵļ򣬸ò׼ûҲò׼Ƿж
ΪһϲȹصýţߣΪžܵסңʵ
Ȼҡ̯Ļŵɸӳֲǰɡ
ֻûǸˡ
֪Ϊʲš˭֪ҵ˵ͷŤһߣ
ܺá
ֻ˵֣ſңߵſڣתϣҡ
ǸߴĬվЩ֪룬Ͽ߳ȥǿֲǻʹ߿ʱһһعȥҵвɵϰ¡
ɡ
˵֣ҵķһֻ
ٲˣ˼ײҵĳ׿
ҡ컹пԡƵңΪԾȣŬûʵɡ
ҵ۾ЦЦõ᣺ɡ
ֻȻ֮䣬ϣָԷָֿ޳չƼּᶨҼԸоֵֻ¶ȣҲԸоֵֻᡣ
ɡ
Խĵᣬд˿˿۵ա
ԤģҵԼŲһߵߡ

춣һſԡ
ͬѧ׼ȥ緹ĿյһصңóʯᱻСĵزıϻУһ̵ܳѧУ
ϻУֻǸαװˡҪʱϵѧҲǸİĵطεݡ
İĵطҲòȥİĵطȥҲ֪ҪǣǸط벻ᱻҵ
Ȼ޷˵ˣ޷ĸԸɱ˰ڲֻÿԼһС
һУ뿪ԶЩ̬ĸ
δһƬãȻҲܱڵĴжӰʵѳ
ģҲֻˡ
ΪСȥ˻վӴ˿𣬽ֻͨѡ𳵺ɻĻܿͻᱩ¶١
Դ֮ᣬҾͷ˲˼ƻȻûо飬׵ģһǲʹ֤ɻǲʹÿᱻ鵽֮
⣬Ϊ˱ģٳǰֻҲȻȻطҵĴͷ
ϣʵ׼Կľġ
ڻϳԵֲܴͣڵĺзÿڸҲ׷ϣܷܵظһζܵصĳˡ
չδһ죬ҲķҲԲϣͨ󣬳ɹ˵ԼȻԹһٷ
ͷ֮ᣬ˻𳵡ﲢĿĵأĳƱΪվʱȷ
ȻäĿĳߣϣܹäĿԼױҳ
Լ֪ҪȥЩҵˣ֪ҵҡ
ͻмĴڳվĴ洦ұһסһȥſǵ¡
ٲǺ̤ʵϾǵһζ뿪ңһԶ
һڴʼûã콥Խûûģ˭࿴ҼۣҶеԷˡ
ҲǶӶĹϵɣӰ쵽顣ҽһҿ͵꣬Գһųǰĸ߽Բ£һײ͡
տʼ϶ǲϰߵģҰοԼ¶Ҫֻ֣Ҫȥһжϰߡ
ӳҵӰӣҳӰЦЦԼЩǸЦݣǺܽӲ
ʱ򣬼ӦѾ֪ҳ˰ɡȥѧУûнӵң϶⡣ҵֻֻڼ
ᵣĵġԸܾؼңȥ¥ѧǰ͵͵칫Ϸһʲ᳤ƪ۵ţֻһűдҳȥˣһ֮ǰҡ
ȥһķϻ
ǣĲ֪дԡȻˣضгֵĲٻȥɡ˵ǳȥ棬Ϊ˲ôΪҵģʵҪ˼Ҫұҡ
Ǳҵҵһˡ
ΣҶǸӿóѡͷͣسҵĵףᶨҼȥ




27 Эɫ

ٴεϻ𳵣̤µ;ãȻģֻãȻּᶨ
ʱһ·ֻԼ£ʲҲû˵ϡĹ۲죬ھвٻؼҹٵѧ˿ˣ콲Ц
ѧױǽУڳ˵ĵشЦ˿ˣʳ
ǴˣСڴѧȹ֮ᣬصĸߣǵļڡ
Ҳһʱ۴г˷ܵʱ޼ɵشЦҲȥͬѧʳҲͬһ˶ĵط˵Ψ˼Ҳ֪жᡢжῪġ
ӣãȴ̼ɢ
ҲҲᱯۡǣδ֪δʹѾ˾ȥԣ޷̹Ȼ֪ܵңƾʲš
ͷ֮ᣬȻûеƱϵĿĵأȴʹظȺѧᣬһ˳
ǣߵվĳ;վƺȺѧķ֮Ǹȥ˲ͬƱŶƱ
ܵ⣬鱨̯һŵͼ˼ϸһ飬ѡĿĵء
ͼս߽ƱŶƱ
Ŀĵ֮ᣬǰƺࡣһֱֻҪյ㣬µĿʼˡ
ԽԽӽĿĵأע⵽ϵĴͳӭʻĹ۲Щ粣Ĺƣѡĵص㣬Ȼһʺ϶κεξ㡣
ȫϵΪһɽҲڵͼѡѡɽԭֻжһȣȵ죬ɽҲȽϺô򷢡ɽɱӦñȽϵ͡
Ƿ羰Ļˣɱδػ͵ȥǶ룬ҲҹĻҲһЩ
ңҲһǵھס£ܹҵԾסĴ򣬲ܶƫƧûйϵ
ƻʱ򣬳ӵյ㡣һ滷ɽسǣСҲ壬һҵһһοͣ洦ɼװ򵥴׵ıݺͷꡣ
һҼͥס£ͷСɾᣬҽܣ˵Լѧһ徻û˴ŵĻרĻ˼ҰæƼĵط
˷򸾺飬һ˺üطñһһһص⼸ȥܲҵطסڵõ˿϶ĻشЩطһıݣ϶мӵޡ
⵹⣬ԽǺĻԽҷġ
˯ʱ򣬸оɽȻˬҹ仹øǱӣвǣ˽Уòȼͷ䱸㡣һҹҲల¡
ڶһ磬Ҹ򸾣뿪磬ҵСվ
ڵƼļصѡһϪĵطѡΪ⼸ҪЩʯľӡڽ֣֮룬˭ѡϪİɡ
Ϫģֵ͵ĴĿۻڲġҿҲȳ˿Ͷ࣬º͹ǵǡ
ҲòһϯסĴޱһ᲻ʱֻĺܿƵĿĵ
Ǻ˵̲ζʹ̱ǵļĳζǣÿ˶£δﲻϵȰ˵ԼҪЩǣվֽ󿪡
ʿ˽ҵıǿףеζһɨաɳʯ·ϵĳȴҲ
һ·ͣͣûվƣȳ˾վ·֡Ҫ³ˣʻԱһʻԱĳһͣפƬ̡
ϪǸӣҲ೵յվ˳ҳܿһ飬Ϊһ˵ĻҲδ̫С˵㣬ȥֻмʮ˼ҡΪһӵĻҲɽﻹһ䡣
ںһСϪǳǳϪˮ峺͸״ĶʯϪˮ֮¡̤ǰһ̦ʯţ߽˴ӡ
мֻһ̶̼ʮ׵ˮ··ԼִʩһŹ˾һͰ˰칫ƶͨѶ˾һ䲣ʮֵСһζ͹꣬һռжִеİٻ̵꣬ڷðٻ̾ƣвٳﳣĴװʳƷ
ᣬһֻĵطŻеĵ̣Ұ׵ʯǽɫƬһ鳤Ű壬߸ߵżϣЩбֲȱŰѾж顣
谵һƬͷ濴˼۾ӦֻһŲ̨̨棬ǽһľʳ¾ɵĻܣͬ˲۵Ʒ
ǳ춺棬̧ȿ߶ߵż֮ᣬ֪谵ԭˣ̫ϾˣرСһǽһ˶ߵλáǹڻ˭ҴСߡ
ϸһƷҲϾɣСʸǹȻгѵ򵽵Ļ񣬵ȻζһһؿƷıǩЩǩĻ治֪ʲᡣ
һǽǣֻߵľ̳ӣֽֽд֮⣬Ȼһֻ̳ӣһֻ̳ӡ
ûˣȴ˵ӵһǣڻ棬һŴͨᣬӦһԺӣ˵ǴԺﴫġ
ƺ졣ҿ⳯ῴȥȻԺˣһŮһˡ
Сϣڱ߰ӱ˵Цмһŷʣһֻ룬õĶѶһ롣
Ҫɣҵ۾ǲܿƵرǸ
ǸŮҲ崿ˣЦҲǳɰ޷Ĺע
ûʶԼ͵Ǹ˵̬ԡʹڰСϣľͦεƣҸܵ
ʼЦݣ촽ĻȷǳҲһֱǵʹģƤŨܵĳޣӳżһ̧֮䣬ںڵȴ־Ȼ
û뵽ɽҲ㿡ɫҶϪطһӶ˼ֺøС
Һ뽫Ǹ˻дĻӦúܿġ˼ҵĵﻭе˵ȥ
ȻҼס£϶лټġϾֻǸƴĵط
˵ȻջԭǸŮ
Ǹ˵Ķҵע⣬ƺ뿪СΡҿץסʣ˫ְסʣǿվ
Ůܿסվȣ첽ߵһͩ£ùɵһԹȣݵ˵ǰ
ЦЦŮл˫ۼȣԺ˳ȥ
ǵıӰʧ޷סĵĳԾȷǷּƯˣȻһȳӡ
飬ûɵصͺһɫгĻС˲Эɫҵ飬ܵ˴
ǸŮʰӺ͵ϵĶǣһ̧ͷңһһģеɨ㣬Ҫʲᡣ
벻ҪʲᣬȻûʲᣬֻǺŽġһǳô˻һ£ҵסĵط
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28 ǿ죬һ

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ССϪȥ֪ҵָܵģĿ֪Լڱʲδ
ϪˮĬĬռŵɽУҵòκεĻӦ




29 

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Ҷģһضֱ۾ʲҲҲһƬհס

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𴲵ʱС緹µ·ҲһϴˣɹԺ
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30 ʮʹ

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ǣӵĹػĸܡҵģоһ˿ůҲûκεȶȡ

룬ǲˡҲʮ꣬ҴͲһǿˣҲûоĿûжйκ˼ʮΨһģֻѡ
еһУҶûа취Ӧ뿪˱ӻʮĸ磬һ˵ңѾȥˡ
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ﻹˣСԸСİϴˮѸٵжС֮ǰ˵ģչָľˡ
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31 ĵ

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ҾòòҩˡСȰٶ죬ԷЦԵʯ࣬ҲҪ󰬲ˮ衣
ҲԽԡˡʯĻԡ׾ֽԡףˮ£΢Ц˵
Ҵһ£ʵʯҪȥ𣿸㣬ǸУҾò󿿵ס
Ц˵ҵȥҽԺʯࡣҶȥҽԺӲǸ￴
֪Ϊʲᣬ˵ѵʱһӾ뵽Ǹ˵òĸ߸ˡ
쿪ʼҾͲòҩˮˡһḺ㿳ݣ֪ﰬرࡣ֤㵽ʱݽڵİˮ
Ц˵ҲһһȥݡҸСһȥ㡣
һԡ⣬³šСһۣȣЦ˵ҳȥˡݰɡ
˵꣬ߵſڣϵİťŴϡ
·ԡף̱ڵˮġůůҵıӣݵζѾԽԽˡ
ÿΣҶڹȵĲҩˮ˯ܶ೤ʱ䣬ߴٴҡ
ˮ΢ʱԡף·ͷ϶һԡԡҡԡſڣббؿ˺üİˣҲе⡣Щʲʱģһû
ӣֱ¥ȥС¥Ƿģðˮɺֲܴڵӣ治򻬡
СǶ¥ϵһ󷿼䣬ûйؽ΢΢ͷϵԡ־ҪţһֵȴҵĶСȥСֺǣʹ
΢΢һ￴ȥɲǼ䣬༸ֹͣ
ǸˣǸĸ߸ˡ
ҿԿĲһֵķʽϥɳߣǰ㣬ͷֱֱĺڷĶڶǰƮݡ
Сɳϣ𾪵ơ
˫ְһ𣬾ٹͷǸ˵һְֻɳϡϵĳŦȫ⿪һļ¶˳
ȵķָҵλãֱܹӿɿĿӣͱ¶塣Ǹ˵סظ
С˫΢ţ۾ֻǺ޽׵չ·ۺĹŤϵطģ
Ǹһ̲ͣȫ
ҵ˫صŲǿ֣ŵײײ¥ݣԡңصˤͰϡΣԡסԼ
ȫһƬհˣߵһжңԶá߳ԡңͬЩͳͳһ㣬һλ꣬Ʈӡ

ĿĵߣԼһֻҰ죬أ֮ĴɽΪһ壬˵ݡ
˵ݵĻҲͲ˵˵ķ˰ɡ
ΪһֻжķأֻҪ磬гӳԡΪһֻ¹ֻҪгˮݣҲԻúܺðɡʹһֻֻҪи֮Ҳñ˭֣˭֡
ûԼҪʨϻЩļֻⷡǸܵˡǣѾԼŬ˰
һֱԼһ㣬ֵڡңûлֻǼװȥһвڹװʲᶼûзװԼһûйȥˡ
һô˳һЩ񶾵˼ϣݴߣҧˡ
µŬ֣µʹ尾ղһĻɵػˡ
ʹ
ҪЩ䣬糱ˮظסҵȫ
йĸܣ˿̣ǰδеҵ壬޷Ƶؿ
Ȼȴֻܶһޣһʹ࣬һ壬ͣ

ҲˡĲˡա
СĵչҡС£һֱңζҵķ
СҲʯѲˣһֻ
Ҳ֪ҿʲᣬͬģҲ˵ĻҲ֪ҵʲᡣ
һеһУصƽ޲ı֮¡
һһعȥһǰһ첻ʲ᲻ͬ仯ģ˵顣ģǲͬġ
һµСĺύϣһ죬ǰգ׿¶Լ¡
֮ᣬһСһСµᣬɽҰתơҺСΪתСȴϣÿһˣĿĵصġ
νеطȥ㹻ˡ
һϣǰûмƻȥµĵطߵĹ·ߣ˾ĵһĿĵسİյվ
˳һǰһδ֪յ㡣СЩţ˵Ҹ㣬·ġ
СЦοǶˡ
⣬ȥϡ
һҹȤһ졣תһ죬Ϊһ·ͻȥ˼Ĺ
֮ᣬСһִڸɽ֮档Щ羰Ҳȥ˲ֹһ顣
ѾԽԽϲСԽԽϲһȻ¶˵Цݣ֪Ҳصһġ
Ȼڲ䣬עĳһңԶĵط˼ĬʱɢǧıɽơҲԼʶ
ϣܹл̸ģǣκʵԵ⣬Ҳ˵Լκ¡
ʱҾãһԼյñҸΪҵѰŵġЦ֮£ǧı
ǣĳһ죬֪ԼҲûл˽ˣҲûлȴԼ¡
Ǹ磬緹᲻ãСҼң¥ºС˵һ̣ҵķ䡣
ɣңѵõģûЦݣҪˡ뿪ˡ
Իؿվǰ˫ᰴϣͦε޳ڽT֮£ؿϱ۹ļ⣬ƽƯؼ
񿴳ҵʧ񣬽˵ȻͻȻֻסҪؼҵġ
һվ˵ҪؼҡؼңǶˣֶңԶ֡
ɣңһҵ֣Ȼᴹ˵ҲҲ㽫ȥҺܸһʱܹ顣ҩ
ͣһ£ƺø˵ȥ
ܱǸͻȻ뿪ҵƬֻҪҪκʱ򶼿Ժ硣
һžµĿƬҵġ
ͻȻ֮䣬ǰһƬڣͷҲѣҡε屻һ˫ֱ۷ס
ɡСҶߺܽĵط
ƿֱۣڴϡ
ûйϵģֻе˯߲㡣Ŭ¶һ΢ЦʵҪ𣿡
š˵ͷҵ
û˵Ҳû˵
֮ᣬҺȻʶ֮䳤õĬЩΣͷŪеƬĬȴڳԽˣƬװģ
̽ӡְ֣ҵڻʦ⵹ҵϣһֱΪҲǸѧһҲµˡ
Ƭϻӡһ̶绰һֻ룬ֻ뱻ˣĳһдĺ롣
ʱϣԼֻҲߣͿԽԼĺҲˡ
ǡĬˡ
šû̧ͷ
վӣߵǰվƬ̣˫ת˷߳⡣
ǸҺסҽ׿ɣǰ֡
ͣסŲתͷЦˡ
֪ЦĿѣҿƤ֤




32 νսʤԼ˼սʤ

֮Ĺ¶УȸƬСɽʱܡ
ҵЩǿⲻԼȥȥ£ͼ¡֪䣬ʹұ⣬ҵעҲȫƽӵСϡ
ռҵռ䡢ҵ˼ռ䣬Լкʶȥ뽫
ȻͷֻǶһְˡѸһע˵ϣȫΪҵ޴ų
վСˣصԼȥˡ

ұ÷ģһ˿Թޡ
ȷʵԹޣǱԹ
С±ȥѧУʼѧڵУ԰еԹڲΪ󲻳ʲ᳤ʱʼҲҡ
ܲҡҴû᲻ȡжѰҵ䡣
ǵģȻҲԸϣҲȻȻֹԼȥ룬ʵʵϣڴҵҵġ
ҳϣû
ǣ¶һʱٶ࣬԰ڸ˭ء

ҿʼԼΪڵҪ;ʵʹһÿͺˣǽͨѡ˷ɻǻ𳵺
Ҫ˿ĻҲ
뿪ɽ塣ϾҲһӡ
ȻⲢ˵ҾͻֱӻؼȥǸҲǲ˼ġ
ҲԿѡһס¡ڳӦñȽױҳɡ
ʱ˿̣ҸøеΪҵУûԹŹֶǿӲķʽԴңҲûӿýҪЮ
ΪԼ
ǣĳŲȥˡҵһ죬ҶЩɵģ˿û뵽лһ졣
ڵʱ뿪ǵġӿûҪЮĶȻҲ޷óѡԶߣƺҲǰѱǿӵĲϵ;ҵľǵʱȷľ
ȻڳõĹ¶벻֮ᣬһпƺڽȥֻʣһ˵԰
䲻ҵǣĿǸչС˶С¡
һĻҵĳǿ֪ķ롣ҵ𵴲ֹΪʹ಻ѡΪСΪԼʹࡣϲСһĲҡ
ϣùˣҪһǣⲢܸҴο

ɽԽļžžϢ
ɽϪߣͯˣЦӰֻϦȥ֮ʣῴѧͯɽҴҹҵĽŲ
Ŀĵεƻʱһ᲻֪ɽԣһľɫ޳֮Ҿǻߵ
ֱ춼ѧС£ҲʶҵǱʶʵҪȴѧС¡
ݷǿ֢ߵΪһ㣬ҲΪԼ־
֪ԼǿԭԼȻ̶ֳȡΪСȥյľУҾȻȲ뽫֮еСµϡ
ǣҿƲԼ־Һܺ£ĸе¡ԼԽԽԶˡ
С²֪һֱܵļįʹ࣬ԶҲ֪ңǸ˵ġ߱߸ѧУ£أһĬĬż΢Цһ£ϣ΢Цȥʡ
ȵԼУ԰Ρ
磬ɱҵĶĿҵĸ֪ǸɽСԺУҵǰʱҲûио𺳣飬Ҳûж

Сһ̤Ժŵʱû뵽лһİˡ
ҲȫİˣϵеһˣǾ׿Ұ
ҲҲеĳС˵Ϊҵĵһۣû˿ı仯䵭ޱ飬ʹҵϣҲֻһɨݷֻǸֵעĿı
һֻ˹˫ֽҷڷ¹ıûеõԼķ䣬ֻ˶ݵʱСһ˸ᣬ㱻һ֧ĬĶЮ뿪ˡ
ڵʯŵһͷͣüγ
ûиܵԼκֻĬĬظ˵Ĳͷǰߡ
ʯɲ߲̦ǳǳϪˮϦӳ£͵Ľ𲨣ͣѤ֮䣬ԾǵĲ⡣
ɲǼ䣬ɫĲ⣬ͻȻ֣ʶ״̬ʶǰÿ춼ϰ߿ġ˿̣뿪뿪ƧĲ֮
Ҫ˵ʲпĻΪʱ硣ʱֻüϧûռϪЩʵĶʯߡ
ܿ죬Ҿ򵽣ԼǿڹעЩľɫֵûɽƬΡҰڳһνı顣
ҷǳҪν沿飬ϣԼȥܹģννԶԿϵ䵭ĮԼҵӡ
Щ˷ֱҽͬһûбˡĲϽЩ⡣Ͻ˾ʵȴڣӡУʹԶţҲϽͬСҲΪԼѰ𣬴ʱҪҪŬֳԼ״ģֽ򳵴⣬һȫ⾰ɫסȫעģ
û˿˵
ľʣĺɫȾɽ֡ģֻܿǰβơССĳӣڼžĺڰǰ
ûнֵƣûûΨһģֻгֹ򣬻΢Сĵ
ֹϵظҪҽ˵Լý˯״̬źǣҵĸ֪񾭴˿̱ǰδеǰβƣܳΪҵעΨһ塣ߵ˵ĴڸУԽΧһС
ˣɵҲڡûйػҲû𱸡
ҾԽԽֱƨɷ飬ŷȻһֱûб任ˡŲƣ۽ĳһۡ
Ϊʼû˵᳤ʱһ㶯ҲûУΪ˯ˣڱĿһƳ֮£һֱֻ۾͸ķϣҵ⡣ûڼ£չһ˫ȣ̬еؿαϣͶǰ
Ҳȿ˵ǸˡȻҵңȿںˡ
˵ʵЩЦҲЩҲ֪ԼΪʲҪǣҾ֣Ĭȥֲȿڡ
ҲҵĵΪԼΪеɣҲΪеΪ顣ҵʱҲû뵽һΡ
ǣĴҲ˵Ĭ䵭ǼǿĶҵĺӣҾòڣѿ
ᣬȻˣΪʲҪңΪҵ֮᲻

ʻһҹĳУѾǼͷ֮ˡһ̻Ի͵ǰͣ£Ʒ練ͯ򿪳šҾ˳ߵĸ磬ؽֱ۹ݿڵȴ
Ŵᣬҵһȥ롣ϵţҲѯ¥㣬ֻӣһضϱ仯¥ָʾơ
һЦ𣬣΢ȴֺһ̴ٵĻﴫУ֮ҵĶϴ36¥
ְһ36¥ʾƣάסޱ顣ҵУȴ򵥵Ϥȴ־Υ˵Ȼƽ




33 һвϵĺͩ

ҹܾ£ݻ޴Ĳ͹ר־سȴʳ֪ζ
ҹµĽȻǡӡ
޺ӳյҹգʵĳСҵ硣٣Ϥ硣
ͷ֮ǰҹ֮ǰһǸСɽ壬ڰ̾ԼжңԶ
˿̣ȴִԶйĸооԼǾƵĺ׷ԾԼļУһҹ⣬ֻиҶ飬ڼС
سҹҲػζҵĸо
᳤ҵһθҹԼϣңǳҡ
ڶ档ƽʱԷʱһ˹ģƺԽԵûʲζڣֻʳȴСʱֻǵֻζǰǱ׿ˮżһСڡ
û˵
Ҳ㹻ˡ
ദƽĻᣬҲҿռȥ䣬ȥӣ糱ˮӿҵС
ݷһжȥݷһж
Ȼ֮䣬ҵۿʹȻµĳ嶯ǸˣߣִѼߣʡȲȴҹҹ
Ҳ˵ڡ˵Ҳ˵
˵֮ᣬҾҲԭҡ
ȻʵѾԭˡһ˶ȹı䣬Ȼˡ
˵ǰĬĬҸеɡ
٣ǹɡҲðʧȥҪ̹˵ĻڿغⳤõĬĬҵѹͽš

¹صҵʱһԲǸķ񡣴ҵҵһ̵ڣ̬ȫıԲ
ûڴҳߵ˱ҵʱõʻǣͬģ˭Ҳָһʹ顢̷ʡ
ЩԼʹ˿ĵĲ
ҲͷԼ򵥵Եʣһжù춼򵥡ʵϣ᳤õĬΪĶԿᣬζʲ᣿
ûȥǸˣֻƫͷװӴҹ۽⣬У׽Ӱ
ҹı£ӳгˣ沿ȴֱ壬֦͵ƵĹͶڲİ߲ȫڱӰ
ҵߣеԼ
ȥڣ˫ָڲϣ˫ڲ޶ȵչҲصӡ
ΪԼ̬Щˣ߿˵ơ˫ţеԼȻֱͦԥһ£ûǿαȽԼ
ûлҪ˵𣿡
Ȼһת
Ĭͻشˣ˸еҡȻȻлҪ˵
֧ŬԼֱ׳
ûпңվ輸ǰɳȥ˫ȣؿɳȻᣬָָĿλʾȥ
ڿ룬û׵ؾݻĻΪһ塣̬ƣɳϵģƺȫһ֣ܼԦգ޷ǿĴڡ
޷ֹԼ˼롣ɳʱ֪Լηġ
һ̣ҽòԵģһλ׵ĽɫԸλײҪ̫Ҳ˵ϣҪɫݵ̫Ͷ룬ҡ
Ҷ˶Ķ棬˼˵Щʲᡣ˼оݣȴһ׹ûʵ˵ǡ
㵽ʲƢ
ȻҵĳĬĵֿ
ûУûƢҿٻش
û𣿡طʣᣬʲ˼
ִӿ㶵ͳƤУóһ۵ֽ򿪣ݵҵǰ
ҵıʼҳȥˣһ֮ǰҡҲҵױ
Ǹҵе㷢ȣǸǸ˼
һ֮ǰ
һ䣬Ȼ̧磬ֱңΪʵ
Ҹ֪ҵؼңҸҵʸףһ֮ǰǸʲ
ǲϣ˳ѰңԲдġû뵽Ҿﲻϵָٳûҵҡ
ǣǵʱ飬ֻ飬һʱ˿̣˵óء
֮ǰ£˭赭дȥ
֮ǰظȻӲ
ǰұܵؽյͷŹѹسɳĽŲŲģر粵˭ǵЩ֥ùӵ鰡
ļͦñֱ֪ڿңתܿߡվ뿪λãߵ͹ǰҹƬ̣ת˵͵͵Ĵ̨ϡ
ʹûͣ˵ܲϲʵ
ʵʵҲְֺܶɡګګ
Ц
ҷЩΣŪԼ˵ʲᡣ
һǵõһμΡվ˫ֳᣬڴǰ
Ҳųְٻ¡Ͼȥ֮ᣬְֹúܲãӦи¡֮ǰְҲҽܹλŮԣѯҵĿԼ£ҪͶԷӵԼ
ͬģһΣҲԤȾͱƯƯöࡣǣϵǣλŮʿԼĺһ硣
ͣ˽Ųվҵһμ㡣Ҿá˵أȥҸ޵ӣΪһֱ˵
ǵġҼرҲûжĽļвҡֻǣֻǸպõ˵һһſھͱ˿
ԭˡȻǳɰǳƯû˵ҸоҵĹע˶ĸ׵ĽȻ
΢Цһ¡ȻҺܿʶעģǰǷҲĹ衣룬ҲǸ˵ˡһֱãˡǸ춷ܵĴʡңɣῴµģ
ҵ˼ĻŬԶļ䣬ϧֻٵĿƬΣͻأһʣͷԡ
ңҲˡʵְֺĻ˫˶εѡصĿ֮ġ
ܺãɣҸжŲ˹֮ңҡƹͷͶ˫ͫȫǳŨܵ۽ڵס顣ǣҵǰңѡ㡣
ҵͷԱȽϼ򵥣ҲǱǣҲԶ볾̫ˣѾ̫ö˵Ļˡ
㣿ѡңѵǼ̸裬ǻѡ˶ԷΪ̸˼ĵһӡ󡣡
ϣܹһףӲܣҪԵʵǣԼҵǰһ̣ѡ㡣ԩͣȴſڽࡣ
ԣ˵ʲᡮʵҲֺܶ֡
Ȼߣ޷ӵǿӲĸߴȫҵϷԽ̲ס˫ְס˫ϥĥ伸£˳վԶ㡣ֱңľǼ䲻ǵġ




34 ˼Ǳ̨ǿʵ

ӿ𣿡һְֻסҵļ΢΢۾עңʲءѾѡˡʹңҲͬѡֻܽʵʵҡ㲢ûʵֻһҾΨһʵҲΨһ
㡢㡣̫ˡ˭Ψһ˭˵Ҳ˵𣿡춱ܣҼҵķ
˵㡣͵ذθߣͷͷҵĶͷڵâԾӦñ˭һ˵Ӧף˵֮ǰѾˡ
㲻ҪΪ£ͿһӶԶΪΪ
𣿡ȻЦˣָ̧ҵ°ͣȴЩĵѲҵӣᣬһӣΪΪˡ
˲䣬ҵù̡
˭ҪһӰҿû̬˫ֻ֣ܽŤһߡ
ѵò𣿡תҵ˹ſҧסҵ´ⲻס
ѪҺӯҵĴԣһֻľôͣ챻˳
ڲ૰˵ٿ̽ҵĿС
ֹǲϤ˫סҾԼҪըˡѹ˼µ׵ؾͱȼ
ЩҹЩļ尾һһҹǶ¡ǿζҲòЩĳҹ¶سǿӸҵʹࡣ
Ȼ˿̣ٴαǣеָܣǰδйġֱ˿̣ҲеؾãԼıҵˡ
ָоҿȫͬ춻ؼҵĸоҲҴûʶ˵ʹ˼ҵĸǼҵȫ
Ȼüҵģȴ˫ֱ۲Լ飬һұסļ米סؽĻȼҸ͵ԼϨ
ǣȴԤжˣ̧ʲҲûòѹס۾
ǰһűĪһ˫Ϭضҵ۵ס㷲ǣģǲͺͲ֪Ϊʲͣ
㣬Ҫ𣿡ʵϸעҵ˫ֳֺۣ˫ü΢΢š
ʣǺΪ飬Ҳǰ;ʧ롣ңѾǰˡ
رܹҲܹǣӱܵ⣬ĵصҡ
˵ңҪ𣿡ø͵һ顣
ҸóʵԼС˵Ҹóʵ⡣٣ҿʵػش⡣
Ȼҵ͹Լߵĳ̶ȡֻǵԴ˵ͷ
Ѹٵҵͷһ£ʵһӶҪҰɣ
ҵͷȷе˵ԲѪٴ
һӡȥǸŵ
ǣһӣǶңԶ°
ȻһӣȥǼ
˵ոҲ˵ԼҪʵԼԣ˵
һӵ£˭˵׼
°ٴα̧̱˫۲סĬĬңΣ˵
ȻˣһУȫҵİɡ˵׼£ҲȫҺˡ
۾ʵе
ҵգ΢Цһ£˵ɲᾪȡǵһעҪһһ֣ᷢҲκθı䣬ֻҪԾͿˡأһһ𣬴һʼֱĺȫ⣬벻
⡢ʲ᣿ҾòټĬȥˣȻԶԡ
ţһüëעҵı飬ȻḩͷסҵĶ䣬˵˶ϲѾ¹֮Ϊˡ֮䣬͵˰ɡ

ҿ£Ļᰮ
ֻҪߣٱ飬ϲֻȻ֪ǰҰԵʡǣûаգǲҪְ
Ҳ֪һ飬͸طĵһΣһֳŭ𱸡ǣûаݸ׵Ľɫ˵̣ҲûһøݹҰοҡ
ΪȻ죬ȴԤҪƽ͵öࡣҾãҵ֮ǰѾһַʽԴҡ
˵ЩŮĻһΪڱļŵ
ȷЩ˼飬ҳߵΪ׾ͱˡ̫Ļ⵽ѵ裬ȴգЩʧ⡣
ԣķӦº͡ıҺרȻһصĺܺãҵִʹԾǸ͵ܵܵĹϵʱҲͼߵΪοˡ
Īǣ֪ӿˣ
ߣҵҳߣˣ
Żһҵң˵Щ𣿲Щ󰮺³ŵǣϸһĻֳŵ
ܹƵ̶ȣ˵ġҸ죿ܹʲӦ
ŵ
һӵĳŵ
κһ˵ʼ֣ص˼Լǰ꣬ʮ꣬Ϊʱ硣
ֻǣ˵һˣһ˵Ļ

ȻʶûԭҵΪȻҲδ𱸹ҡΪ
˵ʵΪԼҳɸе϶ûԭҵɾǣûǰֳ׵ռҡ
һеŵԣȴֻǰοҵ塣ҵĿڴұκʱҪǿȴҸ塣
ûҪ㡣ҲҲ˵ǣҵȴңǶҵĳͷ
ܾܺɥһǾ͹۵˵ԼһжԼãɽﾭܵһС
ʵҲĺܿ͹ۣҰʵĴ󲿷֣ӿͷϡ

صǵڶ硣ǰӵ绰ڼҵǹܵ¡صĻӭ
裬һһ˿мĳɳϡ
˫ֲסؼҵͷ͸첲ȡ
֣㻹û𣿡ƤЦؿЦ
δ䣬ͰһԱġ
ҰҲڵһ˽ءƲ˵
ף˽Ҳż첻ڼѽ֣ľҲ̫˰ɣϲ˽˰
ͷֳһԱģϲ˽Ү
׽ҵüͷ˵ʲǲܸ˽ģҪܡ㿴ݳˣ˶ﰡ
ֻֻǼ򵥵ҳ߶ѣûʲ˵Цο裬ԼӹӢת㣬ЦҲû˵Ḵ
򵥵ҳߣӱһ𰫼ϵһֱֽൽҵǰ
һŴӡֽвͼʽǵ·ϵ£ֽ˹
׿ЯͬΣУٵüҶ⡣
ʲᣬ֣ϥǹ˹ս㣬еͷԡ
Լ¡Ƚҵ˻
ɫͼƬǼƬĵòǺ뻹ܿұ˽ȥ
һģȻĵҡԭסɽʱ򣬺ССһȥθη羰ؾʱ򣬱ϵҵˣա
ڷҪǿѧᣬǵУҵƪºЩWգǻ뵽˽ءսҵ߶߶˵
˵ʲᣬͷʲWաûڷ羰ҽͼƬٵıǼϡ
ƬңÿҲС鶼ܿģֵľͷ˵֮䣬ҲʲɣѧУҺͶֹͨɡ
νҵļ磬˵ŮλְԵļͬѧĸǲ֪ˣλȥӢˣ˧ö࣬ﲻһҺͶҰ
ѹסȥĴ͵ĳ嶯ÿҲ֪һֱԱ߶ҡƤٺҲû취ͽȥˡ
ǸкӲŶԡ賯ͼƬֱͷۡ
Ц
ҲŲȥˣҲҸһЦʱֲڸǰ̫ҵĵббһۡ̿˫ͫңȫһĪı顣




35 ̼ҵ֢

УظĿСǼÿ˶ҶֿݣҲһ뷨ܹõŴʹҳһΣҲֵõġ
ȻʵԶΪƽ˾
һֱΪ֮ᣬٵԽӿֱڶ죬糿֮ᣬҲŷѾ˸ϵ״
ǰһ˯ʱ򣬸һϵ¥һڷſں糿֮ᣬҾֱȥ͡裬ˡ
һԲƽʱڲߡ轫͵һһڷǰ˵ȸһԡ
迴һۣ˵㻹֪𣿶Ұȥסˡ
Ҳ޷ϢȥסҴظ
ȥþˡ̾˿дᣬһüҹ㷿˺ü֮ᣬʲỰҲû˵Ͱȥˡ
һֻ̣ãңԶĵطԽԽ¡¡죬ҵͷȻըҵȫ

һУ̫ˡҵΪûнκ⣬෴ԭе˴鷳 
һ챾ǴڼҺúϢģڣҲ޷ƽشڼȥҸ磬ΪʲҪȥס
ǣſ֮ǰѾ֪ΪʲȥҾǸΨһһûʸˡ
ҵ飬ٶȱüɥ
һ˵Ļֻ޷Լĺ˼룬ҾʰȥѧеĻҲԼҵĽǡ
ѧڸոչȥһܣҲûеٹΡͬѧΪݼ٣ȻѾΪ˼١һңܵһӭÿ˶ףҵ念ɽЩ࣬ûа׳ԣҵıøȫϴһ˵ 
ȻڽȴרΡʵ£ȥİ칫ҡȻһˣҲðؼͲöһߣܲʡ
־棬Ƚңʵڲ˼ֱ׳ȥУһҲǳܡ
ʹ᲻飬֪ˣԼ˵ǳѡǸ磬ҵĸ飬ܵѹʹ϶ԶԶκˡ 
ǸˣʵؾҳߡҳߣͲǼ¡ֻ֪ᡢԵˣŻɡ
ҶڷʡöȥҸһ緹ѧʱҺӵ¥һ߳¥Ϳһǰббţ˫ƺ޳ó˱
һУݷֻص˴ǰ
ݷǰһУδϹһֱ졣
ҵĸ磬ֿˡ΢չңԹԵرãΪѧУӮôѴѵǰǰңǸжá
˹ȥֺõЦЦʵ֪ѧУ
۾΢΢һ£ƳһۣһţʾҽȥԼҲҵߡ
Ҳ׼ȥء֪зʡ
չ˫ȣ῿˿۾Ŀĵɨ⡣һᣬȻûдҵ˼òҪҪҸ»ʱ˵ˣ˵ʱûҡ
뿪ҡƽ޲˵ΪѾѧȸҡ
ĵذ仰Ħһ飬ȥҵ˼ǣֲȷΪѧУ¶ҡȻĲԶ׼ġ
糿͵ʱһֱ¥˵ˡҲŬģвκ
⣬˵ĻδҲת⣬Ħ˼
ļѵβȻʮˣϴƯɡþûᷱľ£뵽ɽǶ󣡱֯Ĳñ
ɽѵüĽʹʢģҲʮȡǶñó˵˵ꡣɽ峿Ĳճǰķ磬ббϸꡣ
ɽҲûԶҲֱӵĴ۵տʵǸСɽͷϵҲտģģɴƵ͵÷͡ɽƣ欶ˣɽ£಻ȥ紵ƾ¶죬ƺֿɼ
ҲԴٴһǸ߸ϿտĮȻ죬ûɵ̾һ
һҲǰͣ£³ᣬҲſҵһλ顣
˲ԱԤԼӡû񣬼ûеˣҲûеȴȼ̶ǶλӵʱĲˡ
˹صͽҲǣӶǺҿζĲˣǿθڴ󿪡
Ҳǰ͸һɽɳԲɿڵĲˡһڽһڣĵƷÿһˣȫѧǸϸʣʳ֢ģ
һֻ䲻̧ͷֻ˵ҽӸ绰
ĪĿͷԣ㶵ؿ绰һֱᣬֻ˵Ҳĵַߡ
˭Ҫ𣿡ʵ
򡣡ˮ΢΢һڣȻῴˮ棬˵һҪǩļ
ԭǹϵ¡ҵͷٶʡûлȻһֱڹڵĹ˾һҸе⡣һǵãڶȼٵġ
ʱҵǰһģҼǵõĸƯĶࡣʶжòƯĹ¾һλͬƯֺµŮ룬һԥչ׷
þòɣ㻹𣿡ԵظҴк
Һܺãллһμ㵽ʱ򣬸ƯˡЦе˵
ЦƳһۣΪӡע⵽һƳ֮䣬ƺѰ֮ᣬҲܸоڼҡ
ҿԸоҵĹעͶֱӵĿ⣬־εģòƲӹߡ
Ҳҵ񾭵ĽҵĴԣҾȻ̬һ΢Ľ䱸
ȫûɵġҽзԱһݲ;ߣڵؽһóԵĲˡ
ѾԹˡЦЦһֻ֣ǿеļԸ˵汧Ǹֵò͡ȥ칫ʱ˵ǰˡұϰʱ򣬴ļ׼ʱ˾Ļֳ
û˵ֽݹȥļкͱʣһ£ǩ֣ļУݻظ
ᩤ
ȵ֭򡣲ϰɣҴĻҪһᡣ
΢Цļһԣŵظ˸ϥϵȹڣȻҪһǰһƻ֭
Ȼ̫СҾȻٴξãԭûҪߵ˼ƺǩļֻǸ˵˸һ졣
ʵϣҪǺ졣Ϊ缸һԲǵʵʱ
ǰĻһƺ«ƵġҾãҲã˵ҲͦáһſھЩֲֿĻ

뿪֡ûһѧУұȥ˰칫ҡʵһҲȥѧУ
ţͽ̲衣ųȥ˵
ĿΣҲˡ԰ɣ
šáϵһ裬ݸҡҺһڣ̣˳ַİ칫ϡ
Ͻأʵû
ϽĹǸרְ˾ʵλְҵڣӸӹ׵ҵʱ𣬾һֱڸߡ
²豭Լİ칫ϣ˫ۣͷ˿Լ˫ȺͿţȻֱ˵
ҵϽĹţ쿪ʼΪ񡣡
Ϊҷ񣿡ʵڳԾſھΪʲᰲţ˻ȥ
ʣҲ֪ԭ˵ΪҷʵΪԼ߲ŶԡϽŸң޷Ǽǿܵ
ҵͷ˵ʵûϽߵְҵˮ׼㰲һʲ˸ңҲġ
˿ûҵļ۾գҲգضң˵Ų
Ҵߵǰ಻ס֪ҵƢ
ҵļȴסˡ
ҵվӣҲ֪ԼߺͲȻȴѹҼͷֻǿӲһǸز¶ˣҲóһƵı顣˿̣˫ȴӿȵС
ұԻ˫ͫס
㡣ΪԼ
˵




36 ң˭лصȥ

˵ȥʮУһֱֵһֻÿԼȫΪĵ˵ĻᣬѾıࡣұǳߵ˵˼
ǶԸ硣Ҳϵҵҵһ˵ǷʱΪǷĺ۵㣬Ϊ˵ҳϺһ˵İš
ǣڣʵ˵ǷֿġңһصԭΪѾһˣʵʵڼȴסڹԢֲֻؼ¡
ÿ綼һͣһ첻䡣Ҳһؼңһ͡ȫȥһһ¥ĥϵʱ䡣
ֹȥʱҲ͵Ϊֹˡһ˯ʱҲǸȥʱڼϴ˯Ȼصס
һ뵽һֱ˯ڽҸһȵˣʱ䣬Ҫ뿪ңȥԼٴ֤ʵǹҵԡҺܿݵĺԼʵûаס¹춻ί֡
Ȼ˵һǧȷ˵ЩЩҵһԤԣԼҪһӺһŵԡ
ҲۺΪ֮Ĳ죬޷Ħ˼룬ҲһʼҾʹ˼
ʹǸͶĻŮˣһ󵨵ʣȲȥѰͺȡԼҪĴ𰸡
Ϊѵǣҵ״еΣΪϾҲŮˡ
ԣһ죬ҲϵԼֽ͡գҺͨسϣȻѾҪһ
һ˾סĹԢҾͻеѹ

ҵǰֵЩҵĳļͥ⣬ҶԴȫΪֻܽԼյĳ
ǣṩϺȳϵģֻһˡȷȷʵʵػصյģʽ͵Ĳ˵һ
ҳ͵ʱԱߣؿҡż̾Ϣһ˵һá
ҶЦЦ
̾ѾþˣûŲͺͳˡ
̧ͷٴЦһ£˵Բ衣
˾ͺá˵ңԴᣬҰҲϻؼˣڼҳ͡
û˵ͷġ
ֻҪˣһٱԭӵġͣ˰̣߶ûлӦ
ҰǻģһҵǲġǸԼסҲĵطҲһֱסȰȵʱǻסҲĵ֣ңеûУƮʮüĴˣָҲ벻Ҹżҡ
˵ˡ顱֣䵱˵ʱҲѿ˵ӿ֡
㽻Ȧм϶ҲнĶɡұ߳Աߺ˵
Ȼ輸˵㻹ǵǸӿĸ߸кɣ
Ƥͷ
ҶǸСӡ治ңֿȥҲϲġһֱΪ˼ΪжʱǼúڡ̾˿˭֪ʼһʾûСҲˡҸֽҪϲǸСӵĻԷûб̬ᣬŮҲȱ¶Ƿ˼
˵Ŵͣ˾׽
ƤƵ̾Ϣһѣ˵˷ΡǽûһԷҲƤǸ˼ȴ˼ء˶߳һٴԵ֣ҲǿնԿա
˵꣬ĬĬض淢˻ȻֿϧġǸС治ҿЩһǿ۸ͷиͷģģԸֺãִȻᣬȴš涼֡Ҫ˱˼ҵŮ᲻
̲סЦһֱĸչ˸ճǵСһչҰֺң˭һû֮ıĺӡ
裬ˣЦָصΪֻõġңӿ޲ڣּĵġ
ףȻõġ跴ֵ˵磬ҲûбɫĺˡԣӦ˵ûбɫˣ㲻ῴɣһˣһӢƯһߴǿ׳һѧǿֿڣҲְģҵһͰ׿ҵŮ
ЦòǺסԼƿӣ˵裬ñ

ԭӿԹߵĻϣֶһССĲ
ɣټʱֵܳ״뷽跨ͼҳӦ״ĶԲߡأȻֺһʧˡ
һҵܷԵù׳ˡ
ˣҲֱ˵Ҳ֪Ͷ˶ٸ顣ȻǸСȦκһλŮһύѻᶼԼŵΪȿҲǺİġӿܹĵضԴĻǸٺò˾߱ʵ涼Ů˵
һ㣬һ֪ģϢϰߣֻص״
𱸵öԣ̸Ů棬ȷʵشȱʧرǣ趼֪ҳߣҶʧ
ҿʼǸ绰òɵķʽʱΪѡʵĶˡ
εĵ绰ȥ֮ǰȴȽӵ⹫Ҵĵ绰

ңԼǰҲ֪ǵĴڡҵǸ鷽漫ĮˣʹҲ״ȡ顣ԣģҲԽһ֮⹫ңκڴ
Ⲣ˵⹫ҵ˶ҲáѾӦϰڵһܺõļңин㣬裬ҪĹذҲ̰ġ̰ģǲӵеһУ˵㹻
Ҳ˽ҵ뷨绰Ƕ緽ΰģ˵⹫ġ
ԭٵʱ⹫ȥҡ˼ε绰һֱҰд
үү뾡ټ㡣ڵ绰ͷ˵ĩȥ㡣
鷳㣬ԼȥͺˡҶȻܾҡ
ɾܾҵһǣҲϲСӣ˽ȥġһǣҲûбСӣǾ˵ǶԴҹ¡ˣȻ
ʵһԭǾǣһûøͬ⡣ΣĿǰǾΥԸȥκεط

ᣬҪȥ𣿡

ʣҾее⡣ǵõһΣҲһȥ⹫ҵʱҲԸȥ˵ȥġΪҲûɷԡ
Ҿҿǳ棬˵ҪҴϽһȥһͬ
Ĭû˵
İ칫Ҿ̵ĿΡ͸һԹֱͣӸһİ칫ңһֱ°࣬һؼҡҵǣûΪ̿ζҡһҺ⡣
ֻȥȸĩܿģȥվͻұ֤˵ˡȥͻˡ
ͷһֻ绰İť˵飬ճ̰ţȫȡ
˵꣬תӣ޴ĳִеİ칫˵Һһȥ




37 ;ӿ

һֺܹĸо
ȥҵ⹫ңȻҲҪȥֲû¸ɣȡ˹š
ҳϻ̳ϿͷԵʱû뵽иҲˡ
Һ͸ҪʱȻ˵ҲҪһȥ
Ҳҵ⹫𣿡ɵɵʡ
⹫ҲһӰĲƾ
ȥǸУλعҼƻҪȥλѡϧһֱ̫æʹǵ˳糵һȥɡ򻶿˵
벻ܾɡ
һҪĻ飬ͻȻӿڵҲܲμӵĻͱи㡣
ɫļת˲ЦҾʹϵĺȥɣٸ硣
˵꣬磬Цеض˵ɻСʱһء⳥أҿƾն๤ӴΪ㣬ܶҪ񣬶ᶪһߡǲֵһ죬ļŶ³ߵĻ㲻Ҫ̫⣬ҲҪ̫Ӵ
Ҿ
κεˡ¡ɵǰ棬ᣬҡһ˵
£ҵЦĻ
ȴδţҲһۣ߸Ьת뿪ǡ
Ҳ˵һԻʵĻֵܣ̿Σ̰ࡣұ߱˵
ЦҵԴȻ΢ҵԴļͷ
ѵ̵ļ⡣ԴҲ˹ҵͷϷ˵

Ͻ𡣸ʻλǸѡε˾д֣Լʮ꣬ĸߴ󣬲춾ͣûϽӴϽ˸硣
ע⵽ֱϽ˧࣬ò˵а취ϽȥⲢӰϽǻȻɵӺšϽʹͬǲ໰ˣ˵񶼺Ϭɴ
ӱϽ˸ٹ·Ҳ֪ǲǳ˷ɻȥǾῪȥ
ȽϷ㡣֮ǰܸϵһ֭쳤˫ȣԼ
㿪ʼһƳϹ߸ߵ͵ͺüƿƣС
ǸһϹ񣬻˵ƹ񣬵˵̳ʱż˯˯Ļһڡ֪ģзִ硣
粢ȾƣʽĳϣҲֻһңҶֻ֭˶ϡֻоơӳο󣬷ǳʺϿͷ˳ʵسԶš
Һܸ˸һȥ⹫ҡ˵и飬ȥκεطҶܸˡ̲ס뵽ҲڳĻ⼸ͷгУδػֵܵá
磬ҽʣµĹ֭һں꣬ȻʵҪڹΪǻȼٵġ
Ƕȼû̧һȣһϣʱ䣬Ƚ϶࣬Ĳ߻ҶලִСԣһӳ١
ԭˡȻǹϵҪȻһԹΪȡ򲻽רҵ֪ʶмߵĹЧʡȻõء
ҲллУҪȻҲѵÿһ˰ɡ
ЦЦû˵һֻסҵ֣ϡ
Ȼ춴˿̵գͻǾٶȴҵϡ֮࣬ȴĶ
ʶԼѾúϲĽӴңڵңҲλԼĸܡ
һκһọ́ʱ仯ԼһӾĶҪءǴɽﱻһһˣгУҶһδ
л𣿡绻һֻסҵ֣ճַֻҶǰĳҵ߽Ӵġ
ıᣬ촽ͬյɫ󡣴СҾͺʹܳ谮Сһῴ˵ɫ
Ӧ˵Ƚ϶ءҵĵӴֵиòҵĵ
סļһ̧ıһ¡
ҵͷָҵķиŪĬȻƬ̲˵ҲԽᣬûоҵ㣬ˣ
еر𡣱߬סֻҲġЩӿ죬еΪ顣
ʵҲȫʶұĻ⣬ʱǰհɡΪӿҵһۣһ仰Ҳ˵ĬԽãҾ͵ŭᱬԽҡ֪϶ץסݸ׵Ľɫݺݵѵһ١ʵҲ֪Լˣһֱϵ׼
ͣһ£˵Ϊʲ᲻ݺݵһ٣ûǼѾĸо
Ѿˡ
Ѿˣ𣿡е졣
ң΢΢ЩЩЦ⣺˵Ӽҵ¡ᣬѾˡ
ʵе죬ԭԼͱԭˡǵģҲȷұ̬һַʱء
̫ˣҵ鳹û뵽ϷŹң̫ˡ
ҲûзŹ㡣ƽƽˮ
ȻˣҼ˵Ѿˡ
ûǼѾˣΪҰˡǱǸ᳤ʱҵ㡣
Ҳɻǣͱ鶼һģڿҵ˼
ҺܸϣЩҵ㡣ңطŵӵסҵļ磬ҵĶߣʵԭ᲻εܵǧ֮⣬ңʲԭת⣬ϣҵأ
ҵùȣ£Ҫʳ
Ǹʲתġұܿߣʼ֪ģҲǶһ뷨һǸ뷨
ϰɣң춾Լ벻ҡЦ⣬һֻֽҵԴļѡ
Զԣ֮ᣬʶԼߵһ֧ˮɡ
˵Цİɣ˭㰡Ȼ䣬ִгߣȴŲӣһֵֻ§
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䱬һʶľεķҲԼס籡ҺϤڸǰ




39 밧˿ĺѩ

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̶ٵĴϢҵɤӷʹ˵ڸĻסظңסҡͷŵĿģ§סĲӣͣԼĥա
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΢ɿ̱ٴĲ롣ȫȻִ޷ܵĿУҲӣƲסĴϢ
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ǸõĵʦĶɣҿҡһҲûʶʱţֻǾֱֹ׹һ˲䣬֮ۡ

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룬ҵİ顣
Ȼҿ־壬˿ֲġ

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һ԰˫סڲԶ޼顣һλķСƳƺϣӳϱһӤǸȲʷʶ̶̵˫ȣҪķ˫֣ԼŲ
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ҰǾޱǾ֦ݺύ۴׹ƽˮ档ԴغҶƬ֮ϣЩСɶµķۺɫ䡣һֻɫĶβѴӺϷͣפһ京ŵҰǾޱࡣ
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Ҳûˤ춣Ҳк˵ʱһֻƼʱסҵ죬һֱֻۺҵĸֵס׹
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Ȼᣬһ̧ۣұһ¡
ԼҲȲȸķԭ
ǰλޱˣѹסĵĻҡ
֪㲻ҡ˵
ǵģҵȴȸ࣬㡣֪ȸ֮Ĳɵ͵Ĺϵ
ǣҲ֪˵ʲᡣʱԡ޷˳ڴʱ˵ء
ϳӿץҵֱۣһִֻ򿪳š




41 ѳ

ץסֱʹǿᡣ
˵ʵѾе£Ҷںˡ
ƹͷԵļʻϯӻٵʻϣֱţϵĳٲ
ǰٶȴûҽ֧ڴϣָûȥﶼνܻиⷢˡο֪ضٴμ˵һ졣
ҪȥˡȻ죬졣ĵ⣬ڲȥľ⣬ݣˬת˲ţĶաͰ԰׵գķ磬⣬ݻƵĲƺס·棬಻ѩ
ůҵ߽
ЦһԳӦɡ
ޱߵľ뵡ӿͷϮȫÿһ񾭡ҵĵĪһС

̳ϵض̣һᣬʻһԺӵСɵĶ¥ǰͣ
ӿ˳ҿһҲ򿪳˳ȥ֮ῴ¶ֽֿЦݡҲ֮С
߽壬ŵһʮ齩Ӳĸ߸ӸŮһﲻǽȥֽá
žһ߲̫ãע⵽ΪҶԵʡЩһǣеĴװդͰҶصһԵúУҿȥѹ֡
ӿδֱͣ¥ݣ;ͣתڿе˵
ҳһ£춻ȸȥЩդʹⶰӿȥηܾʹ˼Ұɡ
ϵ¥¥ݿǰһСռ䱻óһССңɳһСԲеӻһ֯޲ȹʮŮбɳϿС˵ǵĽŲվҲû˵ֻǳһ䳨ſһۣȻǵͷ
ţɳǱС˵
һ¥¿ͬֻǸһЩܴ󣬹ҲãûаװҶסЩĿդģǾµ廨
һֻܴױ̨ڴߣױ̨ǰһֻرԲ޽ŵϣһŮˣ̨ϣǽƤ˿ǣȻ΢Цñʵָֻ֣ʺ˫֮䡰ꡱһ
ּ̱Ĭ
ӿһԶǸŮ˵ɳԱһɳ¡
ļҾ߲࣬ƫƫǸ˺ҵĸоȻһңſԿһŶͷĴ󴲡
û˵ȻҲ޻˵гֵʱԴӣŮˡϸĻŮѾˣȴԺͯרעı飬ſױ̨д
жϲľ䣬ҲʮˣҲʮˣЩ֡һɫĵ˯£һͬɫĿ˯ۣͷĳȹ磬ӦþֺܲȻķ
Ů˵ĻױһǾòԣҲҶױǷŨǷǷׯأ䵱俴Ь˫ţһֻŵĽֺޢɫӫ⣬һֻȴǼī̵Ĺ⡣ҳѾܾúܾûзʱ־ˣҲҶһԡ
ӿһֱǸŮˣ˫գ޿ڵļҲ֪ԼڸʲᣬʲᣬΪʲҪڴ֮ǰϳʱзľġԼʹڵҲġ
ȻǸŮ̧ͷЦˣһǳǳЦݣҿǸЦЩ죬Ȼһ͵Ů˵Цﻹݵɬ·էȻ԰Ѿõĳ˵Ů۵ϲãȴֺߵ˵
֮ߴӵЦûȴûķ顣ʲŮ˻ԼЦأ
ǸŮǰľһֻ֣ҲŷԼˣָһƬҵƵָ⡣ױ̨ӵıԵƬױ̨ϣҲ
ָᴥƬָȴֲסƬϷǰЦݣЦи˰
ҲΪ֪ǷҪﻹ˴ڡҲⱻӣԸⱻӱ˵˽
ԱǸȻһ״ûºڡܿ㷢ر֮ﵫгˮƽƽĵطȫڷ򣬲ڳмִµİڷţǺӵһ𣬾ÿһǽϣҲ߸ߵ͵͹Ҷ·
ɳֱߣһֻ̨Ƶƣ΢ƽ̨ҲƬȡһֻһźͨնѣԴĽǶѡúܲԾλƫģȫûоСƬее㷦ζƺûյԾעĵط
Ƭ˵κֵΪ֮һֻϺõԭľĵطǱƬеǳϾ͡
Żԭλ֮ᣬԱߵһֻȻǸ˵Ƭٴ˷һֻ
ɳǰĲ輸ϣҲüֻͺŲȵ쳤ֱۣһһתȻȫͬһ˵Ƭ
ҲɵϸؿǽϵĴССƬȻȫͬһˡкüŷŴƬȥǸһģмƯòչЦյʱ򣬶ĿĹֱӡ
ӵ˷ǳҪˡƬ˺ᣬƺǸŮ˵ĶӡϸĻЩƬıԵǳǳİ߲ɫ飬ӦЩͷľƬҲŮ˵ɷɣһֱȥɷԲӶƬȫ˵ͨˡ
ĿĵĵȴУҺԼиɻĵʱ䡣
ͻȻһƬž֮Уױ̨ǰŮļؾŴ۾Ȼ¶һϲı飬תһһԲɿһ̶̨绰Ͳ˫ŵߡ
ţѽڵ绰أ֪϶ҵѽţҵ㡣
ǵ˵̬
Ϊ顣ҵûɵӲɳŬԼĴڸн͡
ߣٴϲػصױ̨ǰ£д
ãȻؿٿ̨绰ʶûǵ绰һƣԽ̨֣绰û绰ߣֻ϶ѣܻҲܻͨ
˼֮ʣֻǸŮֱͦӣһһֻ룬һŷ⣬ոдõֽ۵һֻŷ⣬ȻִӳһƱſͣͷŷںƱһ飬ѹճΡ
ٴվϲ㣬һǽڵһֻԭľԼ׸ߣǺܹӶׯĿʽϵľ·οյ񻨣ȹŰ˵λãһһһϸοϸ졣
ǸŮٴμһƱͷڣֽżٸߣףȻᣬĿɿڴǣԥؽż˹Ϸοϸ
һ
ȥĻһԼðλˡ
ڸʲ᣿ŵŲӿԱߣѹɤ
δڣֻǷɿƳһۣޱȵϬ
ɳȥƬỹǾòģ㲻׾ָָ輸ϵƬٴεʣ˭
ĿٴαϬעƬ̣Ӳ˵İˡ
۾ǸŮˣ䣬ն
Ȼǰˡҵ̾ϢһȴЩʹ糿Ƶ׷һĻ֮䣬˭ܹһ㣬˵飿
ǸŮĲ߻ױ̨õؼ̨ϵƿƿ޹ޣױݡ
ʵѰ֪ӿεĴںҾиˣȥ
վӿҲվסҵֱۣ˵Ҫ̸̸
ǸŮԾɳС˵¥ҺܲⶰյķҲҲ
¥µĿһˣһָɳʾ¡
ʱ䲻ǺܳĻҾվˡҹɵڿ˼Ȼת




42 İ

Ҷʲ뷨ķ̶ȣЩӽĲͼԵ΢ῴҵģֻ̯һǾȫȫⰮ㡣
ӿվڿһˣؿʼĿס
ʹҶˣֶΣ㣬ҪЮ㣬ǶΪеǾ塣İ㣬Ҫõ㣬ȴǳԼİա
һ޷ȴһÿնԼӡÿһ춼ȴһаһ˵ϲÿһ춼ΪòԷĻӦͣÿһ춼ȲԷԼǻİ顣
˵ұɣ˵İһ˾ͲǿȶԷǣҸأҲںȥͶҰ֪ĲûƫҡÿʻӦԼҰϵģһˡΪʻʯܴҵİͿȴͷһЩͳ׷·۶ᾭ䣬Ҳһ˽һ˵İ顣
죿ңƽʵ
һվûʶʡ
ȻҲûеȴҵĴ𰸡һְֻסβһֻƵסͷ֮ᣬظأ
Ȼе㱧Ǹһ֪˴֮䲻ĻʲܰȦв罻ߵĽʡҵòͼʹҳصõһЩΪݵİ飬İ飬棬Ҿá
Ҽ϶ԼҪɹˡΪˡ֤ҵķǳЧǣ㲻ܵġϣ£Ǳˣôӿ
֪䣬ѻҵǰѹѱüּһЦݲõϣٶ÷˫Ϭ˫üбüͷ˫ü޲ͷݵɱ
һҲšüͷʵѵҸýвͽĻİɣڻϴ𣿡
û֣ûлһеһУֻΪõ㡣ɤߡ
ǣƬᣬޱȣʮָǵķУתӣ˵ΪʲҪأΪʲǵӵҲҲأ죿һһİһˣ٣һΪİ顣ȴˡΪʲҪأҲҪˣҪҶƬȹ𣿡
Ƭȹ
ҵᱳʱವķ
Ծأҳ¥Ͽһۡ
һ̣ٶվҵĽǰٴߣ׺ݣ㲻ݶضҡİ㡣˽Եˣȴ㸸һ񶾵ΪɵΪΪ˺ˡ
Ҹףҿٲ׽ۡ
ǣĸףٵ˵
ᵽףҺɵѹȴҲԸⱻ
Ȼڲ֮ǰһֱΪȥˣҲ˵Ҹס
ȥֻǴĸ׵ˡһŬеŭŻ˵Ϊʲĸףѵĸ˲ЩˣһԼ곤Ůˣ˵ԻǸŮˣǸŮ˵ֵסĻУİ顣֪ԴΪעȫĵŮ˵𣿵Ů˺ͼ˾ѣ׷ӣ֮ͬһ£ҲûмӰ
ҥҴһҸס
ʵ˵ʵԶ˵ĸ̸ࡣ㸸Ǹ޳ܵˣŪˣԣ޸Ӵ顣һ仰Ҳ˵ϢؾʹӰߣ޾ʹ衣
ס죡ɵĴƭӣ
ҷζըˣҲˣȥһȭǰһֹǣһȭĸȴڰ;ץס̧ȾҪߣȴһͷһֻ͵һƣҵֱ۱㱻ݺݵطڱᡣҵʹֹסزҧסҽȴܿƵȴ˳
ΪʲҪƭ㣿ҵᣬҵĶʵ
Ϊңƴ򷴶ʹΪΪӱҳߡԣΪ˱ҵĸס
㣬Ǳĸףʵҵ۴С
ȻǱңΪգûԸԳ
ǱĻֻ͹ˡץסҵ°ڣһƹͷ˵ɴ㸸׵һҲϺˡ
һʹ·Ӽͷ£ڵϡֱ۱ɿȴӲһʹһֱֻۻڱѹǰŻŵ˵ûκζԲ£㲻Ҫ
ֱң˫ֿٽ⿪ԼĳһߣȻ⿪Ƥ
ҵֺҪʲ᣿߿ҪЩĪ¡
ûлشֻϽǰ˫һƣƵɳ
ҪҺ
һ˲ҵϡ̾ͱ˿סҵϰһǣ㽫ҵĿӵԶ漴
߿߿Һ
֪ˣǣᳶɤӽлǲǸǽĸ߸ӵŮˡƴ֮ʣҵɨӵ¥ݷϷһֻԴգ۾˻ȥǸС˵Ůˡ
ȫ¶ѹƵġԼԮ
Ǳ׽סҵٴοڣΪ˱Ұ㣬ΪŶ¡Ҳ㣬ֻӱҡ
濴ͻȻƽ
ƭӣŤ壬ΪһһҥĴƭ𣿡
ѹҵϣսϸҵ۾һᣬõеΣյңƭӣΪƭ𣿱ңո¥ϣûϳЩȫ㸸׵Ƭ
ƭˣҽеܣ
ȴظоġĬĬջƾǰ˫ۣϣסۿˮ
ԽԽңҵѹ˳ңҵ°
Ҹסس
𻰣ŪҵķĦͥ͵Ƿϰ˵Ҳʶ
屻ıסҵͣҸоָڡҲͣȴøࡣȫں䣬ſҪñըˡ
Źң˫۷ڼϢɲǣŽǣһ˲ռҵ塣
ҴĸоҵĴԿܲѡ
ϲһˣǼ̬ܲ飬ֹ˼񣬵ȴҵӦȻ鶯ûа취ͷ˼ҪõҪռС޷Ԧĳ嶯ԶƵȰʹӽ㣬ȴˡߴ·ĻͷˡΪʲһزͷأ
ûʮϸ˵ЩʲᣬҵǣĿСǣϡ˵Ƕ⡣
ҲزͷҲһֳԽʵĴҸɡϢ˵ԽԽңҵĸףʮĹʼһذĸףʮһգҸصȴǸһȥİˡӦҸİɡ
ĸףĸʲϵڵѪҺ˲ñҼĴ𰸡
һ˶öˡ룬ܿѾˡ
£
һж޹ءҲҪҪҪ֪
һѱסľӣסҵģҡҲٱ˫۾עӣҲˡ
ò˵÷ҵЩʣҡҡ




43 Ӵ·

Ѿˡ
ΪЩģͲ¡
ֹԼΪʲҪʹһȥҸ磬ˣעҿһĻҾͲǷκ˵ˡ
ӿ˫ԽԽᣬ֮ǰҷҵƢû˿Ҫͻװɡ
۵ĻͿϡҵᣬ˵
ȷʵ۵ҪǼܱɢ㣬Ųס塣Ҳں۱ᶼںҺԡǰ˫֮䡣ͷ֮ڣڶΪϴ壬һΣϴԡûˡ
Ķϸģרġָһûһµظҵ壬ϴĵطϴϴϸڣҲ¶Ĳֿ
ƺҪһӴԡĬޱ߼ʵɢȥܵżвҪ˵˻ȥ֪ضлҪ˵۾῿ļͷͼԴ˴̸ͷ
Ȼûٿڡ屻˫§סҵĶߡģһģ˺þá
ͷԱԽԽƤҲ޷ѹֻһƬˮӱҵ߶컨塣ԡҵ컨壬ǿ컨塣
ȥԡҷɳϣַҶǰļʪתȥԡҡ
컨룬һֻ͵ƣһƬ죬ֳª
ҵһηֵƵĿڰʵĿСҾϲƣǻĴ͵ơỪ貣ɢ޾ħ̲أĹâһеܰ
ֱ죬Ҳſһ档ҲûпֻӶˡֶ֪ޱҷֲʵʵΪӵаӵгǱΪҵԶͯǴ죬ԶڻƵħùâ¡
ֱ죬ҲʶһУ̵ĲһССĵԴأֻҪһָһƣ׵͵ǻԻ͵ݳ뻪
۰Ҫһ֮ڣ֪̫ࡣ
һԡϣǸΧһԡߴζزҵ塣ҵʹߣĿĵ
أĶٴαһûһ£ĵطֲ·ҪһӡҲ֪ʲᣬҲ֪˵ʲᡣû֪Ҳûо֪ҪһֱǾˡν
ûΣû߳ܡûԣûи֪ڳΪһˡϣҳΪһˡϣһ磬ܹ⣬ֻһӵ硣ֻһˣҲÿҲᱻ˿ᱻ
ҵǳԽҵ־Էز׽ⶰ﷢һֹ죬ԣܿ߰
ӿֲٶ羲ֹһ㡣һ΢ĽŲɳ߾ǸΪѾƾĸ߸Ůˣ¥
ҽŤһߣҿӿʶĸ׵Ĳˡ룬ҲԸⱻ˿ڵı顣
¥ϵԽԽ󣬼ٵĺУҵĽŲ
ҵǰļһ򣬹ߵ˽ҵϣԼ
ͷҵտյġԸǿտյģеģֻ޾ҡ
಻ĽͿܵĺšǰվת¥ݡ
ϵ·Ьӣ׶Ĵ̹ǵĺУһһشãͷҲص߳š

Ϊʲûзأ
ѵһûܹ𣿵ҪҾܶٲŻ
ҲҲХУź˺ѷθغڰ
ǣΪʲûз裿
˭ܹҵģ˭ܹףǶĽǸŮˡûҲķˣԼķʽαΣԶΪ
మǶáǣİǶϡ١ˣû˻᲻顣ǣʲأ
ڽ糿֮ǰΪԼӵ˰飬㣬ϲãһ˻ǣӵĸо
ΪԼʵܵ˰ΪǸַʽҵģİ飬ҷԼԼĸϼ޵㽡
ȻСԼ˽Ⱞ顣ʵϣҺңԶûʶ㽣Ǿ˽⣬ԶһС
Լ޴ԼԱ֯Ϊǵİ飬һԸ޷Ŵ˴˶ԶԷİǵ׹õջ֮С˭˵˵Ǹ˲ң
ȷʵˣҲñԹġֻܶѡûƭûбѡеֻʵͻ֮Ĳ
ʹ࣬᲻ʣΪܳԼ֪ޱΪܾίֻԼƵͷϡ
ĽǸŮ˵ǻۡ
춰飬ýһʱ䣬һĿζˡԭǰಽӰӣջƭĺ£ϲʵȻǱг֡
ǣǸŮ˱סİ顣ʵİ顣ʮһգİС
Ѱλʵ֮ĺгԼǻð뱳ѵõìܵͳһԼķʽһ磬İ˵Ĵ顣
Զʮǰ㳹ױȴԼķʽԼ磬Զͬڡ
Ը㾡硣
治Լ룬̫ڣ̫ӣҲ̫İ飬Ҳ̫ıѡ硣
̫Щۡ
еɢϡҶ
ȺСɰǧ·Ҳû˭˭ζ֮£һſƣ۵ġ
İĳУȴǧƪһɵ·ơ·˺ͳΨһİģֻзѡ
ҲҪûȥĵطûˡ
Ҳֻۣͣܲͣߡ·ֻ޶ҵнһͣ£ҪͿա
ҲħԸᣬ忪ʼоʹ˫ƶĶʹбߵԽԽ죬ٵĦʹԽԽǿҡ
ʹлеĸй٣ҲɹҵȫĻҵ˼άжҵǿҵСûⵥȫĸ֪ܵģֻʹҴӲ֪ʹԾһˣһ˱ü򵥡
ģʹ˶ĿС
ұ
ֱܣʹײҲͷʹˤҲνһǰֹ
ұܡֻʹֹҷ衣ߣҸطǸŮ˵а飬Ըҵֻʹ
һĦгܵҲںܵҿĲں
ϧܿҾͱһĦг׼ȷײϣұײڿˤȥһγʱؾҵᣬٴξȷײҵļ米
Ҳòֹͣܡˤ·ϡһ̶ɲ޷һ̧ۣͷϵĽָͨʾĺɫСˡ
ЦԭǸΥͨ˾Ұ
üΧ߸ϵĸңҵЩģǵ٣ǣûпҸոɵײ
˵ſͣںǺˮĹĸĽһů⣬ӿͷŨŨѪζС
ңԶĵطԶѰĳӰΧסңסذŪңסش˵֪ҽҿҲ塣
˵ˣǣ˵
ȻֿʼУ۵ҪۣӵԽԽۡǣЦѺõĸߴңûйϵģҲںֻǣЦǿһסҵͺͱӣұˡ
һ㣬Ҳʹиңоö
һĹ⣬Ŭ۾߾ȫ࣬ǰȴֻһƬҽʿߣϵݵıӦûбɣʶվģ֮ǰֻˣΪһ춽ˡ
˵٣˳ˡлڴһ硣




44 Կɮļ

ˣԴûйܼƵʣǰҾԼǶ԰ıܵڵΧ׷
ʵҲ࣬Ҳһȱ
Ҳи衣
ҽҶӵĴûӰɣΪʲһֱģͣ˯᲻Σգܾˡ
ûģѾȹΣڡﱣְúϢҵҽϤ
ȷʵһֱģʹѹˣ˯ȥʱ˯ˣʱ۵ľĳ̶ȣŻ˯ȥ
ۣۣۡۡһܶԣҲƵۡԿްϣҧܡ
˲ͣذҲʱ裬ʱǼ̸ʱǾ裬ʱǸ硣
ʱһһػжȥ
ʹȻȴϵڼᣬҵҲ֮һһεػģѵʱҲ𽥱ࡣҽתԺĿԣҽ飬ΪĿǰ״ûȶܾܳ;棬̸ͬҽ
ǣҽҶΪʲһֱû˵Ĵûܵ˰ɣ
ûģ鶼ˣûˣϢ˵˻ָúܺãİɡ
Ҷе뷨СĵطĲ¶﷢ΪҵסԺ⹫ҵÿ춼ҽԺæչҡÿ춼ҪϾϵܶˣ飬ضܸӰɡ
ҵ飬Ҳܸӡһ죬Ҵʱ˯ʱ۾ȻʱɢһƳӿڴߵӰŲߣҺܣƬᣬٶȱ۾
ЩˣҲ
ǣЩҲˣȴǻǰֻΪĸ硣

粢᳤ʱڲҲûлȥ˾ְء
ÿ춼Ȱȥ˾ϰ̸࣬Ҳع˾ϾҽԺҵļѾ㹻ˡ
ǣÿڶ죬Ȼڲϰ߼£ʹҲ̫Ը۾ʱߵ˵ĵ
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ȰˣûáҪԼͨ˲СҲȷʵ̫ġ̸̾˿ڴءҲˣԼһܵ·ϡ
ҰҲǲɣŻһû뵽⡣֪Լ״ΪʲỹҪءĬһ£˼ܵԭƬֿڣȥȰȰҰɣȻع˾ϰ࣬Ҫ̫˼ѹҪҲˣһһָ˭
ţһ̸Ҳˡ̸ᣬЩؾƵϢɵ״ѾȶˣҹԽػչˡ

ҲҺǣΪʲԼԵܵչ˲𣿻Լ˵ܵܣԼռֱ֮˵ܵܣ
ҲЩ⣬Ҳˡ
ҵĲСһȣпһСԻǵõ˵ڶѡĻᡣԴᣬѧԼһԼԼκԾ֣Ҳٸκ˻ƻԼ˺Լĸ顣
ȥһУⳡײɢץסԾ޴ĴۻĻ¿ʼص޵ĻҾĸˡ
ȻսʬڲϣҵƽƽһСǺõģǲõġ
ԳҲһЩЧӦҵİڻָС˫ҵĲнβڶֱȻĻ涼ֳнƵȡվ軹ǾܾסԺڼ䣬ɷһСס롣
˵ٻϺõ󻬼ҷԼ΢ȴ岻ݴǵʹ֦ѷⲡ֮ϣʱʶǰ
λ辫ҵһٲӪͣ˾Ҳʱ̽ҲǶͱǣؾͰﵱ˾ֲڲĥʱ⡣
ܸܵ⹫ҵ۰Ҳࡣܵģ⹫Ӧñκ˶סʱû׼ҵĴҾǸŮ֮䣬ѿй̡ҲǲʺϱͷʹޱǰӣҲϰһЦֻǻЩЩŤѡŤҲ˵
ԵϵʹĻҼҪϲԲڴˡǶĹģҲɱ㡣
ͺһĻĻ˼ϲ߷ȤԵǻۡϲԼڹڵλã۵Ӱϸϸ͡ζ
ԣһٵΪʲ᲻˵ʱΪڸҵȤȻһĸ׵ıܣ˳ֵ˼ά
ҽ밲һȫԵĸɡҶӴൽû⣬û𻵡ȱ첲ҶܳܣɳմٸһΰɣκµĲ䷢ҲüѰƷ
ҽǿҵƤ˵ǾͰȥɣҪĻٽлʶѣҲڻָСٿûбԭɡ
ڶ죬в鷿ʱҸҽֻǲ˵ѡ

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ᣬ࣬˲ٴϢĴ࣬ʱģ衣
ûб˵ʱͻץҵᣬֹԹҲһܣСʱӣỹǲԡÿˣЦСҾиëӾӦ񾭺˶Ӧعͨһο϶ᶫˤײʱ˻ؼҡ
˵һֱһ£ӦüһԼԱֱ۵⣬ӮѡĻᣬҸĴۡ
Ҷȹ൱һγʲطܶӣ˵ڲϣʵǱһϵнṹ̶֧ܵܽס
ʵأֻȵĹѣҼιǵĹ۶ѡƶԱȽؿҡߵĲϴ
е˯֮ǰ۵ʱ޲û˯ȥۣڲͲۣһǸһ˯ԣʹۿʱҶԾ
Ȼһ죬һǸе⡣ҼֱǴ̼
ΪǿԼɾȥкõĲõļ䣬ԵһۿԼ߾վһñ˵ʱе⡣Ǹ̫Ӧóˡ˵ҪֵĻ͸óˡ
˵һֱ˵֮ء
Ҳ۾һߣǸͣЪĬĬ׵Һܡ
ָû𣿡ʵҲʱò
أӳһ𣬾ͲòˡҲʹһˣװɲҲο
ǲ˵ǲ˵еͰ
˾棬һԴϻ۹ƣȻһһ춼⡣˵Ȼſڣ˵ȻҲǲſڡ⣬Ҳ
ȴƬ̣ȻˣһüëԸ̬߰ҰΣȻῪڵɣǸ˽ĺӣ˽ְԵ
ûп׼ϴصͷ
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ǰΪС¡û뵽ԶҰʵͼԵ֤֤ҵĲ²⡣û뵽Ϊȫ˺Ұȫ˺һֱ˽ذռ˽ӽĸ磿
һԾҳߵʱ򣬶Ұ˷裬Ҹʶʮ꣬˽Ըҳߵ֣ᷢ裬Ǹ̶ȡܲǸ￴㣬԰ȥסѹһߣһ˼ļȥ㡣㲻ӤǸʮнȫǺȫΪĳˡħƵģֻһԭɣңһ𣿡
ͣҡ˵ܶûҲóе壬һǺѵһʲҾʹʲ









رPSĩᣬӻԾԣдĵҸе̫įĻҿǻеһһ̵Ŷ




45 ׸˭ǰ飿᣿

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ҵͷΪҿԿʼΪѾ˽ȥһȫɾȨǣΪʲᣬҵǸоʹࡣ
ȥǣҡ
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룬ͬĽۡ
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ɶȫĸİԸǻİ⣬ɼ仰ͷˡᣬҵ׸˭ǰ飿᣿
̾˿ǰ㣬˵ҪһٴˣɣǸĺӣ֪Ұ˵ǳҪǣĶԴһ˵ĻҪΪԷǰſҰɣҲԼõδģᣬ˭ࡣɣ¸ʵɣҪĥҰˡ֪ʹҲѹġҪĬĥйˣɣ˵ɡ
Ļеˣһһġɣֶġ
ĬĬ˼һ˵⣬µӰǣר˽ѵҡ
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תȥӰʧ⣬⴫ףһ𣿡
´ڻøϻع˾ѽ¿İɣҲ־ϿҲһһĿʽǰе㲻һɫۡϧһֱûʱ乺ԼǸŮˡ
жҰżٰѵ㵱Ҫңɴ֪㣬˭Ըɰ׹
ضҰرæ״̬Ҳãȫ˾˶ŬҲⰡ
ҸҲǡԸҵܵ縴ԭͺˡع˾ȥæɣҽȥɡ
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ʲ᣿ҡԲݮӣһǳӣ˵Ĵڲ輸ϣͳ廨ŵĶÿһһٸߣҿĸ˵Ҫ۾ָŶ㿴ĸҾͲĸ
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뵽˵Щ뵽ʹ࣬ʱãȻ޴롣뵽ҵ⳵ɱΪͱúøӣΪԼеίѹΪеֽҲ뱻ɱ׿ڸֻǸ⣬ңһ˿ɱͷй
ﲻ𣿡ҵֱסڴеؿҡ
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ᣬҾ뵽˵Ƿϵؾ׽Ƿ˼ԽԽϣܹлҵκ˿֤˵Ʒۡ
ûʶʱ򣬱ȻᵼٴζԸĿǰһֱֶĹע

ҳԺ֮ǰּһӿ
һΣվ벡Զĵطҡʵ˵ڻǴһڲϱ̶֧ܹסģŵˡ
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ӿҲеʧһ˼ݣ̸ټһ紺Цκγ϶ܳΪȺеĽ㣬һӮŮԵ׷Ȼȴֵʧˮ׼ΰ硰ҼҹĩٻȥʱȻˣؿ衣
ҺǳĹģȻû߹˵Ҳûйעңܸоĸӵ񡣶ҵʱҲ࣬зͬ飬ͬռ˴󲿷֡
ΰĵúͶᵽӿͬѧ˴Сһ𳤴õѣʵǾ治ѡ
ȻѵԵ
˰ȱĲ̫࣬򣬺޹˲˵ȫӦԼͷϡ




46 婤̬+

ǼյĲҵǣȴķ͸ĸӰЩ˷ܡ
ȻκػԱЭȲԭ֮Сҽֹ۵ضԣò˶ãͿԽ븴׶Ρ
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һңҾͷȻͼ̸Ϊ˷ҶסڼУڼʵĲǼ̸һаŵģǸ硣
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47 ӿİڰڵ

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͵ʱָ֮ļ˳Էʱʱһֻػһ͵ʱ򣬽Խ֧ػߵҵθǰ񶨶ؿҡ
Щ֣һۣͷϵ̺
ÿÿȻһ§סҵԴɺÿ벻ӿȻЩ
ҵ﷢ë־
Ҫӿ׿˵Ҹ뵽ίÿɰ㵱һСѧʱӣౡһڣʾ
Խӽţ㵽֪Щʲ᣿ӿ˵˶٣
㱻۸Ϊʲ᲻ҺͶҰأղӿ˵ϲ㣬ŵðأ˵ϲ׼ȷ˵㡣찡ιȥҵǸ˵Ϊ˽ӽҡģһΪ˼أԼҲкøУڣ֪ʵ飬һǶкøС죿治ԭ
Ƶ˵˫ֲסҵԴ
ӿҲǱɣȻҪЮһ㶼ûĿڵĻĻӦ̫ˣ̫ˣ޸һ˵ˣ˴ѵҵĵܵܡɣ϶ǳǳҰɡͻȻ飬ٴҵϡౡһ¡
ЩãȻֻ뾡֪˵ʲᡣ
˺ҳߵİɡԣҳȫΪҡҺøжģû뵽ΪҲءҺøˡǸΪֹһԾͳߣ̫Σ˺ҺͶҰǶҰΪߣˡ
ˣҰӿҲܲƣҲӿɱסˣΪ׷ңΪأΪұ˦ˡжʱ䣬ʲҲûи˵ûٳ֡ڻ룬֮飬ҼǵãʱҲҲæҲûˣ˵һֱûֹͣ㡣죿Ұ֪ЩأûҸӿΪұ𡣵ȻҲΪ㡣ǣҪҪ˵أ²˾ġʵѾӿˣ˵鶼ѾȥҵǸھʹӣҷһЩ
ᶯҵԴ濴
˵أҪ߶ҰҪðְ֪𣿱Ͼܿί㣬±Ҳصġ㲻Ҫҵ飬ҪҪ˵
ҿؿ۾ֻҡҡýԴȻֻû˵ֱ۱Դֵϣ·ȥȻ㼯Ĵˮ
ˣˡҵԴ˵ȥˣʲ£ҲûҪᡣɣ˵㰡һ˵㣬ɱģصٸʲ㲻жһҪ߶Ұң㡣
ķ࣬ӿû˵¡
ǣΪʲ־пܶԽ˵ʵ飿ѵԼһ˵סз
Ϸ£ֻԼһ֪ȫ
ҵ˵İ˺ҡʵ˵ģҵļˣԼҵˡ




48 Լ׿Ұ

һϣᣬƮϡϡѩûз磬ѩҡҡڰڵ¡ĵһѩϢصˡ
ڴߡһƬƬССѩһݻƵĲݴУʧͶҶϵѩܿڣһƬǳǳˮ
ԵЩأվûдѩ磬ҲûѩƮ䡣йѩĺۼ
緹ʱͽһҪʲʥϲǽ޻˵רĳԷ
ұȽֿ͵ѩɣĻǲʵƣɡ˵
ţҲգе㺢ˡѡѩɰɡ˵
ͻȻͽͻȻˡ
ʱҵͦһῡεԼߵѩɡ
ᣬͽٴ¥һǿѩɡ
СʡվԶ˴⡣
״ܺáǿ΢˵㣬°벿ֵϸ֦Ҫ£һǺˡһ˵һһֻֽװ
ǻͷüЩ̫֦顣
ð취㸽͵ҪõּӣȥҪ
ӵһͷ칫ʵҲȷǲڰ칫ڰ칫ǰҲڰ칫ҲѧϰҲڿС˵
ӵһͷӡӽĿˣػһɵƬ
мææµµԵ֡ҲûŹǣһһ䲻ʱѯǵ
ɣϲֺɫƻװ𣿡
أɿҲܺɡ
ֻбĽɫκУȥÿɰ
ֳ˵Ա֦Ϲһ˵һͷתš
Ұ㿴ͼע⡣
̧ͷ˿Ȼ֪ʲᡣ
ȥһʱ֮Ҳ֪ãǿϵװáһ֣˵ĵطֹæֵݸ㣬Ϲҡ
հ죬ߵǰеһһȥ
ᣬϸϸһʵСĵһȦһȦزϣµԴᣬ˸ʥŨͯɫʡ
̫ÿˡЦԽ˵ҪȫԸװοʥʥᣬһóʥܴա
ܸ߰˵˵ڼҿʥ̫ˡȥʥСõҲμӵᣬһͨϵʱ۾ˡ
ȥҸְīʥڣǱ죬պңЩڼͨ
̫ˡְֲڼңҰԸ⿪ᣬҶధѽ
ѡһʵСӰɣԼ˼ңС¾Ͳ
֮ǰͺ˵ڼҿʥ¡ͼ̸ģ˻ýʶλˡΪҵδͼ̸ǵ˿ڼҿᣬ᲻Ҿñ䡣
Ȼֿ֧İšʯӣ̫ζˣҲ￴Ҳð

ǰһ죬̸͸ȥҽԺڸ죬ϵʯԲˣ粿ƽأ̶һʱ䡣ˣҲá
ֻһֺֻһֻҽŵ̫ˣԼչܴﵽƽ⣬һжȫˡʯᣬʱ޷ߣ϶ȹӦڣҾٶȿʼȶԣҷ̫ں粿ϣ˫ȵɱʲᶼҪ
ӿԺ籧³ԺͣһͿʻһתۿӷɵЩѪӿ
翴ȥҲЩ⣬΢΢һ
ҰﲮĸʻˡȿڣָָļƷĹˣڰỨ
ԽģûǴ籧ҽݣֱ¥
㲻Ҫֽ顣˽˵رֻ࣬Сæѡ
ҵػ̺棬ǰδеһֻɳʵֻȣĦ
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ͽΪ˲ģѡơϺʳȻʻҲǱز١ΪĲǽѣ̸ҲһЩѣصǣЩѻͬλзĵᡣ
̸趼±ֳѵһģסڼʱ䣬ΪŮЩ°ɡ춼̸˵ý޸ɾǼҸ֮ͷȴ¡
һ˼ӲΪģΪʲᶼĺܺã½ȽԼġңҲģΪжҰʱѾ֤ˣʤչҵĹʹ˳Ҳ˿ûжҡԸΡ
Ҳ̸֪Ƿ׼ӵȫƸԼӣǲʧΪ֮ǲǶԶӲƽ
ҲصǷ֮ɣȷܴǷ޼Ҹȡ

ǰ佱
æһ죬¥Ҳˣһȱ裬˳㿴ҵȡãûή֢״ǷĲ١
ʶʦڴߵɳϣԼϵĸ˵Ǹˡû뵽ʦһ۾֪Ǹܸɵˡ
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ﻷҲܺã˳ҲƯ˵֮ǰһֱΪʲع,ҵ
ɲ˵
˵ˣǻȼٵжʱ䶫Ұرæʱæ
Ӱϳʦ˵Сһ𳤴󣬹ϵһֱܺáҶûӡ󡣡
Ұֽûãȥˡͨ׿˵ͶҰͬѧһȥѧҰûȥ飬Ȼû
ЩƣվϴȥػϰԵرңŵϡļУ߹ұǣҲҪ
ȻͷϣɳԸ˵ҽῴҾͼ
˵ЦŮӶͼԶкøУ׷ɡףҰڲ˼
׷ҰѾˡʱԱ׿˵
ȻûʣһǶˡֽͷסԼԴ
ǣӼ̾ͱ۾ԭǸվڴͷһֻǡ
ǵҲܺðŮĻзñȽϴҸѭѭգҲǸĶͬʱŮӲҵҲܸзܴİ
رǣɻԴȥ
ǺܸûأöҰȢؼ֮ǰһҪ㹻˼ʶ裬ѡϱĻǱȽϲ̫һأһҪٲСһȫһ᲻أʷѧҼ׷׿С˼
ٴαƿұս۾ͷǣһֻӲؽҵת˹Ҳò۾Լƫͷȴֱָ˻
ݵĬᣬٶȿڣЩ飬Щԥ⻹ҪҰԼؿǡϾҵͼͥ¡ҵ͵̫ǿĻδܺܺõشٽͥϵ˵ӪǼͥͥҸҪλġ
סҵٴ۾
ҳʹݺݵ
ҵ۾˵̸ȫǶһ١ϲʮǰͻѡ񣬸ȵڡңǲҪϸҵѡȨһԼѡϲˣΪֻԼ֪ʲʺңܸҸҿǱ֤ҾԼ




49 ʲǰʲΣ

ʱΪĳֽΪԶ棬ʱŵһߣǼбҪġ
㻹׼ᣬԼǸСȦһμӣǣֹˡ֣ص˵ԼľƽɲΪֵʵЩȥ
ԼҿᣬȴһҲ̫˵ȥ˰ɡ
һɡٶˡ˲
㰧һҲ̾˿֪ԤڵҪȤĶࡣнǰѲμӣգЩҡ
ʥڵᣬҵġ谲㣬Ԫٰ㿪ᣬȫ㰮˭˭ðɣ
һΪʱϲأֺõ˵ͷһᣬҪҼ˭Ҿͼ˭ҪҸ˭Ҿ͸˭衣ԪҪͨ

ˣⳡʥᣬҲΪԼ޷μӶеźˡ
Ѿ㶮ˣϣҪڴʲŮΪѾö⣬пܸǹķͷŮ
ȻˣֻýעȵתƵѾĻȵϡЩʲĻƽ˷ܡ

ᵱ죬컹ûȫڣ԰ĲʵƾͳͳѩϲöһһĲɫݣϹľҲɵϣ͸ӨӨɫ
ϲǸĲɣĽW
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Ĺ⣬յЩ̺죬ҲڵײһĺɫΡڵ֣ȴӳĵԽӵİ
µǧҲӳ˵ĺɫյķ紵ǧܵӰӱһĺпҡ
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̸ҽ裬͸һȥСҪˡ
轫ҽ㣬ԼȥкеĿˡ
ֽҽΨһܵĺСõտҼԼȥһò衣
ɣҰأСõվǰӸ¿ҡ
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ҲңЦ˹в˵ԵʲᣬɣִƤֿڸзǳãҸһɣ㰮ȵƻ֭òã
װûеԣ˵̫ˣǷǳҾǰǳ
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ǣģЦȻҲţԶϴȥҽԺҵ¡
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ϧǱ߹˸ְżһλԵģǼɫƽӹŮɵЦϣҵ˰Ҳû߳Ӣ˧ˡ
춵ȵһȽʱȴҵػӳĳϵʳӡ֪ڱУһקס°ڣʾ¥ȥ
ҾԼе뿪˼˵չ˾һ취ҲûУֻܻԼ
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һľͻšӿ
ǶһûиʧңײҲҮӴ˼ֻ˼ǷңûǷ˼ҵˡҪһծģ
ŬֱӣҲׯء
ȻػڣҲƲڡ

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еȤһ˵һ˵ϻˣ̫׵õҵ
ǰҵ࣬ԥһ£ߵǰֻһ룬Կ԰н˸ĵƹ⡣
ʹԼܵʹࡣ⣬ôȥǼ䷿ӣö˵ЩݵĻ֪Щ¡Ϊ˰ûбҪ֪Щҵİ޹ص顣
дٶ̵ѹֵʣƽҷǳǸĸ׺ҵļͥˣҺ뱨ڲķǼҵ·ͷ꣬ҵȫŭʱҽҲΪ;֮һ
ҵ̾Ϣһĸױѣܵ˺û˻뵽οһֱԼһƷʹͳζİɡ
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Ĵһ˿Ц̧ͶңɼԶģҲƮᣬЦҲ
ף飬ִ࣬ƯŲߣ˵ʱЦĺܴ棬еĹâ˵Ƿǡһ̲ס뿴㣬һ㿪ģԼ֣ҸҶЦңֻҡ
λðλðԣҲ޶ԡҲ֪ùҵ٣ҵ
ѱòںȥ£԰飬ұ˽˵Լ˼
ȻһֱܾңΪ̫棬Ҹ׷ֱҳߣҼûзʡԼɵͷҲûʶԼеȵİ鲢Ͽɵİ顣ֻԼĸܣֻҳƵģҪҵĿ֮⡣
һһȥﶼҲ㣬ʧȥǣԼڿ־Ҳ㣬Ѿһ档
вϰܸܵ߾ȫԵƽҺ޳ΪִԵİ飬ҲΪ򰮶Ŀ־塣
֪⹫ңұȥһ˲䣬ԤеϲȻ˷ŭȫ޷ԼΪԼİ鱻ڵأҵֻ뱨
Ȼ䣬תߵߣ˫۳ҵߣ˹
Ҵû뵽ҵİ˺ˡûһ˺ˣҲȥ˺˭Ҳðȥ˺ˣֻȥ
ǰ˵˫ۣĲΪʲԼƽһ㣿ʻһˣмҵкͳҵİ飬ж˭ʸõ
ǣɣʹһԸİ飬ҲǰİҸı䲻ˡǲǷˣᰮһˣҲܺ°
ҵ޷ֹԼ뵽λûӵ绰ߵĵ绰ͨ¹ţض˵ƬյŮˡ
ҰɣҺһɣҲûϵ
ΪʲҪң֪ҲܸమΪʲҪԼƵزҴʵᣬȴҲĨȥ.




50 ǲĩԵĽ

飬һʲĶأҲ֪
һ˵Ļһ㶼ΪʲأҲ֪
Ϊʲᰮһüʹ࣬ȴȻԸ԰ΣҪأҲ֪
û˸Ҵ𰸡t
ʹӿҲ޷شҵ⡣
ҵ£һֻסҵƣһֲֻҵա
Բ𣬶Բ𡣡ҶߵԸĻʲҶΪֻ㲻ҪҶûϵֻҪҲȥȻĻҲ֪Լʲʲ
ǻۣʱɢһƿ
˭Ҫȥ˭ϣȥˣЩͻһ˰ɣϲŰÿԸԸءˣˣͲȥɱɱ˻ֻϸ첲ҪϾֱӶϲӣе㳣ʶɣ
ֱһձңҵĶգĦ
ûŲҲûпˣֱһȻ˹
˵ɣЩŹ֣Ļ߹
ûбεˡҷӿֱۣȻңơ
еԼҪҰҿġ˵һ˵Ҳûʸ׽ڴɡ
ҷʲ°ɣһкܺõ㱧ҵܵܲš絭˵䵭˹ġ
ӿſңվȴǶң΢΢˫ۣ˵ûղ˵
֪ΪʲᣬŨŨвζȻӿҲˡ
ɵԭ£ӿ˵ܱǸɾʹࡣڸ⣬κʹҸӲҡ
̫ˡӿĺҽӣƸӡ
Ȼתȥ˼ԶǣȻתƫͷǣ˰ΣӿûĻν⡣
û⡣ӿƽԿ϶
ԡĿתңΪ˱Ӳңѡ˶ڡ
أرߣƵңѵֻںһ˵ĸ𣿡
е㲻֪ƣҲɽͷö̬ӻ֮ǰ˸߸·
㲻ҪˣѾһ˵Իˣ㲻ҪճһԡҴԸ˵һֻճȭͷ˼´棬ԼǿƣȡЧѹЧ
ȻյһЧ߹ìͷٴָӿ
ᣬֽޣ˼ʵһֳԼһָ˸ԼĶͷ
ϲֻһˣֺѡӿԥػش
Ұ̾һһԸİҲֱ׳ش£Ͳ¸˴
һӰҵ˼άö࣬ӿĻδ䣬ȥȭӿʱֱһ°ͣһӣֱ
Ҫˣٴ޴档
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ⲻصɡӿ˵ĵΪСӦȭŶԣ֪һһܡ
ӿ˵߻ӳһȭи°ͣһȭס˾ʹ
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ҪˡҪˡغ˼Լû˵ֳ´ҿڰɡı׳ȥܡ
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Ҳֹͣⲽߵһߣһɳ˫ȣ˫û֣ϸϸش
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Ǽ춣˵ȷҪһнݵˣӦ֪ǿ˵£ѻкõĽοǿ˵İء
Ҳ˵㻹ѡ硣һ̣Цһ
ˣľʧ
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վҵıǣ˵ˣϢһɣҴȥ
Ҫè޺ӼٴȱһӰҲ򵹡
Цˡ
һ۾ܿơǺӣè˵ͻȻҶС˵һ䣬ӡ
Ŀࡣ
Ȼ䣬ҾãȽǵ˿ӿŶԡ
ΪһֻӣŬµʽһῴĬӿһῴֻЦЦؿҵè
ܿ죬ǵӿվ߹˫վ¶һеǿ΢Ц˵
Ѿ˼ˣҲùȥ㣬Ҳٷѡµ
˫֣ؽҵһֺֻģڵҵ۵ףǹǳǳЦ⡣ҵıůۿҲסʪ˽ж
һ¿ʼɣҲὫȥȫ׿ȫȫһһϲոµҡ˵




51 ޿ɱʱĻرܼɩƪ

ҰһȭҲȭ
Ҳûָÿܶȫˡ
˵ܵ˰˱Ǹ˲ԱǴܵ˲ԡ
Ϊ׵ĸ˸绰裬ܿ죬ҵػ㱻ٻأ˰Ͱ顣
ػɵضÿһ˿һ飬ְҵرĬĬĬתȡһס飬ݸҡȥӣȴȥ飬ҵֵ̧˻ȥ
ػͷȥĬĬһ鷽ס飬ݸһߵӿȻְһݵС
ߵԶһ㣬ڵͰɳУƾԼһֱֻۺȲûа취뿪ɳҷ߷ߵشжһԼ򢣬ʹнԡ
ʵȭͷĵطΪվȣʱˤڵϣĵ˲輸һǣɰˡ
֮ᣬҵػָÿһ
 ﻤʿ¥ȥҽӹػ˵
˿ûй˼ֻԼŲѡƾҪ¥ĻضҲҪɡ
ػ죬ɴ۾ҡߵվңһһܿ
û˵ſֱۣߴٵ
ػЦЦһѱң˵˵̫ˡ
¥£ػҷŽȥ衣ǣػе֪˵ˡȻᣬȥ̸ǣ̸е֪˵ˡȻᣬôԱ߾ҲϢǣ˵̫ˣǲİ
ǣͼ̸ͽһҪ˵֤ʵһ¡
ĵһȺˣǣǣµְУ˲š
Ƿסֻ֣ѴұǰƤЦĽԶ
˻豧ס˼̸㱧סҡ
мˣҴȥŵ˵Ϊ⼸˾ٰģһûö⵽ѡһΪף㿪˵ѡһϲĽҾѡϹ˸߲ҵ˵
֣Ҫ֡ͼ̸ͬ˵
ѡ˿ȥܲҿǷ˽ʵ⡣˶󷽣еĺ飬еĺȣеĺǰͻһ㣬ÿ˶ԾΪݼӢšңұֵöУÿ˶ҵĳͽԭ״һ顣
һˣҵԶĹעҶĶĹעҵĹע
ҵġûվӣҲ򢲿λӦЩǷϡȻѯҵĽò˭Ҳûоϵ˺۷ʡȴˡеջ𣬲̬ȺȻУðҵ˼ҲͲƽˡ
㽫ƵһߣѯҵʱҾ˵˶ÿ˵ĿᵽСϸڡ
ҵԴ泯죬ϸϸ˿ҵ˺ۣͷ˵Ȼϸǿģ˻ϸĵģһĵӡ
ɡ˵ȫĹ۲ˡأֻҪ㿴еģ˭ҽҶӭǶһ˸ѹǮ
˵ҵԴЦ˵ٿҸĸ䡣ⷽмңŵĹ۹⡣
˵꣬һŤһŤȥ衣̾һһλҸĿ˰æƵرߡ
һһ˺þãҲʶͰˡְһλ˰Ƶǰµ˼ġģҿҵػȻڶӣ㺰סԸȥ¥ûˣ˵Ļװǰÿӡ
ػÿıҵһ£ʲҲû˵¥ȥˡ
ᣬأ˵ûˡ˿¥ˣϢ
ػİϴڻ˯µʱ򣬽ſͷʵҰûְ
ûͷҲ̧˵
ǡ룬˽ʵʱĸ˸䡣
Һֹûڻ·
ţǰҵǰغᱳסһָڼϴ˴˵˵˵ĸúð
ػСĵؽҵֱ˯ٿŦۡ
ҿ㣬˵ʣԼӦ֪ɣ˼ԼϹ顣鷳һ㡣
Уѡڵӡ
ЦҾûѹԲŻҰ

˯ǰҲסΪԼ̾¥ǻԧȴͷƵ˴µǣҵо޾֮⡣
ʱҿǸΪͷܵβ˰
ֻһյ谵ıڵƣʱֻҵĻʿŵ뿪ҡ̧ͷĿ׷ıӰֱ߳ӣ¥ĽŲʧÿ˶㣬Զʮɺ쳾ջ
İõ˯𣿡
ļ۾һ޴ĺӰǰ۾ʵѵһ¥ȥ
ЦϹһɳΣڴ¡
˿һ컹Զûнšߵĵƣ֧ӿڴͷ񣬲޽䱸ص˵⡣
ֻͷҵıᣬȻ˵սɣɡ
һȴġ
ѳͷҹˣѵҪһֱˣƢ𣿡һֻ֧ڷϣ°ͣ΢Դҡ
Ҵûǹ˵ˣƢ̲סе߷ߣǰе£ҶԸټƽϡԣҲڵΪ͹ȥϵ
ббĸϣðΣž˵µȥһУҲȴ𣿡
಻÷£ͳͳǺˡһҪǡһˣһ˵ҪġѡΪάǵļҡȻҪĸ硣ҿȻ˵
ллῶ˽˵ܲܰһϸ嵥֪Щǲ÷ģЩǿԷģûкյĻºѳΪһҪĸ硣
ò׼˵Ļڿң㶢
ظһЦݡ
Ȼ̸ڹƪòңʵȻļЦݣǰ㵽ҵǰ˵Ѿķϻ˵ʲȥʼµ˵ʲ᲻÷¡ҲЩųĴǣֻŷʵ
ŲŲ˼ηȥ
ֻѰգԸʵͱ˵˵һȹ㲻ҴûͬӦҶİҲһζӱܡҪȥʼµ˵ǣҵĻҪʧˡ
٣˫׽סҵһָֻ֣סذҵϣҵʹ
ŻûиʵĿٿҵУҡȥڵģǽҡ
ҵſһ֮ᣬʵ
ᣬܲٶһʵ֮⣬㻹˭أ




52 

ŪҵָƾĬеȴĴ𰸡
ģǸһ޵Цݡ
ûСɵͷ˫еҵ֣ûбˡҵõͬʱҲԼΪ
˼ٴ̧ߣעңȷʵһеڣǰûи㹻ŬӮȫΡ˽ҵʽļǵã㻹ָҺŮ֮ʵĽʽָҴġ
ǣҵһȫ㣬ܻԱ˸һ˿һءЦЦʹ˵ҲδػͬɣȻûֱ˵֪㿴Һһʱܴܵ룬Ϊ£Ҳࡣ
͵Լ֡ίˡ
ɣЩ飬飬˵ۼΪʵݳʶжϣȷδؾʵࡣһĻǣȥҵķ䣬ͷԱһǸϴ衣Һûйҹûϴ
˭Ǹˡ˵˭򰡡ϲĻʮǰͻһˣҲʮУŮ˽
ʵ⣬ʱҪ
ԭˣԭˡͷʮָգĸӡ
ҽסʼ⣬ȴͷ
شһ⣬̧עңΪҹȥйŮ˽ľ𣿡
˵ʲѽ⣬Ҳһڷ˭ȥܹʱ鰡
ã˵ʱ¡΢΢һЦ˵ʰɣڣ㿴ûۿֻ󵽣ͱŮһԴ׻𣿡
ιǿ϶İɡҴ´棬ɤԼΪ飬Դ׸ܡ˭ΪԴװ
Цˣɵؿα˫ģͷңΪ졣
ҰһۡҸǰˮɡ
ҺһЦݣһصͷ˵ͱһҲ˻ŮˣҶǳʹκᣬѧʵʵ˵ҪԶңҡ
ƽͣȴ˫ڵУĺͫ
ΪװưͻзԴͷеͨĻҵ˵ˡҲǸܴ򷢵õˡ
вңҲʵ
в̧һֻƸ˸ͷ˵Ǹ̫Զ·ˡһĻҶֱжµ״ڸʵʵ˵ǽùͨĻǱ빲ͬŬЩܵͷ
ֱ̫֡ˡ
һֱ˵һԸĻҲ㹵ͨΪʲҪͬŬҵͷҵԸŬͷУ˵ʲзҪñʡҷ߷Ȼطۡʵ֣ұóֵġ
ͻȻ˵ˣ˫Ŀα˫֧ڷϣ˫ǰʮָ棬ȻؿңãȵƽŻ˵
ɣ㻹ûи㶮Щ£пģЩ£ûʹͬһ£Ҳпܵһ棬Ͳܵһ档Ŭȥɿ£ʲ᲻ԣ
㡢㣬е״ΣȷԼǲˣˣ˵ָıǿģҪıȴܣ
˵΢ͳ˵㣬˵أӦ˵ҾԲ뿪ң㣬ҲκԶҵͷ
Ȼˣʵ̫ûˡ
Ϊǣ̫ΪˣҴ飬汻ҵã죬̫ԵˣûԣΪ˭Ϊ˭İ
ҪңⲢ֣Ϊ֪˭֪ˡûа취ϣҾǸõˣɺ侲Щ΢䵭
סԼҲ뽫ȥȫѵͷǳ˵Ρ
Ҫ˵ˡҪ˵ˡҽеԼһеͽ޹
Ϊʲ᲻Ҫ˵ˣɣΪʲẦʵһҸûеõѵܹҸİ㻹ԥʲ᣿ʲ᣿õʲ᣿ΪŮܹõҵĸӿɿԲİ𣿻ߣǸӿļⷵĻʤҵİ飿
ڵ־۾סҵ˫ۣ㿪ȴס㶯á
֪Ǿǰ飿Ҵګګ
춣ʳ˿ڡ
ҪǵϵĽ˶壬ʱȻһžֻҵ۾ͽߵ۾;мûסգգۡ
֣ĶƣɳʳָָסߵԼĶͷ
ԭţš治֪˵˭ǰ׳ա
̧ͷϵı·ԺкüͷͬʱҶָߵԼĶǣ΢̧ĿббҵȻ˼˵
ɣ㩤һ£ƺþ˵㡢ңңǶԷԼҪˣԼҲǶԷǳںˡڣȷ֪ɣῴҵģ˵ңζʲ᣿
ؿ˵һʱҾվںңԶĵطǾҵĴߣ˵ı飬ǿؽԼҸ뿪
ǵһΣϲָоҵߣֵȻȴǽôֿɼҲϰ־УԼ䵭˵ʽ
֪Լش⣬Ƿģұ˵ʵﻰ
ҡ˼Ҵ뱲ӶǺһ𣬺һ𣬼ѾǺͳԷ˯һȻ£ԣʵǺѽ㡣ӲҪ˵Ļҷǳȷһǣ˵ҪһڣҵҪԳҵ衣ǣˡҲ̫ϰߺһˣκʱֻҪ㣬͵ʲᶼˣһҶ㡣أҲûʧǸַ붼ˡ
ֱͣ㶵ؿ֪˵ȥ
أʵȥĴ뱲Ҳһֱ𣿡
ҵļ
˵ҵͷԼָϰһֺܿµĶϰ˺һϰ㣬ȫΪúһɵϰ߰
ѵϰҲ𣿡ʵǵ
Ǻû򲻺򵥵¡ҼԼָϰһҲϰ˱ʱۻֱ˴˼˲ΪԷԼԼһҲ޷뿪ˡ
ˣ֮䣬Ҷİ飬ֻǴ𣿡ʡ
ӦáӦɡҲܺȷ
Ȼ롣΢΢˵ͷ˫ֺʲǰ˵ᣬռ㣬ҵأĪǣҲǳ춴Żҵ԰
ʧȥ㰡
ҽסѿڶҲụ̀æС˵Ȼ˵ΪʲᣬǣǾãܾĻͻʧȥ㡣
㲢ûоܾҡһƽ޲
ǣҲûоܾ㡣Ҫ
Ϊȿ֣㡣õȻ˵
ǡҵͷԴԼָϡ
ңһ֪Ȼ˫ζסңƺʱ˹ⱲӵԸ֣㣬ҵİ飬Ұķʽԣɣ˵ʲṷƨҺԸھͰѹˣŴϾĴ




53 峼֮ᣬܼضã

ٴ԰޷˵ԼĸܡٴΪҴ֮ŵʱӵ
ҲˣϣЩ£пģЩ£ûп
еĳԺ֮ᣬҲûиԼӮκµľǸ˹ȻʩѹȨĻᡣ
ҲҿԱȽ̹ȻԼΪˡνǲΪҲ˲Ҳ
ҲΪˣҶٴýϻĽǶ͸֮Ĺϵ˵ʵЩְԵۣҵģԾѡ䵱һ˵ңһ˵İ飬һãûбĿ˵İʵİˡ̲סһһεԼǲעҪˣ
ȻҲ̫ԸԼһȫ
õ˲ҵ־ӵıһһȴǧ԰ҵȫַİʹдµֵʱһרע񣬾˲䣬ҵı²֪ơ
ҾûлɹҲģǰ顣
Ѿģİ顣
ݰҵǰѡĻᣬİ飬κ˵İ鶼ֵĴڣκ˶á
Ұҵİִһ߹ıˣ֮£׵İԼҵΣҲŻ˭ܹ鰮
ˣڷݼҵİ֮࣬ҵ۵ϲá

ǣңûҪСԼʵСϾȻ˵֮£ʵϣԶԶֻ򵥡
û˲֮Ҳڵ̫ãҲ̫˴ҵע
е÷ǳ⣬ȡԤڵЧиʿõ˽Ҷ
ռͷλõģȴָԹ£ȫĪ֡
׿һۣһɫĽ谮˵μܹʵЧĸҲ֤һ£ΪţԪʱҲܳװѵ粿ĸһһ｡ɡ
ǵһˣһŮˣҪһʮĲŮˣոٵһĶϲ飬Ҷ֮ⷬĺﲻƽϡ
ϧܿ췢һ£ҵܹעȫѹȥ
ӵģ˵ҵĸЧ֮ᣬᵽλԪʿμԪᡣ
ΪһȻ룬û뵽ȴȻ󲨡˵乫˵Ȼ󲨣ʵƾһ֮㹻ˡ
ΪʲʥҲΪʲʥҲ
㵱ջ޲ȥýԿǡ
˵ҵЩѻҾѡγ˹߰ɣҵĻûи㶮㵽ûһұʶԪȫЩƵصѣ㻹ûкǸкʼԼᣬǵĹϵûȷҲȹ̣ЩѵУǰһӽ𣿡
ҵͷϸ˼һӽǸʲ
ʶڣЩܿö⣬˵ҽԼɣԪҵ绰롣
޿ָ̣һԣҧеӰɣֵòã
ǣԪһѽ찡ҲȻᣬֲĵʵ裬ѵҾû𣿡
£صǣǾðաɴ˵
ңÿüë˵ϣһ˽к꾫ԽʲᣬԽҪ͵ʲᡣ㲻ͷʧԼ
㱻סˣһᣬСҲӴᣬһӶɡ
Ȼ˵ÿŮ˶㣬Ů˺ࡣ
㳹Խ衣
Ҫ취ҲġΣ֮ᣬתοһҪıʩˣǸ뿪һ𲻾Ͱȫˡ
̲סЦһС͵ϰͬĿ˸뿪ȥвͨʵʲӲִС
ȻܰǸ뵽һߣǾͰԪ뵽һߺˡΪϵ˵ңǻԪԼоǵͼҪӣȻ
裬ЦҺڴʩչħӴ
ţҪϡ֣µصͷʼ񣬡ɣһ죬Ҫ㡣
ףҲʲ𣿡Ҿ
סԪȫˡʱһһ˴ڷҪΪɣչһ㡣ӦûʶûаˣȻᣬҪıˣɡҪҲҪҪȥ¥裬ҪʱȫװҪտӣ㱾˻װ̫ˣѾȻʱʵڲô򷢵ĻҲƣҺֶʵʱһȥһ㣬һҲûȥ¥ᣬҲиʱദǵģ뵽İ취
̾Ϣһ޳ָǰĳŵطᡣ
裬ΪʲҰѷӸңҺЦص㵱ССӹ
µСѵңҪæڿĲƲ
 ҪҲҪȥҪμᣬ˰ҿʼԵعԼҪĳ̶ȣ
տɣȴ裬ⲻǺһʲ᣿跴ʵ
ǣҪкҵǰ˴ңԼȴˣҲ𡣡
ġǵһֻ֣סļͷһᰲŶҰȥкЩѣὫȫӦúܺá
詤ҽѵҪѸ𣿡
ŶҰƷζٴαֳԸȫȻ
ǣ裬ҶİŲԹûʶʵҲһ𣿶ңһ꾫
ŶҰһȸ̸̸ҪעȷʵҲö񡣷½ûġ
޷˵ԼıԹһֺܵζҲñ֪ζʲᡣҲζ޷ҪΪΪЩ¡
ҶԽе˲޳ɼҲԸһտĲƲǣԼ˼˭֪أ

˵һǻȫԸǽԼͷŪЩŪһҽԺֲŷԼȥӲϧûҶϷԵ׷һ죬ͽһҴġƯƯԭӢ˧
ұһ䱾ɫ֯ϵһѩ׵סǰıһͬɫĿп㡣ɫʺҡ
ȻټⲻĴϲ˺ЧΪҿ˸翴ҵ˫۾ҴӹɵӿѶϢ




54 

ҵΪҽ˵ĻٸҥΪʵϣҲδܽɡ
ѲҪرػҲѱҽԺٻأҵҽаһλҽÿΪȻˣĿǰҲ޷Ϊĳ˵Ů顣ֺοұʹ˵μᣬŶûˡ
һôˡڿ˵ǰŸ֪ҵΣҿ
û취ȻҶҪҡ
ЦЦת裺ǵ²˽ʲ֣
ԪʡȻʣϴʱ򣬲Ǹܹ𣿡
ǽܹ˺üλɣ֪һλһλһʣҲ뵽Ҳ֪Ԫһλ
ǼλҲԪ˧һλݼӢһλʵ
˵˧ġ
貹ܱҿеģݼӢ
ĻҵҲƽࡣҳ̾һҲֵ
ͽһ¥֮ᣬֻʣҺ͸硣
˧ݼӢվǰ͵͵вζѯʡ
šҵͷ˵ǿ⣬ҵ֪жʡ
šüëҡһ˻֣˵ðɺðɣٷҲûʣ˰ɡ
סץסҵ󣬼򵥵˵
ɱϽͰεľаѻƵûţҡ
ʲ᲻˵£̽ҵӰȥ
㶼û𣿡Щȫ˶ֻĽ㣬û˹ҡ
˼Ƭ̣˵ɣ뵽ʲ˵ʲᡣ
ҿ˿Ҳ֪治װ
㲻˼ΪԪʻûʼʽ½ǰһǱһֻֻ꾫Ԫʾ͹ߡԲҪҵķﵥСɳĿǽĲｻܡ
룬˵ֻҪֿģģǾһҲûʲҪ
ҵһۡ
Ӻҵļ磬С£ǾͲҪǼƽ
ҲӺҲûƽϰûǰˬԪʱߣѵҾͲ㱻𣿡
˵ͷ̧ԼͣĬƬ̣ſȥ쵽űʱͣתһƫԴ˵

Īԣ˵ġʲ˼
˵һ顣
Ȼţһǿվ뿪ӡҲ֪ԼǷ߹ȥɡ
еԲϾƶеˡ˿վԶԶվʱٸþһǡ
岽֮ᣬҸάƽ⣬̿첽˹һͽҴᱧֱ¥ݡ
ȥʵ
粻ش𡣵¥ý߿ķţᣬýŹšᣬұĴϡ
Ӹ¿ҡҲ˵ᱻֵġǿҪˡ
Բ˵תȥãֱȥϵ·
һ˭ȥ¥ϣҲ죿ܵȵ𣿡Щη£ҹһ£Ŀ֮Ŀŵһ¡
ܵȡֱ˵˵Ϊ㹴ҡ
ϴҵߣҵ·һûüڷϣ˵㵣ı˰ҹߣҸɴ౻㹴
˵ʲѽΪëŦ۱˿Сĵ£¶˳
ڽ̶סҵ˴ıһ£ϲ㹴ңջҡ
ûй㣬Ҳûջ㡣ԽӲ˼۾Ĵھ˱
ûΪ·ˡ˺üµʯ࣬þû㴩ɰģӶΪ·ͷ
ĵҵĶߣֻظҵ壬·Ȼҵ·
뱧סľøǣȴ±
Ҫ˵ʲɰ˵˵ӣʲģࡣ
ǡҵӣҵİӣܲ۾ĿԼ˽˲ƲأҵĴᡣ
ҵļرùȣ۾ʵѵ͵𣿡
΢΢һЦƻȴֱӵȥҵȼò͵͵סҵĺݳɵꡣ
סҰɡ屻һ鶯ָ룬شǸѱ׵⡣
ǱҲ֪һ˭һ˭
ֻ֪Լ˱ڻУԼΪΪԼҲǣ䡣
ˣϲҽԼΪϲΪҵסԼϲе㡣
ϲ㡣һֱֻۣסľӽӽ
Ϊ˱ܿ˵ԵʣҺĻСǣ̫ԶˣϲĻľ䡣ϲƣҿʹʱ̣˫ҲܹԸƯ֮䡣
ϲ𣿡֣ҵںתҲѣ࣬סҵ⣬ԴϢ
šҺӦϲ
ߴһصĴϢҵر
ҿ²ˣѹʹƵٵ˵Ҫȥˡ
ҵĻ֪ԼڴҲԼжڴ
籧ҵ壬£͵ľ֮ϡҧסļͷܵǼӲȵľ仺ȴּᶨƵؽ뽥ֱȫ롣
ҳϣԼڲҵεഺڣ䲻ҵǣҾʱڵкӵ͵ʵϣ˵ǣڱ绺ĹУˡ
֪Ϊʲҵÿαᣬ˻䣬Ϊ͵͵й鼮ϸҵȻĴ𰸾ǣഺڡ
Ȼҽ࣬ȫΪڸԼľ״ܸ粢Ū壬ǣûȫ룬ҾͲˣҲ̫˵ȥˡ
Բ𣬲֪͡ҽļѣ㿪ߡ
ϲסĦͷ˫§סңײҵ塣
Ƭ̣ҵٶվԤؼӴ˳ϲֳķʽǿƵĳϲּµ㣬ϲĿСҲ׵ǣΪʲԼױȵʱˮġ
İûʶԼļѺǱҵˮʪҽԼŽסģҵһĵĹ֣ҵȫѪ
ҵΪҵѪҺΪҵļڣҵȼա
硣ңҷҴ磬硣
ҵĴҧסҲ˱ס
ƺ˼ޣΪһͻᱻײ顣
һ𡣡ɳִٶ̡
һ룬ƶˡ




55 ׿ҰȨ

𣬱𣿡δƽĴִЩᡣҵı°ĥҵͷ
һһƬãȻ֮Уԣص˵ͷ
Ҳòٵһᱻ˰ɡ縧һҵա
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ҵԴٿ˻ȥ
Լ£Ҳܡûĺţ˵ϴɾһطɡ
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Դײһ£ЩΪص㵱Ұ᣿
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ĶΪõʱ˻ôȡ
Ԫʸᣬҵķ䣬ҼѾԭԭôΪ˱ת޵ҵͷϡ
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輫Ⱦҡͷ̾Ϣһһı顣
̣Ҫ˵ĻֻܷİɽҰɡλ׼ŮϹޱȻЦݣݷһøѡ
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Ҽιǻûñ𣿡˿Ƕ飬ֿ˿ҡ
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ҸϽֹ׼İĦ˵ˣˣҲʹˡ
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˵ԪʶԽЦЦصˣصʹ࣬չӦõİ
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ȷʵĵӦȴת˹˫ۻҵѲȫҲ²͸Щʲᡣ
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56 ɩ

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ҲҪѧҲŲҪȱһҵȱҲûϵѧҰдֲϡֻҪƷȥٲμĩԾû⡣
ⲻ廹ûҪҪðա
ҽҲҪʵ˶˶ȥѧУϿζҵĸԭа
־Ļһ֢죿ﶼˣΪ᲻ٶһأҲҪȵļιϡϢһ°ɡ
ϢȥĻҪѧˡҿɲҪɵ꼶
㱾ͱͬ꼶СװҲֻǱúͬ꼶һ󰡡԰οҡ
Ҫ
ת
ҰɡȻɼҪѧУϿΣһḺ°ãʲʧһķʽ衣У˵վߡ
Ҳ˼֣ϾԸͷΣȻֵɣοΡ
ҴȥҽԺ죬ѯһҽȻᣬһȥѧУͨһ¡˽£̸
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Ҳʲ׼ֻҪд־ˣòʲ˵ˣ϶һжźõģ𣿡
ֻҪҪġһ˵
Һһ˻֣е㲻

ٴλعݷصȥӣȻжв㣬ȴɵÿԷɡ粿İȫһֻ򵥵ǽֱ۵ǰ
˵ʵǽҾԼ˧Manٿһĵӣ·Ļ㼸ڿеҲ
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ҲˣһٷĹԪʾͳΪ˲ϵ˵ǱɽĸȲ⼯ǧ谮һ˻Ҳǲסķͷ裬ϲмӡ̸Ȼû˵кüλ׼Ů̸ȻҲΪء
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˵ҲȥǲƬӣ˵念ȥʱ᲻ͲνҲֻ˵˵ѡ
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ҵĻװۡȴ˵ڡ
ְ˵ЩԼ˵ĻҴߣעë
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ףҼˣ˵ϳ̫û˵ԪʿǽеˣҼпܳΪδ÷δĽҮ˵ˣ죬ǴҰĦѣʲ᲻ԡ
ҿ᲻ࡣ˵Ҫֻһѵһеڶӿ𣿡




57 ֵҫİ

Ҳؾס½ļͷůѰο塣
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ݷʱȥ˺ܾãõҼϢʧȥǡɿҵ̱ͣڵ֮ǰ֫һֱȵס֪ʱѱ⿪ڿ˼ɵŪҵ塣
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΢΢һЦҵĶ




58 뷢Ȩò׿

Ҳ˵˹ֵĻԸûС̧һֻֻ֣ŵظһȹڣҵʱȽϼȷʵ˵˲˵Ļ
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һüЩӲûһֱԶҰиĸ̵Ĺעڴʹӿ͹۵ĽǶʹһͨѵҶϣҰܺԼļֵά־ǵĹϵ
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ҵķӦ˵ɣǸƯĺӣƯ˼˰ԸҲǳɰֵС󣬶ҰһΪеԺɣ᲻һҲǣҲҪΪ밡ڻǸ벻˵ĺӣһ죬᳤ˡɣڻɬʱھȻ㣬Ѿܹĳٹʮꡢʮ꣬㽫εĿ죬ɳΪһ˶ḻˡ֣ᷢ磬ʵܴ󣬵ȴԼĻҲкܶ࣬ԼܹѡҲࡣ
춶ҰֿҲ൱̶ȵʹࡣʹǱҪģǵõģġԱ˴˵ΪʵǶԶҰҪԼȫķϣ˵ǲƽġ㣬Ҳƽ
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Ҳ֮ǰ֪߽칫ң㿪ʼ֮ǰ͸ñ̬аݵĽɫΪ˵ңССҪ󣬲ְɡûҲ̸ĳֹƽ
Ļ⣬ȷʵеΡͷ֣ص˵ɲضұе⣬Ҳ֪ҰҡˣȻҲǺҪ㣬֪ҶԶҰĸ飬ûаңҲϣܹõ飬Լһ
ȥһֱҸѡжѵΪûָ·Ҹͻᱻ𣿡۾ʵڸԼĲ졣
ҲòеǸĵȫǳ춶еءȻûݣʲ˵һأҾĿûΪһûĺӣҵ˽ָֻҺҸأ
վɫѿԿŬѹԼƢվûʮס߿ҲЩʧأ
㣬Ǹ˽СֻԼ˱˵ĸܡû˹ͨˣܻİ㡣Ҳܵõİ顣ΪںͶҰãǾǰ𣿲ܣ׷ĲˡԼ룬ܹ˴֮仹ʲᡣ
žһǵĶУҲۡ
˾ţٿվȥ
ҲһŤͷѭ˹ȥ
ټİ칫֪ʱ𣬻һˡ罻˫ڰ칫һ˵һֻɳǰĲ輸ϣļɢȻղŵļġ
Ұ򼱼ʵܿһЦݣظƽʵʲʱģڿ𣿡
Ƴˡĵؿɳ˫֣ĿԼָϡ
Ƴ?ûӵ֪ͨЦ߹ȥ
һֱֻ֧ڷϣָڶǣסߵԼͷ
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㶼ˣٴʧȥ򶨡
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ܱǸ֪ûʸ˵ЩǣҲܲκŬͷҵΪ뱣ϲˣҲһҪ뱣顣վ࣬
ٴδעչڷϵԼָ˵ҼǵãҺ֮䣬ûйκ˽зĳŵҲûиκĻᣬƾʲţҵĸҲ˽㣬㱾Ϊǣ񣿡
Ұ˵ңʧ
ᣬ£һ˵粻ΪķʵİǰڮҺ֮ĸ飬»
Ȼûмʶһ棬ɫֱ䣬´ҧ÷ס򣬱ĸǿơܿ侲óϿҵĳ˵
Ϊҹں㰡ҰԼݣ㲻һӶѡһʽû˸ǵĹȰƾһٴȥջڵԼʶˣĶΪ룬ϣ㲻ҪԶΪͷԼҲܵܡ
ÿˣԼԸԼ£õˡǻὫͨɹ·ϵϰһһǳ춱ܣҲǱҪġԣʱΪ˽˵Ľ䱸ǻؽԼ̬һΪסԼĿĺ
Цݣվߵſڣ򿪰칫ҵţųһͿ͵ƣ΢Цɵ㣬йҸ˵飬ͽұİɡ





59 һ֦

ţٴαϡ緵˹
Ⱦ֪ҵ𣿡ת輸ϵıʣʵ
˰칫ҡʱƳ˻顣
ڼң˵һֱļ֮£ҲʵȻΪԭƳҪĻ飬üŵĸ߲ɲװ˷ʱȴһˣְ̫أְ̫ˡ
ֻıʩѡұȷһƿСΪ˵
¶Ҫй˽֣֮㲻Ҫ˳١
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Ҿã˵еˡ̧ͷЦزڣʱֲˡ
ֻظ˵ĻѡЦݣЩɣ Ըûĺ
ġᱻɵǣء޷뽫Һ𿪣лõˡһ˵ƺֳ˽еϧͱ˵ƣȴֲ׵ҳеݣĻҲһһᡣסµĲ죬ģ
ҺǽìͷҵɺͶΪվڸߵˣǣڸߵңŴĻǵض֣ҪҰߡ
̲סҪǲİңҵְʲ̶ȡѵҲһΪһѡһϰ⣿ΪҵûĻͻѡˣšüͷЩΣЩյؿҡ׿˵㰮ң׿˵ңҲϣٶұֳһռĻҶҲᰲһ㡣
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ҵһ˿ʹʹΪңΪ硣ΪҾӲʶУҲκεĲ
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֪ңû̽жᰮң޷֪ʹԼҲ˵óݰжֻİõռİ飬ȴûиκŬȥ˽飬ĸܡ
еҵԵʡ֮䣬˴˸İķ̫ԵˡҲǸᰮĿɰܵܣûгΪһˡΪ̫ˡ
Ұ㡣㡣§סĲӣţҪֻһˡֻҪ㲻뿪ңҾԶߡ
뿪㣿˫۽ұüᰮ㣬ϸҲһ뿪ɡ
Сľ䣬Ǽĥ򢡣
ŶΪ죬ֱ۽ұø˵
ҵԺУֵ˵Ļڽ죬ϴҽԺҶûз˵Ļе׿õͼҺ͸֮ϵȷҺƷǣȻҾϿҺ͸֮䰮˵ȴԺԼԸĿֿĳ̶ȣҵĿֻҪ紥ҾͱòҡЩЩĵǣԼ飬ԼֲͰ顣
ûС˦ѵݵĶҡͷһ򢣬ģҲԼᶨģûκɻǷֿҳܣǻԶһ𡣡
ҸŸİ飬ҲöԼδġ
ͷҵ۾͵͵Ц⣺гܡԶСΪһ㡣
ʲѽ˵᲻ƽȡ֣飬ȴɱø
 
ֵǹúܿ죬ټ춼æ춲κ׼ĩԿֽŵӸӹһң޾յͨ˿ԣؼᣬⲻ˵ڱԼһ¡
ȥҺ뾡ȥǣвҲȥҪԸĻԸһȥ漸ٻ
ڲҡʮһοҽͼ̸Ķ磬Ȼֻ漸졣
ָָԼ֡
ţʱǲҪðձĵ˵ͷȻת磬˵ҰҪǵȥҽԺڼ顣
İɡһġӦ
ˣû͵ˡʵԴҿʼصѧУϿΣ͵ˡ˵ﲢϰߵļҡͼ̸һǴⶰõһΣȫΪչ˳ҡϾ軹ҵġ
֣Ԫʽչû˳ɣתʵ
УԼʱĸоͦõġЦ˵
ǺܺãöԷԼϲˣദʱͲҪ̫ԣҲҪСƢ´ЩǸ黹ʮι̵ʱ򣬸ҪľӪҪԷǶԷܡ輴˸һΡ
ϧĳ˲顣
ףҲ̫ˣҪ࣬ԼﻹȤ
һۣ˵һûг⣬ԷܿġͼÿģԷҲɵӣ˵ĻֱӸ˵ݰݣһ˵ĻҲ
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Ұһԣ͵ġ
һԴֲǺ̬ͷİɡһŬء߾֣ʾġ
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ֵסͣ۾ҲɵϴҳͣЦ
ǡ֪ɵشȻЩߡϡ档
 
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ŵĿӣҼȺЦֺ档
ǲԪʵİְҪδĶϱ˰ҿЦ
ݵúԡıе죬һӣһصӣ˫۲ͣգһشҡ
ý㣬ɶֱ˵˰ɣĪҪٵҵθˡҲ²档
ӷ˫ֺʲհһȦ˵Ҳ֪
Ц˳ߴٵ˵޷
Ǹģ̾һšüͷң˵ӿһ档
Һ⣬۾˼
̾һСҲԸⰡƴҵ
ÿõ㣿ʲ᣿еͷ
ҲԣôӦʵԴӶҰ֪ͼıᣬͲǼˡҸҰҲЭ̹ˣһΪԽԶԽáǲȡ˱ҪķʩԣֱӼ㡣㲻޵˵
ԣȡ˱Ҫķʩ֮ᣬӦ͵͵ȥҺǿԿǣ·
˶ţ˵ƴҸѣʵû취ܾ
ãȥϲĵϱϲиϹ᰸ɣҾЭһ£ҵͬԡ˵һ߿ҵֻš
ҪƤޱȵ׿ĳ˱סҵֱۣƭûдӦǻİ취ѽһľ㡣ҪһȥǰѸ˵Ļ˵ˣ˵ݵ㡣ҪǸǾͱһ٣
ҲġӿҵĻǶ㲻ģʱ򡣿ǣһһ졣ȻĻҸԴˣ




60 ۵ն

ӿǸƾһͻᱻ˵ˡ
ңҲ֪ҵĿֻһǾ˵ң˵
֮䣬Ƶģһֱҡ
йƵͶ·ľ飬ǼҵУеޱȵη壬ڣη壬һЩΡ
Ҫõģ޷򵥣һ۾֢֮ܿڡ
ǣӿһ̫뽲һֱҡˣҲΪ
ֻҪҾܵһУңԼҵĸ׵ıҵͻƽ࣬ҲȽжʽΪܵʹ࣬Ϊеʹ
ǣǧ˵ҡ
ûԼ彫һһԹ԰ε˽ȳҼȲҲȱ
ȻԴһˣҵģϾġ˵ҽİ飬ҲξܾǿӸҵİ顣
Ҳǹ¸߸磬ҺɣѸЧķμƽԶžԸԻ
һòҽˣԶѵС
ҲҲܾܽɵСˣֻųȴķʽ˺һԼˡ
Ϊӿİ顣ʹܻرͬȵĸ飬ΪˣҲñֳֿء
 
һȥμһյĴᣬӿϺҼ档˵ǣ࣬Ӧò˵ʲݵĻʲݵ¡
Ҳҵĵġ
ֳϣȥ˶û˭Ҳʶ˭ֳϣһ˭Ҳ⣬ûаȫϡ
οҲΪĿǰ£ͬҳȥμᡣ
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Ҳͬ취ӿ˻Ҫתһһļ֣Ҫμκβʵʵ뷨
ȷʵҲϣұ̫ұѹԡ
 
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Һ͸翪ʼԤΪһҹг̡ʻڸٹ·ϣһغ͸ͬеȥ޻صó̡ͬʻͬһ·ϣһĩWнһȴɪ¡
ҵģҲѲɣࡣߣ˵ǳɳɡžǸ˼
û׼ҲҲ£⣬ȴ߬ҵ֡
ȥ⹫ȫ˶ͨȻ˵
룬е˼
⹫귴Ҹ׽顣ǣҲܿԸΪ˺ϲһ𣬶ϧҶչܡҲ˸ĸǿҷԣһм޸ԼϲˣΪ˺ҶϾһεĻУܴܵ˺⵽ҸױѣԼҲûȥ˰ɣûи߹йݵ£ҵĸףֱӶ˵ˡ
ᣬȻ㸸׻ڣ粻
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ֻǱܵ˵Լĵʵ뷨ûҪףʹ֪ʹ֪һˣҶûйͷûҲһ죬Ļ档
ļˣءԼķʽҺԣ˴˶ֻİ˰ˡ
ǲǺ飿˺ܾãҲʵ
ֻӵ˱ȸĸֵ˶ѡ֪Լòȥ˵к͹ػ̻ش
ʲ˼գգ۾
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ǣ޴ַ⡣
ҵͷ롣
ΪҰ̧ҵףң΢Ц˵ӵҾ㹻ˣʤһС
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⹫ȻûͬԼЩʧһ꣬ȴǳˡҿĳǳʶ磬ʱкüζԸ޲ڡ
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ҪӦĺ١б˲ܲμӵǸ⣬г̰ţ͵ó̡
ңɵûȫԭϻھ׶Σҽðж粻ź˵
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ڶ죬磬ڴǰһֻɳ￴С˵ֹǱ˽ҲǿŵĶרĿ顣
ұˡһƨҵĽűߣ˵
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ӿ°Ĺϵ⹫ҵĹϵ֮ǰ֪֪Щϵʲʱ֪ġװͰ͵һѡ




61 ִ

ҷЩֻ¡ҲԽͺӿ棬ԴԽҲ˵ǣֱֲӿ
ҪԸԼ٣ʵеѶȡڼ˶Ӳ۾Ͻ˿ķ紵ݶһʱͻ֪
ǣ뵽Ԫʡ˵յľСӣȻУżδСӳȥ죬ٶޱװɡ
ܿԪʾĳһͽʱһδһȥ档ſھʹӦˣ⿴硣ڣʲҲû˵
ʲᶼû˵Ͷˣ˼ҵ˶ЯһֻˣҵȻ⵱һֻݣǷԵĻǾͽȡ֡
˵Լһ죬Ϊǰ죬ԪʰŵȫʺСӵĽĿ˵Сרָң˵ȥ԰ȥ԰ȥݣЩȫһһ
˵ʵڵģҪȥЩطĻҲǺϲġֻΪʲƫҪǿʺСӵĿأԪʣȫҵ
˴һµģӹףҲͳԼĿ̳ʵѡ̳ۣģȫ̶ȵĲָꡣ
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˿ڵһûпӿϵ㣬˲࣬Ҳûпٴһλ£˿ȡ
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ҧ촽֪ðڳʲ顣
λӿҺɵѡԪʽܵȻתӿλԪʣҵѡ
֣Ԫһ¡
Ļ뵥˵˵ӿ΢ЦԪ˵
ȿ˿ڣİɣҸԪʡ
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ͫȻޱȵ
ҵЩѹҵ޷Ӳ־顣ҵԸ񣬱û˵ЩĻǣֲòˡǸʲԸҶҲһЩ˽⡣Ǵ˿¶һ˿һԥֻ̾ͻᱻá
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ֱ㶵صʵʵ˵ˡ
ҾͲ˽ԼΪһǲҪͣʲᣬҺܻǹ˵ĸܣΪΪ̫ԵʡǣҲмܲסˣΪˣҾٳǳ顣һеضԴңȫҵ־顣顣̫ˡҡ
ܹ׿ҰһҲܹҡҪǣҶİԲ١Ұʤκˡ
ڷҵѡȨڷҵĸ־ҵĸ飬ҵ
ں˵֡ҴĻȻִҵĸܣᣬҲòֱӹڿİ顣˵ֻ֣оֲҸһҵľܾ˵Ի˵ҵˣܵģֻѹ롣
Ϊڿųҡ˫۲ʹң˵㲢ûйƽضԴҡ
ƽֻΪҲ㣬Ƕ㲻ƽᣬ͸˵ʵɣϣһˣΪҲܶ˵ҵ˹ƽֻһ˹ƽǸ˱Լѡˡ
ҲеЩ߿ƽƽ˭ϲ̸ƽˣӿҲˡ²Լʱ򣬾ǲƽأЩڿ˵ƽˣҹƽ
ǣ㲻ܷʵذ㡣õᣬҲƺڰҡ
ҲҪҲ
ҽɣ׷ˣֻһλᣬɡ
Ҫ
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ܿҵߣĬһᡣҲ˵Ťͷϸۿߵһԡ
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˽㡣һɵͷʮָգָͣؽ
ҸһһһġΪҲһ𣬼ʹһ𣬳绹ǻ뿪㡣ҲԸΪԼͽෳա
ҼҪеʹˡΪԼҲΪ
˵زҾԼǸˡΪʲҪҺԼ޿˵ľأ
Ѿ޽չ̸ʧȥġ
վΪǵĻҵֻᱻãΪŬвҽĸֻվԼֻǿҸ˵Ҹ룬һӦúԼ޻ˡ
ԽԽأǰδе࣬ҸûйĴ㡣һֱΪģֻҪһٶҲܹһһ˷
Ķƫִеη塣׸죿Ҹ
㵽Ҫǿҵʲ̶ȣҲɵ÷ŭˣҲҪһҲ㣬ҲҪһ˷һһһ⡣ֻҪ׿ҰһֻҪҸ硣
Ȼ䣬ҵ߶һˡҵ£ץҵһֻ֣˫Ƽ䲻סᰴࡣ
ˣɡңԼĳȡ
ŵòᡣҵĸ硣ǸΪεļ棬ҿѵˡתͷԪʵλÿȥˣȻԪʿ쳣ȴȫˡ
ΪҺ֮䣬Ѿͨ÷ǳȷˡƽĮؿӿ˵
 ȷǶ˵˸˵ĻҲǵã˭ŵԼİ顣ӿͬػӦ
ԭҲ֪ʱ棬й̵̸
ҶİûƫȻ䵭ģ˫ȴӱ䣬ֱסӿߣǰǣΣҵİ顣




62 Թ޻

ٴεģʶԼ涼ˡȻеû˽»ܵ𱸣ﻹе㲻ģϾҪĵҲŶ԰ɡ
²һ˵ˡӿغ͸ȻҲİ飬ȻҺҰ֮䣬һ㡣
ĿһһüͷϸߣԷ¶һЦЦݡٿطưס֣ҲסƢ
ҰɡҶԸ΢Цһ£ʾҺ֮£
練סҵ֣ͷһۣѯʣģһ˿Ц⡣ۼص״̬ɵ῿ȥʲҲû˵
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ԸһλᣬٴοңҲԼһλᣬҽԿһ㿴ҵġ
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