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ұעķաţ¥Ĺһ֪ԼţɡһҵвԣҪСģСġ 

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ҵĸϲĴ̣ŮԶֻܷɢ̨ϡԱס̨еģȻĸˣסģǱܸޣȫס̨ϣլۡ븸׵ľӴڶʮڡ֣Ҹ׼ֶסһҪκһŮʱͶȥկסһӣŮլӹҹ
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Ӧ˳һһŨڷϲ߹΢΢һЦ
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ôأôֱѭ浸ءججУҲǱһ˸뾭ѵôΪҵΪף
ֻҪԼʲôȥܹ̣ᱻϷ˺ҡͷҪѪУ㲢
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Ӵô˽ˣ͸ѽ˱Լҵ·ʽ˶˵ûп˼ֻǵЦ̫ȥͶעˡѹֻȥһָ顣
ΪҡԸϱȻҪִƢԣܵ춨Լɫ뷽ҲڹȥλԣȤ
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ϣֻ̾Ĳѡȴ鵽׵ˡǿˣź档
ое߿յͷһ˲Ĵ̼
ǻôĿʼأ
ҵʮ¥죬ǡ¥ӳұҵܴϤҵ
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ҹ㣬ʵΪɫĻƿͲ̫һƱûɫչʾԱǹɣֻ˼޶ѡ¥һֹֻҴ϶ȥɹ
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һֱֻǧһʱסҵĺҵһ۽Уŵ˵Ĺˮζ¥ӡŬѹեᣬתסأ
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ֵĽ׼֣곡ϷʱٲĻƿĵȴޱȵرӣȫһ˿Ӧеء¥ӿΪûƽƽʸˡ
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ᣬ˼ֻǱȱ֪Լ֣ο¥һ󷽡ŲңҲΪģôأ
𣿡Ц·ң֪ 

3

ȥݲǴŮĸо
Ȼгȥǲ㱡Ĥ£ҵֻû¥ӵĴϣ׵ش򷢵ʡҸΪ˶Ů˵ѪҰϲãҽԺȥŮĤͣÿһ˳ָе죬ԼΨһܲͬҵΪûüЦ

ʱʮ㣬ΪĴ飬Ȼĳٵɡȥ˾ˣȥϰ࣬ұصԢڶεĳϴ
ʵ˵ûеõ̫Ļ䡣ҲƴҪֵԸûʱȥУҲûνˣҲҲڴֻǰӰῴϴŮʴǵģŻΪ硣ֻʹ
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԰ôãҲҸҵڶԿڼ䲻ˣҾʧõĸһЩΪʲôΪ԰һеأһǻһЩδԵġ
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ĸǮңӸңȻҳɳ׸ҵĽҴδˢԸ׶ĸŮ˵ְֺޡҹԹԵաǮҲע⵽ңΪʱˣϲŮûİţ˼رעˣ
ֵΣҲԵһ֡
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ҵĸʮ꣬Ĵǰ̨ϻȣûμӡҲ뿴һƱ޵ҲЩĸֵǲãʵһЩ˻㲻ֻ϶ԶɣԲֲ֣ͼ˼ʲô
Σӱس׵ĳϡ
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һֱ磬һӶˡ
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׵һĨĽصŮˡԭ鸾ϵҲҲĵģҿɲϣһᵹ鹵ַˡ죡һŮ˲صˣǸŮ˾Ȼܣ̫ΰˣ
Ů㿴׽סҡ

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ԶԶġҿ̵İ̺ۡ
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׼ЦһƤƤı飬Ʋ֪ߵغС̲ͯס˵ˣ
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Ұࡣ˶ô𣿲ɡϾϰʽĴˣ檱ȽиҪŮ˾ͻ棬Ȱʡ£ִ˿ûôˣ֮⡣ͷ͵ǲ̸ռģ԰µı£ʡҪ֮Ķ
ο¥϶ǰݽƿŮ£ǲһֹעġԼжϡ

ʵ֤ҵжǶԵģǵù鹦Ҳݼ
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ôõĹϵĳ̶ȿҵнˮп˶Լĵġ¥൱ͬʱҲǸϺõѧϰѡߡҿͻһ棬Ҳȫķʽ˽£ݣҲĮôڼ˷κ֮࣬Ըǿҵأһ棬ȥģһʹĴ۵ңҲ׼ȥܵġ
̫˰ɣżһһĨɻʱһɿʹģ޷롣ѵ̫ҲһִֻҪķʽȥݳѡô˳ˣȴôõأ
ҹǸ޼Ƽĳϣ̨֮һϼšҴŽ˿ճһģ΢΢¶һ磬ñ¶ɰڰڵջ󣻾ź챦ʯһʽͷβҽ˵¥ǿˣҿڣ᳣бʯ˾Ŀ¼ҡȻһƷۻҵױ̨ˡ
һ֧裬дʱ䣬Ȼǰȥ̴кû⡣˵ǧڶΪ¥ӵӣϻ¥ǧҵĲΪС򱧲ƽɣұȽϺСò
ãҿˡ᳡һ¥ŵŮӦþͬãǳҪáԶԶģܿףϿƲӦǹ˳ǧС㡣
һеĸ߽žƱۿڸƼĻ᳡һĨЦҵУĵطԼȻȫѡʱҽסǰڿÿƮŮҲ˿Ǽįʵܹ¶Ŀ֣
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ŶᣬֳܵУ֮ΪʳŲŰ屣أҲ֪˭̳ģΪµ裬ǸֶθǿľƼŮ굱ҵĵһСֻûˣҲＫطĹϵ֮õȥʥˡ
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ǰŮѡҷɿ𣬳ǲ嵱СţȥԼĸڶ࣬ǹɵ¡֮䲻ᡣ
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аЦض֣
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շܣ֮оͬѧҾ˸ľƻᣬ֮ͬһͬ۽硣һˣС㡣
ϵһأ϶ǸټĺˡһûȴûԵġ
ӱøһ֮ͣǺ׾
˵Ҫˡ
ѽ࣡ôˣҪʲô˼ûжԲ㣡֮Сảȥһˮ
ӱ㡭㡭ҪǲǣסңֱУһ㱻߸ЬŤš
̾ϢرסһתתףվһСʱʵҵĽͦʹġû߾棺
Ҳҵ̨Ҳ㣡Աˣ鷳ѻɣ
ˣɴţۡ
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ŶǵȻҽ֮ƿܿͶ¥ĵıС
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ɫҲòȥ
Ҫһģסˡ
һǷǸʵ˸ҹ֣ͻȻ£һͷ¥΢ŭסôˣ
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κһ˽ҵԭ򡣡أ˫ִϣ谵ĵƹǿ˴˵ۡ
ʱڣҲڶһͬ塣˫乿
ס壬Ϣң
һְҵ£ġ
ʱԻ󡣡˵š
ҵĽ£ܿطЦ
ҪҾһ㣬Ҫ̫ѽ㶼֪жŮ˵ŽҵλأŶҲŲԸ
־תɣҲ˿
ס𣿡ڽ
ȻѽˣһӳԴֿǮȥˣˬѽ
̹סЦҶͣš
ΪԼļֵ˫۽»Ȧסһֱϲ壬ʵһʱŹв׼ĺǣ·˧ұͦǿİȫС
谵ĵƹתΪһǺԶرְȫ룬ղŵķûҲûҲ뵽Ҳȵȥݸ˿
ȻҲ˵ǳ˽¥ģҶÿһЩرľֹʱΪ˴ﵽĳĿģʱĿĻֹһ
ҿʼѰܵĿꡣ
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Ӧò¥йһȵ˰ɣΪڹ˾У¥ӵŮȫ͸ģйϵ˶ᱻöʮ¥ȫ֪
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⿴һۣЦһЦͷң
֮ǰ飬ǳصҵУڶְ
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ɣһۿ
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ҪİҪǮʵʡ֪ģҴʱرȤȡ
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һ˲ǱȽϲйŮôûٶڶأ
ŮۣǷɡ
ඣԼ۹̫ʧߵ£ÿһλӶ԰ŮҪֻѡ壬ֹҲͿˡ̫̰ģΪزǺ£һһ۵ʵϸȥҲǼһʽֿµġ
ת˸ȦֿһŮӵ۹⣬һλԳǳģһ־Ͷ޵˵ȴޡˣۣиֵѧϰ
˭ѽҵ۹бɽ¶ȡеʾýܡ
ʩᰶʩƷϰ塣
֮һʡʩǽ̨´Ʒ꣬ӪʮֺãŮǰ֮أҲר³ɹһεƷꡣҵǲ֪ԭʩϰôòҲǡ¥졣
ֵͷң
ǡ𣿡
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ֱʣֻܵôԴҵһŻ
Ů˾ɰģͣǧĵŮˡ
ýҷſһΪ˵һɰŮˣūҲˣȥʩСкĻᡣ
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ʲôֻȥױԣҡ
൱ΨҶġעĿ£ȻұȽעˡʹҲҪˣֻҪĿǰġŮˡͱֻעΪȥת֮ӵƢԣұмǡ
뻯ױңҴƤԼױٺһ㡣鸾֣ʵһˡҲ˵¥˱ֲãֻΪ˽ˣൽĿ£ȥǳ֮ƣҿԼǿ̨̰һϹôֻð˿ԼϬʣǰһиҲˡ
ױҵֱƿ߽һŮӡ֪ȫעǵŮӣһһкңԲѡױҡ
ᡣҲмصң
ǸŮ˶ΪǮΪ˵
ǶԲԼģȴֳʥŮߵΪӻôίԼȥ𣿡һشü̱Ҳոպÿķġ
Ҳ¼ܱϣŵķ֣
ҽ۷ۺջִУЦ
ѽȻѰõرϣ㻹ʲôĵģ˲ϷûĴ鷽ʽȥݱѡûİǡĹȥ׷㣬Ȼݣøл죬㱣д𣬺αһʵص㣿
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ȻҲԸ׷飬֮䵥ԽǮάϵҿֵöࡣ
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4

¥һֱûҹȥҹһżپӦȥչĿǰĸмƻ£СҲӿʹ־ҪȻҪʳ̼С
Ҫ˵¥Ӷ鲻٣˵ҹᷳ˵ҵ̨·ߣһЩ̰޶ռ˾ͻԶ˱ᡣǰҴӲcallģʱÿһСʱСʱcallһΣᷳˡ
гɾ͸Уȫҵľ籾ݣҲ𴩲ҵ󾵡
ҵܺá
ѽʲôЦƵġӦ֦ܣĲƤ°Ŀ
Ϸһظİ࣬ʩ֬Ƥú͸ҲûŰҵĳȥֻͣβ󡣳խţп㣬һ˫ųĲЬοһ봩߸Ьĥ
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ӦȥӢ顣ҡѧ鲻鷳һĻƿݵе룬һĿѧϷѧ֣ΪҸ߳ϷϷԾѧУѵ󣬽عһС糡ַӳ
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У֣Ҳһסѧֻһ׶εĿꡣϹŰ壬ΪŮһһܰǣơ
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֪ôһˣҲ֪԰ĸоı࣬Ϊû𣿡
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ЦЦ̧ͷյķݡ
ĳ̶ֳϣаָоҪŵȥ̸˵ʵһ˷ʱ£ûղʱȥУҵ·Ҫߡ
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Ϊû˸ȵ氮㸸׻˵Ļ룬ûȥõ飡ҡ
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ˣһԷɣ֮ٸкš
Ӧһ۹⣬һͬݳ緹ϣҵֱΪʲôҾķҵ۹һأ

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ʣµǶʱ䣬κˣ˲˾ұϢмҶѣûʲôҷǳӦ֡٣Ӷ٣һҲҷա

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ٵʩȥʿΪҸȽпʩᰶһֻҪȻЩŮ棬Ǵϣġ̫絣ġοǧֵң㱾ôô¾ͱ˦ˣ
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ںʱ䳤ãֻںܹӵСӼֱϸù֡ûˣѣʵҲ֪СҲҸûõãʲôЧ
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ûһӵƿңס˫ָסҡ죡ɣһû𣿻ʲô
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۹ͣפڵ̺Ƕ䱻ĻղʱĽôǷע޹ġ
˵ģˣҪ氮ϷһӱȽϱգΪ˴ȻұؾѭһɢʲôǣҲܱҵɡ氮һŮǣȥ̸ͬ˵ǾԻҸֹһҸһӡҵλȴĳͽƲ壬Ҿ͸ð壬մһɾԩˣҲŲˡ
ƿǰҿʼһַ£ֱûҵϽ£ͺͺĻͺ֦ǳҿĵЦ⣬ѽʮʮĻŮѽ

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֪Ҫȥۿᣬеɵ飬ֻɫɫĿͻӦϡ˵¥൱֪Σܽһ˵;Ӧõ¡Ҳý˰ελãһҲ˷ѡ
ҪȥһˣѵѰ𣿡Ҿʵؼ˵ζҪȥʩᰶΪߣøܴӲ롣
ʵ˵ұҲάôõĹϵҮֲǡɡ
ˡ
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˫ر׼ģʱˣҪ磬ûȥϴһˡĸףһ̨ͬȥ
ʣſȥһϤĹˮζʹԭͷҲȻ̧ͷڷǳһ̣ӭ߽ҲǡɿңǸӦû۵¥ӣŻС㡣ǲŸԶ߽û۹νӣæشұߵĳΪĻȥпҵĿ⡣ĸ߳ԶţڲʱҲŵðѺˡӦáԡܰʶӱκɣӣֻǲʹӶѡ
С㡣Զ򿪣ͳסҡ
ҽֱԭأпʼţȫûʵԲһͷ
ĸײŸ߿ȥҿأ˿һɰҵҲûУ¥Ҫ߽ҡ
Ķɣ޳ָɲ෽̯һֻֻͷĿѣؿǻƵȫ
˫ͬʱ䣬տҲôĶҲɵһǸղŪɵġҺǰҪ
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̯ȴܿغ̧ͷ飬ҲȻ͸
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5

һϰ࣬ѵصȴţҶûϳңҶϰࡣȳֵ˲¥ӣǶԼҡҲҵķܡ
Сˡ˿û˼ȥƫߣһõ壬ʮƺİ칫仨ꡣ
пܲܲò͡ؿңһ˹ĺýҡ
˲İڻɫģʵ᲻ӦֻܼЦ
ͣҪԤԼԪǧꡣ
ӱ
ָֹסĻ
һСֻܽӱС㣬ڶûġСӶҶû㿴Լۡҡ
ܵЦŨȻסҽ֡
Ҳݻ
ɣһǡмҵ׵ģ
˵ƾٵϡҵࡷ־Ļƽ˰׷Ұɣ˭֪ûгϢƴ㣬ôûߵţ֡
ӱ꣬ͿԣҲ¥Ĳġֿץס˫磬ǹԣ
̫ʥˣҲұִ
죬˭ңҰڿ˵ĺˣ
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ûзţһ˫ֱҷŵ硣
ӱĵġ
ſ·ˣûصͳæջʱҸϽؽװѴϸŻؼϡ
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ĸ̶᲻̫ˣ
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Īҵĵϸߡ
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أ
ڼ㲻Ϊһ̶СĶ˿ɣ̫ˡҿ˫֡
Ȼ󻬵ҹ⻬ļ򣬹ϸš
иᡣǶԶϣֱһҳʺ䡣㡣
һϡϷ
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·¥ӱСˣȻ鱦·ҸЦ𣿡ҿ̱Ӧ
Ůˣ㣬˾⣬һ㵽סΪͻȻ֣ǺѰζġſҵļһ£תİ칫ҡ
ұҵˮȡ

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ʱԡУ̾ϢֵţҲܻΪ¼Ǹεزٳ֡
ôһʼ²˳ˮѿʼҿԡ裬ŵĳһԡۡ
ױ̨ǰпһա¥ָҪҵ˿ֻһֻù¥ӳִ󷽣ÿζƣǫ̈̄Ҳڶԣȥһܡ
֪İɣֻ棬ľģֻǣôʲôҶֻ԰¶ѣЩңԲٶ࿴һۡһ뵽ĳЩֵľֹͲɵٶȰĵš
¸ҵҲ̫Ըȥϵ⣬ʵ֪ҵ̬Ů˲ͬɫûɫǻ裬ʹŮˣҲܱһ侲ͷԡҲʱ̫ˣòɡϰʱֵصƿȥ°ͻ⣬ֿŵ
ŮҲûϧûпŵȥݵóŮӦеţĴָʹûӣ಻ҪľٶԲˡ
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һ棬ΪƻңҲûȾָ¡ͷסҴܴȥĴմ֬ĸоá
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Σһδжְ뵽һΣֻջһΣһ档崿ŮӣпŲƱģҺȤȥ̽Σô˵
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֪Լʲô
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ƣǶôˡķйܼᶨزһ˿´棻ĵò侲ƵԸ
ʰϸҲҪͶӦҲûطȥֻڲ֣¥ӦͿˡ¥Ӿ˹һŮ˵壬Ҳ֪ģǾͿ˽ˣչʾҵ֡
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룬ֻһ𰸣ҾµĶۡ
ܣҶܡ
顱֮䣬ˣֻʣʶöԣֻŪۡ
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ӱһͬȥͰɣԴ͡
Ӧɤš
ʰҵ飬Ӧţ
ˣʮ롣
ٿӣȻȻȡ¶һת߳ȥγһ䵭Ļȡڱڶ

ĳһҹӦϹԢ¥һơһ±ζҪͷ£ͷһŷơƵľƾͣˣòϾ˸΢³ҾͷҲ£ũĳ壬ȴҲҲ̨Ⱦ֮أܱĻ࣬ҪȻǶͷһƬš¡
˾ѰҪһڡӦΪǰŮӣҲܵġأΪʲôΪƶȥȾƣҪʧأ
ȻˣðɣڰδɵϷЦҵĶӡȻΪûеȥ¥ӵ׶Լ
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С׬ǮȻһŮˣģһӡӡңº˲ôŵģ
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ǺǵЦ˫סף֪ЦǷʵĳɷ֡
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ѽ㻵ҲµĸоҲṴģҪǾĶҲ˵ͻȻŵţ׼Ķӡ
Ҳ֪ûסҵϾֹ顣

ԵòԲһҸ¥ȥɣı˻ΪŲĲġ൱ʵʡǻŮ˸֪ʲôаοΪĶΪ񿪵Ƿ£οʵûõġ
¥ȥ
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ҺҪȥӢˣҵÿʼҪĶϽȥ򡣡
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ߵӦס¥㣬ͻȻֲȥˡ̧еԿףߡֻ֮УΨһһֻɫһСèʯԿδȥĵط
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±ĳ߹ŵ˽һҲս˰ɣ¥ģҲˡҵ̤һ׶Σһж
ôġ 

6

Ӳʻͣվڳԡ
ҿ㲵ķܡ
ʼδһʱ֮䲻֪ӦҪʲôʣǰҲǰһ
㣬ôˣҿӣӡ
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ҿԸ㡣ȥùݰɣҪңĿȾͻʣҶá
񱻻Ƶջ֣ͺ
岻Ψһ׷ģҲҪӱҵģ
Ц
Ů󲻶ϴҪҪģܼãٵõһ֡ҪҪ
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ӱ˦ҵ֡˵Զ˹ĵϴˮҪ֪ڳͷң鱾ûд㲻ҪԼŮ׶ңֻ֪ƿң
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ĳ뷽ܵעƹֱߵߣҵĳ΢΢ǹ£ҿȻӡ
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ҪңͬʱҲŲң
𣿸ñҵҾȻֻЦİһŪͷת

ڶʮĩҲ˻Ϊտ񡣿Ǿ׻ųǧʷȻû˵ԽȻռǿʢѪҺŵǰԵҰ
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һҡ
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ǣҲɷŮˣ˿ҲϴŮˡûоԣŮ˺αΪǲֵõͷΡɿȥ棿ҵһҲб֤顢֤ޣܵɣһȫǸƶУʹҲȥŪڡ
ѽʱڱ䣬Ҳڱ䣬Ψһ˵ƽĴǻѲ⣻һͷŮ˺ϣרǰãӣƽʱ໹ҪʲôҲ֪ʽϽָһɲǣ׵ĹʽȻ񣬵ҲиııҪ
ԻΪǰᣬô¥ӡϲңͲֵѰˡ˭ϲһҪβأ
룬ڸ֡ұɫԼϣϲŮ˻ԹԱɡ
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ͷԼʵҲԼΪϣȻ̸÷ֺȴڣ
˲ǿҲʩ֬۵һˣǲϡ档¥ϻжˣŨױĨξѡ崿ұӦоСֻҪӸһյ㣬Ǯȥһʻȥȡģ²ֵҲʲô
Ϊʲôϲңʡ
Ϊһϲ㣿Ū
ðɣһַʽʣ
Ϊʲôңء˰ɣʮȫ˰ɣ
ؽӻ½ڵһ·̨ͣбȻҲԻشңʱúܡ
ĳЩر𡣡ѹ³ȼһ̣׿ҡ˽֮⣬עʱŪܱߵһУһĿϷ̬˱ݣһ㣬ʹɢŮӣƿŮҲã崿ŮҲУӲǲͬʵòرɫˡ
ôȻ˵Ҫֺ֣αطڣ
ǲȵԸ׵дһֽϨӿʼڳ䶯С
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Ϊʲôҷǵ㣬ʱȥأ
ѡ񡣡΢Ц֪ԼֵأڶǰûҡҪߣͲǮ򡣡
ʵһ㡣̾ϢЦҵ죬˲Ů֮ҲŮȥԸڽǮһеϷУʲôҲ̸ˡ
ռơ˭ȥǿأ
˵ʱһҲϬ
ٶģǸ߲εսȻɣǾװɣ
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ģһֻԼݣϿ
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ǰֻ¥һ˫۽ҷ㶾ļˣϲŮΣֵƾʲô
ҪҾȻһ㵣ģ㲻ǿ̫ˣֿµԤС 

7

ʵΨһ¡صԢҹʮ֮ˡ
˵ǰڲҵĸܻģô͹Цȥ֮Ľչ֪ҵʲôز֪ڴʲộֻϺԲƴֵķʽʾϣ
ҺãϣֻһˡҽŮ࣬һļҳԼûŻ֮ҳǣȻҲὫҴܾ֮СǲǮ˵ǧ𣬲Ҫ¥ϷЦ£俹ζŨˣɼҽ컯ױöôɹ
ҲΪ¥Ϸ򸾳׵¥ӿµһ·лңŭѵ˸ٽ㣬ֻʱ٣֮ܶվҪ군
ƣôЧӦǵףȻ׾ļ޵Ƶȥ¥Ϸ򸾣ͬʵҪ¥ҸΣȻ¥ϷѶӵû۹⣬¥ֻʼٸߡңݺ
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ϴ󣬻ظһˬαڴβ¥ȻֽӲƣһʯ
ҴδʶŭǵʱƿתߵżңٶңһеԸҷġЩŮӱͬñˣţ¥ķһʹԷŭΪȥˡʵ˵Һ㡣
֪лҪ̸̸ϴܹҲȥŭȼߣҪԼڣҶûǻ£˯Լġ
Ҫϴңѹס
ӣƱص˵
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תңȻҪʵˡ
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ӱ񡱼ΨһŮӵȻ¼Цˣʵ˵һ켫ˡ
ֳҪԼɿһЩȴվҲ˵ʣһѳڴϡ
ִһˣκƵһһϰ棬ȴץסĩˣһʹѷε§ס
ֻϷԲԣҧʳԶ׼һش֪б֮ܡ֪Ϸ
˭˭в𣿲ԹϵԭϷظ㲻״
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ǲϷǰɣѾҪˣȴͻȻתһУһռˡֶǲܹģɫȮԸɫĿͻҲ۷ѲĶ֣¥ҵҸѽɱ־Ȼ̳ϵԸң
ҿűӣȿڣ
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뿪һԣҪ̹ϻҪܡҪأ
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ðɣͻӡϻĵ˺ܶ࣬бǮĵȴ֮٣Ұִ󷽣ǣԼԣֻϧ㲻Ϻú˶ϡҶۻߡչһˡ
㲢ϵõʲôǰɣĿΪҺܲס͸ĵĿ⣬ֻ§ס˫⵽ߣɵ
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ҪٶЩŮˣֻʹ顱Եۣ
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ΣյĺɫѶŲͷѣõ񶯵ҵģģ
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һɽŵ״ϣ֪ԼһΪ̰úܲңôôأҲҪһѽ
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ҵģһǷڣĴ̼һͿֹ֪ƮġġԼҲѰš¥ӷϷܺ档
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ĸǵӨٿһָ
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ѽֲûϻ̨޶磬Ϳ˸绨ͬһҲĿǰӽеӱѽ˫ɨЦһΡ
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˿ֻŴǿ˯˰ꡣ̨жȼٵģһɲܡ 

8

ɶ¶𣿺ϸҽ그̫꣬ɶ¶մң̨Ҳð
ĸǱߵ֪ԴӸ׿ͷƲİٷ֮ʮҼ̳к˼ҹһıȫԱߣҽ˸ɱʲôġ
ȻƱݻԵǰ㣬Ҹ϶Ҹˡͷֻ۲ЩŮǶԲƲĿԸҵķʽѹĸ֮ǰ˵ײģȻǵҡһҪֳǴѰ˿ɼޣһ֪ĺ˭ֶãƲݣҵĵѰٷ֮ʮĲƸϲйּһĿɳ𣬷СĽĲƸǡķ䡣
ĿǰΪֹûҹҵľǴ衢衢衣Լ˿ڹϴΰˡҸ׵ǶĵطҲ˺¶̰ףҲ˵׵С檷ʫûǰ;ʹŪֶΣֻǰ磬ͽ˸ûλ˵òӦܳ裬ϵĻҲϰĸס
ЩֵǰɶܱƽףеҽѣеҪҺеҪΪҵƹʣȻҲҵģ֮Сˣƿڴĳ̶бƽ˹ĵΪ˷ҵģ˵˱˵̫أֿɵõ˶ʿѧλ⣬ΪҵغгڲعͷǹزƲˡ
ûаģЩֵף䳰ȷṩ˫ķʵʣĸ׵̣ƱëͷСĻô֪أ
ǲЩֵǡɶ֪ϵ˺˲ңҲʡй򡣿ŶЩʫĶӣһøֵĸܽʲôŮ
˸ȥ
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ҹҵҵ¥ӡ֮ǰΪ֧󣬶ֻ֪ҲҪˡΪֻ̨Сס죬ĿǰæһƱձͻУƱɫ˿ڣȻûͬϯɼֵĲͬﾡãһҲĽҷʵ˵ҺͻֶͦߣмӣûóͲ֪ĿǰŮǷʤΣ
̨סʮ죬ĸ׵ĻܣСü湤ѣͶԼҪĹͷżڰʱݵĴƤϿ˷ŷݡ
֪ǷΪʶĴģҾȻסôãҲ֪ڻ̲סҡҹֻס졣ߡƺҲеҪҷǻȥɡ
˵Ĺϵѽܹȫ䵭һ統һߵѣƽղչռԱɫҸ˦ͷߣҲⷬ⾳߸Ͱɣߴ֮߳һֶΣհûпݵ飬ڻǰ̨ϣ׿գĹ⾰û̫ƻɫٰĵǷ⣬ԶԶһ޳Ӱ˯ȫʧֻȻ㵵Ŀӭҡ¥ģ
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װ׸ֱۡûİ׳ֻӣߣȫȻһпŵİࡣͷҲһ˿Щ䯺
ֱֱߵǰվҸ̧ͷҪˣ֣סҺԣһǡ
ôˣ
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ĸ׵Ļȡָ᲻֪ɣ
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ܻģɡһƳ̳˵˹ھƵ꣬Ϣʼû뿪ҵ
ԭǴɻġ
ô
ۡ
УȻһڴӡ죬ҸʲôӦأԴ׷ŭʵһûﵽͷܻЩǿԤϵģҲڵڼȻŮǲҪͬʱŮ飿ֺαؽ黳ҲҽֻûаѴӡɣһֱ֪ŨױĨŮӡǣǰҲֻһǻҵĿں죬Ͳйˡ
ۣڷںӡƣ۱ȾɫСࡱۣ
ֹ̧ϣЩԱץƤҲû̧һ¡һȥϣһֻۣץҵ֣ͷһĨüͷõšóֽңһȥһɶ
ִﳤٹھƵֱ϶¥׷·ڿԡҡ
˫ִŵϣ˵ԼĿǰ顣̨УҲйϲŮҲЩ΢ŭֲûǿҵ֣Ҳûеĳ֣Ҳ˵塣
ֻǣǣȷдڵġңҲǷǸҪһϦءǸоģǡڡ
ļ£ָо밮٣
ԡҵŴ򿪣ҿȥѳҡҳͷڡıһĿɲƽվУעؽӾĽȴСĵزȥֹŭŵļᡣ
࣬ҵĳЦ
㲻ǡۡˣ
һԣµö㹱Сۡʱ򣬡
ҲŵشЦ
㲻ڸʮ㶼ûŮ˰ɣ
ûкö󡣡ѻťϣһһŵؽ⿪
ҲˡΪ˵Ǽ٣һʼҽ͡ʹ֮ĹϵԼҲҪĸףҸܴȥ̽ʣ֮䲻ˣٸһûбҪҸҪΪ۲Ҹģǡ
ģìܵЩʲôѵҲʮСҡΪ֢һԱ𣿲ʲôҲҪˡ
Ҳûлȥ룬§סļ磬ڸйٵУȴһС

㹻רעһ
ҲйŮ֮йϵʩᰶҸһĹʴĻꡣͬһҶûʹ֪֮ϵǼ£ͬʱŮˣʩᰶҸӣԴҴӻ°أǿ֮ͬƺֻάԹϵΪÿ˯ߣӦ굽
òı׼ϣѲҪ˰ɣҪҪܳסҪɫˣҵɫҲһ¶ѣȴǳԵĽ˼ССŪһ֪¥ľǡ
ǲֱƿ֮󡣲Ż˱ᣬ˦ңĿǰѲմˣСΪϣ
ˣŻ˯绹ûתѡϴ֮ǰġۡڸ㶨ձҵĺƻϴ֮Ǿ㣬鷦ص¡
˵Ҫż졣֪Ϣ˹£ΨһŮ˶еӣ֪ʱ֣ͬٻͷǼĻӣ
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Ҫҹûñף굱Ȼ׼ûϣҹҲˡ
ҿʼץͷҵİȫڣϻʱ䣬ȴһʱ֮ǲʮգǶʮգ
ʲôѹһ壬˫ߵס˵°Ҽϡ
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㻹в𣿡á
̾
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״Ʋ棬һֱ֪ģҡͷΨһһû㡪ˣ˵ˣôˡ
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죬ǲκαйߣ˺ӣǽ飻ûУͼֹϵعȥԸ𣿡
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˫ֻҵɢ㷢дȥĶŪ˿ˮɲݵͷŮ˵ĳϲ˼÷Ľ˼֮ĶȥͿ壻˵ҵͷ˵ġֻŪһͰͷңԳɹؽ˱ᡣΪҲ̣ԼͷҲûôˡ
١͡罺Ȼɢɵϵһ˿ķ飻ҲĲŪиеһԵʣʱζ
ҶԣⶼһðաҲԼ㵽Ըʹһֱųġԣǽþɣ
ԻҲûɶøУΪλֶأҿ
ȢȢ֮䲻ͬαðգȻûԼôһֽ֤ҲʽѡңȢҲȢҡ֡Ůˡʱ⣬ȫû뵽°ɣ
κ£ҶлסĵɣʹһֽͽʽĻҲС
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ԭͻȻҪиСȴδⷽĻ룬˫֣´£
¥ҵĶӣܱǸûĴ㡣ǳᣬȥһϻ۵Ůһɣ
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Ϊ˴ڽӴֽᣬŮԻΪİˣһĽᾧ㰮ۺòɫܽᾧ
Ůȥ˵ķʽ֡аˣϵ׳ȻһһУΪȥӣв裬ˣԲô֪һŮ֪ԼУͱȻ߿ԼµˣԲµƵġŮԼ϶˲еûʸΪޡҲ˳ȥģȻԵõȫµ¡
ƣеĻŮ趨ΪǵޣŮ˵Ҳ֪һУʹԭǡòĿԣݵеŮǶŮó仵ˣ³˾Ȼ벻в˷ָ£ͬ顣治֪ļֵۺʱˣһĻĻŤķ磬ҲǷӳˡŮˣԸĿУɷӦá
˵ŮȨʢУΪҾ
ҵ뷨Уһжܼ򵥡Ծֻԣһ£Ӹ£ǸԶֿġ
Ұ޹أҲ޹ذޣȻСЦ
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ӦòᡣҵİȫڡԵĻ֪Ҳн
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Ҳ´£ɾпң΢ЦԶԣϵĸɾ¸ϡ
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ʲôıġӦš
ҾԼѸٱֵС
ģмԤϵøֹ
ͳЦţҳȥˣ 

9

ҴĶӣҲҵĶ磬ʮ꣬Ǹڽĸܴ֡˼Ҳ㣬̫ҲΪ̫Ϊǡ
Ŀ񻶼ڹ¥Ĳų̨̂Ѳӷֹ˾ȡԤٹŻ̨
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Ϊ¥ҵҵͼϲ죬ǼϲĴЩȡáؼָߵأ£Ҳδʮ궼мƻ֮УȢ㣬ԲѴ֮õЩأһԭ̨ŵ¥ϣͿܳΪ̨һˡ
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ΣǼ棬Ҳɿ׺ϲ¥ҵ¡֪׺ʶ
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ֻҪһҶҪע⡣ȻӦң׵ҪһƲļױȥԺǼǷ޲Ʋֿ桪
ģʵˣܾûڲľԱȥʮͻӢšһһ쨣ҵ˼Ѳ̸ϣ¥ġֻҪҲˣһѷԸлңȻ󻥲Ƿ˵ݰݡ
ʵƣ򵥵öࡣоһˡ
ķʽסң֪ͬһҾ֪ȥֽǻԷҲʼʵʹϡ
δ֮ͬǰҸ˷ϵԲŻ뷽ϴȻûгɹҴδһ˵ͷͬӺһжЩˣúһоֻһֱֱ仯޷
ʱĻûзǣ
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ѿ˷̬һףǴŮȢԸ¶עعһΣʶӵףֻǲԤӿͷ֮ȥҾȻҹȫûзʩǷҲڶأ
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á
ֲҵĳҶߵ
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ҵͷóкĻԲ

Ҳϲӹ̫ḻȥȥİݷ˳ָֻζķ
ĳ̶ֳϣҷǳƧҲ̫ҡ̫ɵĿռ䣬Ըܹ¶ҲҪڶ벻ռȥҵʱ䣻һ徲Ϊţͻж㿪
Ʊĸֵ֮⣬ҵĻ¥ЩŮˣ߶ȻĵŮˡδ¥Ҳһţʵǰռס¥̫ãõǵġһĳţȫĳˡסĹԢѲܣ绰ǳ첻ͣʱˡ
ЩΪֵÿĵą̊́¾ˣ֤ҳɹӹĿգôǷ²ˣҵֻȴûеõ¥ĵĹͬҲҼϼӴĴ󡣽ҲЩ䵭ˣȴúá
иһЩľŲϢȴȻзԶȫȻİҵļ¶
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ĸˣȥ˶ûôһֱڣôܸʱȥʶŮˣҲߣôȥʶˣҾԼһ˵ͷ֡ĸоУȴŮ̳Ҳ֪ûУҾ̳һ
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ϣȻֽܿԼĲģЩԹصң
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ô֪ôѸ㣿ô֪ԼıԻôͶãסʹҲᶷ֣ҡҲûĲ
ˡˣץסָҰٷ֮ʮɡֻ֣˵Ǹ߸͵ˡ
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ҶҲͬΪͣǡֹͺˡ
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Ҳκ˱ҶԵ棬Ҳô˸ԿʼҲµĴˣãǲǣ
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ʲôʱߣ?br>ԭʮţȤŷһ棬ʮžͳԴӢ浽
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Ц֣һָڰɫϣɢͬʱҲ鵽鲻ŵı顪ʱ˾ЦôҵͻȻָЩ֪ĳЩòֻǰֳϢٵĿ֡
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ûش𣬲ϻشһ⡣סңûʲôģܰסĶҲΪκͣ
ضãͻһ㡣 

10

Ӣ죬Ӧס׶ѵĽСһ棬һ߿ػչ
ӢĿʵвģʹԭƵ̫ȥӢĽͷͲѣԵưͣҲԼǡץסӦֵáʲôҲѲ
ٹҪɵӦйҪ졣һһȵϣӦͷͳ󻭣Ըͷŷеķ顣
һƬ㳡ͣڵɢʳ̨忴Ĺ⾰㳡˲֪СȥÿһţĿĸомҵע⣬˵Ӣ൱أ󵨵˲
ֹȻңǵľͷſڽ࣬˵మ˫ˣҼԿ𻨱ܡ
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ϷĻҲһֻҴֽͳ˺мһҲ㱻һȺûŵæ׵ԶЩҲ̫ˣһҲӡ顣
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һƯˣҿóǻѪгصľͭɫƤԵһڰĽۡߴ׳ǣװģЦһаؿң۹ɻ䡣
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