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1



һε뿪飬ǻڹ¶ξٴεĳ֣ʲôʲôǽ֮һУѾڼʧµĿʼ

⣬ŷ磬ϵĿҶ죬ѾԶˡ̧ͷֻСҵɹµӰ
ǰϲĵطǰϤҴԭأǰӣͻȻһӰԾȻ䣬Ϊ㡭

1

һ޾Ĵ󺣡ҫԼӴһֻŸа裬ʱһľϢ󺣷ĴȻ˵º
ʱͧϵĶصվſ˫ۣȻĺ磬̧ͷգ̫Ѿɽˣϼѳ֣Ƭձĺɫţһͻ̫ˣʲôʱ򻹿һξͺˡ˵ţͻȻ绰ˣι֪ˣͻȥˣ㲻Ҫˡòݼ٣ͲĿĵ𣿡ãҹˣݡϵ绰ɵźϢ
ҪԼԼͧԶĵطһӰϸһȻһɫӰӣƯڴϣϿŮԥģϵԼף뺣ɫӰȥ
ŮϴŴŮᣬ25꣬ͷܳһɫ£ǼͨĺɫӣŮƤܰף˵ĸоŮӦǴũģźأһ˫ЬӸܿæŮȴʩǡŮһ㷴ӦûУûаˮ³ûа취ֻøŮ˹˺þãŮзӦ۾
ˣоõûУæŮ
Ҷ۾ͿһԼԣһһƵ棬ʲôΣԼĶˣȴԼеʧ˵šҾȵ㣬㲻лȻ˵ĻŮԼҪˣе
ҶǰˣϻڵˮûԼôվͻȻоԼǰһڣţʲôˣæסҪڵϵĺҶţιôˣι
ҽԺڳϣϵ·ûиɣڵˮʱҽ˳ʵ˭ǲ˵ļ
濴ҽҲæţҽûʲôɣ
ʱû⣬ºܵͣҪԺ۲켸졣
ԱߵĻʿʱ˵ȰסԺѽ˰ɡҪ˵ʶŮǣһ룬ôˣ˭ԼĻأǽ˰ɣ˭ԼҪ°
Ǯ󣬶ϵĺҶûѣźҶ˯ӡ룬ʲôˣŮôһƯںأŮʱһſŮŮһŷǳƤĺܺãҲܰףһźС죬пѵ˵еӣС
֪ôѹ󣬶׼ؼңصҺ󣬶оˣڴϣûһͽ硭
ܿ죬ˣ7㣬ˣʵ˫ۣƿӣϴּ䡣ϰߣÿ׼ʱ7𴲣Ȼȥ԰һСʱĲѾ5꣬경ؼҺ󣬶ͻ·׼ȥҽԺ
հѳͣã绰ˣҽԺĵ绰˵ˣû뵽ôˣæӿ˽Ų
߽͸оԾ涼ҽͻʿΧŲһܡʱһҽͶŶ˵ãѺ֣ʲô˵
濴ŮŮӣڴͷ±˻ˣĺԶоŮ˺Уܽ䱸Ե˶ǻ˺һæҽ˵˼ʣҽԳԺ𣿡
ˣǾǸ˵Ժģǣʲô˵ǲŸ绰ġ
ҽô˵ˣæߵߣŮ˵šӦ֪ԼʲôɣԳԺˡŮʲôӦûУ˵ӦüǵҰɣҾģǵ𣿡ҶĻ̧ͷ˶һֵۣͷ濴ӣε˵ţ㲻ôҪ˵仰ɣĻҽͻ߾ŶʱҪȥȥȥ𣿡
˵ţҶһţҲȥ֡
ҶųеЦ˵ˣҪҽҪϰǾͲоˣòã
Ҷ˵ͷ⣬ҽʵʲô֣٣
ҽкҶ23ꡣŮ˵Ļ룬Ҷ˽𣿸վú֣ҽʵʲô飿ҶҶӵҶ𣿡
Ǻˮĺ飬ҶҶӵҶ
֪Լô𣿡ҽʵҶҽĻû˵ίֻǵ˵ͷҶû˵Ҳû˵ʲôҽҲûʲô⣬ֻ˵󣬾ͿԳԺˡ
˵ԼԳԺˣҶæҡҡͷ˵ţҲԺǲҪߣ˺𣿡ûеطȥˣ˵ţͿ˳
ҶһӾȻô¡ָо϶йľȻԼҲںͻȻҶ
ҽԺںˣҪռŴλС㣬Ǻ𣿡ҽе鷳ˣеͷۡ
ҶʱܸӣԼǲģǣƫƫ˸ˣԼ20ʱ⣬ÿ춼ھжȹûԼӻһ˳ģүҲҪЦ
濴ŴʱĺҶһ֮Ͼͱ˳ɣС㣬ҪҵĻסҼ
Ҷ̧ͷ˶һۣԼڵĴҪԼҶôܴӦģһԵҽæŶ˵Ÿл֮ĻҶ룬ǰȹԼһǸˡ

2

Լ·󣬺ҶŶ߳ҽԺĴţŶıӰҶŷ֣ԭôߣԼҲ165ˣǣվԱߵĻ϶ֻеļôߣһĴţȻ֪˶ǾװôƯͣǣڿǰˣЩһ㶼ѷɫܺõģڼ٣ŶǰٸǺõûл˵һ˫ŨüۣϱͦıӡҶò
ͻȻоԼײʲôԭǰĶͣ˽ŲҶûпֱֱײ˶ϣҶһŵվﲻҶǰŮֳ嶯붺ĳ嶯һֱ·𣿵Ǯ𣿡
ûаûǮĻҶæš
εЦЦ˵ţţҰѳ
ҶĻʲôȥ￪һȥ˰ɣﰡˣ뻹Ǹһ߰ɣܱ·ã͸о˸Լعһ󣬷ֺҶĸں棬ŪĶЦźҶ˵ţңһ͵𣿲Ҫҡ
ҶŹԹԵվԭزЦܸоҶԼĻʥּһ硭䶼Υ
Ҷһվ˳ӿĶŽɫɫˣ룬ԭоӰǰֻڵкܶ¥áкܶкܶ໵ˣ뵽ҶеţôûпǣԼֲҶԼһͱ۵ײ
ͻȻһ˺Ҷһķȥô£ô棬ڼʻϣźҶĿԼʲôӦûС
վʲô˵š
ĻҶϽܵԱߣվڳ棬濴źҶҲЦϳվ𣬡Уҵָϳ˵ţʳָָǰȻ˳ŷָ˸ʻ
Ҷף˳ָķ˳Ӱܣ˸ʻ⣬Ŵ򿪣Ķƿš
ϳĺҶʱоûֳĺҶʲôܺ棬Ŷҵỵ̂ӾͶһᣬ͸оķ羰ˣţԽԽ飬ֱԼʲôĲˡ
ӿ˺ܳʱ䡣һƯСͣڳĺҶŴ⣬ǰһܸߵķӣÿ¥ﶼи̨̨ܴ˻һۿȥһǱҶţվڳ⣬źҶڳ͵óҶһæӳ
ҶŶһ¥ǰ˵ݡһᣬݾͿˣŶ߽ȥҶҲĸţͻȻŹˣҶֱһźҶʲôܺӣеЦȻǴũİ
23ͣźҶ߽󣬾Լȥϴּ䡣ҶһվڿһУоԼξһĶܷһмһײɳɳϵǳɫģԱһܴףֻһ㣬ڿǽϣһ̨ܴĵӣҶżļҾߣпţһ׸ûǮԼһӶûа취סķӡ
ϴּҶվԭظûж׼˵ʲôģͻȻ绰ˣ绰ҶܳԾĿŶ˵Ͼ͵ˣҪڴˡ绰
棺ϢɣҪȥˣŻ
ߺ󣬺Ҷʼһôõķȴڣ治֪Щʲôʱһһֹȥɳ˯ˡ
˹˾ûе칫͸˵߽칫ͿɳϣŶȣϵ־
ʲôʱģûܵ͵ʹȤ˵š
Ұ㣬ڹôãûҪ㡱Ŷ
ǶԲ˰ҪܲԴ绰ܳЦſһεӣоԼܶԲͿѾ5ѹϵˣǵԼһοʱ򣬺ܲϲԼŷ޵ܲõĶӣڹⳤ󣬺ܿˣ˵ܲҲܹϣڸ飬Ǹף컻һ߹ܲϰߣʱ֮ԽԽ֣ˣʵǸظˣТģԼҲû˵ԼǺõûл˵ǺǡԴ2ǰĸȥ֮󣬿˸׵ĹԸҲı˺֪ܶ࣬׵ȥԿĴܴеʱ䶼˹档֪鲻ǺܺãҲĳʱĺġʱ֮ģָ֮Ͱ鶼Լܣ˾ҲԽԽ󣬸ԼϢʱԽԽ١1ʱͷ1ڵļ١ԼûйæŴ绰߿ϰࡣⲻûе칫أ档
꿨˵ڼĹƻ󣬶ͷˣһѵԼ֪˾ܲǿǣʵ˾鶼Ƕһ˹ԣҲкܶڱƺΪθܡ
а棬˾ĸܲõλӣҲӦʽ˰ɡ
ôԣҵĹɷǹ˾ɶٵģôʸأСϽܾ
ʲôûʸ˵˭ʸ˾˭֪Ϊ˾¹ˡҪ˵ɷݵ飬Ѿµ30%תˣʱҿ˭˵ûʸ񡣡ͲĻš
ôԣôʲôһ°ʲôûù˾Ĺɷݣһܲġһࡣ
˵ˡڣһϰ壬ʲô黹Ҫͬھ׼θܲõλӾˣ㶨ˣҲҪԥˣҲ֪Ҷһ㶼ûȤҵİ߱ȫ磬˵ǸܲáԺܲõλҶġҲĿŶ档
ſʱ飬֪ģҲȷʵûаﵱԼһ֣Ҫ˾һִģڼ֮ǰѾûпŴڡ
˵˵Ļ֮󣬿ˣ˵ǸԼһȥ߶򣬿ſıӰͻȻ뵽˺ҶͬˣΪʲô˾ôԶأ֪ڼô

3

Ҷ˯û˯ô㣬֮󣬷Ѿ7ˣʲôûгԣӺöԵģʲôûУûа취Ҷֻóȥ߳СԶڿ˵ĵطóΨһһ100鸶ʺֻʣ10ǮˣҶ룬Ķôô󰡣100鹻ðˣֻ˼ˣûˡѹ֣˶ôǮҶõĲˣؼҵķ˻ȥ
˺þã㣬Ҷҵ˸ճĵطصҺ󡣺ҶŴ򲻿ˣԭԶرյģûԿףȻţҶֻſڣȶؼҡ
9㣬ڣص˵ԣ˸ˡ
˰Сʱĳڵˣ߳ݿڣԶԶĿҶſڣæ߹ȥʲô
ҶǶæ̧ͷ˵˵ţˣҸճȥˣǻͲܽȥˣֻ㡣
ҶŵĴӣ֪϶ʲôûгԣҲԼԴס֮󣬳ûпҲѹҪȥź󣬶ҪҶѶȥҶæ˹ãҿԵģ㹤ô࣬ȺúõϢһ£ȥҲһûг԰ɣһϾͺá˵ţͰѲᵽ˳ٶĺܿ졣
ҶеæܹȥΪʲô飬һ֪ԭ豸ںҶ˵ֱǸ߿Ƽղ֪ʲôŦˮȪһ˺Ҷһ濴ˮĺҶЦ
ҶҲúΣæϵˮɵЦԲҲ֪ˮôģĶԲ𡣡
濴ҶææŵӣЦˮغúֽ̺Ҷ豸ĲҶЩһпǳ˰ʲôԶģô㣬ԼʲôҪ
ûйãϾͰ˲ˣ濴ϵĲˣľûθڣһȫɫģ߲ˣһûУվҶе԰һܶɡĶԲôá
ҲûеȶãѾܿˡ治úҶʧæߵǰ
Ҷʢ˺ܶ෹ԼǲԵģǣҶΪٷô࣬ʵǲģֻö룬һڣû뵽ȻôóԣںҶʲôźҶʵǲǾУôںأסûĸĸأ
һ˺ܶ⣬ûע⵽Ҷͣ죬ûмȥ
Ҷͷܵͳ˵ţҵıﳤģҸĸҺСʱѾȥˣұҲáһϣҡ˵Ҷͣ£˵ҺʱˣҲûбǣȴ˵ҹ򣬻ҡ
ܲζҶ۽һᣬæֽҶӹֽ󣬺Ҷоܲ˼æ˵ţôֿˣǵģ˵Ƿʲô飬޵ģôˡ
ǰŮܼǿĸо
ʲôģǰˣҶһҲܺ档
ɣҽһ£ҽж棬Ӧ֪ɣҶ˵ͷ˵ҵĹÿӡһЩƼƷó豸ǹ˾ĲƷ
ϰһǸܸɵ˰ɣĺҶܳԾ˵
뵽˵ܸɣЦЦ˵ǰǺܸɵġ
ĽܣҶҲһ˽⡣ʰ궫󣬺ҶְѼļҾ߶һ顣濴Ҷææ£Ͻ˹Ѿһˣ㲻ùˣ￴Ӱɣ
ûйϵģϾͺˣ㲻ˡ˻ҪǮġ
ҲûжǮģͲҪˣ˵š
ûжǮҲҪİڼʱĻÿ춼ģѾϰˣûйϵģȻǺǮǣҪʡһá
źҶĻһ󴥶ǰû˶˵ҪԼ֮ĻԼÿ컨ǮûмҲûҪԼ֮顣һ˵ͻȻоԼʱĺ˷ǮҪúõķʡԼˡ
ҶѶʰ֮ɳϿӣѾĶΧżԡ˳ëͷɳϵĺҶʱĶ桭ֻǰΧ
ҶоΣæ˷ﻹڡҲͦεĽ˷䡣ڷĺҶڴϣҳȥʱŵ
ҡ㣬ȴɣǶ
ҶţݸԼһɫ·ҶĿԼ·˹ȥתԼķȥ˼תźҶ˵ȹһ¡
ҶŶ䣬ŶָЩأȻʾôҶʱľٶоǰĺϸġҲܻչˡɵģҶԶֲһĸоԼˣˡ
󣬺ҶڴϣԼ⼸ľ治֪ԼѡԲԣȻүԼǺãҾͺúõĻȥԼǹȥڿʼúõĿʼδһõġ

4

һ磬ҶˣڳæһᣬŪ͡ʱҲ¥ϴ˼˶ϴ˼ɫëĺҶܳԾôڸ𰡣
ŶŪͰˣȥϰɣ
˭Ūģǲ͵ģСڲȥϰ࣬ȥܡܲӦϳԶԺҶĺһ㶼жܲ˵
ôа緹һҪԵģȻĻθġҶ˵ĵ滰
˵ҲԵģԼ԰ɡúҶе¡
ǣѾŪˡˣһҪĲԵĻҰãͬ³԰ɣҶЦŶԶ˵š
濴һ˵ӣʧ˵šˣ֪ˣҵһ»Եģ
Թ͵Ķ棬ڰ칫ϸоģúɣ磬öʱļ˽
Ļڰ칫Ұ˵㻹ڣһţÿʱ㲻ǶȥԷ𣿡
Ŷһϳ˺ܶࡣû̧ͷ˿Ļ
𣿡ôϰ߸ˣڿϳˣǰȥ㶼ԡ٩˵š
˵𣬽ϾҪˣ˵Ҫģ㶼Ѿˡ
㣬ȿ£¸µ󻮰Ҫ޸ĵĻŪ£ļϡȣɳϡ
ͲһŪú𣿻Ҫ޸һΣ֪𣿡˷ҵʱڿǺΣÿ˵˾͸û˵һǼԭ¡
ҶˣҪʲôİ˷ʱ䣿˷ʱ㻹һʱͽԼᡣ˵дʡ
ſ²ؼĻεҡͷûڼ˵ȥļоԼ˵е֣æ˵ɣһҸ2µļڣͺúúͽһȥɡ
㲻Ҫʱ˵ʲôҪŶе㲻ſĻɵš
ιϰ尡˵᲻㻰𣿡˵š
ð˵Ŷʱ˵ʲôйšָſ滵Ц˵š
ߺ󣬶æ˸绰֪һôòŸ绰æǸ֮˵˼Ļ󣬾Ͱѵ绰Ҷˡ
ս㣬ǵõһθʱ򣬻2ǰڷ޵İϣʱպҲڣǿȥģһ·ϣͣпͻ񣬵˵ص󣬿õĵ绰֪нտʼԽĸоҲܲ˫Ư۾˵Ҳܺʱ֮ڼϺͻģͷչµĹϵ
Ϊ飬տʼоܶԲ𿨶˭֪Խû˼ʼ׷ҲΪĺƯԼİܸ֮ĵ㡣
ʱ䣬Ѿ4ˣ𻰻˵Щ̵Ļ󣬾뿪˰칫ҡ
һڼҵĺҶĲ֪ʲôڼ˼Ȧڶ鷿ͣϵ飬Ҷʱ䣬һֱ鷿磬ӶԼûгԷ߳䣬˿ŵҶΪС͵æɳ棬ҳ
֮󣬶ûпҶΪڷѶϺ׼ȥߵɳͻȻҶѶһ
𰡣ʲôŻˣԼظ
һǶ棬Ҷæվ㰡ΪС͵Բŵˡ
С͵ҲܶﰡӦöźС͵ҪǽĻͿԺܿӳȥˡźҶĻоҶе㱽
ԲҲ֪ũʱ򣬴û顣Ҳ֪ôӦҶæǸ
ڳкܶС͵ڵ￴ܶС͵͵ʱǰȰģ𣿡Ҷе㵣ĵʵ
ǰĺҶĲ֪˵ʲôãСѧ֪ôᷢǼ¼ĴοԼҪָ֤ƺ룬ҪԿײܴ򿪵ġ
ûС͵ģģûҪġ
ŶǾͺˡסӦðѶõģôĶһ͵˻Ǹô찡Ҷĵ˵š
ΪԼû뵽ȻĶ͵ŮǵҶĻָϵĴ˵ţ·£ϲ
·£һǳɫװƯΪǶҪ͸Լһˣæ·˷䣬Ҷ·ú󣬻صصߵǰĺƯһϲġ
վԼǰĺҶû뵽һͨףͿԸıʱڵĺҶǸմũŮֱڴİ졣ȥͷŪ£Ǿ͸ˡ
źҶͷŪõӣûҶĻҶֽ2顣Żع
ŶﻹһӣȴŰɡָӣ˵ҪԼģҶܳԾʲôҪҵģôƯ·Ҫҵ𣿡Ҷܿĵʵ˵ͷҶ֪ġܱ·ͻȻָоԡҪǮҡûǮ㣬
ȴţҪǮ
УôԣҲĶҶ͹ϵ˵š
ѽ˵Ǹ㴩ģҶˣ㻹Ҫȥ𣿡Ҳܼ
ô֣ҶֻôӦˣǣ˵ҪǮûа취ͻȻ뵽˰취ɡҲû뱣ķˣ죬ҲҺܶæǵĹʱҿˣ԰ɣ
ʲôʣһûйôйأҶƣ˵ʲôǣ̧ͷ񣬾ʲô˵ȥˡתߵ
Ҫʲô֪Ҷ϶Ҫȥæסˡ
Ŷȥ㻹ûг԰ɣ£Һܿͺˡ
ͲˣǳȥԷ˵
Һܿͺˣڵһ¡ΪԼ̫Ҷܼ˵š
˵˽ȥԷÿҪ˵Ķζе
ôףҶе㺦¡֪ԼˣͷҶ
ʱĺҶҲоԼȷʵ̫ˣڲ˵æְοҽҪȥҪο˵ȥԷûб˼
˵֮󣬶ͻȻ뵽ԼΪʲôҪôᰡҲǵģҸôں
Ŷ浽˼ҶܣĺƯҲܰÿ϶ɫõ壬̵ǴиӵɫһţŵζһлͷˣûֵطĺҶеţŶǰ
ϾиƷ˹ҶѵҶû˶ôĿܲϰߣæлл˵ͣ
ãǲ˵ӰѲ˵ݸҶ
һҶϾͺˣΪӢģʲôҶϽİѲ˵˶档
ţšһƿƣͰѲ˵ӡߺ󣬺ҶŸ˵ۣطƯҴû㿴ա
Ҷô˷ܣоԼҲϲ𣿡
Ҷĵ˵ͷﶼſܸ߹ʿæʵӦúܹɣ
ûлشҶĻѲͽΧʾҶΧãҶŪ˺þãҲ֪ôŪһԵĶȥæҶͻȻһ䣬ŪǸ𰡣
ĻĲ֪˵ʲôˣЦЦʱ˹ѶźúתˣҶҲΧŪˣϵĶܳԾţŰһûгԹأӲסһҪ͡
֪ҶٶֻЦſֱҶûа취Եţź󣬲˵Ҫеģгһһġ˵󣬶ԼкõţŶںҶǰְѺҶһ˹
ôˣҶ˵ĸоֿŶѺƵڱȻ͵Լǰ
濴źҶڷûҪҲĿ˺þãҶŷ֣žƱԼԲ𡣡ҶӹƱæǸš
Ÿ߼ţţôúȵĺƣҶоԼ޺ˣٷ꣬Ҷľö̫ˣ߳󣬶źҶ̳ߵ鱦Ĺ̨Ҷǰ鱦ֱԼ۾̫Ưˡһ鱦Ҷ۾ˣоԼͷκġ
鷳㣬С㣬ҰóָŸСɵİɫŹ̨С˵
ԺҶ˵ţ
ԼҶ˹ȥںҶĲϣȻҶǰǰĺҶҲΪҶƤ̫˵ԵʡоںҶ̫ˣǽеĿʽĺ۹⣬ŮѺʺ̨СЦ˵Ҳ̨ͬСĻȷʵҶǺƯֿ˼ۺʺҶÿ𣿡
У̫ˣҲҪΪҪ͸ԼҶŵ˵š
ȡ㡭Ļ˼Ǯ֮óÿҪʡ
СУĲУĲĶҶæ
ǸġҶľٶ̲ס˵ʵ
ĻҶæȢķڹ̨ϣصĻŪ
̳߳󣬺Ҷ͸оԼܲͷԽԽΣȫû·ҡҡλεģںǰĶ棬Ҷûи˻
ôˣ߿㰡
ҶػǣȫûͻȻһӾ˵ϣû뵽æ߹ȥΪǺҶ岻
ôˣҶѰҶߵǰ֪Ҷˣڵ϶˯ĺҶĶûа취Ҷ泯ͣȥ

5

صҺ󣬶汧źҶʱĺҶѾ˯ĺˣɵĺӣŴʱĺҶû뵽һƣͿҪǶȼ治֪ʲôˣǺñӺ󣬶Ĺţ˳ȥ
ڶ죬Ҷоͷۼˣͷһʱ䣬ҶϽƿӣ˳ȥҴֲѾź˶Աߣһֽ
ǸѾƵĲ裬ͣϽˡͷһ٣ˣУԺ󣬾ҸƣҲܺȣԺҪȥͣϵǮǽҪǮҪʲôҶдˣͺˣֽ󣬺ҶֿϵۣͣǷʢţöҲˣҶ̫͡óˣճڣҶͻȻ뵽ʲôƵģʲôѾƵĲ裬ʲôʱȾ˰飬ҺǺһ㣬ôİѵǡ
ҶҲˣ˾ĶհѹͿһֽڰıϣһԼдҶֽôﰡ̾˿ԼǺͿֵؼˣԭ֪ҶûԿ׺󣬶ֽдԿ׷ڿɺˣְдˣæ˹ʱ䣬պ7㣬ʰö󣬾뿪˰칫ң߳칫ң˿Ҫˣպãȥһɡ桱
ҽ飬ܣ´ΰɡŲͣ˵ţʲô鰡ûлæʲôŶıӰĽе
ῨĻȥ
³Ϳ첽ĳȥźҶԼּӿ˽ŲߵſڣָûкҶӰѵûг𣬴ź󣬶˵ţһˡΪҶ˵֮ĻûкҶӰ֣ôڣѵ𣬡ᰡҪߵĻҪ˵°ɶֵҶķ￴£Ҷ׻ڣ֪ûߣǣڶûл߶˰ɡ뵽ִţ˳ȥ
ųڴϣܽĿ·ߣϣҵҶСȦ滹ûҵҶؼҿûУת䣬ͿǰŴСĺҶ
ҶôĶֶˣ¶Ъ£ͻȻһ˺ҶһعͷԭǶ棬ô㣿°𣿣ôô簡ҶЦš
򿪳ţ˳ҶĶͽ˹Ҷæ˵ţˣͿˣ
ϳҶĻеࡣ
ΪˣҶû˵ʲô˳
ôô簡ΪԾرڳſĶ棬ҶСĵ˵š
ĻЩҲԣԼûôؼҵġҲѹ˼һѡʱš
ȥˣвǾڸ𣿡ʵ
Ŷȥ˳УĶùģĶܱˣֲԶԾͳˡҶָõĶ˵
ϵĵַԺҶµĿַ֪2վ̨ôԶźҶôĶ2վ̨ԼųﻹˣʱҲû˵ʲôˡ
صҺ󣬺Ҷæ굽ǰĺҶææŵӣϽȥæòãȥϢɣһһ۵ġ
վڳͲ岻֣ûа취Լֻ򿪵ӡ
ûãϾͰ˲ˣαϴκöˣȫɫʳƷλϵĲˣû˵ʲôӾͳԲôãĲ֪ôؼңȻĻһȥ˵ġΪ滹ҶСĵ˵š
Ҷ˵ڿӣվľٶҶˣæǸԲҲ˵ˣҽˣԷɣԲ𡣡
վס˭䰡¡ʱĺҶľżöðƵָӼǣߡ
Կһԡ㣬ԺҪǻ˻Ͳˡ
ԿףҶ˵ţˣԺžͿˣԿװŰɡ
˲ҪģԺô᲻ˣǲأ㲻Ҫɡ
Ҷæҡҡ֣ΣֻպԿס
극󣬺ҶͶɳϿӣڷ磬УŮǱһţ˵ϲ֮ĻţҪǿǹȥŮǺܺ£ƴܣǰ龰ͻȻҶ󷢷ƵĴţҪҪſң㣬ſҡ
Ҳ˿̵ĺҶһôˣҶҶôˣ
ſңſҶǺܼ
ҶҶѵ㣬ôˣ濴źҶҲܼƴĽ
ƴŵĺҶ侲˺þãŰͷ󺹵ĺҶ룬һ뵽˹ȥ飬ң϶Ǻֲܿ飬ȻôҵķӦġ
Ҷʱ˺ö࣬ǰĶ棬û˵Ҳûʲô˱ˮҶȺȵˮôˣôõ𡣡
ллҺöˡӹˮҶæлš
ûоҵĻҿˡҶͻȻ˵һ仰
û뵽Ҷ˵ĻԾĿźҶҶ˵죬ұ׼ġû뵽컹ǿңȻˡ
ΪʲôҪǷ˺ܶǮ>ǡʲô˵飬ȻҪȥںҶľٶ滹ǺܳԾûа취⡣
죬һǺһ÷ȱһһԷǣ˺þã㶼ûлҸȥʱ򣬱ˣֻһˣҶŵģҺܺ£ҪͲʱĺܽš
˵ҶеʧˣǳļæҶߣźҶƴſңͲϵļвŹңʱӣҺò˳ȥֻ׷Ծ˺ǵĺҶˮ
˵Լľ󣬺Ҷˣѹôõͷˣ󣬶ĺҶһŮӾȻôѹôֹۣĶԲ𣬸ղǲŵˣҶԼʧľٶǱǸ
ûйϵںЩ𣿡
˵ˣлл㣬˵ôƵ顱ҶܸмĿŶ档Ͽҵ˵š
ǰŮĺûмŮӡԴôľûԹʲôˣôֹ۵ţʱԺҶĸо
Ժʲô鶼Ը˵ģԸ⵱ԶڡҲܳϿҵ˵
Ҫˡ鷳ģˣǺлл㡱Ҷæҡҡͷ
ģԸĹ£һ㶼鷳˵ţ治ԽźҶ֡
ҶľٶһҲεķſ֣ĺлл㣬ȥ˯ˡҶʱεĽ˷䡣

6

ϣ涼ûа취˯źҶ飬źҶôʲôļͥšﲻɵҶί
2һ磬ҶľͰŪˣ֪г˵ϰߣԶöԵĶǲúҶ͵ġǣҶôļ֣ûа취ֻˣս˰칫ûжãͽӵ绰ιá
ң棬һˡ绰ͷǽĵ
ʲôʱģôңȥ㰡ܳԾ
ϲôæô˷ʱ䣬Ҫÿ֪ˣһֻ˵ҵġʲôʱ°࣬һԷܺã˵һѡ
ð°ȥ㡣һھʹӦˡ绰󣬿ʱ䣬ڻ磬ͷ

ͽڿλϣϷһƿơԱ߻жõ壬ʱĽϺЦŶ棬ôˣôҡе֣æʵóʱûмˣǲֳ˧˰ЦŻش
ҲЦЦû˵
λ󲻻ôߵģ棬һȥΰɣǶþûȥˡܿģ˵š
ûʱ䰡ս˸ƻԲҪһˡеź˵š
УҺòôʱݼ٣һҪҡԵ˵š
Ժ󰡡һᾭġ
Ҳܣȥ˵٣㶼ūˣʲôҪ㸺㿴ڶУÿȥԼᡣܲ˵˺ܶࡣ
ˣĺæڹ˾кܶҪҴҽò׳˵ʱԷ
˵Ҳûڼȥˣ浹˱ƣԼҲ
ƱպһڣȻ뵽ϺҶƵ龰ɵЦ
ôˣЦʲô֣ƵʵŶûʲôûЦʲôҡҡͷû˵ʵ
ͻȻһϤӰǺҶ
æվŽ˵šȵһᣬҳȥ£һͻ
Ҫȥﰡι桭桱ŶıӰĽš
ȥģҶڽϿһäˡĵİǸäͻؼҺ춼ôˣǵģû֪ûлؼңҪڼҿ϶ûгԷ뵽Ҷּӿ˽Ųġ˽˭ûϤ˰عͷһҶܳԾ
ô㰡Ƕ棬ҶĺܳԾ
ôﰡôˣ㻹棬ʲôȥˡһѡ
ŶұǺͻȥģǣҿä˾Ծ͡ôˡҶԽ˵ͷ͵͵Խ͡
ҶĻŷ࣬ʵ𣿡
ŶǶԲһǺܶ˰ɡͻȥҶ֪ԼˣæסҶ
ŶһҲһﲻϴĵطѵҪҳԷ𣿺ҶΪԼûŪԳԷǺܲ˼ڶǰ˵šˣĲˡôǻǻؼҳ԰ɡ
ֲԷҸܸˡҶ泯ǰ˹ȥ
Ҷһλˣ滹иƯŮӣŮӴĺʱ֣ͷ磬վ𣿡źҶĽе
ԼҶϽȥ
ǡǰͨĺҶָźҶʵ
ŶǺҶմũܼ򵥵ģš
ãҽкҶҶܽţæ׼֡
ŶããǽҲܿ֡
վŸ𣬡Ա֪ҶûгԷ˷ԱԱߣҶһֱܽţֶ֪ôšȻǺܶǣǰҶʲôҳԣֻƴžƱ
ǽԼĹ£ҶԼͲýʲôϻô԰ôࡣźҶϵĶʵ
ŶڳԡͷҶĻص
棬ʱȥŶ档
ŶˡҲˣ˼˵ţ˸ɫĺӳݸ
ʲô̫ˡӹӣóһһҶҲˣⲻϴҴԭҪ͸İŽôӣҶҲ
극󣬿ʱ仹磬æŶ棬棬ȥɣ㶼þûȥˣ
һԵĺҶܲģʵһ˿԰ɣ
ԵģͽСؼҰɣһŮӻؼҺܲġҶͷæشš
Ŷ֣ߴš棬߰ɡ
źҶıӰ滹ǱˣǸŮôʶģǰô֪ҶԶˣԺҶܺĽʵ
ŶǸʶġܺĻش
˵أӦûѰɡ
ôˡ
Ҳ˵ӣֻǸоܵˣôŮ𣿡˵󣬽ƤЦЦţȻˣ֮⣬Ӧû˰ɣ
㻹һ¡С㣬ϲĵطڽ̫˽ˣǰϲϺһЩһȥưͨΪ飬˻ܣ󣬽Щ
˵ˣҶþûȥˣ֪㲻ϲȥֵط㿴ңĻ
˵ţִֻ϶ĲӣǶ档
棬˯Ŷ棬˵š
УһҪߡܹϵľܾˡ
㻹ʲô鰡ôˣ㻹й𣿡ܲˣ
ǣһȥ£顣
㿴ʲôʲôÿİﻹʲô𣿡ѵ㸸ĸˡ
ǵģҲˡ̧ͷʱ䣬Ͻ˵ţҪˡ
˺þãڡöˡ

7

صҺ󣬶Ѿ12ˣҶʱ˯ˣ򿪱䣬ˮϡ룬ôĶôûġ뵽ԷʱҶ˵ĻԽоŮĺƽ⣬ԼҲһ˻ؼҵ뵽ϣҶ˵ԼĹ£ʹ޵ӣڶﻹǺܲ
ҲǣôĸŮӣʲôûз֮ġҲѹ֣ԼĽͽ򣬻Լ˵ؼĸһˣ鷿ǰĶźͺҶദӣϲ֪ʲô顭
2죬Ҷľ˴ȥʱ˳
ˣպã԰ɡŸӣѶϡ
ôϲҪȥ𣿡ʱ䣬Ӧûڼﰡ
ȥˣ˵㣬պãҲˣ԰ɣ
ϵĶҶԼ£һǸ˵šĺܶԲ𣬴һġ
ﰡûй㣬Լˣ˵ҽرԶ㲻Ҫվˡ£ζ
ѱӵţ̡ںҶǰȺɣȻڳԡ
ǣܶô˵ҶǸоԼԲ棬סȴʲôĶûôչԼӣĺǣһܱǸлл㣬顣
ôˣڵĺȰҪŶ˷ѵģҲ֪ģЩǻǮġʱҶӣ֪һԹԼοźҶ
ӿڴóһſϣ˵ţԺҪȥУҪȥôԶˣֽ޶ģԷĵãҲԼĶ
УôǮУҵǮһкܶû꣬һҪģҶϽѿ˹ȥż˵š
ţҪʱ򡣡̬Ⱥܼᶨ˵š
ĲҪûȥɣǸСðɣҶ̬Ҳܼһڻؾ
Ҷôֵӣֲֻðѿ
˾ûжã˽ι˵棬ҾͻεŶ⼸׼Ŷʱиۻᡣ
ʲôһԾİļ˵ϣôô;ˣ̫嶯ˡ
ʲôô찡˵氡ż㻹˵еί˵
ǣĲ뵱ʲô°ʲôģ鷳ܾʱı飬Ļû˵ȥˣѾˣҲ˵ˣҶôʱ䣬ǿŪˣڣÿ˵ţһɵ̬ɳϣеĿŶ档
ŶˡôˣҶûмԼһȥȣУУ١
ŮѣͻȻ˵š
Լᣬһʲôʱʱһȥ氡ſ̵˵š
˵Ͳˣ棬ҿΪжʱԲŽ˵һȥġȻĻ͸ˡ
ûлش𿨶ĻԼ飬ϵļͷι˵𣬣ŶͲе㡰һƾͰѶϵļϡ
ˡˡѿִļÿ΢ЦŻشּĿʵûа취ֻµɳϡһ־
ۣԸУ־ϵģأţԭĵİ˵أλʦô󵨣˿Ūô޵ġ־ӰרıæԾĶԶ˵
֪֪ڴѧǸϲ׷ƯŮܵǸеǸڻ˲𰡣ǸӰʦˡ
֪Ǭϴһˣ˵ʲôҪд棬˵ͬѧѵġ˵ϴθǬ飬ģʲôʱģô֪ͨңҿǲǱǰˡϢ˷ܡæ־Ͻʵ
ʲôﲻģ㲻Ҫ˵ˣҲףôˣҲĸı˺ܶ࣬´ǧҪ˵ˡ֪ƢھͿʼš
ʲôǰáҲ˵˰ɣаʲôʱһ°ôͬѧûкúõļ棬ɣôϵ£㶨˵ۻᣬļߴŶ桰áãҽ͸ϵܲôˣʣڿԳȥ𡣡֪ӦĻһܾõġ
ǺãҾȥλÿһҪŶðɡҾͲæˡ˵꣬ͳŵķȥߵſڣͻȻͣתŶ桰ôˣҪ˵ʲôҲ̧ͷ֪һлҪ˵Ȼ˽ҵ㣬棬ҪˣŽһź
˵Щ󣬿Ŵ󲽵˳ȥſıӰεЦЦ
ʱڼҵĺҶеļ֮Կյķӣʵ벻ҪʲôʱһȺӵЦ˺Ҷע
¥»԰ǰɰĺǣҶҲοЦţʱһɫС˺ҶĽűߣţһŻȹӵŮ˹Ҷ򣬵ݸСŮСѣ㡣
лл㡣СŮ΢Цţӹ˹ȥ
û2СŮͱ赹ˣҶϽ˹ȥСŮĴŮϵĳ˵Сѣ۲۰
Ů˰ͷЦЦ¶һŽ׵ݣôǿֿɰĺӣҶﲻ֪ʲôܣСѡʲôְܸ߽𣿡
СŮ¶׵ݣ˵ͷ˵ţҽзƷơ
ŶƷưǺҶ㣬Ժ󰡣ܵʱһҪСĵģҪˤˣ֪𣿡ĦŷƷƵͷҶ۵Ķ
֪ˣҶ㣬ԺһСĵġ˵󣬷ƷСĵܵ˻ǵȺС
ǧԵϣҶһݵı飬ŷƷƺĻǿĵЦţ׷ţԼСʱӣȻʲôǲˣʱԼһҲǸƷһİɡҶﰲοԼ
׼ؼңƷʱ˹мͬĺӣҶ㡣ҶͷһԭǷƷڽԼ
ƷưҺҶʲô鰡
ܸһ𣿡̧۵Ʒ΢ЦźҶǰһɣҶ㡣СҲһš
ðɣǺҶɣʲôҶĺܿģû뵽ȻСѾԼôãƷŵĺҶվһȺСӵм䣬ԼûйϢʱԼ·ҲСӣһɫС磬ţ׷ţĽţЦš
ԶĶһУһȺ𾢵ĺҶʶôˣ֪ԭҶıԾ棬̬˵аϺӰЦݣڽĶ濴һʢ޵ĻԶӵеĴ
ôˣôģô뷨ģæԼ󡱵뷨ûȥǣתݿȥ

8

֪Լôˣϰ°ֱӻؼңѵ׺󣬶ɢɳϣ컨壬ǼĿðһͻȻп˵
ҶʱҲؼˣѾڼңΪԼֻˣһǸ顣ˡ
æɳϵĽţܾнֱ壬ӦţŶǣջġ
߽ţҶͳȥֿʼ׼ˡ
극󣬺ҶѶʰú󣬾ʹҴҵĽԼķ䣬ʱ䣬֪ʱһ鷿ųͱõ˳
鷿ſڣҶţнƿš
Ⱥ˰ɡܺõġģҶ˵
ŵԣҶĻ̧ͷۺҶЦЦãһͺȣлл㡣
ӦġҶҲòĻش˵꣬׼ת뿪ͻȻ˵һ£мҪ˵
Ŷʲô齻𣿡Ҷæʵ
һԺҪҶܰ쵽𣿡
󣬺Ҷ׼ڣӭ϶ᶨ󣬺ǿĵ˵ͷҶͷ󣬶¶Цݣ˵ԺҪôҲҪԼķס㲻Ҽҵıķ
ǡҾҵıķû˵꣬조Ұѻ˵ꡣ
ã˵ͷҶű졣
ÿڻ͵ģ㵽ʱһҪţ˵ҪУԼʱ䣬ʲôԣҪйǡŶˣһֻҲܾǷõģüʱϵ㡭ʲô롭ڻû뵽뵽ڸ˵ˣ˵ˣڡҪ˵ʲô
Զ˵һѣҶкܶ໰Ҫ˵һ룬ָоԣѻ˻ȥ˵Ҫ˵ܶ࣬ǣ֪˵һ㲻ϲĻҪôҶġ
ҶĻöоҪвƵģæ͵Ҳ˵Ҫҵģֻ㣬Ұ㵱ѣҲӦðҵѣ֮䲻ôģ˵˼𣿡
۾ĿźҶǰ˵Ļȫ˳ҶҲĿŶ棬֪˵Щʲô
㻹ʲôҪ˵𣿡˵һ顣
ϵ飬Ҷ˵һ仰ܲܽȥ
Ȼԣʲôʱ򿴶ԵģΪҶҪ˵ʲôԭҪ鿴붼û룬ˬʹӦˡ
ʲôʱ򶼿ԣû뵽ӦˣҶʱĵЦźҶôˣҲоԼܺãЦ˵ȻģҪϲĻҶ͸㡱
ֻҪܿͺˣлл㣬ھͿȥ𣿡ӦҿѾˣô͸ءæܾ˶ĺ⡣΢Цش
Ҷһĵӣû뵽Ǽ򵥵ļͿôģźҶĵϷţϸ͹ĺ
֪ǲãһϣܸоԼʢֱֿ̧Ѿһˣʰϵļп˺룬¶Цݣ˵ͦúȵ֪ڻûУںһ롱
ߵʱĺҶű飬ɳϣĿţߵ˶֪
ôˣ˯
ĻѺҶһæվڼˣôˣ
ҳȵ㶫ô˯ôˣڿ
ãȥ˯˵꣬飬Ҷͳȥ
濴æӣҡҡͷЦЦ׼ȥҶеǱʲôײˡȻģƵ˹ȥ
ôˡܵҶĶ棬濴ڵϵĺҶҶűײ۵ȣüͷ˵ûʲôֻײһ¡
ôưôڣôе[]Ҷ̫ľɡ˵š
Ҷ˵֪Լѻ˵ˣæǣĵǰʱ֪ôԼˡҲšͷҶ˵ʵʲôˣô˵ôģѵĺҶһڹģͺܲǺζ
ҲǺܺڣĹⶼսҶһ㶼ûоò㣬ƽ͵˵š
濴ߴʱĺҶ֪ô£ͻȻĸоۡ
Ժ󣬼ʲôĻ˵Ҫʲô˵ӣҺΪѵġ˵
ûеҲԵģһʱ򲻻ῪƵġҶǺܿ˵š
֪˵ȥҶ̬ȣû˵ȥѹ֣ղڿ￴顣澲ߵǰŪ˺þãĵƻûŪã죬һ޵ģ޲ˡε˵
ûйϵģҿԵġ
ôԣûеƣôļ
ҶĻ˳ȥûã˻ﻹֻյ̨ƣֱӾͷڴߵϡðɣҲá˵֮ͷҲص߳š
ϵĵƣҶ˺þãһΣҶָоǰĶԼԽԽҪˣԼһ죬뿪ʲôӣǲ󡭡
2һ磬ľ˰칫ңѾ쵽²ƷʱˣڶûȫŪãϵļɽһߣ绰˺þãҲûʱȥӣƾһһš
ʵ̫ˣͲιá
ôôòŽӰǽ
Ŷ㰡ʲô𣿡ϰߵġ˭ʵһҪŴ绰档ǶûһԷˡÿζһĻҽæǲˣɣ𣿡
Ҳܣÿζ˵æ㲻æʱֲˣһҪңлĿǣǽʱӡ
׽ƢĶ˵һѺûýԹԵĹ˵绰ⲻæ飬[]˽
ںæûʱ˵ʲôڸ˵ûеȿ˵¿
Ǹ˵µģ˭ʱϹİһ࣬ʲô飿˵
죬ҴļأڰӡҪá
ĻεĽгѽ˵أʲôˣҷڼԵˣˡ
ſһô죬ȥɣҪáҲܽ𼱣ȴ绰뵽ﻹиˣϲͨ˼ĵ绰
ʱҶڿ￴顣Եĵ绰һӵ绰绰ͷĶ潹˵ţڸ𣿡
ûʲôڿ顣
ŶڰҸæ
ã˵ҪʲôһҪԼæҶæŵվ
ҰѵϵһĵҴںܼ
ʲôûĻҶɵʵҶĻ֪϶ûѧԣֿԵ绰ͷĺҶ˵ţȥ鷿ѵԴ򿪣Ȼڸô
Ŷõġ˵Ҷæϵ绰Ҵҵ鷿ķȥߵ鷿ſڣ绰ιã˭
һû˵꣬ô͹ҶˡԭǶ棬㲻ǽȥ鷿𣿡ҶԼûôĿôǰǽȥ鷿ǣȥ鷿ô֪㲻Ҽã֪ĵ绰İɣ
һԵĿͻȻĻһĿʲôңѵǸŮ𣿡УһһҪ
ŵ绰ȥ鷿ҪҶˣ𣿡ŵ绰ͷǶСѣĵ˵ţŵ绰ĺҶŶָʾţ绰ãûţҲ˵Ļ
ҵ鷿ˣȻô
ȰұʼǱ򿪡
ʼǱûпڳ˺þãûҵҶţҰͷϰ
ûаֻһܷĶû˵ʲôӡʲôĺҶǸǱʼǱ
绰ͷĶֱҪ[]ˣ룬ؼңһҪѧõԡ
㲻˵ҪʲôΪдʲôʼˣǵ𣿡
ãã˵ˣǰѵԴ򿪡ֻԼ[]
ͷһϴһԵĿǾȤǸ˭˵мǸɫİ㰴ס룬ĵˣͿԷſˡ
ָʾҶס˺ɫļԺŷſֺֻ֣ܺ󣬵ԵĻӺڰĿʼб仯
ԿûУͷĶ潹ʵֻͷҶĽ
ôˣ𣿡
ԭ汳Ƕڳʱ龰϶վϰȫţͷűˮϴĸоӾͷǰȷʵ̫Ըˣ˼ˣ϶ǲŵġôһ˵ȥҶ֧š
һǿԼϴʱƬϴΪЦģû뵽ķڵԵϣʱԼʱ;ú¶ǣھȻˣ룬ǺΡ
𣿡ƿҶעεʵ
ˣŸʲôƬҺֻǶݵĳһᣬҶͼһĳϣɶˣ㿴и½ĵ갴Ҽܶѡ𣿡ģһĽ̵źҶǰļ˹һԵĿŸչϵ绰Ķ棬Цţ˵Сʲôʱڼ˸ˣ
ʲôصģ㲻Ҫ˵ֻʱסŶѣ
û˵ʲôôţ϶йǸŮɣж󣬳Ư𣿡ܺģһֱʸֻͣϴȥʱȻģԾʱסҼûʲô
ϴΣʲôʱ򣬲ҷٵǴΰɣҵ죬ôҡܳԾʶ棬ôģôںϣ˵ôĵӾһô̼֪ҾͺһȥˡԽ˵Խ棬ʱǷһ޷ݡ
֪ʲôôࡣе㲻ͷɫе
˵֪ʲôιСӣôյĹ¶˵˵Ҫҽ֪㻹׼ҵʲôʱ˵ģ׳ôŮӣעͬһϴת
ҿɸ㣬˼ǸŮҪϴʲôעĻҿɲģ֪Ը񣬶ϾͼᶨԼ֣ص˵š
ӴӴһûôأ㿴ӣԴ׵ϹŶ飬Ȥĵ
˵ʲôܼæƲ
ǾͲǣ㼤ʲôЦûмӡһͨ졣
㴫ˣ㲻Ǻܼ𡣡˵ȥæתƻ⡣
ŶŶҲˣ֣ʲôˣȻԣˣǲǿˡ뵽ԼĽ̲סЦ
㻹ЦҶ㺦ˣԺ󣬲༱ҵĵԶˡѵԽ󣬾ͱôҡԺ󻹲֪Ūʲô˵նεģ㻹Ậ߰ѵӽûм㡭ﲻͣķԼԵĿŶȣʵȥĶ漱æ
ȥҪˡģӵĴе
һڼ˵ȥ֪ˣæվȥߵſڣͻȻعͷ˵һ䣬ҪˣŶ
ῨĻͷҲ̧ļļƾԹԼĶ䡭
Ѷ󣬺Ҷָпǰ˵ԺȽû뵽ôȽҪԼѧôõĻǸöð뵽Ҷеʧ߳鷿
æһ죬ǿˣ۾̬ɵĿڰ칫ϣ۾Ϣᣬϵĵ绰ˡ
ιá
棬ң켸°డһȥԷɣҹ㡱ǽܺã绰ͷĽЦݣŶðǶþûһԷˣ㲻ùˣȥ㡣뵽ȷʵǺþûкһԷˣҲüˡʰö󣬹ϵԣк󡣳ȥ

9

ѽͻ󣬶Ѿ10ˣҶһڷ￴飬մţڵģƶûпҪڽкҶﴫҴҵĵĽŲţĵƾˡ
ˣԷȥѷ°ɡ
ˣҳԹˣ㲻æˡ
ŶǺãҽȥˡ˵Ҫߡ
һ£ô𣿡Ҹ˵顱ףɳϣźҶҲ¡
Ҫ˵ʲôڶɳϣҶһ˫ۿһҪлл㣬Ҹæ
Ҷûʲôôˡܲ˼Ҷæ˰֣Ц˵š
һе벻ͨڶʲôˣȻõԡԼôĽ̵˵
ǰҶûôѧԾʲôǲǺܱ
Ҳǣ㻹Ǻܴģһ̾ͻˡҲʵʵ˵
ǣһûŪҶͷС˵šе㲻˼
õģӽ쿪ʼһġ
ң˵ԸңҶţܼ˼⡣ԼץŶֱ۶֪
ֻǽ򵥵ѧԣô𣿡źҶôӣʵǿɰֱ۱ôţʵеۡ
˵ҶС㣬ҲòץҵֲŰɡʵ̲ס滹˵˳ôһ˵Ҷ֪ԼͶ֮ľȻôæŵվ
ҽֱ۱º󣬶Ҳվ鷿ȥ֪ôµĺҶĸں棬鷿úҶڵǰ
ڿʼ̨ԡڲˡ
ûɣ𣿣Ժҿ̨ˣҶֱ̫ˣԼĶ䣬Ҷʱʲô˵ֻɵɵĿǰĵԣôˣ𣿡
ǣǣãֻҲ֪ôáãҲòˡҶеʧ
źҶı飬ﲻ֪ʲôоܾúܲæοģڣѧᶼѣ˵ôܿ죬ʲôġ
Ļң̫ˣ̫ˣܼҶ˵˵ᶼ
ҶͻȻһӲ֪ô죬۵İοźҶˣҪˣ۸һ˵֣˺Ҷϵˮ
ͻȻоϱĸоҶϽ˻ȥԼᡣԼľٶҲ֣ôͻȻһӣ۵ĸоᣬҶɵɵЦЦ˵ôˣôԼͳˣǲ˼
ûʲôǰ㲻αװԼ޵ĻͿ޳Ҫò˼ڣҪ㶫ɲҪˡ
ãҲˡ
ǰѺҶٺãóһ飬ϣⱾ飬ڿĳѧкܴİ죬͸ҰѼ̸Ūѧ֡
żϵĸҶǿϣǰЩĸ׼ǡôǱԹһҵѡ
һϣҶŵţһԵĶ׶Բʦ粽ĿźҶʱһ߹滹ûиоҶͻȻԵʱʾ1230ôô죬治˼˷ôʱ䣬ȥϢɣԼԵģĻҿԿġ
Ҷô˵֪ʱĺˣоԼʵеˣҶߴ˼κĽԼķ䡣
Ҳ̺Ҷ̫ˣһ磬ΪźҶԵĻͣϰֵҳʱ[һҳ]ŵԣоԼΣϵĵ绰ʵ̲ס沦ͨ˼ĵ绰
˺þãĵ绰û˽ӣе֣ô£ڲӦڼʲôӵ绰ԽԽԾ绰ֲͨһΡ
ιã˭绰Ҷ
ղȥȥˣ绰û𣿡˺Ҷǰ˵úҶоܻ
ˣҹӵʱûˡоԼίҶԽ˵ԽС
ԼǺ񾭣ȻΪôС鷢ƢǰԼǷʲô鶼Ǻ侲ģѵĹѹ̫ˡ飬һԼѹ̫ˣŻô׾ͷģ侲Ŷŵ绰˵ţҽеؼң㲻ҵķˣԼһڼңҪСĵ㣬ʲôҴ绰֪𣿡
ŶõģһСĵġҶ룬ֲǵһλôһڼҲûʲô鰡бҪԴ绰ؼҸ˵𣬡Уڿ𣿽оǲǶԼкܴİ
һֱڿûп꣬оܺõģлл㡱ԼһУҶǷĵĸмȻԼ绰Ϊ˵ллĻǣĻöĸооҶϵϲ
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ǾɣûʲôˣҾ͹ˡ˵ʲôģֲ֪ô£͹˵绰
ͷĺҶҲͦĪģ˵ģֻ绰ﴫཱུ
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ʵԼǲôǮģÿֻƷճò͵ĶȻ˼·ҲòôǮǣÿ춼żţ˵˼Σûãʵûа취͵͵ģҶҲİЩǮѡö󣬺Ҷ¥µĻ԰һᣬһ춼ûгˣĿǺðСǿĵţҶصСʱҲһֵš
ʱҶȺп˷ƷƣǸϴһ죬ĵЦţţӲԶ߹һ긾ŮǷƷƵĸףŷƷƿĵǸŮȥŮæӭӣҸʱ̣ҶοЦˡ
ĺҲеˣоһ΢紵԰Ҷ֦֦¥ȥˣһĽúõĻȥ£õģԼҶվſϵĳӣݻȥ
տţҶͿſڷ˫ŮʽƤЬоԾôŮ˽أѵǶŮѻ𣿸֤Ӷ淿ﴫٵĽŲţҶһŮ˵棬ˡ
һϲصû뵽ȻԿ׻ҲУңϴڲһԷǸŮҶʱͳܲʵôҵԿףҸʲô
ŶáС㣬ˣؼңûֱӻش⣬Ҷʺã˵Լݡͱˣ
ôԿ׵ģе㲻ͷһΡΣ̬ȸò
Ϊҵıķ
Ҷô˵е㻳ɣڿϴССĴӣеķҲûмȥźҶǱķ󣬽ҵŮһʹźҶ
պ飬ҾͳƺСɣ鷳㣬С㣬ݱȣ𣿡
ȣǣҲҲҶ˵ҲʵûкȿȵϰߣȻҲͲˣʲôݣе㲻ţܳԾţмдűӵζС㣬ôҿѧģġ½ˣҶϽš
ˣˣ̻㣬춼ˡ
һѧĺܿģС㣬Ұɣھѧ
˵ˣܲźҶ˵š
ôˣҶһθоеίû֨ͷȥźҶıӰ¶߰뵽ˣ滹е㲻绰Ͳͨ˶ĺ롣
ι棬
ڿﰡ˵ͬѧôûй

ʲôҼ𣿡ĻܳԾæŵʵʲôʱ˸ķ棬˵£һᡣæŵĺҶ˵˶һֱŵܡ
Ŷҡ׼˵ġ֧֧ģǿϡ
ˣ˵ˣϾ͹ϵ绰æվ

10

һᣬ߳ţʱߺҶС㣬鷳Ұҵϴһ¡ˤˤմľﳤȥ
ڡ
һеɳϣԱ߻λϲ۵Ůˣһ֪һļҵǧ˵ʱƴϴչȥԱߵĶʵܲ˿ӣĵĿֻ˵ͬѧģڲȴ˼ǬҲǺͶһоģʵûʲôŶҲһˣ̲סʵŮôû
·ϣһ͵Ůأô꣬ӦҲŮ˰ɣҲòǬ
ҵİڹڣԾûа취ʶģֻϧǬЦŻش汾Ůѵ飬ǣεЦݣûȥһԵĿûô[]ˣŶĻȥ
ǬҲŮѰʲôʱʶģ㲻˵ҵڻΪϲæĻ֪˵ȥһģ濴ǬԼúܲ˼Һʱ˹
ˡת˻⣬Һãˡ˵ţѰһӣֱԣŶ֣ȵڶ¡
֪ԾǸܿŵŮӣǣҲӦõô˵棬ое㲻ϰߣûб¶κα飬ֻǽӲֱ壬ĵ绰šôȥҼˣһ¡
ֻϲ˭֪ûлؼңҰ׸һĺҶ¶顣
ι˵ǲ̫ˣǵ𣿡һԵĿֿʼйˣôᰡԲ𰡣ǵĶ³ˣҷԼһ˵꣬ͺˬϵľƱȰ衣Ϳһơƽ˽ĶӣеĽҲûа취ֻҪǵ˶ָӵĵطʱͻ¶ԣ˭Ҳˣ˵ΪʲôÿγܶΪͬһ⣬
˼СʱǴҶеˣ󻹲˵ӣſƴƣҲºܸߣԽԽ裬еŶĶ䣬оԼˣ㲻ôѡطͬѧҲһĵӣεļ൱⣬ʱǬͻȻһȥɣô
Ǭôһ˵Ͼˣһվãȥɡ׼ȥͻȻתԾʵҵôˣ
ʲôʲôӵͻȻľٶŵҲе֣ôˣҲ߹
棬ҵˡŶ棬ʧ˵š
ôˣ룬ǲûд
ôһ˵ͻȻˣȥңǵǰ˷ϣʱ̫æˣûá
㷿ˣ档һίı飬һӲԼĲϣϾͻһ⡣
ø㣬ֻҪھͺá֪ȥ򣬶氲ĵ˵š
УھҪִһˡ
Ǻðɣھͻȥã𣿡˵ţҪߡ
ﲻиķ𣬽͹ȥĻ˷ʱġ뵽ĺҶæֹ˶档
ǰ㱣ķ͹֪ԭίǬһͻȻðһ仰
һȥðɡ֪ôߡеΪѣúҶ͹
ô֪ôߣƳ̳ܿ͵ˣ绰·ôߡΪѵı飬ֻͲͨ˶ҵĵ绰
绰Ľ˻УղǱ˵飬ſȥĶһΣɳϿԼĺѺŮѡԼǰĵ߹˭㲻Ŀɶ񡭡
ûôӵĵطҶŴưɡߵſھеܲˣֵѳѾ˯Ĵܡ˸ĵƹ̵۾ҶõͷӵȺЩҶܷײײȥ
˺þãǿ˽ŴӣҶ߹ȥʱĽھͷϣڽҶʵûа취ԼɤӶˣȻû£ҶֻĴŽļܸ֪ɣ֪ǺҶںûлͷŤ۾ͷŴ̶ҡšһҲܵĿȴע⵽˺Ҷͣ˽࣬һαţҶоܲ˼ſεЦЦæĽļ򣬽ŸоԼļ򣬻عͷһǺҶͣû˵ֱӾͳȥŴӵĺҶֻýĸں档ȥˣҲں
䣬ҶæóСĵ˵šС㣬ˣ㡱
û뵽ҶİˣôСĵӡõͻᱻŪĿܣŶõģҾͿˡӹܱĿ˿ʵûеڵϰɡ
ʵҶæŵҡҡͷܿ϶ûУûУҺСĵģûеڵϡ
Ǿͺá˵ҪϣҶŴĽǰģſͻȻһӽ˺öˡ
Ҷ۽ǵ¸սˣ찡ǸŮʲô·һôͣҶԿˣοЩ180๫ֵкӣǿ˸࣬оǸŮҲڿԼҶεæͷתһߡһߵĴǿֲȹӶ̵Բôˣȶ棬ô䣬ѵǶ𣿿ЩŮӣҶֱǵԼǲŵģôûߡźҶɵɵվߴš
Ŷãˡ
һ¡ͻȻסҶôˣȥɣҲҪؼˡ
ˣɣԼؼҿԵġ´ŵǣҶϾܾҶ˵ˣȥôôִеࡣ
һԵĿһֱڴźҶ˵ҪؼҺŻȻ档ԭСӾȵľŮѹ֣ôأǸŮڸпţ˰ԴŮԶ۵ʱ
ԺҶôӣеԴף졣˵棬㻹ҪһȥءĲˣԼԻȥģлл㣬Ȼ㻹ҪͽСȥأҶǾܾšΪѣεĿźҶǰ߹ֹȴ֪ʲôɡ
߰ɣȥ衣ſ»ص/İڶҲͬŽںڰѰԼĿֵ֣ĽġĽţȻ˴˶Է
ʱȻӣʱС˺ö࣬ţԼдܶʲô˱ϷŪżһͶĵĿЦ
˳ķ򣬶濴ڽӽڵĵطһȺǰΧ˺ܴһȦһŮӱ2ĸߴкס˳·ԭǸŮǺҶ
ҶܿҵڣǣԽȥԼԽǴܾãתһȦǿſڣ߹ȥ͸оԼһܸߵкӵס·տʼΪǸкԼһҲȥû뵽û˵źҶȥҶͻȻľٶŵò֪ô죬æϿк׵ķſҶһץϺҶ֡ҶŵˣôԼǱ˽ץţĽžǣߵֻǳЦĿԼûһԸ
ͻȻҶоǸкӱˤڵϣţԼֱһֻţ˳ֵķ̧ͷһԭǶ档
ǿ˾ǣҶץŶ档ˤкӵվоܵĪĳ裬¶ɵԵĵӳȥ
ǰһĻ淴Եֱ۷ĺҶԾĴţۿкѵڶֱϡ
Ѫ˳ŶֱذϣҶ¼ˣڵϣ۾ĶŶֱۣʵĺ﷢һŵ۵ˮ
صɧĿע⣬ѱ˴ˣϽǰæţ˼һƬҳһţӵУžŹȵĺҶŻ˳ȥ
źҶͣŵڻĺҶͣ˽Ų۵˵šŻ˰ɣѾûˡ
ȷԼѾ뿪Ǹ˼Żֻ֣ѪĵֻڻѪأ
СˣʲôֹѪͺˡϳɡ
ŶΪԼһУҶоԼ׸۶ֻ鷳Σôصˣʱһھ֮ӿϺҶͷ
ôˣϳվһšԲ𣬺ˡ
ʲôԲֲŪġ֪ҶԹԼæοš
ǣΪңŻ˵ģҽ˵Ķԣɨǣ˭ңһᵹùġԼĹҶ˵š
˵ʲôʲôɨǣ㲻Ҫ˵ԼźҶĻܲе˵š
ҪվˣϿϳȥҰѪֹסˣ뿴Ѫֹ𣿡
ĻҶæ˳һѪһ

11

ջصҶͼҴҵҳҽҩ䣬ҺãǮЩûõļҾ⣬һЩҶһӶ뵽ҪĶ˵ҽҩ䣬ңǳ׵װ֪ˣΪ˽
ô򿪰Ū˰죬ҽҩĸӶûд򿪣úҶæҵġ
źҶӣоеЦְҽҩϺɫļ֮󣬺ЦŦ
ҶæóֹѪҩϣһӣڶ濴Լޣһͻȫ顭
Ū˺þãǰѶϵ˸ˣҶ˿
濴Լ˵֣𣬿֪ôˣæó绰ͨȥι㻹ɣ
˵նεģ㻹֪Ҵ绰һΪء
ǶԲû˰ɣ
ǼСӣ˵õֻ˵Ƥ߶˵İ㣬֪𣿡ղŵḶ́Թ˵ţŶˣˡ
ã㲻õˣӦûȥˣˣûʲôɡ
ãںöˡԼ˵ֱۣ[ν]˵š
ǾͺãһΪҪأСӣΪ˸ķԼŪʲôӣһô˾ܲãȻھưﱻ˴˵ȥǺЦһŪ
ѽҶˣ㻻̨𣿡е㲻ͷ
ǣ˵á˵ˣȥҩˣôģھȻеˡԼʹǷ˵绰
꿨ĵ绰󣬶濴ֻþãǷֻûвͨĺ롣
ҶҩúŷĶˣѶʰԺŽԼ䣬óռǱ鸴ӵд˺ܶ࡭
췢Լ۸죬ǸӶҵľٶ˽Һ¼ˣƴǣߵûһ˾ңЩŪҿʼˡǰͻȻˣĵĿ־һӶûˣֻΪĵ֪ԼǴʲôʱʼôǿˣѵǡ
ҶдȥˣæǺռǱ֮ķڳ
һ磬˰칫±˿Լ[]û뵽մԼ칫ҵţͿһԼİ칫ϣһˣԼ
ˣô磬ԭǶ档
ô㣬𣿡֪Ƕ棬顣
㰡ӴһΪҪȥҽԺ켸أҲûж˰֮󣬶ҲȤ˵š
Сӣ˵֪Ϊ㣬춼ҼŮˡ
ЩŹ㣬ƵŮѰܱӵģЦЦ
ЩôˣĸǱķԸа
ǣԲ˵ˣԸУƯǲ˼ǰˡ
˵ˣ֪˵ҲĻǰǿˡ
ſĻЦĺȤÿֻҪԼ˵ĸ⣬һܵı顣
˵ģ˵ûʲôɣЦ飬һ˵
ûʲô⣬Ҫ´ξͺˡе㺦ˡ
ſĻЦЦû˵ʲôǰԼһǺ侲ôᶯִأ벻ͨôˡ
ûд󰭺󣬶˼䣬뿪İ칫ң붼ڶˣǸø绰ˡ򵥵ĸֻ߽ǰҶΧûʲô󡣾͹˵绰֪һʺܶ⣬ԸľǲݵġڽԼĸоôȻһ¾ͱôء
ԴӶϰ֮󣬺Ҷһ춼Ǵڼ¥»԰ûȥԼֻ鷳ӿҵϴּ䣬æһ磬ǰѼúõĴɨһ顭
󣬺Ҷ鷿͵濴ȫԼûгԷʱȥˣʱĺҶ鷿ＸСʱˣϵͿˣǰĵԣҶܸˣΪڰѼ򵥵ĲŪˣҲǺһѾѧˡŵԣҶе[]˵ţ˷ܵεı¶ڰϡ
ôİǲҪлĳ˰
˺ҶһͻȻһſڴ̧ͷһԭǶ棬ʱվ鷿ſڣϣŰ׿۾ϹһɵЦݣϣоվܾˡеĿǽڡ
ʲôʱģҶæվеΡŶһҩԾˣŶҵϰ壬Ӧüģ졭˵ȥºҶ飬ߣȥ
֪ǰܵǸܸߵкӣںðɣҲˡ
õĺܣ㲻õϵ飬氲οźҶ
ֺõɡ˵꣬Ҷֱȥҽҩ䡣
ԶϤ𣿡
ãǰöˣĺлл㡣ҶְѶ浱ˣϿҵ˵š
˵˶ٱˣҪллĹϣˣ˵ˣ˵ҲΣӣ쵽Ҷǰ
˵ԼҶû˵óҩ
ʱͻȻ˴򿪣2̧ͷһһӣʲôƷ֮Ķһ䣬վſڡ
Ϊˣ棬ôصˣһţͿôܵľٶʱʮ㣬ڿ
ôˣô֪ͨҡͻȻãö⣬ǿװЦʵ
ˣС㣬ҡǺҶеķֽĲˣæվȥѽ
ôר𣿡䣬ɻš
ŶҰѶˣʼҾסˣС㣬鷳ҵõҡ˵ţָʹźҶ
ŶõġҶҵæ䣬Ҵҵ뿪ߡ
Һ󣬺ҶԼ⣬Ƕͽĳһ˴ڷҳţͻȻܴĽԼҶ˳ȥ
С㣬ҡվڽǰҶѧ߷Χֻڵذϡ
ҷϴˮһҪУˮ²Ҫ̫ˡ
ŶãϾȥʲô𣿽С㡱
ʱûˣȥɣһġ
á
ӵ[ָʾ]󣬺Ҷæϴּ䣬ս飬һԵĶ濴źҶô[]ܲζֲ֪˵ʲôҲǣڽԣҶڿ죬˲Ǳķʲô˵˼򵥵ʺ֮󣬶˵ԼйҪæͽ鷿

12

æ󣬿ʱ䣬ôˣҶԼ۵ļԼķ䣬ڴϣҶ̾˿۰֮óռǱд
ǽСסӣҺܾȣôͻȻסʱҵ񣬾һֲܿһΣоԼǶôĲóϡҲԣҵĻͲˣϲҲǺģϣԺܰﵽǸæȻ˵ֻģǣһᾡÿġ
ĺܸлǣлϲԣôĵˣ
ϱӺ󣬺Ҷƿӣ
ڴϺþãҶû˯ţ֪ô£Žʱ龰ԼӦôĿźҶĿ
ҶԽԽ£ͻȻŴľɫҶԽߵߣŴⴵ磬̧ͷȥڵҹϣСС΢Ĺ⣬һһĹâڴʱžǿգûгҲڸпš졣Ǹĵӡ
Ȼһ΢紵ķҶӡǱ˸ƣ룬ʱҶ⼫ˣ»صϣ˯һᣬͽ硭
2峿
ӹ߳ţֱӾɳϣûȣųҶ˵鷳㣬С㣬ҵȣ3ǡ
õģϾͺáָҶϽĹ
ûһᣬҶһȣСߵǰĿȺˣС㡣ɣʲôԵģ
ŶС㣬ϡ˺þãŪˣһͿԳˣУصȥͷһߺȵϡһ߳ͷܺõġ
ʲôϡڣ˭ͷҲ̫Ц˰ɣͷ԰ɣҪţ̣Ūţ̾ͺˣ֪ҲŪʲôö
ܲõģվͺ˿ȡᡭ
ֻҽľˣ˵ô𡱺Ҷû˵꣬ͱݺݵĵ˻ȥ
ŶãϾȥŪţ̡Խ񣬺ҶСĻش
źҶæӣûκα飬ֻǺе𿧷Ⱥ
һߣڰ칫ǰѻɽļһܸо֪ܲô£ƽʱϰһҪӵĵ绰100̶ֱ绰˺þãʵ̲ס
ȫ飬Źϵ绰ǰļε̾˿湤æ˺þãˣеıʣվԼӲ壬Ÿоɶˡֿ̧ʱ䣬ֵ˳Էʱˡ֪ڼﻹԵϰķ𣿸뵽Լֻˡһʾдţ[]ι棬ʲôʱ㹫˾¥¡
ãҲҪˡϵ绰󣬰ֻ·Ŀڴ𣬵ڻûиҶֻ¼ϵף߳˰칫ҡ
߳ſڣͿ˽Ҳ˶棬ŵܹ棬ȥʲôŶ֣Цݵʵ
㰡ʲô
ǺãطˣɲŶһЦáҲڣʲôˡǰڽĿܸȤһҪ׷ʵַɣǣڣԼ˵ĻʡԵ
濪ųڽָ£һܸ߼ĵطͣ滷ܣⶰ¥ܸߣ˵ĸоܸţ¥ˢ˺Դ󷽵ǳɫԣ˺ܶƯװΣſڲԶиܸ߼¶ӾأйӾô󣬿˵طþãһźïʢϣһܲ۵ƣðɫĨΧһһϸȥԭǼ֣ϸһдš
ֺΨǣôôط룬һǸǣĸԼ˵վѰ˼˺ܾãһͳŵķȥſվһԱԶԶģͿԼЦоһΣҲòĻ˻أֻԣ˵˾䣬ܾ𣿡
ãС㣬ͿܾԱܿԽǰٰС
õģȥ֪ͨ£˵ˡ
õģϸͿܾ棬룡˵ţڵİѺҶ뵽ڡ
ʶľ𣿡еɻ󣬶ʵŶǰͬѧû뵽ȻôܾҶԽ˵¶ܲ˼顣
ôô˵
ǣû뵽нĳɾͣʱôͬѧУһңļ̱ģ׷ءܱӵӣֱ졣
˵ţͻȻ180ȴת䣬¶ЦݣĿ⿴ȥһͷĺܹӳ˹һȥܸоǻûȫԭʼˣͺ͹ͷҲС۾˵ˣгһ죬Ϊǽˣ߽һֻ֪ôһЦֱͲɫݣΪڶ濴ݶӣ¶˿˵һ㶼ûдĿ湻̱ģôǰҺܾ
Ӵˣ첻˸ƯŶӲĿֲ˵鶼ġ
ǰҲĳôĲ𣿡Ҳǻġ
˵ҵĻܲġװĵı飬ĺܼ٣ʵܲˣվһԣӡ
Ӵλǣ
ŶҸǽ£棬Ҹո˵ģҵͬѧҲܾͿ
ءҵѣ棬˵ţ֡ãܸʶ㣬òԵģ֣֡ããĿһ˲İѹ֣Ľôϲ˵ţŶļеϷŪĿ˵ţоԼǱ˷һεЦЦ˵˾䡣Ϳأ
˵ԼͿܿģ˵ĴЦͦ˼ûжͷͷʱԼôΥĵĻҲܴԼ˵ԽԽԼˣϲȴҪװ׽ʲôʱԼôαˡ
ǶԲ𡣡о3վܲŹۣͿæкǣѡ˸ǹ۵ĵطöͽ
ͿİţܾúܲǵѺԼ㣬ôɣҲܾܵͿԶߵıӰæЦͬѧôôࣿҲʼֹ
ǰʵ䲻Ǻܴ󣬿ɲ֪ô¡Ǻϣ뵱ʱԼʲôӣܸЦ˵ţЦ
ǰ׷㣿˵ĻͻȻʵôԴˣôƯĸ÷Ź˼æЦ
ǡǺƯ᲻áŽĿĵЦݣæܵ
˵ģʱͦģΪʲôĳģ㣬һԸҪûʱ䣬죬Ȼңűķˡھưɷ飬Ҷе
ôǼˣҾ˴ӡԼ˵֣һھȥһ顣
ڻ˵أ˭ԼҪǿģԼҪܹ˭һı飬˵УǸʲôҶģҲЦϻȥʲôͷ
ŽԺҶۣﲻ֪ʲôоǺѱԼֲ˼ڻһļûпȥĻԼζĳֱԱ˺ƣ
úõĳԶٰĵķû뵽һԼĵ飬˵ԱˣŴҴҵĿųص칫ҹ
극ĽҲûڶİ칫˺þãǼį̲ͣסһת۵ʱ䣬˴Сһѣʱ䣬ӦҲ°ˣպã绰ңţͻȻڳ￴ϤӰΪԼصص˹ȥ
棬㣬ôȻ뷨ȷģһ¥רڣöҲܳԾԼǿܿʱġǣˣѸõĶע⡣
Ŷ£˳㿴ʲô²Ʒ鼱֮£ҵı˸ţԼţĳôҰҿ㰡˶ĵ绰ĵʵãҲǹᷳġ
ֻҪǺһֵĻҶᷳġ֪仰ʵ˵ǸԼһ֣Ǹ˭ᷳģΪ˹֣ʵ벻ʲôá
ʲôҿ¡صΣûӹ۾ûʲôֻοµġʵˣù˾ơ
ŶʲôҪ򰡡ŶĻҪ˳˹ȥ
ԽĶƫҪңҪ⿴װİװôģҲҪŪĺףӿ֮־еڵӣæ˳˹ȥ˵ûʲôˣƫҪӹֻȤ˵š
ôɫģҪŮʽĲƷ𣿡
ǣֻģûʲô˭󡣡ڽ⣬ȥҺãʱĵ绰ǾԼ
ιʲô飬Ŷõģ֪ˡ˼䣬ʱлϲѣ㹻ýתƻˡ
ŽսʤƷ򿪳ӵĺ䣬ǰһ˽ȥؼҵ·ϣڸʻϣϲĽԼһѾżһĿĶȡνĵ㡣ӷܵţӿĴھɾС·ԼСͣ

13

ڼҵĺҶڳɨű˴򿪵æܳӭӣôණϽҪӹûдѶã2˾ڽǰ˼غϣʵǿȥˣźҶŭ˵ˣˣʲô
˵ʲôأҶҲǺġоԺҶܲƣҲ̲סˡ
ԼΧҶʱһůӿͷܸмĿȥһܶһͺáæתԼߣҶŵ˵š
˵ͷǻش˺ҶĻ
ڳæ˺þãһҲḻĲȣʱθڴ󿪣Ʒһ仰öθڴӿĽˮ˻ҰɳĮ˲ҹά
ʲôܳ𣿡һֱӵϴӽ¶ɡ
кܴģȻζܿ࣬ǡԼܶ˼ŸҰĿϣҶеĽţǣû˵꣬ЩһΪ׵Ĳ˱һҲҪ˾·
ȲҪܾȳ˵ɣܺóԵģһ㶼ࡱȰ
ҪˣҲˡ¿ӣվ뿪˷ŽһûԣӣҶоԼ˺صĴæھεĵǸ˵Ҫ¸ĹһԣѵĺҶһΪѵı飬Ƶ˵ţˣ㲻Ūˣˣǳԡ
ôԣС㲻ԷôСĻҶһھܾС㣬ҪʲôҸҪҳȥһҪԵ㶫ġ
ڽҶǾԼþΡķΣһУΪˣΪεһС
ҲУڲԣҶʱڽȥɡ仰Ͷˡ
áãáҶǽԼٵʥּϲæͷ
źҶӣνкҶһԣ˵еΣҲ飬ԹԵĳѹֱ˻˵ﲻʱ򣬳ԶЧȻһԸ⣬󣬾Ǹоһ֮ǰõԼԵˣɾǵĲ鷿
ɳϵĽ鷿ҲϽ˽ȥڿĺҶʰϵĲо֣ȴŽѧģףϣңģǻܰѶŪϣһᣬ鷿߳ҶôԺӣ˼ûлӦʱͻˣĳҶȥ
ˣ
ŶС㣬ңǶԲҸûҶסˣŻع
Ұ׸ϴ˰ɣҪȥϰġ˵꣬ͰѶҶԼɳϣ˵ӡ
ҶϵĶôĶôɰ뿪˵˵Ļȥˡ
ŽԼףǰɫġһ㣬ĿӿʺܺãԼϵ·Ҷһı飬пѹ֣սǶ˵룬·ôƯСİѿսϴϴȷԸ֮󣬺ҶŲɶͷϵĺ飬߳ϴּ䡣ҪԼ䣬ֱסˡϴˣҶеˣȥԵİɣ֪Ҫʲôɡ
źҶŴ۾ԼεóһӣдúãҪʲô涼дˡҶתͽϴּ䡣
ֽҶæЬӺţһڿտĴϣҶʱоһĪĴΪԼ̬ȰɣֻǺóʱ䶼ûкͼϵ˰ɣôͻȻأվԭأҶ̧ͷգһƬ¹£ԵĹ¶Ǳĺӣĳ䣬źҶʱ顣
һ紵ںҶϣԵúҶıӰôûжഩ·䰡壬Ҷ󲽵ĳȥ
ڷþãоںܿʣ׼ȥű˹
ոݵģȳ¡
ӹĲ豭ͷͺȡ
ôǿȣ
ǰ㲻ǺϲôˣݵĲú𡱽ʧ
ǣֻǺܾöûк˶ѣû˼ܺúȡ
ǵȻôķôܺȵôɿڵĶ佱ǵ⡣
ŶˣҶȥˣ˯𣿡˵Ҷ
ȥˣһûгأôѳԡ
ˣҪȥֱֿ̧ܵĵ˵š
Լ˵ҪģûбڵĽܲ졣
Ļվ˳ȥ
ȥ档ܼӣĽţشֻжıͷűϵ
ҶӳгѾˣ߹ֵĴ֣һžСڿԼסСǰ棬˴ӣҺã¶ȣˣ뵽Ҷּӿ˽ŲҪתʱͻȻһ͵ĳںҶǰֻ۾ĶźҶ΢ͣҪ˵ӡ
ҶһŸϿؼҵ飬Ͳ֪˻ͻȻվԼǰһһƵʱƹ߹͵ģץźҶ֣ĽеҪߣҴˣĴˣԭҰɡ
һץҶֹͣԼǵù͸ˣƹҶţǣôԼֱۻǱץţʵûа취ҶϣߣĶ䣬Ľţ壬ϴˣҲ˵ǸˣſҰɡ
ûҶĻӵȷҶԼҪҵˣӴȡԺҶֳģﻹ˵ģĻ
ţʼԺҶǿеռкҶУ˺˺ҶףУҶ¼ˣԼûϣƾԼֻдĺǣҹںڣ˭ܹԼ
ʱһԶ˹Ƕ棬Ҷ֮־ϲԶԶľͿһҶӰΪԼҶ־Ľſ϶æ˹ȥһȭźҶ־ߡ
ģڵϣﻹƴ˵ԭҰɣ֮Ļ
ӣҶе㺦£ϽŶԶֲˣźҶûܶԶͣŻܽŵĺҶ֪˵ʲôãܳأʵ̲סˣܴġѵһҪ𣬿Դ绰͹
ͺܺ£ڻôҶͻȻоԼǸɨǣÿζ鷳ʱһӿͷͷ۾ʪʪġһǱ۸Ŀӡ
ҶӣܺڣæοšҵĴòãҲġ
ǵģ㲻Ҫ˵Ҳã㡣˵ĻҶϽ͡ˡ
ڸ𣬳Ÿѵ˵Ҳ𣬱ΪҲ֪ôġͿҶģȡЦҶ
ûУֻǾ̫ˣԲšҶԽ˵ԽС󣬶֪Լ˵ʲôˣźҶôɰӣЦֻ֪Ҫһ˵ѣҶͻ飬ͷ˵Сֱû
ˣǻȥɣеˡȻһ΢紵ѵףҶϡ
ףҶҲӿ˽ŲͻȻҶ뵽ʲôƵģվԭϡ
ôˡ治ʵ
ĳԵģڶûˣô죬Сһˡ뵽ԼòĶŪˣҶͺܺڡ
ûоˣҪˣ˵ʲôģҲҪ̫ˡһ԰ο
ôأ֪мҺܺóԵСԣҹȥɡ˵꣬ҪתͻȻס˺Ҷ
һȥɣҲ㡣ҲܺҶ𲻴ӦźҶߡ
һڼҵĽܲʱ䣬ôˣ˻ûлڻЩӣԴԼסԺ󣬶ϰԶ˺ܶ࣬ÿ죬ʱ䶼ǰܶࡣǰʱǴڹ˾ҪǸɴ಻ؼңңϲڼԷǰԼʱ򣬾ûмôĹߣѵЩΪǸķı𣬸Լ˵ҪúõĶԴȰҪӻǮ
׼绰棬ͺҶˡ
ôôҪô𣿡鲻ȫдϡ
Բ𣬽С㣬ҪĶûˡܽţҶС˵š
ʲôȥôãȻû򵽶ô°ǲǲҵĻ
ǵģС㣬Ҳ˼ֻǶһƵ˸
ˣ˵ˣûãô鶼첻áԽ˵Խ󣬡ˣҲ˵ɡ֪ղ淢ʲô𣿡
ôˣʲôѵҰŵôףΪ˸ķ̫ɶˡоʱȫάźҶܲŶ󣬾ܵ˷䡣
С㣬С㡣оˣҶҲżȥǸˣȥæŶ棬ûзӦҶƣ˵ţȥˣȥˣվ𣡡ҶּӴȡ
Ҷôӣ˷Ӧεߵ˽ңʱڴ绰Ǻ˭Լȥͨȫû˸ղίӣ˹ŴҴҵĹ˵绰װŶ档
ôˣĲҰˡûзӦе㲻ͷˣҪߡ
Ĵ̫ˣÿζݴŶ棬
ããҵĴˣҲƢ˰ɡ
˭ôҾôĻϴ
ãԲ𣬺˰ɡ
ǻʤܿĵЦˣſڶļϣ˵棬иѴӹˣҴӦҪ
ã֪ˣ̫ˡ֪ĻšԲģİɣҰ㣬桱Ҷ˵ڶºæȥѡ·ȥˣôĵĽεЦЦȻ˳ȥ

14

ӽŵڶѾȥ˼Сʱˣ滹鷿Լļȫ֪ʱ䶼ôˣоۣվչԼӲ壬Ȼʲôæ˳ȥ
ҶȵˮΪ˲ŵ棬ûпƣţͷˮذӴĻ档
ôˡ潹š
Բ𣬳ˡҶоΣæӣϵ鲣Ƭ
ҪҶôƬ˵Լæе˵׸ֵģȷ£Ūͺˡ
ӳҳ״Ϻ󣬶ŰѲƬһСĵļͰڡ
ĺܶԲǸ鷳Ҷ𡣿Ҷ˵ʲôˣҶҶĻе˵š
˵ʲôˣո𣬣ҶҲƣʶ档
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ǣǡ
ˣôôɣԺ˵ˡںҶû
ãģֻǰǽСĻһǻԼķġӣҶŴӦ
ã˵ģԺˣǡڣʲôʲôɣҪʲô
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ð˵ˣʲôʱöԡ
ǡڿˣǲǣûеȶػҶͿĵĳ鷿ȥ
źҶͻȻľٶοЦЦһϲõڶС

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뵽ҶԺӣЦЦ֮󣬸绰ͻȻ뵽ǰҹæεҡҡͷԼǸ𰡣ΪʲôôأԼ֪ôˡ
ļ죬ҶȵǶȥ֮ԼѼŪú󣬾굽鷿һǼСʱÿϲϣд£ƷϱЩĹ¶ÿΣҶŸӵ鿴һһ飬ʲôʱ²Щ˰ʲôʱǳ⣬ůĺƽ塣ԼˡƺһӰһ˾ܸıҵһҪǶ棬Լһˣúõ̾Ϣű˵
ϵԣҶʱ䣬͵ʱ仹磬һ춼ûгţȥ͸͸ԿףҶ߳ǡ
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ԲˣҲ鰡̫лˣ֪½ӴЩˡ绰ͷĿ֪Լ̫ˣæŶ{Ǹ}š
ˣ֪ˣ㲻ǾǸЩİɣû飬Ҿ͹ˡ
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찡֪ɣܶҪģҶѾ׼ˣεӣ˵ʲô֮ĻҿɲʱҪǲɱʲô
Ļ쿨ҪԼθܲˣ˵˶ˣҪԼǣǲʱ䶼Ѿˣ˵ȥĻ¿Ļʲôʧ꣬һģʲôĳġ
֪ˣһμӵģ㲻ҪʲôҳԾˡ
֪ͺãһҪ׼ʱŶҪȥ׼ҵˣȹˡ
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صҺ󣬸պýҲڼң˵Ҫٰ飬˵˿ͷ˷ܵĴš
ģҪΣ̫ˣǲкܶˣһкܶߣǲǣʱĽԼУһٵı顣
ҲûкֻܶмһȡģʲôģҲǵģ˵˺öˡᵽ˵Ρ
ôˣ棬ôõĻ㻹Ҫڿ߶ˣ㵱ڸܲá㻹Ƶ汧ƽ
Ҳ֪ҶûȤҾú㣬ҺܺãûбҪʲôܲõġôҶˣʲô塣滹ûнܡ
УһҪȥҶżˣڲΣôڲŸ˵Һ׼һ¡
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߳䣬ͿҶŸϰѴӳ߳ҶҲ˶棬ЦЦʵСҪʲôͣǸǰһһ㿧ȡ
Ŷ-Լһ˾ͿˣԵģҲ𣬻Уܻ᲻һڼӦûʲôɡ
Ŷõģû⡣
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Ĳȥڴ˶棬ᶨĵ˵ͷ֮󣬿ڷҪһףͷ

15

ڻıнˣʱ̣ܶҲûԤʱ¡أڶ濴ǺԲĽˣһλ֮󣬶˿ſĿʱĶ¶ˣ¶飬ǱĺӰ˸о⣬绹ҵĹţҲԽԽĴڵ粣ϣ۵һһŪľƵܳͿûзȥף˿ǣڶȴڵһڼҵĺҶҴҸŲҪ̫֮Ļ󣬰˸ߵصĳԼҵķȥ
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ŶǸӰϴʱ˵ҪǶˡȡЦš
ôҲܰԼᶨ
㻹Ϊʲô鶼㲻ûҪ㸺ܺԼɡ
Ӱ칫ȥ󣬶æļУȷ׶Ǳֺ߳ܶ⣬ңһļ֣ܶ鶼ǴӸ߲ϳģ濴ŵŸֱѸ١

16

ҶڶҲкһʱˣȻÿԽĵʱҲýܹ֣ǣҶǻÿ飬Թԣڼҵʱ򣬺Ҷż¶Ժæźˣֱ˯˲뿪ʱһ˴鷿￴Լʱ˶֪ҶҲңڵʱҲ⣬һͳţʲôûиҶֻڵ绰ͷ֪˭˵ţãƵĻӽߺ󣬺Ҷ鷿ûгһרĵĿš
Ķƺоʲôһչ7㣬ʰ˶׼ؼң˵ݣ׼óԿ׿ţּĴûϣʱֲԤУϽƿţѲ˼ĿֺҶڿ֮󣬶оԼĺǻʧȥһִæܵ鷿һƿţҶúõ￴֮˿
ҶҲľٶһû뵽ͻȻǶЦʵʲôʱģ
ˡࡣ
ŶˣڼˣˣһûءҶ˸ʱˡ
Ǽ𣿡ʵûаֻһ˰Ҷ붼û룬ش
ֻأдϰɣ
һֱϰʲô𣿡Ҷеƣ϶һʲôҪ˵
Ŷûʲôֻһ£УȰǺܺãԺؼҵʱһҪá涣š
ã֪ˣһҪšҶƤЦЦ
Ҷôɰı飬ͻȻһӿĺܶ࣬˺ҶͷЦ˵֪ͺãԺҪ֪ûõĻҾͻ㡣
ûзĺҶ汻øţʹֱӣ濴Ҷı飬۵ô֪㰡Ǳ𣿡˵꣬źҶͷ
ۡۡԶľٶҶúΣæתƻ⣺ȥˡ
ˣȥԷ
ʲôֳȥԣҪ˰ɣҪô˷˺ܿҾͺˡҶæܾš
˵ˣôôִѶʰ£ǳȥԡе㲻ͷ
ǣҾͲˣҶӲһȥɡҶᣬæؾš
ǺãҲԣ㿴Űɡˣš
ǺҶ˶ĳԼ֪صĵطԷ
ܶ¥ãĶҹԵĸƯϵƹ˸ͣҫ۵ÿ䣬ʱȼŲõ̻ɫģʻһһһģƯˣڳڵĺҶûôֵĽϱ¶ɡ
ƯɣЦʵ
ƯΪûм֡Ҷе㾪ȣойȫˣ϶ˡ
ǰرĶࡣڴӦšţת˸䣬һͣȥ
ˣ³ɡ˵߽°ȫ
Ŷá
Ŷ棬˺óһ·Ҷ֪Լ˼ҾƵ꣬ſվ2ӭԱп˽òԵ˵Żӭ٣ҶҲòĻлл
￴۸ɣһϢ컨Ϲʵÿ϶вһ֦õɫƿرۡѡſλԱһӣҶ£ҶҲ˳ӵ
С㣬áԱܿĵݸҶ˵
Ҷе㲻ϰߵĽӹ󣬵лл
ʲôƼ𣿡ŷԱ
еģǽƼײ͡
𣿡ָŲ˵š
ǵģ͵ĺơɫˡԱ˵š
ãȸ2ˮɫָŲ˵˵š
һԵĺҶɵɵĿŶ˺öණȻ󣬿ŷԱԼ˹ȥǶӯúҶò࿴ĹģһĲ˵۸úҶҲԣĵطʲôһԱ·ûġ
ù󰡣ǻǲҪˡҶСĶԶ˵š
ˣ˵ҪĻǻᱨġźҶ
ʲôҲ̫ҶıƭˣĻ˵ȥˡ
ҶӣЦĻҲţǵȷҶ˵֮Ļ˵ţҽͣͷĵĳ԰ɣ´ĵط֪ʲôʱء
ʲôӰôصĵطôǮҶое֡
ֻ뵽ûԾʹˡ˵ĺͨ
ûأллҹһǺܲ˼ƷˡҶϵ˵š
Ҷ˵Ļҿˡ
ãҲ˵ˣҽͲŶҶЦ
濴ʱĺҶĵ˵ͷһ䣬ŹúҶμˡ
ûйãԱͶ2ţţһݷںҶǰһݷڶǰ
ǰĶҶֱţô԰ôһֻڿŵͲӺ֪Լ̫ǣϾǵһͣȥţŶûжһ£Ҷ𵶣뿴ӵķʱкõţŶ˵ҶǰȻ˺Ҷǰţš
ллҶ˵šźʵǮԵĶ
ʲôǮ˳ԵĶţšϲҶ˵ⶥ
ŶͽͰǳܳԵıе֣ôӲҶ죬ܲ⡣
źҶôɰı飬οЦЦ΢Ц˵С㣬Ļҿɲ֪ᷢʲôŶҶı죬濪ĵЦ
ЦʲôҶʲô֪ɵɵʵ
ûʲôǺǣûЦʲô滹̲סЦͣ
棬ҶԹ˳߳ԻŸĺƣҶĺܿģôǵһ·Լµһ㡣ŵķƷſɿڵƷ֣ξ㣬Ҷѵһĸоܸм棬ֲ֪˵Щʲôֻܸж˵ĸж
Ŷ㰡һΪءʱ˵ҶתһоϤϸһ룬뵽˵Ƕ˾ϴھưʱһ档Ҳϴξưɵĵƹ̫ڰûпҶŸоĳ̫ˣֱˣͦıӣݵ۾ڼŨڵüë綼һԴŸŮԸУŨױĨġ
Ҳܾȣû뵽طҲ˶Ի˼4һ
أûкһ𣿡š
ǹ˾лϾͷɹȥˣ2򵥵Ļش
ԭŶԼѹ˵ûʱ䰡ȡЦš
Ҫͨʱ㡣ϻ
ããûʱ䣬ûʱȴŮȾơǲš
Ļæתƻ⣬ʵôϲķ񰡡
ǰҪûĻ©˸ţ˵ǲǡ˵š
ں˵Ļҿɾˡ޿ˡ˵ţű졣
˿ҶһۺתĿ꣬źҶЦʵС㣬㵽Ǵĳġ
е㺦ߵĺҶ2˵ľ룬һܿ˺ԶҶ˵ľٶûŮ˻еܵ㼤ôԶֳԲ㡣˵ţҶ
Ҷû뵽ô飬2˲ϤӴ̫࣬ŵúҶϽֱҡͷֱ˵ͺá
㲻Ҫֲ죬Ҫġ濴ܲæֹ
еĳԴ׵֣ͣûǿúҶͶһݵԴ֤ǷŹ㣬ǳΪ
Ҳ˼˺4ΧһԸŮԵĺҶܲϰߣܸоԸŮڶԼǵҶ̧ͷʱַſһСŮ˵̬ȫ겻˻2ݵĴڣҶе㲻˼2̫ǵľٶڶĶ棬ٲȻһ龰̬ȺͰĻʱŮŻ⡣ãûãŮɾͱһ绰ˣʱҶоߺöˣҲͨˣΪŮϵˮ̫Ũ˰ɡ
ʱĵ绰ˣóֻһǽſ˱Ǹ˵ҽӸ绰ȥ
ߺ󣬿ĴźҶúҶܲԼӱͰ㣬ſһЦ
С㣬ûѣͻȻʵ
ĻҶƲסĿ˼£㱻ˮǺæźҶıŵţû°ɡ
ȳĶպÿһĻæܹĵţôˣҶ
ûʲôֻǺˮСǺסˣˡǿˣҶæش𵽡
ôȰĵ˵ţϵĲͽĲźҶߵˮ
һԵĿŴʱĶ棬úܳԾԼǵһοһ档
˭ĵ绰ղŵĵ绰æʵ
ŶǽӹġѲͽϣ򵥻شһ䡣
һܺڰɣôӲܺһ𡣡
ӡһĺҶĪеƣʲôӣѹ˵ҪҳԷǵĻʲôû͸ǲ̫ˣʱ˼ҶҶŻعӹ͹ˮ
ʲôءʵ
ŶûʲôҶڸԼʧ񡣿ѶĺҶôӵĹ׷2κ󣬺ҶСĵš
𡣡
ҶͻȻ⣬ҲܳԾһҲƵţ𣬲
ǰ찡شſĻתͷźҶʵô⡣
˵ǸӰ⣬ʲôġҶʵ˵š
㻹ʲôʵ̲סЦ
ԼȡЦҶΣΪԼ˵ʲôͷ˵
ûʲôӣƽǲžý⡣صָָƽ˵š
棬ǰôûзôαƽѡĵط㿴ˣǺƽĵط𣿡˵ĻڿĿ˵һѡ
˵ҶܺĿԼΧǰԷĺһһԵŮ߿ȥڿԵһϸעĿһõ壬˫ٺ϶Ů˳ƬĽҶͻȻ뵽쿴šŻȻ档ʲô˽ڣ³ߣţɺ֯ŮӡҶ뵽оԼܲӦôӦͶԷҪǱֻ֪ìܵġ
ҳԱˣˡҶϽᶨ˵š
ߣߣ֪𣿡ҶĻŵš
ҶܣĲ֪ֱֱվڶǰ֪ôش
Ͽ㿴Աܹˡָ߹ķԱԺҶ˵š
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ãûʲôлл㡣ҶæòĻؾš¸鷳ϽǣЦ¶治ˣֻţһܲ˵ӣ濴ı飬ţܺЦ𣿡
һʣʵܲˣЦ˺Īĳ￴档
ҶҲúûӣ˵Ҫȥϴּ䣬߿ˡ
㻹ЦʲôЦġҶ뿪ͷſſš
ǣǺǣ㲻úܺЦ𣬺ǺǣҶձŵģˣ浥ǷǺǺǡֹסЦͣ
ЦɣЦ֪һʱͣסģ䡱
ҶĻϾˣڼǲҲô
ʲôƢء˵ҶЦݡ
𣬿ͦġ˵š
Űɣһ϶Ҫؼҵġܼᶨ˵š
ǰɣȥûгءеʧ
û£а취˵꣬¶аЦݡ
Ҷϴּþãƽھǰݺ󣬶ž΢ЦҪˣ԰ɣҪңҿһ˻ؼҵġԼӺ߳ϴּ䡣
ˣˡԶԶĺҶСĶԶ˵š
ҶǰڳԷĿͶ΢Ц˵ĳԱˣԣҾˣõңһ˿Իؼҵġ
ҶĻͶȥ񣬹Ȼ˵ĸһǸˡ
ҪҪߵĻҿɲ㣬ҪŶҲԵһŮȵǼǵģҪĽ嵥ȻǲߵġԽԽϹһԵĿֱͣҡͷ
ǸղŵŮһˣҲû嵥Ҷе㲻ŶĻʵ
ǵһģĳͣȻʲôʱ߶ԡֿʼϹࡣ
ǮȥʡܸҲթƭİɡ˵ţҶҪзԱ
һûгأǲʵġʱ
֪ҲһľͿ˰ɣֻҪǮˣǻߵġҶ룬˵š
һԵĶ뿴ǻȥˣϽֻһУװθ۵ӣôˣôˣպúõġҶʹӣš
θַˣ㣬˵ҪؼңҸճԵô죬ŵˡ˵ţθԽԽۡ˶ſˡ
ô죿дҩ𣿡Ҷôʹ࣬ż֪ô죬ͻȻ뵽ǰ̨ķԱοŶ棺һ£ȥҩ˵꣬ͼæ˹ȥ
ûļֹҶĶʧۣθĺۡúҶģĺܲζ
һԵĿ֪УҲˣǵţ㻹ðɡʲôʱθ
ȥˣôŵ㰡ʲôθҩҲܳ԰Թſ
СװİУҲװǷ㡣֪Ǽٲ֮󣬿æָ
ô죬һֱҪؼңôһ˻ȥ˵ţԽúܸھΡ
Ҳ˵һ汻ƭˣˣŵĸ档
ˣҪ˵ˣҲƭģǣĲڻؼҡ˵⻰ʱ¶εı顣
ˡҶŸɫСӳ˹æ߶档
죬Ȱˣ¾ͻġҶϽ浹ıˮŦƿǣ͵ߡ
ҶǺˮоԼܶԲһúҶΪԼôۣҶֱߵȰҩˡ
һԵĿҲܽܵĵĶ棬ûбģİҩˣתƺҶߣͷӹҩ۾һգȥ
㣬Ҫôһû뵽滹İҩˣǵ
ǰ㣬ҪҶҲܵǵ
û£ſһ¾ͺãſһ¡ûа취װθʹ
ãſһ£ʲôҪ˵ˡҶϽӦš
ܺԼĵӣ治֪ճſϺһˣ̧ͷպöϿеԹ񣬶ԶͶأЦ˼󣬾ͱҴˡ
ǺúõҶԸͣǣȴǱŪĺҶһ·ϣ簮ӵĸװʳʶ̡濪ųǿװЦＫΪھΡ
صҺĶ˵Լ̫۾ͽ˷䣬ԺҶе㵣ĵ飬οþú󣬺Ҷŷ֪ǲҩãԴӺθҩ󣬶滹θʹϣû˯ã˯ڴϷȥ˺þã賿ʱŽ硣

17

Ȼֻ˯˼Сʱ滹𴲣¥ͿڳæµĺҶڰԶԶŵӳﴫƮ㡣
ˣθõ𣿡ҶҲ˶棬к
ʲôô硣
հ¾ͿԺˣθܺõģ˺þˣɡҶӺܵ˵š
ô鷳ģʵҵθû顣ʵǲƭȥˣ˵ʵ
ʲôû飬㿴죬ʹôθʹǺܴ飬ںĻɴ鷳ģԺһҪֳԷҪһæǡУһҪθҩ죬ҺУȻĻһ治֪ôˡҶ˵š
źҶĻͻȻܸжǰû˻ôԼȻϺܾˣǣϸ룬û˵ĻԼڱеĸоͲҪ˵ĻǣҶϿҵӣůͺ͵ģԼҲᱻ˹ģϧָоã˵ͷҶĻǰϰߵֽ
Ҷ˳ڵڶԣʢһ룬Ȱɣ¶ˡҶ˵šŸհõҲǺԵʣо漫ˣҲǰһжõģҲ£̫ôˣʱ䣬ϰˣӹҶΪԼ׼õĹİ߳˼š

͵Ķľİ칫ңļȻ󣬾ٿ鿪1СʱǵʱŹģеԼİ칫򿪵ԣţ֣֪ж߳ݣպÿڰ칫龰ÿ칫ţе˷ܵ󣬶Žȥ
㻹ææҪҪԹûеԹ
Ūˣӹݹļʵ
Ūõģ㿴ڴȥɡ
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ļ˳ַԱߣķһ£εҡͷȡЦ˵Ժô죬ʲô鶼ϲñ˰ףһĶ٣ϵĻһմ֢ġ
ѻ죬ҵմ֢ĻҲŹġҲƶš
ſĻЦЦûд𻰡
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ˣҹʱθʹһû˯á뵽ʹľ¶ı顣
ʲôǺǣİǺǡĻЦһǻ̫ˣ춼ȥˣǺǡ
ʲôģҿǵһĻš¿ᣬæš
ӴˣǺǡǺĲӣЦ˵Уһķõ
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Ҳ֣㲻ǲϰ߼бķʲôʱϰ߶ˡɻš
һأҵϰ㶼𣿡治ϡ
ʶˣ黹֪˵ĺöŶÿ˰ͻؼңþöûиһȥȾˣҪ
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7㣬Ϳһ4һҾֲʱ˳߷ʱڣûнڣ洫Цһر̶ܲϲĻίţֻøſ˼ᡣ
һڼҵĺҶʱڳΪŬš֪θǺܽҶصشһЩθʹʳȥгһѶ磬涼ڳڣĶӦÿ찾˰ɣԼŬһĳɹҶοЦˡ˿ʱ䣬ţһ£ͿԺˡ
һڻȭһԵĶĵĿֻȻ͵뵽͸ҶֻڻûԹأھ͸绰ЧţͲͨ˺Ҷĵ绰
绰˺þã˽ӵ绰оеƣô£ѵûдߣ治ԼжϣֲһΡ
ҶǾʲô죬ԼԼģķ򣬲ԭԼֻˣ˴绰һʾдǶ档
ι
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ղڳûô绰ǲʲô顣Ҷе֡
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ŶҲǣԼҶû˿ϵˡ
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ǣ㱻ˣȰ˵ţҶüֻţڳִϷ׺󣬴ú϶ֻպʱһ£ҶһĲȣĹһбȺ֭õ˺Ҷֱϡ
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濴Ҷʹ֪࣬Ҷ˱ԼԤƵĸأ۵æοšããǲȥҽԺ㲻ҪҶȰ˿Ϳҩ
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ҶԽ˵ĻԽ;ԼΣϸĵĲҩԼĲСĶ˿ڷףȻ󣬰ѵӴ򿪡ʰųĲо֣Ҷ׼κζֻһԣʱ洩ΧȹףûмĺҶЦ¶ֻǿԼϿ
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ĵתŵӽĿ˼̨󣬵ӻתڵӰƵ沥ŵǵӰ̩̹˺šպãʱ鷢չŮڴ﷢ϵһĻҶͿڵǰǰĻ棬ҶΣͻȻվ˵ţȻطˣġȻ󣬾ʹæˡ
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ҳȱˮմţͿͿˣҶεĽš
ֲ㣬Ҹ㵹æ˹ȥ
ˮ͵ҶֱߣСģҶ˵֡ˮĺҶֳϴּȥҶţһԵĿпֱҡͷ˰ôô
ϣڹ˵ЩöĻһֱǵĶţǣΪԼֻţֱʹþûĸоˣǰԼŮ˲ŵʱ򣬶ҲǸڵԼһԼСһȡ֡ڣڣԱһˣоˬ治ƾ˵šԹ˿ļ
ڶ죬ľ˴֮Ű˯Ŀ·ͺͺҶҪҩϣȻű󣬾ȥ˹˾ֱֶ̫飬Ҳһݡ
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ͺ󣬺Ҷ˿ڻҩҲԼƤĺܺãɴһ˿ڵĺѾˣ΢ˡҶ룬ڹ2죬Ӧȫ˰ɡԺҪСһ㣬Ϊôġ
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ҶҶûˣĽš
ˡҶ˷ܵĴ鷿˳
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۾ͺãԺ˰̡е㵣ǵ˵š
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ģҶһĵı飬Ҳܸˣóֻͨ˲ĵ绰
ûãͲԱ׼ʱ͵һȥܺóԵӣҶʵ̲סӾͳԣ߽˵ţúóԣӺö
źҶ˵ŲĻ濪ĵЦˣԣǺˣϲԣһڽ͡
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ǰͽԣҲϲԵġ˳ڻشš
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2죬涼ÿ綼ؼңҲ˰ֱӻؼңϴε󣬿ҲԼȥȾˣһˣҲûʲôֻڰ칫Ҳϰ˷ļһ¹˾Դ
ʱĺܿ죬ҶͶ浥ദӺܿ͹ȥˣˣҲǺܾûи棬ĽǱһˡԶ漫ȣˣöܲϰߡ죬粽ճŶ棬ȥԷʲôҪһ𣬾ͲˡҲãúҶҲԼĿռˣֻҪǲԷҶͼ򵥵һͽԼȻ󣬾ͻȥ¶ԺæӹҲܳʵ
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Ŷˣվžͺá
Ǻã㡣Ҳ֪죬Ҫˡ
ʲôҪôһ㶼֪ĻҶĳһţúҶԾĻ
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֪ˣС㣬һᾡߵġ˼󣬺Ҷ˽Ҫľ
Ҳû˵Ҫô죬ҵӺڰҲԣҲ˵ûˣʵҲ֪Ҳ˼˵ĻΪһֱͦлģٵæ
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һģģС㡣Ҷе
ǺˣҲϢɣҲæܲˣڼң׼һ°ɣǧҪ֪ˡٴζš



18

صԼĺҶһ̱ڴϣȻоһĻţҪʧȥʲôҶŴ⣬ģʲôֻУɢ΢Ĺ⣬ʵӡһǣźҶ˵飬ţһͻȻҶоһжˣǸ߸ߵĹϣõҫŰɫ¹⣬ۼˣԭղſʵĸоԼˮҶˮЦЦڵռǿ˵ţûʲôҶ㲻е£ԣԼҪ£ҪѧԡҶ˵ΣҪ£Ҫ¡ŬԼƽ
ҹ2㣬ҶؼʱΪиϰߣÿζҶķţȷҶѾ˯֮󣬲Żȥϴּ䡣ϰߣںҶ˵ʱ򣬶ҪҶʱɵģҲǣ濴űŵĺҶŰĵţҶűϵ۾Լ뿪ʱʲô顭

ڶ磬Ҷ׼ͣʱͶ¥㰡ʲôҶ޵
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Сһֱ˵İԼûעѡҶһԲ
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ҶڼԼĶ¹涼ǶԼ·ҲǣסôˣûȻ˵Լûùʣǣÿ죬ļǮͺܶˣһ룬Ӧкܶˣ죬ȡɣ룬ɫֻ۵ķ棬Ҷóֻ˺þãȴǸпǧˡ᲻ҰֻҶ˵š
ֻǺҶļ±ҶǵǶ鷿øԼģɫƤ滹һŮվһԱߣͷգҶһƬһƬ
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ĺҸȹⱲĵʱ̣ڣҪˣͷҲܻصˣʲôǣԼʲôûУǾɡ
д꣬ҶóʺɫĿں죬Լ촽ͿϺһԣȥ

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ŶǺã˵ɡءҶһƽı顣
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˵ĲںڶĺҶμˣǵͨ졣ܲڵĵͷҿŶ档
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źҶıӰԽԽԶʧԼڣ˳һҲ
ҶصԼķ䣬ͷԼƾͣɳϣĮκα顣ʱһһĵδ߹صӰڵžҹһ¶굯ίͳ̶

ʱˮһɿĴӺҶǰҶϵӣ11ˣദʱֻʣ¶̶̵2Сʱˣ뵽һҪֿˣҶʱĺƽƽԼеܲˡʱţҶôڷﰡǶ
ãϾͳžӣҶŬԼ¶ЦݡĴ˳ȥ
ڳˣôôãҶҪȥˣ𣿡Цʵ
ȥͿˣֲǲҪôȥ𡣣æ˶Ļ
ǰСȥ;ͿˣҾͲȥˡҶҲͬĻ
ǲȥҲУҪһ˻Ҫȥ˾ҲԣԼֲǲˡ
ǺãҾˣڣֻһˣʲô鶼ҪСĵ㣬𣿡涣š
һģİɣһ˻ĺܺõģԼҪౣء
úáһģǺǡôడȴЦĺܿġ
߰ɣʱ䵽ˡһԴߴš
Ҿˡ䣬ͷҲص߳˴š
ҶڴĬĬĿŶӰԽԽСȻ˳ֱ뿪Լߡ
Ϊ˲ӰĹ滹ǰѽˣʱ䣬Ǽʱ仹е磬óֻͨ˿ĵ绰
ιңҪϷɻˣá֪ˡ˸绰ˣҲڵʱȥºҶˡŸŮһ¡汻绰ͷĿһ٣е㲻ϵ绰İֻĹػȻ󣬰ֻ¿ڴ

ʱҶһ˴ڼǰһУǶôϤɫߵĴǳɫĴͻԼζСУ춼ȥϴּ䣬һУӡںҶʰһк󣬺Ҷ鷿Ϸŷ⣬Ȼ󣬺ܲĴеʧ뿪˶ļҡ

19

˼ʮСʱķɻڣڵʱϣɻȫĵĵĿĵأĽӻԱ󣬶ͻص˾ƵꡣϴһºĴϣûãͽ硣

ԼʱѾ峿ˣ濴˿ֱڶô˰ʱ绰˶ѶδæóֻŶѶ棬Ӧõ˰ɣһ·ϻܺðɣĽԭǽĶţеʧķֻȴֹţŶаǹ֡
ļ󣬶Ͷ뵽˹֮ǰļÿ¹˾ĸ߲ŹҪ㣬Ȼ󣬻ҪļĴı棬ָЧʵķչڣӦڣ죬ؼ˯ľˡ
洩żԡۣëŸϴͷʱǽʱӸպ׼ʱ8óֻһڣպǰ죬֪ڼҸʲôأţôôˣŶһðҵҪڼҵʲôţ沦ͨ˼ĵ绰
绰˺þö˽״̬е֣ϵ绰²˺Ҷֻ룬绰תӵ䡣ǺҶãڲڣԣлл硣ŵ绰ﴫཱུ
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ȻؼҰɣǼҵĸоáĻ䡣ǰ档߱ߴĽţһƺҪȫ綼֪ҵܺáںĿһεı飬תͷŽֻС˰ڶһνӣһ㶼ں
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ʱһڷ׶صķɻϰɣף㣬һ·˳硣
һֱΪԼˣΪܹʶ㣬Դʶ֮ҶԼһжڴܣ뿪֮󣬻жݵĲӦѣһԼĸǿģҲܰ쵽ɡ
룬Һкö໰˵ǺǣˣǾͲϻˣ֮лһУл㣬̵ҵһУһӶġ
ףͽСܰúϣͬģܣҲμӲǵĻˣǣһԶףǵġףԶҸȻҲһҸġ
УǮÿƷʣºģĿȻǺܶ࣬ǣܶණģܽԼõĻණġ
ɣдɣдȥ㶼׶ػˣǺǡ
Ҷ415գ4ʱź󣬶оԼĳ׵ľˣҶˣʹ㲻Լġ
ҶԶԭģ汯ߵĽţȻĶڵϣǽϡʹı顣
˫ֽźҶдţҪһţͻȻ뵽ʲôóŷĴۣһʾ׵ڶ5֮ǰÿ춼У320գ98Ԫ321գ108Ԫ322գ70ԪԼÿǮʣµģڻȫûߣûǮǺҶô뵽ĸᡣԺҶԸǲ߲ԼκһģͻȻ´¹ڴηҵ·Ȼֻʱ򴩵׺ͿӲˣģȫûߡ
ߡ룬ԼĺɫֻҲ棬ʾϻʾ18δӵ绰淭һȫԼ׶شģֻһ±
СĵóȻĸĦףҲģȻҲߣѼ±·ڳʱʱպһ볡˳
һһŴƹ볡滹ôĺдţлΪЩĺһУһΰıǵһ濴볡ĽܣΰЩ޸ĸĹ¶룬ҶȥμӹΪ춼ڼأ볡·ڼ±кã׼ϼ±ʱͻȻо±д˶ϸһд֡ңǺҶּź飬ż±ݡ
췢Լ۸죬ǸӶҵľٶ˽Һ¼ˣƴǣߵûһңЩŪҿʼˡǰͻȻˣĵĿ־һӶûˣֻΪĵ֪ԼǴʲôʱʼôǿˣѵǡ
濴ͻȻһ󴥶ԭ쿪ʼԼĸоΪֻԼһԸſţԼΪΣڲģΪΣڲŸԼĸ顣
һƪʱ濴Ҷдһ䡣
ĺҸȹⱲĵʱ̣ڣҪˣͷҲܻصˣʲôǣԼʲôûУǾɡ
һʺĴӡԱ۵ӡڶǰоԼĺۣţһõʺĴӡϡϸ΢ˮʪһ𵽻ѧãɫĸʺ졣ָĦŸձԼˮεĵطڿƲסȻصһʹ޵һĺڽ䣬ʵоˣء

20

˺浽ѰźҶֽϣ㲥ֻҪһϣ涼ѰҺҶ䣬ʱһһȥˣʼûкҶϢҲԽԽ˼˽̽ûнÿΪһ˱ø㲣ҲܲԼ̫˽ǣֲֲֻ֪ãԼڹ϶ŵʱ䣬öиʱѰҺҶϡ
ȥֿ쵽ˣǺҶ뿪ĵڼˣѾʼģ϶ѻɽļȫΪѰҺҶ׼ģʱվڴǰ˼УʱֻͻȻ
ιңءǿ
ڰ칫ʲô𣿡
ˣҪ˵òãôˣ˰ɣڵ绰ͷ
Ҵû˭̫ˡ
㿴㿴֪֪ڱʲôˣ˵ϸʲô鶼ûУڶ¼ˡ
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ˣҪˣû°ɡе㲻ͷˡ
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ߺãܡĿ곤ڳò˵š
߲ܺ󣬿޷ŵĶŶпţ벻ȻˣһΪһѸأǺǡ
ˡͻȻվסתĿ˵š
ιȥ黹ûаءڶ棬š˵ǸͷǺִܹģҪҪһȥݷһ¡
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·ϣʲô·ϡ˵ʲôôס棬㵽Ҫ˵ʲôŶŵı飬Ī
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ۣ治㰡棬ȥ̽ˣǺǡǣھȥô֪ǹ¶Ժǲס
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˵ˣҲһΪ˺Ҷ֪˶Ǯ˵󣬿ͺˡ
ĺĺ¶ı󣬿֪Լñˡ
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Ск͵ĿŶ棬û˵һԣԼ˾ȻһС۸Ск˵¶׺ݵ񣬶ݺݵ˵šСǲǲˡ
СкܲĶ졣
Ӵ˵ˣƢͦЦ
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ˣС㻹ûСʱ򣬣
ˣСѣټԺ·ʱСĵ㣬֪𣿡ЦŶк˵
кûĻƹ棬ǰȥתͷ˿ͿȻתȥŶ棬ε˵ţǿУһСˡ
ôˣǻǸ°ɡ

ͿһܹϵķǰܵΧǽ϶ɽïʢҶ֦쵽ԶԶһŸӼžԲȥ
߰Ÿ𣿡ߴš
ʱǳƺΪܵ˴˳ΪϿһĳͣһŮҲ˳ǳͲܣܸлŲ֣ܵЦݣܳԾ˵ţģأ棬ġ
ûῨĻ˹ȥŶŵӣοЦˣţϲڵӡʮ㣬ǰܸоȫ˶ǳһ
ʱѾߵܵǰżһܳԾı飬ҲܳԾĿŶ棬ͬʱҲϲȻطҲԼһˣûжãܾҪͿһԷöͿĴûа׷ѣο
ϣͿһֱúܱŤŲСĵİѲ߰ڷţȻ󣬽ʡĺһڲʱͻȻ뵽˺ҶǵãʱҶҲϰߣӲ˷һ㶫ÿΣѶԵĸɸɾģſţоܱˣȻ󣬺ܲȻĵͷ
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Ҳȥ¶Ժĺ֮󣬶ид磬ڰ칫ڴƻվ汨һЩСͱСڹ¶ĽűԵĶĻ棬ǵ壬ĳ嶯
ſţͻȻи뷨ǣصվ绰ͨ˺롣
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Ժʲô𣿡Ի󣬹ĵš
һֻ4ĺӣİԺһǳ
˵ǽĺ𣿡
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ӵĲúܼ򵥣ֻ3̨ףŵ࣬иССİľͷƳɵģǱˢᣬСϲͿ͸Ŵ۵⣬ʵͻŹϵķӣۡԺһ䷿ͣԺţûзӦԺһΣûκζ
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ﻹûʲôԺ뿪Žȥʱű˴򿪡
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һⲻСк󰡣̫ˣҲϳ˶棬һ˫۾ɵɵĿŶ档
Ҷʦȥˣ֪𣿡Ժٴšǲ˵ԺеʧתԶ˵ţǲ˼ڲڣ¾Ҫ´ˡ
ûйϵģҾˣͲ鷳Ժˡ
Ǻðɣȥ￴һ££ǾҪԷˡȻת˵ţ󣬹ԣһҶʦĻ˵Ժ𣿡˵֮󣬿ûκηӦԺε߳š
Ժߺ󣬶Ŵ䷿䣬ļҾߺ٣ֻһķСӣϷ飬һС͵ɫ̨ưӵıԵԱи12׵ľĺ룬ǳǳĺɫͷһɫļ±±Էŵһ˶ĺ棬߽һǸԼҶֻһģһǵøʱǿĵӣͻȻֻߡ
Ҫñ˵Ķ
عһ֪󣬡ǰɣǻԵӣ΢Цšǲ˵еƣᶨȻ󣬹ֵãܸ˼㣬ҽж档
ŶľٶӵԼ֣ȻСĵŶ֣ҲܵԼϣ֣ܾãûзſ
壬ôڿ˿ڡ
壿Һ𣿡˵ܸˣ
һҡͷЦ˵Ƕòĺúӡ
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ո˵Ҫȥţ̸Һȣͳȥˡ
Ŷ죬Ҷʦ˯ģ
˵ͷͻȻܸ˵Ľţ㣬ˡ
Ŀ⿴ȥʱˡҶվ⡣

21

Ҳ̫࣬Ѿ𴲣1Сʱ󣬻صʱ仹㣬һ˯㣬ҪôŶȥŪͳԡڴߣĸףĿ˵š
Ҷ뿪Ժ󣬶Ҳϰڼÿ죬ڼҳȥϰ࣬ʱˣ豸ҲԽԽ࣬ǰ˸оû˽
Ҷվ¥ݿڣŶӣûκα飬ȴпǧ
߽ķ䣬˯ĺ㣬Ҷοϲɣ֪һϲġŻû˯ѵ󣬺Ҷš
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˺Ҷһû뵽ڷ
ȳȥˡҶμˣͷ뾡뿪һתͱűߵĵ̺һ£˵ڵءţƵ
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ҶҡҡͷоԼʱСôǰˤأ塣Ÿ˯ѵ۾Ժ˵š
󣬲˼㳳ˡҶǸ˵š
˯ɣ
ͷЦˣһԵĺҶʱһı飬ǲԽ΢΢
Ӷ˰ɣ·ã¥Է˷ܵӣҪ·
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ǼúáԼԺ˵ţһҸ
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ˡˣҪ
ˣȥҶĻ汧󣬾Ҫ¥ĴźҶʰ

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úáȰ꣬㣬벻סһס
˵۾ȴźҶҪȴŸ˵ӡ
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ܲ˵仰̲סˣʵ
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ںҵİְŶҲϲȥģ˵Խ˵˵ĸԽãϣÿ춼ܴܴܳļܡ
һͯԣֳε㡣ҶоԼһͨͨģæ˵ȥö˵ͷ˳ƽ˵šáֻҪϲʲôСǺǡ
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ҶոΣ׼ط䣬ͻȻԺסˣһµһǶ棬ΪɣҪԼһȥ£ҶԺڴ£߳˹¶Ժ
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ǧҪ˵㻹֪͸˽ˡ
ʲô˽ˣڲӦø˵㣬ô¡
֪Ͳûг֣Ҳһߵ꣬Ǿͷˣȥ꣬͸ѧˣҺ滹һȥμĻأЩСӶûи˵𣿡
ûаʲô֪ҶҲܳԾ
찡Ƿˣѹ˵ڹʲô
ûн飿
ôܻ飬㣬ûŮ˽飬㲻֪жమ㣬жһ԰˶ʼ氮Ĵڡ
ſĻҶķ·˴һ泩ˣоʱΧĿҲˣնʱɢ
棬ȥ˾ɡҶͻȻĺ˷ܡ
ڣ
ڣкö໰˵
úáڣϾȥ㿴㣬һޣһЦģױˡȡЦš
ҶæԼЦĸˡ
Ӻܿ͵˹˾ͣ˵ҲǱ¶ɣ֪ǿĵı飬̲סЦ
İ칫ҵˡ󣬿ȥ
Ҷں棬¶Ŷڴ顣
ʲôֲ߰ûعͷźҶ˵š
ݿڣҶµĵݡҲԽԽţʱ2ߵĵͬʱˣȽ˵ݣվĺҶŸӵں棬ȫ֪ʱһݳĶ档˾ŪƵĲ
ҵİ칫£ȥѺҶ쵽Լİ칫ҡ߳š
ҶɳϣܽŵĿ󣬲֪˵ʲô
Ư󣬴˴ʱֵߡ
ϲ𣿡ҶͻȻʵ
ϲ뵽û룬شš
Ժ󡭡һòãе˼ɣҶʵ¡
ģܺ壬㣬һ𣿡
ȻҪԸ⡣
̫ˣаְˡܸ˵ĴšһЦݣôĵ󣬺ҶοЦˡʱ˽
ǲɣճȥ
ʲôʱ
ȥ̸Լ飬ǻزˣ֪Ӧȴ绰ġƵ˵š
ˣҪһġҶҲʧ
Ҫ£һһԷɡ
ˣæɣҸȻȥˣʱҲˡ
ǻȥɡͻȻĵ绰ʱҲˡ
ιôˣʲôھ͹ȥ
ȹȥɣԼԻȥģҶԤеԣæο
Уȵһ£ҽȥ
ĲˣԼԵġҶæܾš
Ұ㣬ҶҪִˣҿɲ뱻СˣͰҰɡ
ôε˵˳ҶܲĴ󣬻ص˹¶Ժ
죬ҶûκϢҲûд绰úҶܵģϵ绰æ״̬ŪĺҶÿ춼صģǣֲ֪ǵʲô顣

22

Ҳ̫࣬Ѿ𴲣1Сʱ󣬻صʱ仹㣬һ˯㣬ҪôŶȥŪͳԡڴߣĸףĿ˵š
Ҷ뿪Ժ󣬶Ҳϰڼÿ죬ڼҳȥϰ࣬ʱˣ豸ҲԽԽ࣬ǰ˸оû˽
Ҷվ¥ݿڣŶӣûκα飬ȴпǧ
߽ķ䣬˯ĺ㣬Ҷοϲɣ֪һϲġŻû˯ѵ󣬺Ҷš
ǵȻϲһϲ˭
˺Ҷһû뵽ڷ
ȳȥˡҶμˣͷ뾡뿪һתͱűߵĵ̺һ£˵ڵءţƵ
ļ˹ȥϽҶû°ɡ
ҶҡҡͷоԼʱСôǰˤأ塣Ÿ˯ѵ۾Ժ˵š
󣬲˼㳳ˡҶǸ˵š
˯ɣ
ͷЦˣһԵĺҶʱһı飬ǲԽ΢΢
Ӷ˰ɣ·ã¥Է˷ܵӣҪ·
壬Լᴩҡ
ǼúáԼԺ˵ţһҸ
ҪˢſԳԷ֪𣿡ҶҲš
֪ǰϴ֣ԿڡҪעⰲȫʳʦһ˵ţĶֱЦ
ˡˣҪ
ˣȥҶĻ汧󣬾Ҫ¥ĴźҶʰ

󣬶Ե㣬ֵġ治ͣвˣŪһ롣
壬ﶼװˡ
úáȰ꣬㣬벻סһס
˵۾ȴźҶҪȴŸ˵ӡ
סô󡭡òãе㽹ͣ׷š
󣬿ԷǻҪȥءҶͻȻĻ벻滹ġ
ȺˡҶֲ쵽
ܲ˵仰̲סˣʵ
ס˵ʲô
˵˲סܾ𡣡
˵Ļˡ
˵ģҿûоס
һһģԽԽһԵʲô鶼ûзƵģԵĽζģã˵벻ס
ã϶סˡ
벻ס˵ʵ
ǣ˵ʵסɡ
뵽ĴڣһȵĿҪԼҪĴ𰸣壬óԣҶʦҲ԰Ȼûķˡ
û뵽ȴʣĺҶͶ棬֪˵ʲôá
˶ʱͻȻ˵һ仰öͺҶе㲻֪롣
ںҵİְŶҲϲȥģ˵Խ˵˵ĸԽãϣÿ춼ܴܴܳļܡ
һͯԣֳε㡣ҶоԼһͨͨģæ˵ȥö˵ͷ˳ƽ˵šáֻҪϲʲôСǺǡ
󣬺Ҷǰˣʱĵĸ˵˼仰˺ʲôԼƵģԻΪ֤ŪĺҶƵţϧʲôûʳ
˾޷Լϲõ飬ڿ׷£˵ʵ顣һԾĿʼţϸ룬ҲֻкҶбöַΪ˵ԼΪͬѧǩһĺԼȻû뻹ǺҶæǰ֪ʲôˣŶãҶ棬ɣöԼʱ䣬滹еԥºҶӦͻȻ뵽ʱ
ҶոΣ׼ط䣬ͻȻԺסˣһµһǶ棬ΪɣҪԼһȥ£ҶԺڴ£߳˹¶Ժ
ιôˣû뵽ȻˣôȻûҵ찡׽ŪˡʱͶһŵĿȹ棬š
ǰһΪԼҲܸأǺǡЦ
СӣڿɲҪˣҲˣ˵ҲûбŮ㶯ˡ
ǣھȻе㺦ˣ֪Ϊʲô
ôˣѵǡҲˡ
ûУֻǸоÿμܽţȻҲȻ˵ĻҲ˵
ҵ찡ģ̲סЦ
ЦʲôʲôЦġĵ۹⿴ǣúܲ˼˵㣬ڶˣȻСһẦߣǺǣǷ㡭
ʲôߣҲŲء
棬ˡˡⱲӣҶԶˣô찡ƴڿš
㻹˵ڻûи㶨أҪҡ
ӴأǺǡѽ찡ΪĳӰɣպİŮ˹ɡ˫ֺʮ졣
ˣء
˵㣬һľͷأֱ˵飬͵ˡ
ֲûֻǣܸоҶڹʲôһߣҺܷ
ѵѾϲˣ
ôᣬУҲֻҡ
ʲôѽ飬ҪңԼŰɡͷ˵š
㻹ǲѣæˣˡԶԶĿҶǣ
Ӵˣ𣿻ǲţŮ˾ǱĿ죬żʱ䰡ϲءȣǸ˭Ļأĺ𣿲㲻ϣ˼ҲŶɡ
Ϲ˵ʲôأǹ¶ԺĺӡæվҶӻ֡

ãҶԽԽƯˣϲˣҲվԺҶ˵š
ãþòٴμҶоӡһ㶼ûб䡣
󣬽塭Ҷ̵š
á
úãӴ˧
󣬹æԼĴϡ
Ҷаҵжడ£Ҷ¿ˮ
ͷ꣬㶼ûпС㲵ӣ͸һһݵֻʣ¹ͷˣҪڲ֣Ҳôûˡ
ſŶҶĸˣԼ뿪Ϊ˳ȫҸʹѡ֪˵ʲôҲ뿪ġ
㲻ǣҪ˵°ҸôĸΪˣҿɾԩˡԹԼ˵ţҲںҶû
Ⱥȱˮɡʵ̲סˣ˿Ļ
ԼĻȷʵ̫ˣܲԸˮͶһܡӡ
ĺܶԲ𣬸ô鷳ҶҲöԿԼҲһθС
ҿܲˡҶı飬治ϰߡ
ȲԣԲûи𡣡
أʲôɣͻȻһ仰
Լҳ𣿡ҶҲܲš
ǣҾ㣬ΪʲôҪΪʲôšһ࣬ʵ
棬Һò׾һǰͲҪˡҲоʱŵաȳԷӶ˰ɣǳԷ
лл塣
ԣҲ԰Ҷ԰ɵš˵ţŲ˺Ҷ롣
ãԼлл
ٷ꣬ͺҶû˵ʲôһֱҺãߣĺҶּ˵ҪؼңŪĶǵ͵͹ȣһ֮¸˼󣬾Ϳȥ˹˾
Ŷ뿪ıӰҶĺܺԼһʹжʱӿͷһԿҡҡͷ
Ҷǻع¶Ժɡ
ˣлл߰ɣԼȥͿˡ
һʲôϳɣڲ׽гġ
Ĳˣ߰ɡ
˵˱ҿˣǱµʥּŶҿɲΥЦ
ǡܴܲһطҲȥ
ðȥʲôط

԰һȺСźܿģͺҶڲԶϣοĿš
ǲĺܹ֡ҶͻȻʵ
ʲôôô˵
ʵܿģٴμǵãҸ뿪Ƕʱ䣬ÿ춼뵽뵽ᣬǺǡֱڣһǻ
û뵽ҶôĶԼ˵ЩܸжҶʱı飬֪˵ʲôֻǺš
ĺ£¡ԼԶˣ֪ǣǿƲסԼҶԽ˵Խе
ΪʲôҪԼأԼĸоߣű˴ˣΪʲôŪӣҲܼܾĿźҶ
ĺܰܰҶ
ôͲҪſְҶ㵽ôģΪʲô
ֻ뿴ҸţûҪ󣬡롭Ϊңôˣʧʹֻ࣬뿴ÿ춼ܿģҸҶҲͣסʼʹ
ɵΪ뿪ͿԻҸ𣿡źҶĵӣúᣬе۵İοš
ǣֻҪһߣͽĻھͻԽԽãҲΪ˵ϰ
ʲô˵ʲôǻ飿еԾš
ǰ˵ģ˵ӹͻ飬˵ҪˣΪҵԵʣԲôá
ʲôԵʣҵ찡̫Цˡе㼤ЦĿźҶ
ѵ𣿡
ǧҪ˵㻹֪͸˽ˡ
ʲô˽ˣڲӦø˵㣬ô¡
֪Ͳûг֣Ҳһߵ꣬Ǿͷˣȥ꣬͸ѧˣҺ滹һȥμĻأЩСӶûи˵𣿡
ûаʲô֪ҶҲܳԾ
찡Ƿˣѹ˵ڹʲô
ûн飿
ôܻ飬㣬ûŮ˽飬㲻֪жమ㣬жһ԰˶ʼ氮Ĵڡ
ſĻҶķ·˴һ泩ˣоʱΧĿҲˣնʱɢ
棬ȥ˾ɡҶͻȻĺ˷ܡ
ڣ
ڣкö໰˵
úáڣϾȥ㿴㣬һޣһЦģױˡȡЦš
ҶæԼЦĸˡ
Ӻܿ͵˹˾ͣ˵ҲǱ¶ɣ֪ǿĵı飬̲סЦ
İ칫ҵˡ󣬿ȥ
Ҷں棬¶Ŷڴ顣
ʲôֲ߰ûعͷźҶ˵š
ݿڣҶµĵݡҲԽԽţʱ2ߵĵͬʱˣȽ˵ݣվĺҶŸӵں棬ȫ֪ʱһݳĶ档˾ŪƵĲ
ҵİ칫£ȥѺҶ쵽Լİ칫ҡ߳š
ҶɳϣܽŵĿ󣬲֪˵ʲô
Ư󣬴˴ʱֵߡ
ϲ𣿡ҶͻȻʵ
ϲ뵽û룬شš
Ժ󡭡һòãе˼ɣҶʵ¡
ģܺ壬㣬һ𣿡
ȻҪԸ⡣
̫ˣаְˡܸ˵ĴšһЦݣôĵ󣬺ҶοЦˡʱ˽
ǲɣճȥ
ʲôʱ
ȥ̸Լ飬ǻزˣ֪Ӧȴ绰ġƵ˵š
ˣҪһġҶҲʧ
Ҫ£һһԷɡ
ˣæɣҸȻȥˣʱҲˡ
ǻȥɡͻȻĵ绰ʱҲˡ
ιôˣʲôھ͹ȥ
ȹȥɣԼԻȥģҶԤеԣæο
Уȵһ£ҽȥ
ĲˣԼԵġҶæܾš
Ұ㣬ҶҪִˣҿɲ뱻СˣͰҰɡ
ôε˵˳ҶܲĴ󣬻ص˹¶Ժ
죬ҶûκϢҲûд绰úҶܵģϵ绰æ״̬ŪĺҶÿ춼صģǣֲ֪ǵʲô顣

23

ѺԼ̸ãյ˾ͳİ칫ȥ
ǻô£绰ͨ棬˷ܵ˵š
һǱֻûеˣæ˼죬ǽˡ
ô£ϴβ˵ôŪôã
̸ĺϲ⣬Ǹϰռ50%ĹɷݣҪµļӺͼŻ¡
ʲô̫ˣϴһǸʲôµģ𣿡

ʲôģҲ̫˰ɣռУ˲ܺ棬Լ̸ˣ˵š
ǵĳ˵Ͳֵһᡣ
ǲų꣬ȻҲǷôҲǶǵܴ
Ҳ֣һС˾ڶ̶̵2ʱ﷢չô죬ҵǻҪࡣ˵һͶʣҪչ[⼯]
ʲôչôθ𣿡
Ҳ˵ĻĻû˵ȥ
С棬°ǵϷңҵҪǸϰǺηҲ
ͻȻôӣοЦˣǺںཨҵġ
Цʲô
ûʲôֻͻȻ뵽ǰ˵Ļ
ʲô
˭Ҫչ˾Ļһϵһݵġģſ˵ӵ
ιСӣǲϷŪúܡţ˵ţɲҪ̫ŶȻҶɱˣ
úá棬¶Эı飬ǺǡҶ̫лˣᵽʲôǳɾ͸ˡЦ˵
̫磬һ죬ҵʱ򡣡
ڣʱ˿Цš
ʲô˼
СӣصƿŶ
ʲôʲôģһͷ
֪ҶΪʲôߵ𣿻У֪֪ڹʲô𣿡
Ҫ֪Ļô㲻Ƿϻ𣿡
氡㲻ͦ˵ô̸Լ⣬ʲôͿء
ѽҴˣ˵ҵĴүʱĺļ
ôҶ˵鰡
ҸҶ˵ֲǺ졣
ҵ谡㻹û뵽ļ
뵽ʲô˵
ڹôʵ
ĺܺðҲˣ㲻֪𣿻ҡеĪ
˭Ļ顣
Ǹѧ𣿻ǻ˵ͻȻ뵽ʲô԰ôôѹ֣ܾڶʲôУھҪ˵
ˣ˵֪ʲôʱˣѾˡ
ˣʲôӦ潹š
ʲôӦҿǷ㣬˼Ҳᣬǻáߵ˵š
ھҪȥ¶Ժû˵꣬ͳȥιû˵أ棬桭ӦģֻԼ
һ·ϣ濴ŵ·Եķ羰ȥԼҶԽԽ޷ݵĿģգоҲˣҲˣǰͻȻĺƣҲˡ˵ĿָʾӺ̣Ȼ󣬰ѳ¹ϵõǰȥ
֪ʲôӣҶܸо֣ʲôҪƵģͿͣ˺öģиͣҪ˭һ̶ÿ϶Ĵɨٰ̾ȻûҲúҶеٰ֣̽50ˣΨһһ10ǰ벿Ӻʹûл˵һչУΪһ˶Ӣµˣٰ֪ʵÿΣܰοԼҶڲأɳϢˡ
ΪϰȥҲȥˣ¹¿ٰһˣΪ˼ҵĸٰܾ̾˵¶Ժ˴ɨİ̡
ӺҶÿϣʱ䣬Ҷȥҵ·Ͽٰ̡žɾɵİɫ޲ñӣźܳɨ㣬ɨ·ϱ΢紵µĿҶϵĶźҶ΢ЦȻʵţô簡Ȼ󣬺Ҷ΢ЦĵͷȻٰ߹
ٰ̽ûѵǳʲôʹʦ֪ԭǲˡ
κ󣬺ҶĶٰסĵط
˺ܶ·ҵˣǰֻ15ƺķӣݶϻƾɵשߣҶἫˣ⣬һѵĿƿ͸Ĵװţӿһֵܴĺɫӣһ˫ܾɵĲЬɹԱߣҶ̴ٰ˫Ь
ٰٰ̡̣𣿡Ҷվ⣬Ľš
û˴ӦҶֽ˼û˴ӦҶţţԼˣҶɻ˽ȥͻȻǰľѺҶһٰ̻˯ڵϡϵĲ
ٰ̣ôˣٰ̡Ҷҡţе
Ҷҡ˼£ٰ̻ˣ˫ۡ
ôˡٰ¶Цݣ
ٰ̣ȥҽԺɣ㶼ˡҶܵģ˵š
û£ͺˣòȥҽԺһǮ
㶼εˣ˵û¡
û£õġٰ֧ŵذ壬վ
žǿٰ̣ҶҪȥҽԺĴ㣬ĬĬɨ㣬ɨŵذϵĲڸỤٰ̄úõϢһ°ɡ

Ҷٰ̼Ҵ˺ܾãú󣬺Ҷְٰ̰Ѽɨһ飬·Ҳϴˣ鶼֮󣬺ҶŷԼ̵ٰܰľֻЩæˣŴʱ˯ٰ̣ҶἫˣ¶䰧˵
ò׿˼Сʱĳ¶ԺȴûмҶöƣҲ֪ʲôʱֻôںҶķһźҶ
һȥ𣿡ûкҶʵǺģڿʵ
Ҷ˵Ҫﶼȥ
ǡ˵һȥ԰ɡ
УҶ˵ҪһҪ
ʲôʱΣеĳ󺰵
Ҷ˵ܿͻˡ
ѽҶҪˣңȥˡһ˵ı飬װ۵ӡ
ôˣ塣
ĺʹ󣬶㣬ҵˣĺʹӴ
壬ԲҸ㣬ȥˣ㲻Ҫҵˡлǻƭܶˣ磬Ҷ磬
㲻½㣬еҪȴװں
ǣҲһֱҵ
ԣҪĻҾʹҶƨɣòá
ĻĵЦˣЦݺܲá
˵ٰ̲ˣҪȥٰ̣ҲҪˡ
ٰ̣˭
ɨصİ̡
Ŷ֪ˣҪˣڹòá
һҪŶ
ãһһڼҪŶ֪𣿡
֪ߡ

ӹ¶Ժ󣬰Ժָʾ濪ųһ·̵ٰסȥ
̵ٰ󣬺ҶһˣĬĬʯ·ϡǰеϤĵ·ͻȻҶǿһ־Ķڽ
ǰһԼ40ӣһĻɫһ˫ƾɵĺɫƤЬЬƽ¶źɫӵĽŸоݣỴ̈ǣһҶ
Ҷ¼ˣ۾ҿǰϳԼԼԽԽҶԽԽ졣ͻȻҶоʲôͷһһֻëëںҶĽűϡ

ҶľҲŵ˸߹ӡȻתҶ˹
Ҷӡ𣿡㰡Ҳϲأٺ١
Բϴˡ
ʲôϴˣ㲻Ҷӣٺ٣겻ͦһɫںҶǰźҶ
Ҳʶ㣬ÿҶ࣬˵š
ӴƢҲأô˼꣬˶ˡ˵ţ֣ҶҶܿˡ
ûļˡҶĺܼ˵š
ҪҶӣʵҶǺġ˵ţͻȻźҶ֡
ſңſңҶţûκá
Ҷӣϲ㣬ͳȫҰɡͻȻס˺Ҷ
ſң쵰ſңҶĽţǣӦģֻԼĻ
ǰľǻصǰ̰ɫĽŽ㲻ڣҶ־ĺҶƴǾˮۡ

ͻȻӱ˺ݺݵĻһȭˤڵأ˾ȺҶµˡ
濴ˮĺҶʹˣҶǰĶ棬˷ıŶ档
û£ڡ
ҶıŶ棬޵ˡ
ҲܽıźҶ۵ҶᡣȻĸĦźҶͷΪҲˣҶܲ
ɵϣôأⲻ𣿺ˣûˡ۵İοš
棬Ҷ״Ρ
˭˭
򣬾꣬
ʲô쵰ʧķ򣬶ߵšûˣҶڣ¡


24

ԴǼںҶļַ£滹ǰѺҶӵԼסĵطҲȻĸźҶһסڶ
Էˣ棬ԵĶ
ţҶͿæĴ¥ݿ˳ȻϵʳĵĳҶ΢ЦվһԣοĿǰԼ2˳Էʱ۵ӣȻڶϳ֮ǰҶϸĵѹİڳСĵĶţҪСģһҪǵóԷһóԵĵ㡣
Ҹʱ̣ÿ춼֣Ҹȴҫñ鳡ʧĿʹ
ιȥҼҳԷôҶĶɺóˣЩ߼Եǿˣ
СӣһҪ𣿰һǵ˵𣿡
ô˵ˣôˣô󡣡
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뿪ٰ̼ʱѾܺˣһһŵ΢Ĺ⡣մʱһƬźҶƽġ󣬾Ҫİ˽ˣͻȻҶ̧ͷ˵ţְ֣裬ҲһҸɣŮҪˣףǰɣԺҲһҸҸġ
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