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1.Ϲ巡22꡷ϳӣҲǵ̫ӡݣȲңСһ𳤴Ϊ»һΨһİ¡صԣСܺǻĳν̫ӵĹ⻷ΪһעˣֱṬֹ¼Ȣ֮ᡭһжıˡ
2.ϹȺ22꡷ϳӣҲǱܳ谮ĻӣƽϹ巡ΪĸΪ꣬Сʱ꣬Ϲ巺ϹȺһ𳤴顢ϰֵܣŻӣǵĸǳŨ񣬳Ǿ⣬Ҳֵܡ
3.22꡷ΪĽ֮ӣСϹ巺ϹȺһ𳤴֮䲻Ǿϵ֮⻹ǿΪԷϧĺֵܣѪӢۡӢˣʵĹİֵܣһһᡢһ飬ʹɼ˵ټͬѡҲǸˣΪһССĿԸ˼ģ
4.ѩ15꡷һΪ˵ĽŮӵмΪõЦݡС¿˿̣걻ѩĵȣ˾ʦãʦǵĳ谮ʵԸе޷죬ȴɰĽ˴ĵ׵۰Ȼ⿴ҸһУȴһֻʥּ£һжıˡ
5.ġ17꡷ǰϳѲʱصһŮճȺܷ⿤ѩõĽáȴٳ޷׿׵۹⣬׷
6.¡17꡷֮Ůˡ黭ͨԭΪ̫Ԥѡȴһ⣬ѩ̫֮λˡǸ׵һӣĻθãΪϹأᰮһӣƿأٵȡˡ
7.ϹY15꡷ɰСϹ巺ϹȺ۰ãӵͷʹĶfѩܺʹܣϿϲѩʵԶعؾѸеᷳ˵ѩԼθ
ѩʦþ
1.졶26꡷ʦ֣ºСѩĽĶ󣬼۰ѩ书ǿѩеġ硱
2.Х졶25꡷ʦ֣˼ܣ۰ѩΪãѩеġʦ֡
3.졶24꡷ʦ֣ţԶŪѩΪ֣ѩѩСʦáѩеġʦ֡
4.ʨ졶23꡷ʦ֣ŭϳȴӲѩƢѩеġʦ֡
5.ӥ졶22꡷ʦ֣൱ѵӥѩеġʦ֡һԶʱܼҡ
6.졶21꡷ʦ֣ǳ۰ѩСʱСѩ˵¡ʮ겻֪ΪΣʦţͶţѩеġʦ֡
7.ġ20꡷ʦ㣬ҽ൱߳ѩΨһʦ㣬ӥĸ鼫á
8.ܹ졶18꡷ʦ֣̣ʱˣ൱ϲѩ۸Ǵһ𣬺ѩһ𳤴󣬸൱ҪãѩѩѩеġСʦ֡
9.塵ѩ15꡷ʦãΪܳСʦãڴʦ棬ЦݼΪã

£ﲻԡǰԡ

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ѩһüڽ𣿡ɣã
ѩҪȥ𣿡ִζ˵㲻ͣ
ѩգգ޳һϹ巣
ϹҪˣѩˡȵȣˣ
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ṦܺãˣˤϹƲ졣
Ϊʲߣˤ𣿡Ϲ巶
ѩҡҡͷ㲻𣿡ѩӵĿ
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֪ΪΣѩоֻһ㱯ˣܸо
Ϲסֱۡ˵ѩѾ޸ˣȻҵĸĸĸĸҵļ˾ļˡҵ˾ˡҵġˡһ˶Ϻö౶˵Լǹ¶Ǵ治Ϲ巵￴ĵ档
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ѩͷȥˣϹ巡Ҳޣ˵ŸúһɩɩǻƵģѩĵĴС
ڴʲ⣿ָ죡Ϲ巿Ц
ߣţƣѩֳһɰЦݡ

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Ĳǹġ죬ϹYˡ
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ԡѩһϹYϵˣĵֱͷ
ģľɩЬˣҰ˭ҪɩɩϹY춻񣬴У׷ѩܩ
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Ц׷׷ˣЦҡͷ
Ϲ巿Ļ棬ƴһЦ
ϹȺϹ巣˼巡ͬѩ𣿡
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³Ϲ巣ûϹ巣ѩ𣿡
ˡǣϳˣϳ
ԣĨӰС̩С㩤ˣޣ

ƱƱ

£ﲻ 3-3

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ģ˵ҸǺһ𣡾򵥡
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м˶ӣȤܹڻԣ粽롣
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ʲ鵤ҩΪĳ;棬ǻᳳءҡأﴫĳ֡ЦЦҡͷ
鵤ҩѩ͋Y龫پҲۣϹȺŵϴ񵭵Ц⡣
ѩĸƺܺãϹ巵
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ζˡϹȺ˼
巣ĸоҪú壬ʱһã˺Ĳֻһ˰ĳĶ̡
ԣϹ巺ϹȺһ㶡

ҪĶѩԽԽ˳ڣԽԽҸ
ϡǸĵطΪ羰ǲʫʵķԴأ˽ܣƵ֮أϵ
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ܱǸIˡ

Ԥ棺ѩĶΡ

£ﲻ 3-4

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ΣȨԸ֪һᾡɾ

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ӡܺðһܹѩӣһֱأǸ˿ܿɿСѩһҸЦ
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Ԥ棺֮ҹƽ

£ﲻ 3-5

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ϣϹ巺޸ļǰߡ
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Ԥ棺ϲϲ벻 ã

£ﲻ 3-6

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ԭܹܣԸСЩ巶ѩϷԸ

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£ﲻ 4-2

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£ﲻ 4-3


ͼƬкȨԸ֪ңһᾡɾ

 ᡶիi 
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£ﲻ 4-9


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£ﲻ 5-1

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£ﲻ 5-2

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ѩһߣŰþˣѡ
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ϹһԵϣfĿϵ顭
IιϹ巣Ҳ˵仰ҿĸҮ
ϹĿĽIһۡҲϲ׻Եˡ
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Ԥ棺Ϻ

£ﲻ 5-3

 իi
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ԣһ㶡Yˣܡ
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СϹįıӰǸ˵񡻣̫ӵºİ̫Ү

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ģǾ˵ˣϹ巾Բƭˣ
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Ϲ̾ЦЦɷ羰£ӦֻѩһˡϲһԺ


£ﲻ 5-4


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ԣϺԳĬˡ
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̫Σˣ巶ˣϴγѲʱʲ𣿡С
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ʶ̫ӣİΣʲòԿϹ巵ĴԱʵڽ˲ò
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ԽԽأ
ÿϵ·һһ࣡
ǧСģҪðˡ
ƱƱIƱɡ

Ԥ棺ϹVSѩVSϹȺ

£ﲻ 5-5

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ˣŪϵӥĵѩΨһȤ
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Ⱥĵӡѩ֣ϹȺıϹȺڻѩתӡѾ㲻ǶԣǴˣϹ巣ЩС
ʲ᣿һͷ˳
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ϲIľͰæƱɡ
֧֣дĵĶ

Ԥ棺ദģʽ

£ﲻ 5-6


ͼƬΣȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼ


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Ůɫȹϣ˷ڴЦݡ
ݵݣŮӵעĿһƽĴ磬ڸǲסе֮ĹϢ
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ϹЦĿѩԽԽϲСˣ

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ѾͷѾܾϵĳ谮ˣɺް֮ǰΪСˣܵϵҾͺ޲ɱʺߺ޵˵
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ˡҡһҲ䡭ౣѩĿڡķʹ޷Ƶķ
ԣϹһЦѩԱߣ§סѩӡ䣬Ϊʲ㣬ûůЩ
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رסѩӣİŪĳ
ѩһֱ߰ɣϹʵûıϹȺãϾСĸԾ̫º͵ϹȺĬĸԵĮӺʱʼϹҲԼĸԺͱ˵ĿˣϹ已ÿЦ
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Ԥԣ޿ջ

£ﲻ 5-7

 
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ˣ˺ҪЪϢҿջɣϹ巵
Ҳá졭ͿԵѩ˰ɣѩϹЦЦ
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ԣѩոϵķɫʲ᣿ֲǵһΣ
ѩĿڣһ˵һ߿£ϴ
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ЦϹոƹĻӡӵЦݡӦȨɣ
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˯ûƽյӢݸһͬѩ޷Եע
ᣬ˵ɿĻ˯ˣ˯ˣѩ𴽣˯Ϲ巡ĸܵ˯٣˽ϹůĻĵ˯ˡ

ը
ƱƱƱƱ

Ԥ棻ѩ

£ﲻ 5-8


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
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ѩ填ѩ填쵽ѩˡѩԽԽӽѩ壬˷ܵѩɵ֣ĵĳ
䱻ݱжʱϹεĿڡʵ˵ٵúܺãɤŰ˲ҹά
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ֻ˵ʵϹ巵һЦ
ȻڴʱԾһˡѩ岻ӭˣѩʨһˣȵĿѩ
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ʮ찡϶ǼҵѩǺ񰮰᷺ЦЩ죬Х죬죬ʨɫ΢
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Ϲϸϸѩ˿ķ䡭ܿϹ巵Ŀⱻıϴ̵Ӱȥ
ѩûʵڴȥıۣĦıӡѩϹ已¶ԼҲ
ϹڴܣЦѲѩϢӡ֪ΪΣѩϦദľܲһƣֻ฽ġЩãģṳ̂ʵѩʼ̰̰ӰЦݡ̰ЦĻ̰ĵһദʱ䡢̰˽һ㡢̰ĵӵСͰռһѩ
巣㲻۰ҵĴָϢѩİӣϹ巵䡣
ֻϹ巻סѩ̺ĴꡭȻѩ㵵ĵɴۣȴƿϹ巡
кһϹ已˿µѩóĴλ˯£ӵסѩӣȻȻѩ֪ηӦ
㡭ΪʲңһΡҡѩҲҶһ¡
ǵһΡ˵ˣ˯ɡϹιҩһΣѩʡ
ǵһΣ˵ʲ᣿ιѩһתͷֻ۵Ϲ巡
һǹģСѩ죬תϹ巡
һȵĺӻдϹۣ΢΢ǡ

Ԥ棺Ƚ

£ﲻ 5-9

ѩ񱤩糿
ѩգգ˯ѵ˫ۣԾѰϹ巵Ӱأ
͸⣬ײһͻһ˵Ϥİ
ѩ򴰱ߣЩĿոհܸϹ巵ʨ죨ʦֺʦֵҲˣӮʦ֣ѩ𴽽ǡ

ѩѩʦֽĵطֻӥʨ죬деϹ巺ͱ죿
ѩ˯ˡǸ̫ӷǾʣ𣿴˵ˣ𣿲˵ģ̫Ӳ̫ӣһ˲ţ书Ҳһһĺãѩ񵽱ˣܹЩɵѩ
ȣȡСʦ֣˵Ѿ˵ˣѩɴۣ㱻ԼĿˮҭ
ǰһʦ֣ڶʦ֣ںʦ֣ĺҮܹزסŨŨĳ֮⡣
书ȷܺáһԵʨҲ
ѩӺܾȣӥ
ѩǬЦ֪Ϲ巵书ã֪õزҮ
ʱϵĽ䵽ϣˡ
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ԣϹ巻ͷЩǵѩ¶ɵЦݡˣԹԴһԿһá
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Х찲ѩ۵աˣˡϹ书ܺãǲʦһأԱѩ֪ѩʹǼ޸̫ӣ̹˵Һ޲ȥһҲúչѩڿѩĵģԸ㣡
˳һᣬöʦ̫̣ǵ뷨ѩ۰Сʦãϣδܷʲ£㶼ܱѵ档
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ϴߵ̫æúÿѩ񱤡ø̾뿪֪ʱٻ
ѩܹ
Сʦ֣͵ȥˡѩЦǰСʦһ͵ǵɽ̽գɽȥ滳
ѩˣҵȻҪ㰡ʦֲҵģѩ˵ʵڵġ̫ĺܺáܹ
Լðһģְѩ˵
УҾһҲû̫ӵļʽǴңҲƺʦ֡ʦ֡ʦ㡢Сʦ֡ģ㡣ܹ
㰡Ϊһֱ˵ѩǲزסЦ
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ʦҵ״ѩĴС
һһЩأf¾ȭͷϰë֡԰ˮץ㣬еȥÿֻβϰᡭȣЩҾû˵Ϲü
㡭㡭ѩڳԡ
̫ۡĺܹԽԽϲ̫ˣȻֻ̫ܰƤСʦøƵķҮ
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ҹIʧˡ
ΪҲҪõĴͷգ
һֱ밡롭밡롭
½Ͽʱģ = =
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ᣡѧҪһѵִա֤֤ԼҲֲУ

Ԥ棺ع ũ

£ﲻ 5-10


ѩƿţӳƽ򵥵һ䣬ܵһŨŨʹ硭ѩˡ
˳ָ쳣õıʡīֽ⡭ᡭ
硭ѩ䣬ÿʱܻһСƽʱҲһʦֵĹ龫ڡˡҪ˵˭ˣĪûлɹ
硭ѩ㣡ѩˣһ뿴ѩɣ磬һˡѩڻʹĺܺãÿ˶ѩҲһҺã硭Ϊҵġ˵˵ѩ̲סʳ
ʱվڱһֱˣסѩ
巣ѩ֮ţϵˮ
Ϲ۵ĨȥϵۡɵϣΪᣬɷĻܲζ㶮
巣ҺʹҵĺʹҲҪҲҪѩסϹ巵ľľѼޡ
Ϲ£üѩıٴΡ̣·
ѩ婤ɽ
Ϲ巺ѩվɽΧѩ񱤡
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ðȻ᲻ãҲϿعأʡĸġȺšѩۣѩϢ
ԭΪҪ£ɸ߸ԭ򡣡Ϲ巵Ц
㿴ˣҲŲ᲻أ֪Ϊˡ϶˲˵ʺĸҲΪѣѩգ鶯ĴۿϹ巡
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ϲ治װѩ̾
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ѩЩʧϹ巣ĺС˵һϲ𣿡ѩɥ
ĺѡ˵ֺõĻϹû
ᣬϹ¶Ϊѵı飬

ѩĻӻ֣λʦֺʦ㡣
ѹˣⲻһѩ塣Ϲ巵
عͷѩϹ巵ͷ
ݣϹ巺ѩߴǰʻ

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ѩСϹ佣ɱӰ
ӰϹϻһ
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ŵõҺѩϢѵвŵߣҺѩأϹԺ̬վѩǰ
ţֲܹңԶƵϣΪϹڵԭѩûеţĺ£Ϲ巵ı̽ͷһ
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ǡѩǬЦȻǡɵġڣҲ÷ҵġ汾¡ѩϹ巵ļ磬Լ顣
˵ˣϽǾعǵѾ¶ˣٲع鷳ԽԽ࣡ϹƽĿڡ
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ˣϹڳһֻ֣ס
巣߸ʣɱֵ𣿡ѩʡ
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ԣѩΪõЦݡҾ֪ϲˣ
˵ϻϲϹ己Բڵͺ

ƱƱƱƱƱɣ

Ԥ棺ع

£ﲻ 6-1


Ͱ˶Ҳ㲻˵ʺס
ˣ衭ɱ巣µͽС
¶֪ڻʹطĺ֮أǱΨˣ󡢵λǮȱʺ
裬ѩ¶ԲҪɱ巣¶Ӳܣ΢΢ɫ
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ڴϣѩƣŤŤӡչǣһصʹ֮г̣ϡʺ밲Ρ
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Ҳټ˵Щϸ⣬˸еĴСڡ 
عᣬòġй飬Ϊ̫ӵϹæòɿϹҲûʱˣ
عڣȻȥġšȺʱҲûСءڸ巻عˡַѩȻ˯
һߵȻʧˣ
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ǵģ£乧ĻӦ
ʱСӵ£Ѿˣ¹ȥһۣӡ
ˡϹ巴Ρ
ӡYƿǽҲڹأѩϴ
ҲãҲˣúɣ˵ĸ֣รˡϹ已٩
ԣѩϹһۡҳܣҲǶûкôֻ
Ϲʼ磬΢΢һЦ

Ԥ棺һμ棬  ̶

£ﲻ 6-2


ѩֳַУɫװͳֽϹȺ
˵ѩġ߲ʷˡϹȺЦʡ
ޣѩƤգգۡ
ϣӰڿյϴ䣬ûɱ֮
ѩľ棬ƣ֮ɫǵѩЦ
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찡ѩ빬ᣬжȤѩعˣ춲ĵȥ׽ţ˭ܵĿˣ
ѩСһ㣡ȺɲһรЦ
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ѩеңû°ɣĵĵס½ǡ
˳§סġȺһֱСģڶѩ
ۡȺѩæҵļ
ʵѩףϹȺ˺üϹȺջؽƣ
Удѩлѳȥ Խá
⣡ȥ׷Ⱥңѩ˹ȥ
 
йĻʹ紫˵ۼȾֻө̶̾
ĴãϹ΢Ц
̶޻䰡ϼӣԽԽϲǬԼĹ
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޵ǻмλδأǼ̶ۣ
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̶ҪӻȴһɹġӲȥ˵Ļ
һѶԶĻʹڵС
ϣ ݣ д̿ͣ ̿Ķȥץ
Ϲ巿ǰѶУݸһЦ Īţûд̿͡
̶Ϲ巵ġ΢Ц档
һĨɫӰ˹ϵĶУһͷһȺɵ۵̫̫̿ͣ
ϡϹ巺͡šеӣѩı齩˽Ҵ𣿡
ʡ巡ǡǡѩвᣬεǬЦ
ѩ䣿СЩԼû¶ˣȥɣ϶̫۰ȫдϡ
лʣѩһЦʶã
Ϲ巽ŲȽĳѩ˿ڿˮòҰɣ
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ѩգգ˫ֲǹģ巣𣿻ͦģ
̶ҲĶѩǹһΪ̫ӵǸĮأû뵽ǸСﻹвһı飬Ȥ
ˣȥɡϹ巸ϲѩ˿Ҫ䲻ϳҲ磬ǲϲ
ʣѩˣѩȥ
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ǣҵ̫ЦˣѩһáϹʾ㡣
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ǿϧˣѩĺϲֵ

ѡ   ڻҵݷȥأ
ϲƪµĻ͸Ʊɡ
Ϊҿš԰ɡ

Ԥ棺衹Σµס

£ﲻ 6-3


ͼƬΣȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ĩͼ

իi
ģģʲᰡѩҡġ
ҡû£ģȥЩš
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ģϹܲǾӣҪСЩϹȺü
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졭졭áҧгݡ
Щ鱦գӻ˵ЩֵĻᱡӲߣ
ᱡ㣿ģᶼңܻŭ
ûҪʲᣡĵͽ
»ˣܲˣģȥϽңˡ
޳ɣϵùˣöһ㡣Ϲ巽顣
Ҫĵۿˮ
ҪΪʲ᲻Ҫɵۡ
ġѩü
Բ𡭡һû׼áıǸĿ
ðɡûϵһ㡭һҪעԼİȫЩį
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ԣһ㶣Ϲ巺ѩ
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ҡѩտھͱϹ巴ϩ
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ǸŮԼҸģֻҪףԵȻϹȺº͵
ʱɽһֻɫӥɽѩĻǵѩǺǴЦ
СڡСڣƤȥѩֻӥССڡ
СڣľЬôҲǸһѧҲûУϹYӡ
ֻӥѩǰȥϹ巶ϵֻӥǹİɣſڳĶ
巣ֻһֻӥϹȺЦ
֣ľЬһˣ뷨ֵֹģϹYü
ţֳֵ֣㣡ѩſϵӥ׷ϹYܡ
Ϲ巡ϹȺĿһĻһЦ
ˣ巣Σҹõ̸𣿡ϹȺʡ
ԣѩ˷ܵϹ巵ֱۡϻλӰɣʲӣÿѣ
ĺܺÿϹYĶ˹
ѩ̫ͷ¶桢ۣϹ已õ
̫ѹң̫ҲнѵȨѩ졣
ѩӾ巣̫ˣϹȺѩͷ
ȺȽ˽ңѩĵĽ

IרĶС220أ
ƺԽԽϲƪС˵ˡIÿģ
壬Ҫ존աϣܴ顭
Ʊɡ

Ԥ棺µķ

£ﲻ 6-4


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼ


ϳʮ꣬ʵϹºԼϳڵһ죬Զãַʵ۵й¾ݽ̫Ϲ巾ߣһϳתһҲȷ̫Ƿ㹻ƹң
ϹڰǰŨŨĽüרĵÿһߡһһȻδĵߡԶѵĺܸߣ
ѩרעϹ巣ĵſϹĵϣȻϹҲ
ϵȥѾǵˣϹ巶鷿ߡûfʱ˵
ߵߵ ̫ӵ£ūߡ⴫
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ԱߣȰߡߡϹ巰ڰ֣ͷ᲻̧ˡ
ǣĺõߡڻУǰѩһۡ
鶯Ĵۣһתѩ¶ɰЦݡĵϹߡİϣ廨ЬСŲϹӡ
巣ҳȥ棬òãѩ֡
Ϲ巰һۡĸһöûСһæ㵽̸ȥ
ѩõ졣巣ᣡҲˣһ鷿
ϣѩȥ
ѩıӰϹεĿЦ
 
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ģ̡°ˣѩһ֪Ϊ¾Щ£Ϊڵμԭ
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ƱƱƱƱ
ֿʼæأ
ϣкöһֱȥ

Ԥ棺ϹVS£ϹȺVSѩ

£ﲻ 6-5


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ͼ顭

իi鷿
ߵߵ Ϲ巵ڴ˳
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ʳѹס˵ģЦ
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ԣѩһЦԭΪҵĺһصҲˣԲȺҲץˣѩ¶ɰЦݡ
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̫þͻһΡꡱϮ
IҪƱƱƱƱƱ

Ԥ棺ơǾ̫

£ﲻ 6-6


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ѩͼƽ̫

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ѩ߽ߡϹ巣ȻϹ޶ãͷҲԸ̧
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˵Iȸðˡ
мصơƪʹˡ
ģҲȺġҷ𣿣
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Ԥ棺ϹìܵС

£ﲻ 6-7

ҹիi鷿
⴫ £û
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Ϣ𡭡δϣѩѲӰ

þòĺӰֳˣ
⡭ллġ
ûˣ

Ԥ棺۸

£ﲻ 6-8


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⼸ʲ᣿ѩûòỹΪɣϹ巷ߡװСӡ
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ѩᣬۣȥѩϵ顣
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£ﲻ 6-9


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ѩһһŵһմī֭ڼϲᣬµīա
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ΡҸȥҪ˵ˣʦʹع⣬һܼҲҪ˵ҲҪ˵IB>Bԡ˵

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ԣѩ΢΢һϹѸٲϵᡭ
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ìܰûоãϹԸʱЩ = =
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ѩൣˡ

Ԥ棺֩ 

£ﲻ 6-10


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼҲҪ

գիi鷿
ϹشһӣǷйŭ
һžͿΣҡͷ巣㲡Ĳ塭
ƳһۣϹֹͣ˷ı֣ϡ
Ҫٲҿ¾ҪˡϹ޷ΪһеķӦ˵̫İ
ǰɣ費ӦǺѩйء㴦üˣҲҹЦ
Ĭһ£Ϲ巷ߡѡĻ£
˼⣡Ϊֵܣ治̼Ϊ࣬ˣԼš
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ԣϹ巽ĵͺ𡣡ѩѩ治֪һʲᶼǴģ
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ԣ˽ЦϿ巰֪а취ˣܷһΣ˭ܸΪĳٳٲϴӦ޸

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Ԥ棺ͽ

£ﲻ 7-1


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£ﲻ 7-2

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£ﲻ 7-3


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£ﲻ 7-4


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Ԥ棺顭졭Ŀ

£ﲻ 7-5


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£ﲻ 7-6


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£ﲻ 7-7

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Ԥ棺ĥĿʼ

£ﲻ 7-8


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£ﲻ 7-9


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£ﲻ 8-1

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£ﲻ 8-2


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£ﲻ 8-3

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סԼӣֲʵǹȥ
ֻļеӰ
Ժеļ仯Ϊʵ壬׷ӲˡӲˡ
Ⱦҡ硭Ⱦѩ

£ﲻ 8-4


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Ԥ棺ӡݺ

£ﲻ 8-5

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ꡱдϰףʹ֮Ĺϵܡ
ֻǵһ죬졢졢죬ڴ

Ԥ棺ı

£ﲻ 8-6

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Ϲʦ梵һΪѩѩ˵ Ϲ򱣻 Ӧʹիi Ϲ巸м
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£ﲻ 8-7

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ۺ졭ǺǡIдˡ
IƱƱƱ

Ԥ棺ѩĹȥ

£ﲻ 8-8


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ԣһʹʳϹ巵ġ
ˣǺòѩֻҪڣû˸۸ĵѩǴĿġ⾰ǻʹ빬ʣʨŭ
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ԣٴƶŲƶʱ۰ŵΣ

ϴرร
ƱɡƱƱƱƱƱƱ

Ԥ棺һҰ

£ﲻ 8-9


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ѩĴߣϧĿ԰׵ѩ
硣ѩ𵭵Ц̡
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ѩĿѩˮ
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£ﲻ 8-10

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ѪˣľЬ㲻һ𣿡ϹYۡ
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£ﲻ 9-1

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ȥϰ˵ҪҵĻҪн࡭
ƱƱ

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 9-2


ѩͼ


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Ԥ棺ϻس

£ﲻ 9-3


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
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ϣһֱƲǵܶУԶֻ̫ӺӣܶһӰСû̫ĹذòϲˣҲ϶Щ˼۰ܶԿʺֻԼĶӡöˣڻϵֻϹ巺ϹȺĶӡ
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ϣ̫ˡ̫Ӻ̫ҲǱ˴మڻ˳۵һԣǿġʺ˵ϡ
ԭ˼ƿǽǽΪǴСһ𳤴󣬸ҲãһԶֻÿϧ
˵ϣ̫ӺͱֶŮ£˵ǲǻʹѵġͯŮΪŮɢˣΪβΪǵĶӣʺζ
⡭ϳĬˣȷΪ˽ġ
ϣֻܶҪһŮӣһССҪҲѵǵܶȲǽеĵλʺߡ
ǵģʺ󡭡ީӦ㣡޻糯ָ顣ֻеԼϹĿǷ

ѩΣϹ巵ߡ巣ΪʲҲҪ糯ҪĻȥǶأѩ𴽣͵ĳԼ̫ȹo̫ȹһҪ᳤ĺ²ȵҮ
ģYҲҪ糯УҲǾ㣬׼ȥ𣿾㿪糯һùԹԴڷϢʲ᣿ȹӣܿ𣿿£Ϲĵȹӵ֡

½½µĻӡ󳼣׷̤ǵѩԹԵվϹ巺ϹȺм䣬ոսĺϹYգգۡ
Ϻܹ˽Ρ
ޣмҪҪ
˿̣רĵġרĵģ¾仰ʱȫס˩
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ϡ𡭡ֻĵϹܺһ԰׵ġһʧͬ㵵Ϲ巡ϹȺѩϹYþ޷

µķ粨Ҫݡ
εġ
ͿҪΰλһεΣ

Ԥ棺ķŭ

£ﲻ 9-4


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ͼ

춣 У
һ Ŀ޳ˡ
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ΪβУǽӭȱӺĵϲƣӮˣϹܵ⡣
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˫һУЩڲɢ÷
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ٴ̾Ϣʺ˵ĶԣϷԣƺˡ
ѩ̲סˣͦȴϹ巺ϹȺͬʱסļ硣
Ϲ巺ϹȺıһԿŭ
ѩҧס´˻ӣҪһͣ
ϣְջسధ
ʡʵ޷
޵ĳ޷ջˡģܶӣҲǸˣǽҲὫ޵Ĺ㣬޽ԵٶҲãֲֻԼĹ
ְȢˣⱲӡֻȢģЦˣЦеûΪ˻ʹ͢£ʮսսͣᣬһҪİŮӣԻ͵սкãЦЦ
ǵϣǽȻ񣿣ûѻϷһһ
ҸΪ˰æϽϳսɳҵĸΪ˼ҵĸ׶ǼЧϳֻһ𣿵ᣬİŮ˶סվ
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ʣϹҲˣʿɲʱ
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Ҳţ޿Ǹ˲ţŲɱ㣬Ϊ޲ңƿף˰Ѻ£ʲҲȥˡ
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ʣҲһذɣҲԸˣĿ
ҲƣˣԼǸʧܵľҲǸܵĸף
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ȫؽˡͿλӣҪʲ취ȴҳȥˡ
ףԪڿ֡ Сร

Ԥ棺취

£ﲻ 9-5


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ͼ

Ρ
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ѩסĵ֡˵ؽҶϰˣ䣬ɭɭģŽ㣡οͷ巺Ⱥһ뵽취ǳģѩƤĶġ
ǰжֺڣһҲģϹYķǵ˵
θĶŭˣƽº͵ĸͻȻͦµģ
ллǣǣѩ廹ûȬɣ𣿡˵˼ǿЦݡ
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ʵ̬ȣϣ󡣾ϷԣȻʴӦ˻ʺҲٹǰָ˻飬㸸ˣҲ·Ϲ巺ϵ
ѵҪͷˣϹȺ
ܣȺΪϳĸҲ̸ǴСѣ֮ĺֵܣ˵ʲҲܼʹ࣬һҪǵİæﲻϣĺֵ𣿡Ϲšü
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ϹֵúѾȢһ㡭ռϷ磬һοϹ巺ϹȺһӵĻңʹؽͬѩϹY̫ˣӾͲĲ޸ң
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Ⱥ̫ˣ¼ǲɵģϹ巾յıҲԵЩƣ롣
巣ҲհȻںﵹͦѩأϹȺ٩
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˵ĺãӲżԼ£ûʹҲã̫ƽʢʵģϹȺЦˡ
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ϹЦЦ׵ģǵ뷨һ£Ȼֵܣ
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IѾܾûдַأ θлСṩI͵á

šѾѩ = =

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 9-6


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ͼ
Ρ
ѩĺϹYĽ䣬Ϣ
һĨӰӰֵ裬ݵĳǵǽϵԿףٵĴš
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Ӷ֪ŮԱߣЩ̾Ϣ֣¶ԭݵס ѡ
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ѩڻ㱼俴סģŵϳȭ
ϹһֻסѩӹȭͷҺô´ţ
ȻϹYһ۾ϼС д̿ͩ ˰
Ϲûˣϳһ˿ŭ
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ıԻ֮ȥϹǾĽթĿ⡣̫Ӳ򵥣ϣûʲ᲻Ծźãܹ롣

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Ҳ߹ȺûҪΪҺʧȥ̫ӡĵλȺȴشңĵλȲ϶ʮֵ֮飬˶ˣ޷ˣֻнܵķݶص
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Ϲ
ѩ£ַġ
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巶˺Ϳξĸ㣬ҲҲˣүӵԶԶģǱ׽ػʹ򡭡Ⱑ
𴽡ּܹʿٱ׽̫ӵˣ̫ԽϢ׼Ѹ£һе׽̫ӵ˵
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סڣѾּˣʲ£׽˵Щˣ˳ɣüͷ

ƪµıΪܿյʱȫһʱ
Գνʱձҿˡ
ҵʷ͵Ǻܺá

Ԥ棺ƻ

£ﲻ 9-7


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼ

ĵ
һĵͻӻҪеĹŮ̫ȫȥ
йŮ̫ȫȥȫĵֻʣܹˣ¶Цݡ
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ܹܣҪ£ȫ𣿡Цʡ
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Ǿͺá˿ܹܣǲǺһж޵Ԥ֮У޵ĺ޵Ȼʲᣡ
ӢֻܹҲǵЦ
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̫ӵƺʲᡭܹܵ
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о
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巣Сģ
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Ϲ巡ϹȺ佣ȻһЩˣתԵŮٱ멤

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ɱģûثɱֻܵķݣŭ
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иӣֱǸĻˣͬһҴϣǵĿӹٱϹȺ
Ϣһٸ·ģúЪϢȥˮϹ巿ģļ
ฮ
Ըȥ𣿡һŮʡ
㣬ģѾ֪ͨˣҲ׷ɱǣʱ׺ݡ
ξԲˣֻҪһܶλӱָտɴˣѩΣѩɣڵһ죬ҵԶǳȥɣŮײеĿ˻ʺ
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ѩ֮ǰкܶľ飬ɵñ֤ԶҲ˲С֣ǻʺ
һаϡ
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Ϲ巿ɫŰɣҺúϢһ춼ûʲᶫȥЩԵġϹ巵
巣Ϣɣæһһҹû˯ҲûͣЪϢҵ˲£ȥʳɣϹ巵ļ硣
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ȺչˋYģѩȥϹ巿ڡ

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ȻѩֹסתϹ巵䡣
Ϲ巵ֱиĳݺۣ֮⣬仮˵һѪǬԡ
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Ϲ巺ЦĿϸֻǸС˿ڣ⡣
ܲ⣿ΪˣҺ⣡ѩ
Ϲḧļաѩ֪𣿺˵ʲ۲ۣˡ
ԣѩס֡巣ʲᶼû취Ϊ۵Ļҵļ㿿
ѩҲ̫ˣ뿪𣿡Ϲʵ档
˵ʲỰϲ㩤Ϲ巣̫ӣ̫ӣһڹշҲûϵҿԺһģ֮Ҳ뿪㣡˵ңǲߵģѩɰЦݡ
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Ϲ巿ԵѩǵЦû̫ӵ֣ȴΪѩĻһҸģ

ʹһ˽
IӦգϴม
Ӵ󡫹
λģпչɣ

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 9-8


յıٱԴԴһСľͻһȺٱ׷
żٵĲֻǹٱ׷Ҳ׷ɱ
У޴ˣȴС˲ϣ·ƣҲ˳Բ
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ӿҵĽʹƿأһԼһϹ巣һͷżһŪ춹Ƽ䣬Ҫ£
巣巣ˣö˶˵ģʲ񣿳ԱѩҡʧϹ巡
عϹ巿ЦѩһڻЩ
ѩﻹ巡ˣ
Ϲ巽§ýģͷľ䣬ϵܰ㣬̤ʵĸоͷۣҪϢһ£˵Ҫҿ
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治޵ĶӡϹ̫ӣȻǲųû죬ȴѾʼȺŮҪ޸ĵĻ£Ҳ£ƻǽð˷աϸп
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ܹܣʱˣһҪ跨Ǿعϵ
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㸸ҪԭǣҲҪɡΪʵۣٹ٣׵ԭǣȡ£Ϲ巺ϵĴ
ˣϹYֻ˶ѡ
ǲðգҼջЪЪǴˣ;治ҪŮӣЩõġ˯þԡЩ۵Ŀƣġ
ϹһҲá

ҸƱһ°ɡ
пյһ¡

Ԥ棺ջƪ

£ﲻ 9-9


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ֻǸое񡭡
˽ڣͼ Ϲѩͼ

ջ
ϹYȸԾӣĵܽջСѺóԵĶҪһ٣
ĺЦѩһڵķˡ
Ϲ巡ϹȺ
Ϲڴ˳룬ϣһĹʣ޷Σ
ϹȺڴ֮˼ٺӣȥʡ
ԭڵ˧ףƣȴ˲ֱӡ
˵ĴƽԿǷ֮һָǶȥ˵Ŀ⡭
ѩֲĸоöڿǣһ֡Ĳ
һ֣Ҳᴦģĳ㣡šûҵĿóԣѩעϵļˡ
ƹģϷϹߵƹ
ԣѩ㱻Ǻ˼ͼææ嵽Ϲƹģ˵Ĳ㣡Ҫס·
ԣϹһüѩһۣ˵Ϸͦ˳ڵģΪǮǻ𣿻ҵ˶ԽǮһûУϷ·ļǮһأѩһνѵϹ巣ѵ˳ڣ
ûסϷһڡϹϰ׵
ס·ҲȲͷ¶޺ãʲʱˣѩϹ巵š
šϹ΢㶡
ģ䷿ƹ
Ϲ巺ѩѩ͋Yһ䣬ҺȺһĺͬһ䡣
Ү˽һֱӽ˳
㲻뺰ӣˣY˵ԲɣϹ˵ƽ
Үʱ˯ᡭȫˣֽ
ĵһƬ𡭡ꡭĻŵ޴룬ߵ޵ݡ
巣û뵽Ҫǡ췹ˣϹȺЦûҲϹ巵ļƻ֮硣
巣Ұɡ˵ˡϣȫ
УҪиӣáԭ⣡ϹY뻰⡣
찡Ǳ˵ˡס䣬ͽ
ε̫ɵ޽⣬ǵ׷ɱͻʹ׷̫ܼҪȫʹƿ̫ѣҪһΪޣǱץȥˣϹ˼
巡֪֪ŵεϹȺʡ
֪ûǰҾϣҰģǲǵѩʱǺʥϳѲʱСڣе¶Ѳ˸ϵ
֪ǶΪϹ巵
ҪرСģץǣ϶ҪвʽλԶϴγѲż¡
㣬巡̫ӣǿ϶ΪĿ꣡ϹȺ
лعһҪʱţ
ÿضոʻҵĶ򣬻ܽ䱸ɭϵĻʹ϶ǻʹ˽ӦϹ˼
᲻ǻʺ󣿡ѩϵĲˣеĵĴ
ʺǹĸûҿУֻĵʺˣϹYѩˡ
С㣬Сĸǽж
ѩYǳһ㡭̫û˰ɣСҭĵͽС
ҪСࡻû߶߶ѩòһ±
԰԰ϹY͡
ոջķϹ巡ϹȺݸһЦ
ҹ
ϣѩһڻεǵģΪʲ᲻úøԲԸҹʲҹջ˶࣬ضȫ
ǵأٱɱڰҹϮǶӲˡѩһϹ˹
죿ѩʡ
ģûý֮ԡûаóףǲΥ̵ġϹ˼
ҲǿΪǰ׵¶ѩһ¡
ţҵȫĵطͿ졣Ϲͬ⡣
ѩСʦáᴫһϤĳƺѩĵĻͷ
ʦ֣ѩ̡ˡ˹ȥϹȴֱסֹⳡ֪˵ġȶ
ʦ֣Ϲüʾ졣
£ڽдԣҪСġѡ
ףǻСĵġʦ֣ѩԽ£϶ѩ˶ͨ˰ɣĸеܱǸʦʦֺʦǶðɣϹ巵
ѩ屻ͨѩС
Խһѩͨû뵽𣿡Ϲ巿޳ѩˣѩࡣ
ѩСʦãģǶܺãƾǵ书ҪֿЩٱ׾ٵ¶һࡣҶܵ㣬ѩû£ǶԷˡ쿴ֱµѩı
ѩãֻ鷳ѩ˺Ҩʦһɣѩ
û˹㣬𣡡ʦȷΪļƻʦȴּɰ
ܲأ뵽ẦңѩҲѩʵȥ
쿴ѩȥıӰšü̾ϢϹ巣ȻҵǣʹǵٲȫҪע⣡
֪
⡭úչԼںѹһѩ嵱Լļҡ
ģһúñܵ˺Ϲŵ

ϹҵѩϹ巽Ӱ۾֪Ϊʲᣬܿ￴˼
ѩոʦֲ˵û˹ֻ㣬ڿۣѹĻǰϹȥᡣ
ʻĹѩҲ뺦ұ׷ɱѩʡ
㸸ɱҲɱʦֵ书Ӧǣһ𣿡Ϲ巽ڻ
ѩͷԣ
巣лᣬǾͻعòãѩϹƽȵ
Ϊʲ᣿㲻ǲϲ𣿡ϹЦʡ
ֻҪ㣬ԸڹȻʿԲɢΪǰ¡巣ѵһҲʺĸʵҺһʼˣʺĸ󶼶ãĴĶһأѩϹԥ˫ۡ
ǵĶӣвĵϹ̹ס
ϹҲϯضѩԡϹ̧ͷǳҲһݵĶӣ롭ԼԼ˼֪̫ûʸ񣬵ǩϹ已֪ѩԼ뷨
ʱѩӣüļգĦ
Ϲֹס˿ڣǣϵůۡ
˽⣬ѩ֧㣡
Ϲ§סѩǰķ㣬лϲԽ͸ңҲлҸʴͻ飬㡣
ƪ
ף˽ڿ֣ճɾһŲõЦǰ֡
û˵أϹYԹĴѩð˳
ǡᡭIPOIһѩЦݽһ¡
ιIȥĶϹY˸Ƿ˼˼һ¡
ģңҪϰֻร˵εСҪȥӢ죡IŬתע
㰡ûԼ˵αתƽأϹYûĵĴơ
ҮϹYûù㿪ҵͷϰëIŭ
IСӲ£ѩһϳɵӣIļ硣
ľЬҲŴһ꣬ʲСӰϹYõĿڡ
ѩѡԣתͷһ۵ģֿһ̸µϹ巺ϹȺ
巣㲻һ»𣿡ϹȺϹ巡˽ҮϹҪѩһ°ɣ
ʲ᣿ϹһĪ
巡Ү˽ڣ㶼ûлҪ˵㿴ĺ֪˰ѩŬգʾ⡣
Ϲ巵ɨһǶٯŨ¡
û˵ǡŴˡù˽ڵģϹ巵
ҡ = =
ҮءI㿴ѩ۶һ죬˵IĻ
Ϲ巵ıһšǸѩ
ߣѩʵĴ
ԹมûϵIվߣҰѩӿڴóħƵĴЦ


˽ؿΪֹ
еֺͰ׳գô = = д࡭
ף˽ڿ֣
IϴҲܶడ ƱǺǣ

Ԥ棺׷

£ﲻ 9-10


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ꡱѩ޸Ϲ巵ͼܾ = =
Ǣտʼľ

糿ջ
ΧһţԵһ룬Ϲ巡ϹȺѩͬʱ¿ӡ
ʱſͻȻһȺŵ˩
ѩҴYߣϡϹ巵
еɱֳ˹˾Ϳ޹ĴӴܣ
Ϲ巡ϹȺɱȥ
ǵĿң޹֣Ϲ巴
ɱѱľģʽǹ
̫࣬һʱ̳鲻ϹȺʱϵãٱϻӻ֣
˵϶ѹҲʡ
ʱ ѩĵļŴ˳
˽һһĩ
һѵ̴ϹȺı۰ѪȪӿӿ
ȺƺһϹҲΪģɱִӱῳһ
巣Ⱥ˵ΣҲһ
ӿɱ֣æɱջũ

Ϲ巡ϹȺϵʱϹYûᵹһٱ
߲ʷ˩һɫƮɢȾһȺٱʹǵز
ѩϹ巺ϹȺ˹ȥ û𣿡
ѩǹѪ˿ϹȺѪֱı۰򣬲Ⱥµ㣡˺öѪ
Ϲ˺·ϹȺֹѪס˿ڡȺ̣ﲻȫߣ
Ϲ巺ѩϹȺǰܡ
ģģû£ֻСˣƼĵǣˬĨϵѪգȻ˺ۻǲϵðѪ
߰ɣϹYĵֱۡ
Ҷᡣ
ã춲׷ϹȺҲʧѪ࣬ҡεվסš
Ⱥѩᾪʹסӡ
ȺʧѪ̫࣬ҪһȫĵطϢϹ΢
û£ϹȺ΢Ц
ǿˣȺȥʲطšϹ巵
巣ҲǿˣԼҲ˵òᣡ
ԣҲע⵽Ϲ巵ıȾһƬĵ˿巣
巣ѩ˳
ҲҪҪҸطϹ巷ϹȺ
ڽ㣬һʦԼǵķӣܡܰȫҪǶ𣿵еԶѩеš
ѩ𼱣Һ巶µģϹȺЦݡ
ѩ·ҲȥסϹȺ

ϹȺɫ԰ףڴϺúЪϢˡλûˡ
ϹΪϹȺȺʧѪ̫࣬һҪЩҩĻУúϢʣµ¾ͽҺ
巣ѩ֪ϹҲеıǮ
ڼǰжһЩҽ飬к̫ҽһͣƺѧ١ϹȺΪѩ
˵ˣúñϹüͷֻ֪ëƤֻЩ£ûϡ
㶼֪жϹY
ȥҩģ巣ҲҪЪϢġYЩҩҩ
ǩϹ巻˵Щʲᡣ
巣ͱˣҺһȥиӦôҲѩСʦãС¾Ͱϣѩ
㲻Ҳˣ˵ˣڣϹ巸Ӳˣ
ϹYҩֻǴʱһʱ죬űǹٱһؿڡ
Ѫˣѩû𣿡ĵǵ
˵ֶˣɫߵҺöѩյ
ߵǰرû⣬θòᱻߵá˽ȥ˰ɣϹY
ԣѩŵһǰ˶Цˡ
ţ죡ѩֻأˡ
֣ҪҪһ£ϹY˵һء
ԣѩˣֱøˡˣţ
˶ЦˡϹȺСǣ˿ڣ
YͱЦѩˣֻҲʧѪЦģϹȺЦݡ
˵ģû˻
û˵Ķԣǿɽҩѩס䣬塣
оǲΪϹYŬ졣


£ﲻ 10-1


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ͼ

ҹ
ҹĻʹҹǵҲΪƽ
ʱŵѩʦڼǰǵģ˵ΪشƧɽˮϲ˵ӵĺõط볾ңǾŸʦòžʦһֻǵӡ
ѩ߽Ϲסķ䡣
Ⱥҩ𣿡 ˣϢʧѪ̫࣬ƣ
ȺҪٶֿܻϣϹšü
ǾһӰɣܰȫѩ
ҲϢˡҹȥĻЋYһϢȥչȺ
ŸϢ˵ϲذҿˣѩƿϹ巵·
ȻûϹȺأϹ己˿ǣڲϵѪ
һʹɡѩü
ֻһһסϹ˿ڡ
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Ϲĳᰮأи޵̫أ⣡ûϵģѩҺȺľ
Ȼѩסؿڣһü
ˣϹû©ѩЩʹı顣
û£˺ԼɣѩЦݡ
˵ѣˣǹٱֿݣҿϹ已ϲʹӲЦݡ
ԣѩץסؿڣһ󲽡㡭˵ʲ᣿ҲŲҪ㿴Ҷ˵ûˣʲ¶巣ò뿴ɣءҰɣҶԼĿһҲûС
ѩıǧ򻯣Ϲ已Ѳ³뷨ʧЦں˼ʲ᣿һİ㿴Ҫ󡣡
Ү࡭ѩ˿Թ֡
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ԣѩٶת졣ϡ巡㡢ܡɡҮ
Ϲֻ΢ǣסȭͷ á
ʲ᣿ѩ΢㶣ǹԹ
Ϲᣬڣอʹոԭ
巣ѩ֪ʲᡣ ˵Ϲ巿ڡ

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ʹҧгݵѾͷǲǹģ֪ұˣѹڴϣֱǡı׷򡻣
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СĲ̺ɽˮѹЩٱɱֶҲǡϹȺ࣬ĵ
ֵ˶ˣǹһµƽľЬĴʦֹȻȼ֮ϹY
֪ѩ̧°͡
˵׻ȺٱÿȥץҩܿһȺȺٱѲ񷿣Ƕȷȫ
ȻطȫǾװɣϹ巵ʼռǹ¡
ף˾
кβɣϹȺЦʡ
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ҲӷһԡԸ⣡ĵͷ
ܺáҴɽЩ⡢ȻϹΪ
Ҫֽ򣬻к£ѩõĶо飬Ŀĵ
ãգ׼붴ˣϹY
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ϲ㣬ҺܱǸǺֵܣȴ޷һʢĳ㣡Ϲ
巣˵ҪǣܺͬġͷϣҵֵܣҺľԲǵĶ飡ܺһУ㣡ȢģȺֵܣҴ޺ģе˶ж
ⲻƽҺҲСæû˵ǣѩõĴС
԰ôҲһ𳤴ɣϹYС
õĽãЦŮסЦᡣ
Ų࣡ѩϹYԿһۣЦ˳

ʱӵһѶϢIͻᵽ̨ȥ
죬ܲϴˣ
Ҫ֧һม

Ԥ棺 ĳ

£ﲻ 10-2


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
¼賓ͼ
ҹ
ϲӡϡǽġ֣֡ϹYȥġ
Ϲʣǰȥõġ
ϹȺŪģѩĵױ硣
һи㶨ȻٵĿһжģġ
עġ
ϹYϹ巺ѩģ̫Ӻ̫ã˰ɣټӵ˾ǣʷǰ
һأݣ ϹȺĵĸߺϹYж֡
ݸãݣ
ϹĵѩǰӭȢѩΡʱȻݺƴ󣬵ѩɶĸԸ
޽ݣݣ
ģҿԶ췢ģչģڡ﷢ԡ
ˡҲٻֻͷϣҲԡ
붴
붴
û˻ȥǵģǵȥˣϹYС
ʣµˣȫӣˡŨ⡭

£ѾԻѩϹYò£ֻʣϹ巺ϹȺ
ƽӣ治ǰɣϹȺơ
ģӳ뷨ҴûڹۣϹ巸һѩϹYϡ
ļƻǶع𣿡ϹȺҲ۸ϡ
Ⱥ׸ʵļթƻǵ빬ҲԤСԶʹǲͬģҲӲˣϹ巵Ļش
ԤУ˵֪ǻϹȺüͷ
µģȻЩǣȷԭʹһ򵥵£ҿ⸸ʵз۰ģξϷԣֻҲףҪΰ½ӻعʲҲûһϹ巵еɻ
˵ûʱܾЩٱֻӣ˺ǣʱȴҪǵһϹȺšü
룬˻ᣬɱǣϹ巷
巣ǵĸǿ£Բ˸һȸʿϰٱϹȺϹ巵ǡ
ȺҲǶŴʵļթˡϹЦ
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ǰΪıĺܶ࡭ܶ࡭Ϲ巿ѩ潿˯գԾЦݡ
֪ĺáϹȺ仰Ƶζ
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һؾң֪ҪãϹȺ¶թı顣
԰ɣϹ巵ƿ

ճɾˡ
ף»ɡ һƪҪֱ˰ ͵۵ӹرɡ
ǰЩȥľդ԰źԲԲĺÿɰ
԰Ķﶼÿɰ
˵IСʱǵҽأ
ǰǳʿ·
ˣIıȽϲ

Ԥ棺ɶ

£ﲻ 10-3


ͼƬкȨǰ֪һᾡɾ
ͼ

»ģӹúܿģ֪빬ĸˡ
ڼ䣬Ϲ巡ϹȺϹY˴СڹﳤûԹѧıļܡ
ɽµҰ¹ɽϹѧõɽۣȻ߰ѧẰۣһѩϹY֣
ɽϿµġľͷõɽȥϹȺܾȣݷ𿳲ˣ
ǵһõԼ׬Ǯ˺ôһ¡
ˣĺ븸ʡϹYֻǸŮ죬޳ˡ
ҲǣԵĻҺϣܵõʵףǸʽ빬Ͷ·ˣⱲĶˣĵ
㡢ǱѹҲˡѩʡ
񡭡סǬŻ
ģˣѩı
ҩ񡭡ܵǬŻ
ȥҶ֣ϹYŵöŶмεأǶܺʧȥκߵˡ
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ЦϹYðʧ
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ˣȥ˽ȥ
ֻһ֪⣬ˣ򣡡Ϲͳõ
ǽţֻûºȲ裬ѩı˳
ŵĪ
ǳԻӰɣѾˣYšЦ
Ϲ巻ǰޱ飬ˡ
巣ˣǲ˵ѩ
һϹ已ŻǵЦݡ
巣ˣЦȫëҮͺ
Ϲݳ⼸֡
ģѩϹYͬʱֽС ʲᶫ
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ûࡣϹȺӦ
ι˵ʲᰡ죡û켱𣿡ѩ˵䡣
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ҲҪϹY˹ȥ˱һ
ǡǡǡҪˡĵ״Σľصȥ
ӦҪҩĲӲУϹȺ顣
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м
Ϲѩһҩһѩ˳
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񡭡һٱʾ¡
Ṵ𴽽ǣ¼ƻһС

˵쵽̨
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㷢Ҳͣ ǺСĳҪͣȥ֡
ҺͶˣͣá
ǻ׳ա
ھ͵ۻﳵ+ͣ = =

Ԥ棺Σ

£ﲻ 10-4


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ѩͼ

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ѩ˺ӡҲҪһҪ취취ѩܻҵģ̫λҲҵģµģֹ˹Ĺɡ

ѩҧס´ϴʹ֪Ҫ߻ȥɽ·˵С
ǰͷϹ已ɡѩѩͷһϹ巿ѩʹ԰׵Ĵ꣬Ϲ§ס
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ΪҿԵġѩ֪ͷֵᡭ
ޣҲ㣡ǴҪ۵𣿡Ϲȥ۽ǵᡣ
Ҳ鷳㹻æˣϹ巴̫ӱӷίһ·ϵ࣬ȫ
ϲҵ鷳𣿱ˣұ㣡Ϲѩ޺ıӣת
ѩǬᣬӣԹԵҲûᰮޣֻ˵㡭ұһҲޣ
Ϲ己ߵ߶߶ֻСȸһٴʧЦ
֪ѩԴԶҲ֪жϲԶжൣΣջˣȫϵˣףˣΪ̫ͬģҲ֪ѩԴװ˽ƽʱͦѩģǲģҪ˼ˣϹ已һЦ
Цʲ᣿ѩľʡ
ֻ᲻ԴϹ己Ц
ʲˣѩõߵͺ

·ݿʼΪʵϰĹϵĵʱΪġա
λļ֧IҶȥ
κӭڻรⷶһۣ
Ʊɡ

Ԥ棺ƽ over

£ﲻ 10-5

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ܹܣΣ𣿡ϼʡ
Ӧڽһ˻δ
Ҳأ¶ûǵϢˡ
Īţְһҵǣܹܵ
˵˼ȺȥչϷ飬꣬ôҲΪ˸ӡ
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ҲΪ巶費˼룬һȦ̾Ϣ
ĺӰҲ͵
Ҳ˵İΣǿɶ޵Ⱑܹܣ޵Ȳˣа취ǣǻعסˣ˾
ϿǼˡܹЦ
ɲǣ޵ĶŮ޿ˣҿɲܰûǣ̫ӣʧ˰꣬𣿡ϵ
˵ǣȥ죡ܹܵ

ľЬỹͶԲϹYʡ
ԣѩѻȥĲˮ³
Һ巡ʱ仹ûѩϲΡ
ֲڻʹظʵּ⣡ľЬƽͺˣҿΪֶ᲻ɣϹYЦ
ϹY£ѩվ׷ϹYţ˵˵ƨǰɣ
fĺȲ裬Цݵ׷ǣÿն֪ݼǧأϲлǡ
ˣĶкˣĶϹY˴Ĺϼ͡
ʱˣĲŵվֹˣ׷ˣYѩɩɩҮͱЦˣ
ȫûɩɩûʡʶ塢ƤɩɩɩɩϹYС
ߣȫûƷСãû书ֲְ˵˵СãѩС
վſڵˣҲⳡ־磬ϰߵֻһЦֻ֪֮˳ܵ£
ŵĺͺӡ߽
ԣеȷЧϽ
ӣԲ𰡣ûŵأѩĵĶʡ
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ҸЦݣѩ뵽ŵĸש
Ѿĸ׵ĴȰᡭ
ĸףĺģǸĸ׵ģ
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ƻ
ѩһСϣ۽Щʪ󡣡ѩѩϹúòá
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ϵǣǻʺߵˣѺ
ʲ᣿ѩĶǡ
ǵı߳ˡ£

·ݿʼΪʵϰĹϵĵʱΪġա
ѧˣҪúüม

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 10-6


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ͼ

ƻ
ѩһСϣ۽Щʪ󡣡ѩѩϹúòá
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ñ⣬ʹҩˣ͸ˣҧгݵ
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ѩˤµĽűߣŻѪ
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кѩŻѪʹĹӡ
·ˣһѩءҵģ㲻
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ûɵģϹ巵һšŨüйɲĸо
ˣʡ
ͻȻܲϹ巿ڡ
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巣Լ̫ĸˡϹȺЦ
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ѩˣˡץ֣ʡ
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춻ˡӡйٱ١ȫѩþ˵꣬ʹȥˡ
ѩ

еڼƢİ
ԼġġҲú÷ = = ϴ꣡
Żʣ֮ɡ
ָûд꣬Ҳ = =
ϴⷢй

Ԥ棺һ

£ﲻ 10-7


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ϹYͼ

ᣬϡ
ϹȺƿӣѸ򵽵ձָڵϹ巡ѩĺϹYϹȺǵڻ˯ѩϡ
ľЬǲǸԶˣϹYĵĿϹ巻е
ѩѡѩա
ѩϹҲѩỽ
죬Ǵصѩæɽ˽ʣ͸ѩȻѩǱˣ˺صһֱ
϶׷ǣѩܺúѩϼ˪
ѩڻ˯ûfϾҩġѩʹ࣬Ϲ巾ѹʹٴλ˯ȥ
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ҡεĲ˦еĻ磬ŬĿģߣҵĽŲ߻ԭС·СбĽŲˤ˲֪Ρþƾӡҵȥ·
Ҳ׷ܱץԼġ
ڷڵѪңܲˣ϶ദ˿ԡ
Ϲ巣֪ҪҲҪʧȥ
ģ춿ˡ
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ˣ˵úϢͳԶϹÿؿͺۣ
ѩĵͷ˺һСڡһСڵձ
ģͺãԼҲкӣúչԼϹ巽ӹձ֡
ľЬ˵Ǿع̫ҽչ㣡Ȼڻڶ׷ɱ֣ģǴҵľ˵ع£ֻܴҪͿˣϹY
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ʻĿǰȫĵطǻʹ

򾩳ǵķǰһ·ϵɱֲϣΣա
ǲֹǻعʵ
Ϲ巵ĳĬǿ϶𰸡
ҪСģǶҪƽѩľתϹ巵Ļ˵Ҳ԰׵Ц
һعһиʰȫץľЬ𣡡ϹYߺ޵
ʱͣˡ ɱ֣⴫ϹȺ
ϹȺɱִ
ᣬҲһȺٱս֡
ֵǣٱŵˣ֣ȡ
࣬ס֣׼عϹȺ
ʥּ̫ӵ˲ԴػʹӣֻǷּ£˿ֵĴ㡣
࣬ŹᣬԹѻڣĴ󺰡
ԣЦԩֻǰæ͢׽֮ͽ֮УǴһ֮ʣ
㡭̧ܡ
˵ˣǶҪعˣΪλŹǣдԵ򸸻ʸϹȺҲĶԸһȺɱֺ͹ٱ
˴ʥּ˵ö֮
ڣͷĵ̸ĻŲ
巣ȥǰɣѩóϹ̵ŭ
ǺúôϡϹ巽ѩġϹ巻
⡣ ࣬ôĵӣȷҪ׷𣿡
Ϲһ֣۾ɨë֪࣬ΪΣϹ巾Щη塣
⡭׷ӷӲ𣿡࿴Ϲ巣Щ
ԣϹЦӲܣ̫ӿ㻹ͦġ
ϡϻ˵׽շûдĲ
׽ã̫ȴΪҪǵϹ
¡බ
ʵĻҪ̫ӵҿҪҪ𣡡Ϲ
֣󺰡
һϹ巣ϹȺ΢ʽһܴ⡭

ҸƱĸɣ

Ԥ棺˭ļƻĻ

£ﲻ 10-8


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ͼ

ڣ񶷵˶ü
̫ˣ·ϣһҪúϹYҧгݵ
ƿͷսľһš
̫ˣǶˡĵڲϵѩԲ
ţ书˲٣ҲȥǰɣҺܺãѩӡ
ǰYȥѩչ˱ɡĺõġ
ãԭʹϹYΪѵʱûжãս֡
ģڵˣѩסЩ۵ؿڡ
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Ҷû¡ɣ˵̫໰ѩЩ
巹ȥˣ己ɱһסѩ֡
оĵðѩ֪ⳡ򶷵ļңԼӣһæҲﲻϣ
ȫỬӡѪˣȺҲɱˣ
⣬սңǲ̫ԶΪǡ
ȴû⣬򶷵ĽŲԶ߽ļƻ
Ŀ˵ؿڣˤһԣɱֳ޺ Ҫȥ
ģ侲һ㡭㲻ȥѩ֣סֻġ
Ļҵȥ
ģʲ᣿ϹYĿǰܹȥģŵ꣬Ͻȥ׷ģ
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ɱʹṦһ·ϣԦ
ͻȻۣͷѩ򴰿ڣ⡭
ʧأǲΪʱ ѩʧ񾪺
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ľЬ졢ϹY޺
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һÿ˶Լļƻлϵļƻ巵ļƻʺ͵ǵļƻŵļƻֻңֻµļƻĻˣЦóտ۽ǻ
ˮ۵Ŀ¡۵ᡭ

£ﲻ 10-9

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ǰϹ巡ϹȺĺϹY˺ۡ
ϡʺ½ ꣡
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ʣһҪһǶʵܽҵĻΪΩϹܷ޷޲ƽ
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µٹҲͷͷӶִ
ྲ̫Ӳǽʵһж޵ļƻ̫ӻΪµֻּ̫Ƿ£ԽΪɣΣΡܹܣիi鷿ѵּ
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˵ϵ
ۣѩˤɽµΡ
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巶ָоʧȥİ˵ʹס
ģҲᵹȥ̫ӣҲᡢҲܵȥϹիiˡתסؿڣʹζʹý

ϲĻͶƱ
лҪ˵ݲ裡

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£ﲻ 10-10

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ƿţϤİ裬ݷһ˿Ϣ
ţϹ巽СӺĹ⣬һ˾һ
ָѩӡʹùĲӡߵ̴ľᴥϵëʡʯϹ΢ǣÿѩͻᷣдТ룬ϱ߳дİɣʰϵϹ巽ؿڣѩҲ
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ѩֵġѩϹʹšŨüסǰͷʹѡ
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ѩ뿪ҡҪ˵ǧΡεҰ㣬Ҷ˵𣿡Ϲ巶
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Ѹ£̫ѶҲڽپһγϹҲߡ⽫ʱ䣬һһɡҲϹȺչ£𽥿
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һڣϹ巡ϹȺʱֲķżŷãȫʣµͽĴ
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ģ͢ҲٴЭƽ⣬ϳҲƬɽУվ˽ŲŹâ
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ʶΪξܾ½իiüͷ
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巶ĸ֪㻹߲ʧȥѩʹ̫ӣȢ̫ģΡ
ܺáʡĸǲ̫ѩûأǾҪµ̫̫ӦΣˣĵǲ⣿Ϲ巵ĿһڻϡǰƢ
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ʡĸǶǶĿǰϹԸоóʹĸо
ĸ룬Сһ𳤴£߳ʹ
ѹȥǲܵ¡Ҳ¡
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ĸ󡭡Ϲ巵ͺ ûᡣ
Ŭᣬڳƽӣŵʧ̬ĸҪһְ̫ӣĸҪ㿪ġĸܣ㿪ĵģֻѩһˡ

ʵϰֻһֿݩ  = =
Ʊɣ κ뷨ӭԣ

Ԥ棺ķŭ

£ﲻ 11-1


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ĵͼ
ĳҹ
Ϲϵ߽֣ǰĨӰ
ʦ֡Ϲ巳
Ӱһ͸ϹʵһȭϹ˺ü𴽽ǣǵѪա
Ϊβʡ
ΪҪҵһȭ˺ܾˡϹЦˡ
Ϲ巾Цݣսȭͷȥ
ƣ۵죬Ϲ֪֪ѩѶᣬҲù
ӦúܺңûİСʦãΪβңҾỹֵġϹŨü
ӣ֪ҲùҪѩ֪һۡٳȭѩҷѩгʧ뱯ˡ
ϲأϹѩЦݡ
ɽ˺öΣҲѩҺܺ㣬Ϲ巣ҽ㣬ûԱߵ
ѡԸȥңʧȥѩҵжʹ˽ġϹʹĴ
֪㰮ѩѩϣһֱǹġ
̸סϹ巿Ц
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£ﲻ 11-4


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£ﲻ 11-5


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£ﲻ 11-7

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졭ðɣʦ֮ʦ֮ŵԵף˽ԾѩХҲͬоǵʦֵЧ
ܻɥʧԶܣȥȺ죡
ڵѩ֪Լ𣿡Х쿴ĨӰ
֪Ҹ߹һ仰Ҳû˵ֻҡ뵱СسǶ
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ŵˡѩ㲻غ£Ϲ巣ķ̾
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ѩֹͣɴվԳ˼Ϲ巡עĿϹ巻񣬿۵ѩ΢΢Цˣ֣
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ϲĵĸλͶƱ֧һ¡

Ԥ棺̫ع

£ﲻ 11-8


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ѩͼ
糿իi
һļϴѩķﴫ
ѩεƳſڵĹŮ̫ǣֿԿЦõ䣬䣬װûЩ
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ѩε俴էϹ巣͸ȡѶϢ
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䣬ʲҲ֪ͨȵãҪʡĸǶ밲Ϲ巵
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ϣҪ̫ҽ̫ƣĽѩ
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һأ㻹˾ĻЋYˤ
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޹ǴΡ
Ƭһκʹʦֻĵط



£ϲǲʧϹ巣ѩ۽ʪˣϹ巣Ʋߡ
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£ǵࣿ
ԣϹ巻رĿ⣬ϲʼ֧ʡ
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𣿲Ϊǵ鷳żǵɣ۵Ĵ꣬ѩ
ϹüҲˣǵ鷳ȷ˲ҹάƤҲͷۣҲˣ
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֮ǰͳֲ֪ĽֻǴѵҡϹʧЦ
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˵ˣʲᶼû룡ѩε䡣
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Ϲ已⡣
ʱһ˹


£ﲻ 11-9



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УЩһ֪ܳԣҲŲȤأѩ
ƽȱȱЩˣ⹬˭֪иץ̫Ϲ巵
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ѩҶഭһ£Ž塭
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Ϊʲ᣿Ϲֵӥ
ûʲᡭưͳԻп˵

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 11-10


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼ

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ѩ˾ǲһʹֵĶࡣϹȺǰŮЦݷһе²Ǵδ뿪ʹ㡣
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˵һվľ춽ˣµս = =
ƱȾƸæءԣ֮IҲ֪ˡ

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ12-1


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ѩͼ

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ϹšһüͷΪвͨˣŻǼǵóԣŶûˣҲöˡ

ӭҵԡ

Ԥ棺ʺ

£ﲻ12-2

ᣬիi
ѩ䵭䣬Ļرܣܲ棬ӵӣһأһ߰ϹҲգս
⼸գիiչ쵽˼㣬Ҳһսսǻλӣ˶ڹ۲»һз紵ݶǵĻ̡̻ҶλպϺã쿴ΣŶˣ
̫ӵԭб飬鲻þͲЦҪεġ
̫ԶĨҫ۵Цݵˡ⼸Ҳ˪ǣò
ͰˣʧȥЦݵ̫̫õЦݣһ첻͹ּˡ
䣬˵һεҾͺѩ˦ͷ
Ȼһ˹̫ʺݵǰӭӡ
ʺѩ¶Ӷı顣
⣬ȥ糯ˣСҲڡ

ѩμĸ󡣡ѩڹڻʺǰ
ʺ°ͣѩı΢
֪ĸпիi糯أѩЦ
ģʺüǰɵɵʧѩ
ңѩһü
˵Ȼ̫ӲǱôҲǸĸ̫ҲƱһĸϱҲ治֪ڣعҲû򰲣ֻ̫밲ˡʺѩı顣
ػʺ̫ϳԱ⣭
澣˵𣿴죡ʺһɨ
ƺ׼һ־һƣ˲
žžһֱƣպס
ĸ󣡡ѩɴۣͽ˫ȭս
佹ѩ½ǣʾͣǡ
̫ĸΪãԼūžūţ̫ǲ澣⹷ūҰ
ĸѩụ̂ȥ밲ѩū澻й̣ܽĸġѩЩҧгݵ
Լˣū澣ʺڨЦ
ѩҧס´һ
ҲѹˣϾţ˹ֻ̣ܽڶҪһˣ£һƽҲ̫ܵΪϳδ𢵣ǡǱֶŮͲһˣ֮ᣬ֪黭һĸ϶ȫ°֮ʺĿҰ׵ѩ̫ӦñֶŮ¸ɣ
֪ѩ
̫ҲȢ£Ҫúչ˱ֶŮร˳һ䣬ȣûλãǻɣʺʧǵѩѾɹ
޿̡˵²ŲȢ¸񣭡ðΣգδ˵ֿ꣬ʼ졣
ס֣ѩƿ𣬿䡣䣬û°ɣ
Ƶڵأʺʢŭɺͳ
ūʺˡ̫ʧ䣬ð£֮ʺｵū澰ɣ£
ⲻ£ĸͷѩɣѩһĻ䲻ҡͷֻùԹԹ
ʺһĨѲЦݣ߽ѩһƩ
žĶ⣬ʹѩļձһ顣
ʺˡ䱧סѩͣ
ѩ㶵ס۵ļգޱ顭

ƱȾƻۣǽܻͷ = =
֮æ׼ʱģ
ϣӻԾมȻIŻأIﶼĵร

Ԥ棺֦ͷɷ

£ﲻ12-3


ͼƬкȨǰ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼ
ҹ
ҹĻʱ֣Ϲ巺СӲŻصիi
ǰѾ۵Ĵˡ
Ϲ巴ɻ񣬿䡣
䣬˯ʲ᣿СӵͽС˯أûأǵ²˸죿
ѣ˲ø˯ѵ㯡
ҹɫʹ£Ż춼ˡ
糯ᣬϺ͵»ӵһͬţΪʵ̫࣬Բֻ£ӡдҲһͬ鷿񡣡Сӽ͡
俴һϹ巣ԥǷ˵
䣬ˣϹ΢üͷ
ǰһƬ鲻ã´˶ְɣСӰ롣
£糿ʺ֧׸ò˵
ʺ󣿣ϹšŨüһ¡ǻʺģϹʡ
ͷϹ巼׷ʣ
ѩĶ֮ǰʺѩ£Ϲ巾ͼУκ˺ˣ
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ԣϹľһ£ʶȭͷأ
ЪˡֻϹᣬȲҲ֣Ҳû˵仰Щ졣
˼ˣ۵ĵᣬһ˴
Ϲ巾ѩķ䷽ȥ

ƿţϹȥ
ѩȷѾ˯ˡϹ۵ḧյĺס
΢ü΢ǰ⼸춼չ¶ЦգǳüչϹ̾ϢҵĶʱСŻ
ֻۣɼϹȥЬ࣬ϴأСѩ䣬ӵӡ
Ѿܾûһˣ˯ѩϹ已ϣӺ࣭˵̫λò̫ͷζ˵̫ˡ
÷𣿡ֻҪ

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԰
ò˦˵䣬ѩһڳϵƣͣ½Ų
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᲻ǰ̫
̫Ÿջعʧȥ䣬̫ӵիi
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ĽĽģ̫̫ӵµӰֲû̫ʧǰ̫꣬ӵ¿ɳĬˣ֮ǰ̫ﻹδʱӲЦ飡
˵̫ӵԭͳĬԡĮʾڣ˶ĳ̫ӵĺϲ̫̫һ̫гˣһ˧Ӣ̫ӵ¡
ٻˣ̫ӵ±κλ룬̫ӵϹһ˶Ҫˣܣ
˵ԭΪʹ̫ӵȴʧȥ̫ʹΪ̫ӵº¸ָ飬ȴ̫ӵ¾ܾһ£
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Ϲ˵ˣֻǳݵ¶ѣ̫ӵµӢ˭ϲżͺܺˡοҲװ̫رȵ֡Ρ
̫޷ϲǵƤ˵ʱ׽Ū˹˵ֵǣ̫桢аƵЦݣʲҲˣѹϲ
ǰҶᵽˣ̫Ƥ⹬Ҳƺʲᶼȱˣ֡˻ЦЦݡ˾桢˻⡭
λŮԶѩӰԺ
ѩЦЦˡԭ˰ѩĺñֻ˼롭Ϲ巶ĺãѵ㶼ѩ󱿵㻹巶
ѩյϣͷ찡Ҹ巵Ǹȡ֣ѩ
ոչŮ̸ѩζӳ¡յȴҸ΢Цʲʱڱ˵УҲǸֵĽġˡˣ
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ֵȸŵʱʱëдϡӡʣʱְִйּ̫֣ƾ֡
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ԡǲİɣ
ˣְԽֵܶ˺Ľ̫Աְף̫տģ
ԣѩõЦˡһǵǵģ

İɡⷶΪҪʼ۸ɰСѩˡ
Iˡ
˵ġѩĺ˯ء
սµλȽϷæظҵԣҪˡ
ӻԾม
ϲĻͶƱI֪жϲ£ҵĶ

Ԥ棺ĺӳ

£ﲻ12-4


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
իi
ѩ߽իiϹ巺ϹȺ̸
Y˵ֺѩˣ巣ΪβӦʺѩԲһǵĸܸһҲΪЩСֵòˡϹȺʡ
ҲǲϺѩԲֻѩʧȥ䣬˵ֻһϵɷҲͿĺԲҪϲңǸʵһ¡Ϲ̾
ԣϹȺЦݡ巣ĺϧѩ
ʱͻȻļϹ巺ϹȺ̸
ԭ͵͵ܳȥ֪Ͳˣ
ꡭꡭСһ㣡ѩס죬Ϲ巾
ڵϹȺ͵ĶԻʧЦ
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ѩͻĶɵۣϹ巽ֱ壬һŨüǰѩֱѩ
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䣬ͱɷ羰ˡϹȺ֪ȤĴ䡣
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ǲ۸㣿իiʲ£Ϲʡ
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ˡϹָ׼ʵ
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һᣬѩԥڸ㡣
ҿԵȣ׼ңҲ׼ҵˡϹĳ
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ʱ԰̾Ҫʱ̫ӵ¾ͻŵܣͶ̫ӵڡ
巣㣡ѩЮһϹ巵͡
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ǰҵ˼óԡ˭ԣ˵ǰɣѩ˳ڣȻʲƵģһ£ĻǽǿڳԣֻʣǬЦˡ
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û°ɣ俴ѩȻЦݡ
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ѩϹ巵ֱۡ巣ǿȥС޶

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£ﲻ12-5


εͼƬûŴһء = = Զأɵۣ
ⷶһΪֵĳأһʢٰɣ
šŹ⣬룡
Ǹ
ĸУڵЦҶΪŮӤϲѡ
ϲˣĺΪ㿪ġϹЦüбƽô˵طǻʹֻһѹŮĿ⡣
лֵܣ˵ףҺнȫҰæϹ巺ϹȺļ磬ˬЦ
˵ͼˣ˸Ů˼ҲŮŤϹȺЦ
ˣȡ𣿡Ϲʡ
ȡˣ֡һ֣֣ϣҵŮԶֹ֣ˣҲܴ˿֣˷ܵ
ܲӣֶϹȺЦº͡
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û⣬ʦһѧ˵Ҳõϣ㣬巣ѩֶİ֣ϽԲһɣһΧֵĻңĵĽϹ巡
Ϲ˳Ŀ⿴ȥɼ۵޶ЦѩѩϹ巵Щȣйɼ¶Ҫһѩĺӡ

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ѩЩ΢Цѩ㿴ֶһжֵõģ
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ģ뵱ֶǬɲԣѩǲӵʣĺϲС޶
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򵥰Ҳң϶ҲСֶģȥ󸸻ʣʻӦġѩЦĿġ
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巣ֶΪŮòãѩԶϹ巡
Ϲûж˼áӦʡ
巡лл㣡ֶáжĺۿ
̫Ӻ̫ŮݾͲǽ֮ŮѣԳƵǸС
Ⱥ˵û˼ŮˣᣡǺֵܣŮҵȻҲҪͷ͵ֻǷţֵļһǵ׼ŮģãϹ巵
һͷҲֶ֣и

Ԥ棺ѩ

£ﲻ12-6

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ѩ鷿ţ鷿յȫдϡ
δޣ·ģСȥݱߣС밲
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ˡ
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ѩҡҡͷСǰҵģǸҵģС
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ѩ˷ܵĳϹָķ򿴣ȻиӣĴ򿪡
Ưǻ壡һƬһͷе̵ļΪϸµķơһϺõƳɵֻϵȵĽ˿˿ƳɵС£һ˫幤ΪµСЬ
巣ģЩƯֶһɰѩ޵
ȻֶĵһӣҲǵŮ㣬Ϲ巿Цòõѩ
Ϲӥ˫ۣѩҪѻָʵʲ᣿ã
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ѩϹ巿ڡ
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ᣬիi
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̫ӵºڴءС
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ѩСӡϾʷһοϹ巺ϡֲµΡ
ѩ̤Ϲšüͷ ѩμĸ󡣡
񡣡̾Ϣ
ѩĻ棬Ҳüĸ巡Ƿʲ᣿
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巶ִ̫ˡҲҪѩ뷨ص
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ʲ£ѩ鲻͵Ϲ巡
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ĸ󡭡Ϲֹֻܵ̾

Ԥ棺ôҲ²Ҫ˵ʲ£

£ﲻ12-7


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩͼŮü

δѩϹ巵Ȼȴĳ˫ֲּµľ档
ѩСӡϾʷһοϹ巺ϡֲµΡ
ѩ̤Ϲšüͷ ѩμĸ󡣡
񡣡̾Ϣ
ѩĻ棬Ҳüĸ巡Ƿʲ᣿
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⼸ܱ֣óϺϲСӡ
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Сѩɴ˫Щ졣
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ѩֻȥϹЦ˳ٱϹ已ϵĻ仰ĵģϹҲЦĲüˡ
ƪ
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ף͡ĽIеɵ۵ĿϹŵıӰȥ

Ҷ¶ˣΪԲ¶
--- HġIﲻд
ԣǧڴIдHม
Iﳬˮ  εǬЦ

Ԥ棺ҹ

£ﲻ12-8


ͼƬкȨԸ֪һᾡɾ
ѩ--ڶ

һիiŵƽʣȴĵġ
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лһֱֺ֧รԵĸлҡ
˵Ļңʹһ

Ԥ棺ѩVSܵ

£ﲻ12-9


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ӭҶൽม

Ԥ棺ӰĿ

£ﲻ12-10


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£ﲻ13-1


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֪ʼĩϹ巶ѩ

ͶƱƱƱƱ
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Ԥ棺

£ﲻ13-2


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ҡѩ֪ԼϹˡ
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£ﲻ13-3

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£ﲻ13-4

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ж󣬵ȷѩġ߲ʷˡƣԲѩµ֣
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˸Ϲ߳ĻһءϢ
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ԣѩˣϹ巣ͳĬϹȺˡ
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ѩĳĬϹӢ΢ѩһ㡭
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Ҫң֧ңȴһ˴˽书֮ϣûʡģңҲɱʣҲûҪɱʣѩʡ
ΪҪУʹǲЯģӦãϹۣ
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жˣȫȾ죬ңǡˡ߲ʷˡĶνͣϹ巵䣬ɫ
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ԣѩһӣԳЦݡ˵ûһжǰźƵģɺϵľµ֣ԼԼң
ԣϹ巿ѩ絶ɵܣ̫ӣã
ѩҸ㣿Ϲס뻳ĳ嶯
ϾѩûɱʡϹȺڡ
ҲľЬûҪʣϹYҲڡ
ҲѩҪʣѩˡĵ
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IרѾ500ˡ
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Ԥ棺ѩ

£ﲻ14-2


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̫ӣΪ̫ӣƫ˽ʺЦ
ʺ󣬱̫Ӿܱ
ʱʺѣһ߽ʸʺ
ʺȡ
ʺ󣿡
ԣʺһЦɨѩԲ԰׵ɫѩѽѩû뵽ܣñץСˣ
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ԣ˶ˣһҰ׵ѩ
ʺ˵˵ѩŲѵ˵ѩĴ
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Ϲ߽ѩ̯šҪ׿ڸңЩŵ١
Ϲ巵ĿʱҪ䣬ġ
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ÿŶѩ͸ɵĽӴţεķжͷǺϣ˳ѲǼζѩĲ롭ÿᣬʦֵǩ֡ϤʵʦǵּϵŻˡ硭ʦ֡ʦ֡ʦ֡ʦ֡ʦ֡ʦ㡭Сʦܷ֡ңһ£
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ѩ̧ͷϹ巡ҡ̫ˡ
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ѩֱϹ巣ֻǱĿϹ巣ûһ˿־塣
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δϹץס˫ۣ˼Ѩ׵ķȥѩ书
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Ԥ棺尾

£ﲻ14-3

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£ﲻ14-4

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Ԥ棺V.Sѩ

£ﲻ 14-5

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ģ취ӡ첻ѩѹ
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ģץ۾
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⼸꣬һֱΪʦЩѵ£Ƕ㣬ѩĵ
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ԡģΪ롣Ϲ巹мЦ
ΪãҪ˵ҲνЩѩҵãҾ޷
Ϊϳ̫ӣҪԴһɱҸʵˣǰᵽӣƭ˸ĴƭӣϹ己ŭ
巣δǰһд˵𣿡

Ԥ棺ʨ

£ﲻ 14-6

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ѩϢḺɲ˵ģĵǵĿǰѩ
ӥҲ˹ѩıʦǻûµġ
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а취
죬ѩں书ֻУҪעХ쿴컳˯ѩ
ףҲλʦֶౣأǻȺʦǣӥ

մӵڶվʵϰIõһݵϢʱ䣬ǡ
Ϊ֮ǰʵϰúۣI͵ûȥϰҪȥ10á
ۡ
Iǻÿfʱ䣬ӣ³ֿ촰Σ
ڣȷʹ
Ҷ֧֣ҪIȥ

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 14-7


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ԣϹšŨüһ˿ʹָֻ֮ƽ
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£ﲻ 14-10


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£ﲻ 15-1


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Ҫȥ԰ˡĳɹأ
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ء

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ 15-4


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Х졢졢ӥ졢ܹҲΧ죬ϵӤ
ѩĺӡ ÿɰ СָයŪ
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ѩĺӣжᡭӱڻӺ巳ú񡭡ܿǲǻٺһ㣿
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Ԥ棺桭(û巺ѩ)

£ﲻ 15-5

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Ԥ棺飡Ͷ

£ﲻ 15-6

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졢Хͱ죬ϲССĽˣǱ죬һԡѪҪХĲ
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Ϲ巵ĴΥЦݡЦ⣡

ϲĻͶƱƱɣ

Ԥ棺⣡Ȼں

£ﲻ 15-7


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Ԥ棺 ޷ֲĹ

£ﲻ 15-8

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ѡǰҵַԼΪǵθи˽һصʺ졭
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ʣöȥΣѩһͷŰɣһ˲䣬ϹҲݷˡ
ᣬ޷ֲĹԶ޷õꡭ

Ԥ棺֯(һŵ)

£ﲻ15-9

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ʦ㡭ԾȻػ𣿡ѩ
ɵѩĵҽΣӦģХ
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£ﲻ15-10

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IĶͻ600ˣ +űڡ
ллλ⼸֧ร
˵ĺ = = ŻظҪ = =

Ԥ棺

£ﲻ16-1


ѩȻϹĴߣս㲡
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£ﲻ16-2

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£ﲻ16-3

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£ﲻ16-4

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