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1

峿ɽƺԶĿġȽȽɽڳصҫڷ⡣Ȼ΢ֱȴһзաɽСϪˮתͬдһ¡
Īɽ߳չ˼СϪȥˮϴһ¡
ϪˮԼݣ˻ûȷüۡǣǣôطĸо̫İˣӦǡ
ҽƴѧһνĸְ߲ҽԺԺҽʦְѧڣҲҽǸϼүүҲǸҽʦǳңΪνң֣Сʦ֣һ㼴ͨԵһûк͸һѧҽѡҽоҩ䰮ŪЩжصĻݡԺĻݴûлģƷһɣ˵Ǽ̳үү²үүЦ˵ǸС龫ǸСǸңҲֻүүһֱ˵ЦְƺδйЦÿæԼ£ǲڵģԼİְˡСǻ۰Ÿ磬ҲںܾǰͲˡ
Ī飬ĿǵúԼһȥɢģվˮ֮˼ƮԶְ趼ϲҲѾʼĮˣǼе࣬ҽѧϺ츳ȴƫƫϲͬѧǵУǸŴܺõҽѧšǼˣʦͬѧûֻȻģǰ޶ʧˣǴͻȻһԹúַܶһ񣬺ǲڵһҸ߱ˣ±ΪԼ˻þĺʧģǹ¶ġ
عȻ̾Ϣһʼ벻׵׷ʲô
ĪֻԼʱκģѹʱѾɽˡʱѾˣ¹£֪Լɽּ䣬˵ڸҵһɽֻȨҴһ
ĪҲˣɽﾹȻЩ֮ĴƷĪӦĸԻⱸõİɣֻ·ǴֲҲˣǹװ⵽ģ𣿿ǣΪʲôѲԼԼأĪԼƺһİʱУĳֲܷƺϷˡ
ϪˮǳȴΪ峺ˮϵӳŵһȴһŴװ磬ֲЩªĪϪˮһЦҪ¸ңҪֹۣĪ
ݲϴϵĪվɽ·ߣãȻĹˣڵúȥδӣĸ֪ԣȷе˵ڸһ֪
ţʱ㿴ǰɽһҲڲ֪˽ȥ
Ī߽ʱһλ˴һһŮСһϢĪʱڵʹѾ׼ɵװʱЩԽܵģһİʱգĪǿЩ䱸֮ɫòѧŵϵĹ˵·˵أһЪϢƬ̣⾪λˡ
Ǹʩһ˵СֵֻԼϢĸҲ·˴Ϣѡ
ĪЦŶ˵ͷֱһһ̣ĪôҲ벻˾µ·ˡ
λɩ¿ɷ̼⣿
Ƭ̣ڨڨһЦ˵Сֵлֱ˵̿ɲҵ
ͻȻԼǱɽϣȴǰ¾ǵԼ˭֪˴֪ԼΪλ
ɫ´ĪۣŻ˵꾩⡣
꾩
˵˵ͷСȥ꾩ҷСֵ޴ȥһͬǰȽ˾ǣСֵ취Լļˣ˵ʲô֡
Сֵܣ񣬱㻽һ
Īֻ֣ټӣϾѰѵϷﳪաеˣô˵˱ΣǻþĻˣǡ
Ŷش㣬Ī˵ֻһʱô죬ˡ
СֵܣҲ̫ģҸ򿴿ˡ
ţһġ
Сֵܣɫѿ
ûµģش㡣ԺͽĪˣҾһȥ꾩
ãĪֵܡǴͶáָ˵Ȼӽи硣
ĪáСػ
ǺáĪѺõظǴк
˽˳̶̵ദĪ֪һͻݵŮˣҲܿɰĵϲˣǡĸƺҲкøУӺճ
Ī磬кöŶǸȥʵ
㶣תĪĪֵܣ㿴أ
ǲֱȥ⸮ɣٸæˡ
⸮Īؿȥ⸮ʲô£ǻԼ취ɣ
ǣǱ˵ٸٸ˰һңӦûԼҿܶࡣ
ǣɫٸĪֵܣҿǻԼҿɣ
ðɡĪ̾ϢţǰͰɣѰտ϶ǲԸ͹ٸӴΨֱ֮
˵ЩǲҼҿջס˵ɣͶҲˡ
꾩һҺܲ۵Сջ
Īĸӵķţش㣬Ҫ˵ôͶȵҷ
ƺںܶطв֮ɫ࣬ҲƷ˵ͷ
㣬Ҹոˣ֪䡣
ģϲ⣬ɫѿʵĪֵܣòҷ
ܺá
ͺá
Īüͷššֹ
ɫĵʵôˣǲʲôõϢ
㣬ѾȢΪޣˣĪݺģһһ˵
ôأըˣһͬͬգˣǲܵģ
ԸɣĪЩĲ̣Ļû˵㣬˵öԣ֮治У֮ͬͬ˸ǲΪ档
˿ջĪһ
ĪϣǱһ䵽һߡ
ʧǵػص˿ջ֮Լһ˹˷
Ī磬ôˣСнŵĪѯʡ
ûµģֻǼǵĵǴҹȥ
СȴԹɵص˵ͷ
㣬ʲô㣿
ŴͶûȥˡ
ĪϸػŸְ汾Ϸﳪڣ˵ͷһһ̰ɡ
ͬһһʱ졣
㣬Ҳˣжϲһỹĸһġ
ţĪֵܣ̫ллˡ
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ǲҵĪ粻˵Ѿ𣿡ɻ󲻽ʵ
ĨĨᣬ§ӣʵԲǣǸܿࡣ
ҲŷʱĪҲľ
㣬磬ãǶĪҪˣ˵ܿͻתġĪưοˣʱҲҲŻˡ
ʱһ޴Ӱֳֵָ˽
ͬʱ˺Ī䱸ؿֱת
Ī˻ʵʲôˣʲô
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˶ʱĪ򶨵˵ɱǣٵһɰɣҲ׹
ãҾ͸ǡ˵ĺ֮ǰðҾ죬ڮȻ
ɫҰף˰
ĪЦһǿЦ˭Ե޹λȷǳĽ֮ᷢޣǵ׹⡣̰ٻӣﷸ۾Ȣ񼫣ಢƴ֮ι˵ΪŰ֮£
ĪĻֱҪôźģһžұ֮ģԭΪݺû뵽龹Ȼӵġǰĸ¶ʧͱ߲ǼٵģӸ޹ֺµؿԼʲôԼ
׳ʿԶֻһ㲻ţһͬ⸮Ϲð˵һ





2

׳ʿԶֻһ㲻ţһͬ⸮Ϲð˵һ
һؿĲš
׳ʿɻ˵⸮֮ԻΪǲࡣԩģŻỹһͬأûԩҲүҲۣܿشĸһĪĻڿջͰѿ⸮ˣȷλ˵еİ򣬻Ĺչѡ
ۿתĸ˶ոտ޹Ǻŵģں׵øˣʹΪ֮Ī
һ֣ɫԳ˶ҡ
ź˵׳ʿϧĺӶСʲô֪׳ʿŹǡλСֵܣǷ׷ǹʣҲ̧֣ŹҪɱɱһˡ
ʱͶ˵۴
Ī޵ĸˣҲܱߣһᣬĨĨᡣһִˣ˶ҪˣҲΣԼӶŮϾɱ⻹
̾һ˵ҺһְأΪ˱֣Ӳ鷸ƣͷʲôǣʵɱĸӵʱҾڻˡ£кĿˣжѾиˣԲԼĵ¡Ѹֵӡǣȥ⸮״ɣԻΪġ
ĪӦʱѾˣջϷһлˡ
һӰͻȻ
˿ϵʬ壬̹ȥһ¡ô£
ʲôˣȻо˲߲ƵˣĪǺܽ䱸ؿʶоͻĸ˵ǰ
¿⸮չѣλܹչĳ⸮һˡ
ĪƬ̣ṴһȣչѹȻʹ˵еһȥǫǫӣ񣬲ʧǣΡȻԳɡɲ˵ͷ
չʰֵ˵չĳһ±ˣʬ塣չλһܹ⸮չĳ׷λܵĺǡ֮⣬Ǹܣʹ׷ĺǣҲץ
Ϊ±˷֣Īһ·С˿⸮ãĪԩġ
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һľľʵкԩҪߣ
ǵͷɫѿ쳣һԵĪĵԼ̫ļˡǲԸĺͳϹãҲǵĸ˵Ĵɡˣ׼ҵȵó顣
΢˼Ƭ̣չѸղŻرּһӣͷӦʡ
ãȴԾֹ
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Щɶ飬ȷĪ˵˵ϣͶĵߣ뱣ǡ
ʱ˵չѽзһһʮظ˱ʬҲɿ⸮أڼ飬ܿͻнˡкλҪ뱾˵
ĪһۣԼ˵ͷֿ˿ߵӣ¶˵ˣҪ״浱
һ㶡
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΢˼һ£˵Ī˵ǡĪ̸ֹףʶǳ֪ͣΣ
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ĪЦ˵˵ͬɣڶ̶ŹĴ͹ˡ˵գĪԹʩһ
߻صԭĪֵҲǴʧˡ
Ī˵ĪҲ֪ԼǷǸ򣬵ȴ֪ԼȷǶЩҽģƺʹеһ㣬ӦֻȴѧĶȴǼǵõģֻҪӴ˾ܹ𡣡
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ʵĪ㣬Ҳ֪ĸǺιϵ
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лˣ
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Īɵ̾һﲻ֪ǿͣһ̰
Ҳ֪վ˶ãת뿪ʱչվҲչˣôҲûϢ
չϰ֮ˣ롣
Ī˵ͷǴ˵еְָɣţչȻǱȳˡվһҽߵĽǶȿһ˯߻Ҫġ
չ˵лѣչĳԻעġĪһҲǲǰ𣿡
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չѼ񣬿Īȱ𼱣˺͹а취ﵽġ
ĪǿһЦݣԸɣѾĴ㣬һӲ֪Լǰļ䡣
չѼˣ̫ԴǵҲ֪Ȱο˵ҹ纮¶أ㲻չѣϢɡ
Ī˵ͷ뿪ˡ
ˣ
չΣ
شˣչѿ峺͸Ƽթ֮ͽղչվ۲˺ܾã˼˼֮ԷģƺһϢ˸ͬܡ


лҪ˵աĹҪΪĪ⸮ڿдòã벻Ҫ׷ˣһ¡




3

˵ĪȷĳһԵɻʧ֢֮˶ĸǾľϿɼΡ
ıһ䡣
˿ദֻһ׶Է롣
Цѧ۴Щ׾֮Ĺǳ壬ʧһԩӦܰġ
˵˵塣
ֻǣ˱Ͼд֤
š˵˵ͷһȥѳ⸮ʡ
ˣ¿²ɡ
кβɣѵɣԽ˵Խ
ˣѧ˼ֻǣ¹ش󣬴˺βةһ㣿
һ˼˵ãձȥةࡣ
գ˵ةฮ
ôˣһ²ģʲô𣿡
ة࣬˴ǰҪةһС
ʲôУ
ǡɱӣ񹲷ߣ
ɱӣ伸ԼǲǶˣҲʳӣȻǹû°ɣĵδҲ̫ˣԣ䲻ؿˡ
ة࣬û£Ϊ˺ˡ
˻⣿
ة࣬ǳȢһһŮ
ģ֪¹ϵʼң¹ش󣿡
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˻
ϣǺǰµǰѸֵ
ָŸֵ˵ة࣬ĸֵΪ֤ǺǷ֮ȥɱĸӣдѣǲɱǿĸˣԲλ֮ѡء
ԽԽͬţ˽ˣȷ֮£
˼˵һ˫ŮǧѰȴ˱ҵ³ҵʿĪ⸮״֮չ࿴ọ̈̄Ƕ˽Կ֤
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˼ة˵ֻ˵ãةˣ¹ٸǡ
˵ͶǺӣȴҲѶ¡⼸յ飬Ƕڶ
ǲҵ𣿿ǵôɱǰ
ӣﷺᣬۿġ
ĪԱ߼ˣǰ˵硢ãһ棬ˡ
Ī磬⵽ôˡӲġ
𼱣ܿǾͻ֪ˣͿƽؼˡ
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ȻˣĪʲôʱƭˡ
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˹硢ãĪˣԼȥɡֻǣܡ
Īֵܣ̫ллˡ
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Ī֪˼Ǹ֮ʣǵķ֮飬Գһ˿롣Ī𴺸ͶãҲѹˣҲΪӰɡĪ֪ԼȰסֻö䡣㣬ȥĻһҪԼģԼ¶Ҫۣϵƭǧƭȥӡӡʲôġ
Ī˻һĪ֪ǹԼ˵ͷ˵˽˼ؿһۡ
ةȥѾһʱˡ
ͶöصȴţȴǵѵȻһһؼҡ
ĪŲԶС鸴ӡ֪ǵԸʵֵĿԼ㣬ԴǵϣộܹȻܹʹǰǣǸöð
ĪСֵܡ˹

ĪСֵܣҼ鷳ƣ£һģϣܹ㼸䡣
лģûµġĪЦЦǻҵĿİɣֻشȥôûû᲻¡
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Ī̹ʵؿȻˣҲӦõġǹشʹ£⣬ǻĪǷĲɣ
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š֮Īˬؽֵ˹ȥǣһݳ̺ˣæֽ˻
߼ҪʱȴѸջˣ㶵վֻͣڿС
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ȻһЦ˵ֻΪһ£Լûа취κùʧ֢֮
Īؿ治Ǵ˵еĹߣȻѾ֪ԼŮװˡȻԼûпŮݣӦûǲ׿ģ˾ûпԭ翴ˣĪЦ˵ʵĪûпԼŮӡֻƽʱһ洩װȽϷ㣬Ҳû˵ԼԱ𣬾ˡ
ǺǣĪֵܣڿɷһЦŶ˵׵ģһŮȷס뵽ԼҲˣЩͺϧǰװŮ
ĪһЦ֡
ִ߽˼Ƭ̣˵ĪСֵܣǱǸѧղﲻ㡣
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ЦֻҪֱ̹ģŮк𣿡
Īû뵽⽨ʱܹ˵ⷬʱѣԹĪ֪ǲҴԼˣֻҪܹؼ
˵ĪСֵܡ
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ãĪ˵Ī޴ȥ⿪⸮ס£㡣
Ī۷ؿ»Ÿʲô취أϾǴ˵еĿ⸮
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ĪˣҲ˼Ҳá֮ص˵ͷĪҴȥ£ڿ⸮ҵæ
Ī˷ܵ˵ллĪһúѧϰģҲʧġֻϺ꣬ҵһӵˡ





4

ߴĪ鷿ˡ
һ£˵ãаżɡĪ˺汾ְ⣬Ҫ񡣡
ǣĪô˺ʧġ
šЦŸͷȻͻȻʲô˵㲻ɴĪͽܰɣ
һĶͷ˵ѵǣѧôû뵽أĪԸΪʦ
Ī˵Ī֮á˵գĪ߹£ؾصߵͷ˵ͽܰݼʦ
ãǺǺǣ
ϲ²иôˡߣͷЦ˵
лˡ
ԴˣĪʼ˿⸮һˡ
⸮˺֪ܿĪΪͽ֮£ŹݼڣҲĽ
ֹһʱڻˡֻǣʱ˺ۣһ⸮ˡ
Ϊι󣬳̾һ˵ˣû֮ǣͿ
ͶÿڴϻԲѵ϶˺ۣСһ޸ͣٳ˼˳棬˶ߡ
Īȭͷյýģҧгݵ˵ʵ̫ˣ
˵ͽֱӽʥϡ
ֹ԰꣬ةȥģ˻ȼةƽϡ
һ˼˵֮ԡĪտĸӡչѣȥ鿴汾ǰةฮ

ĪؿŻеſǰӣ鸴ӡ
Ī磬ʲôʱ
ñ𼱣ող˵ﰡϾͿˡ
ǵأ
Īʱ
ʱԴһĴᶨһ˵ãסûе
ûеôûеأ
ãЩûеҲһֻҪͿˣԺҪúТ˳Ļصͷңǻкܶ˰ǣĪ磬ˣչˣкöˣ֪𣿡֪ˣ硣
ĪһԿţ˵ͷĵ⺢Ѿôˣ治
Ĺ򣬰˱ˣһͬĻаةࡣ
ة࿴˿ڴϻԲѵβѡϷû뵽ǳ˴󵨣ɶ
ة࣬ҲˣǳթһʱŻȦףá
ү˹İǲ֮˳Ͽҵ˵
ة඼˵ͷ
ĪվԱߣ˼ţȷаة֧֣ɷĵˣ̫ͻﶼýˣõĻ̫ܵˡڿֻһյ˲Զˡ
һվһԵĪ˵ǰ˵Ī
үСǡ
ţòһ˲ţϲһͽܡ
лү佱
Īһ·ĸ⸮ɼ壬ֵüкԸδ˻ʲô˵Ϊνġ
лүĪ˵үĻֻĪشҲôġĪǰ¾ͷֻʦͰ˶ѧЩΪ˺ͰվԼܣԼʲô£ʲô¡Īλ˵İǺ𾴵ġ
ڵļԴǳϿң͵ص˵ͷ
˵ʲô£ʲô¡⻰˵úãĪúڿ⸮Űʦѧϰ£ػǰ;
ǣĪ
˵һֻճϺ̫Իȥ˵ŹҲܻס
лү˰лỹһĸлү
ţл¹ϵԼңӦõġǱͽһˡ
ү
뿪ة˵ˣ˴ε飬ϷҲΣʲôҪϷæģ뾡ܿڡһΣϷһó
лة࣡˵ةæͻðˡ
ʱˡ
ˣ
ڸоΣ
л˹ģû¡ڴ綬õĲվ
û¾ͺá˵ָسõ
ͷ
Īˣߵߣ˵£һа취һģʹǳƭȥʲô
ɲؿпľᶨģ˵ͷ
˵˶˼ؿĪһۣƺܿ͸˵˼
˶ةʩһ˵ةȥǰ⸮
ãҲһ
֪ةõʲôʹ˿⸮
˶˵ֱʡ
ةһ󣬰˾ľһģ˵ϵˣ
һʮվڹϣ˵ϵãǱķǰ롣
˵õɣ޶ܵ裬ʹޱ߲ѣ˵˽Ƿ޷޲ƽ
ʵ㣬˵ǰкƾ֤
شӻͳһֽ˵ƾ֤Ǳǰдµ飬滹ӡ

չȥӹʸ˰ˡϸؿһ飬ݸة࣬ة࿴ֽ͵˹ߵϡ˺ةһʱûʲô⡣
˵չۼ˺۵ش߳Ҫνͣ
һ˵ˣĿԾͶˣ˺뱾ιأ
ѵǿӡʱ˵𣿡
ˣǲ²⣡ǶԱݣ
ϸؼһڲ΢΢תһ룬˵㿴Σ
Īӹһһ֪ܶӡС˵֮඼ǰ׿ġĪ֪λʦ⿼ⲻ˳ϵضԹ˵ʦͽէԺܶ¶Ǻ
ŶΪʦʲôߺ˵
˽ɻ󲻽ؿʦͽȻڹ֮ϹȻ˵Իȫǹ磬֪«ﵽʲôҩֻĪʵʦ֪õĴķıûʲôص㣿
ص˵ͷ˵Ǻī²īīгī֭һɵζþòɢ˺ģڴٹ֮С
˵ԽԽˣֻгԽԽľԺڲѣԼôûע⵽ЩСϸڣùߺǸСӷˡ
߽ǷݵУ˵ˣſζī㻹ֽأ
˽ӹһţȻˣҪνͣ
ʱµ˵
һľľ˵ӣȢ۾֮УЯǵһ˫ŮѰ㣬㲻֮ϣǲ̵ָʹ׷ɱĸˣ񼫣㡭
ţ
ĵ鷳ˡΪ׵Źʵ긾˺ٸаĪýֺͷ붼뵽ߺˡ
μ̫󡢰˸ةͰʩ
ض񡣡ڵ̫󣬡䣬˵ʳ䣬ոǷҪأ̫оŭһԵĹݺݵص˺˫ۺףĪ²ӦǸո̫ʩչһŮ˵ı¡
˲ػص̫ǡ
ߣ̫ŭøİҪ̤ǻʼҵ棬˹һҸ
ֱԲ˵̫ڼ̤ʼ棬ȥһҸ˲ǰ޶ʵӭȢɱӣ졣˵󱲰࣬ǲ϶Բؾף¶Բգ˻˵Ļ̫Ҳʱƿԡ
ĸ󣡡Թؿ̫󣬡ûôѽˮоǱ̫Щˡ





5

ĸ󣡡Թؿ̫󣬡ûôѽˮоǱ̫Щˡ
˵ʹ근伸Σɻã
ŭǺ⣿
˵ûȥڼǰǻúúõ𣿰⣬̫лϣĺչˣֻʣһ𣿹ĻðòΪ̫ͻϵĺ
㣡ǿʶ߳ŭ
ĪһԾԹţҲ߯˰ɣͰģݣҲѹ֣˿ȥǲЩġ
˺˵նҪ˳ɣģͷաź򣡡
ңŭɶǷҪȴ
˻һýԾ
ҪȾΪ򰡣ץסһһϣڹһ
һġųֱ˵
˲ݷ˵Ҫա
ĸ󣡡ÿˡ
̫ŹĲ̣˵䣬ΣҲա˵գ̫еͷȷա£˵˭Ҫաա˰ͷȣ
ľѣϽΪѺͱ֮ɫ
һģɴñ˵չзհԲҪɴԲҪ죬ݣ
̫󲢲ֲ֪֮ˣ˼ƣҲֻĬˡ̫ջعȣԹ˵ҿĻʶ֪乫Ȼ͵зѺͷɴҲˡ
ĸ󣡡޼ƿʩֻа̫
ʶĸ󲻿ϰ㣬ֻǰ侹˷ʽҲҪա⣬ĵĸ뼴Ҳͬġʶ뿪ɣ
̫˻һ˵˶һޣļѣֻ֪
󣬳һϷһաͷա֮¡
ˣȥɣ
㣬ԼһҪúñذĪЩᡣ
˵ĪֵܣЩ̫ллˡҺаæҪȻĸӻ治֪Ǻã˵Ѳˡ
Ī˵㣬ǧҪ˵ʵҲûаʲôæӦ˵ллҡҪǣڻ֪ʲôأ
ĪֵܣڰݹΪʦһ£ǿϲɺصһϲ¡
ͶҲ˹Ī磬ҪŶ
ǻĪ𣿡
ġ
ĪĻ

ǺãǼסˣԺҪúĻúТ˳úѧ㱾£úˡĪһ˵ĸúá
ţǼסˡ
԰Īһֻһͷ
˵ĪֵܣǾʹ˱ˡ
ȵȣĪͻȻ˵㣬ٸһҵܰɣĪ۾˸ζľ⣬ؿֻĪͻȻյߣС˵ǸŮЦˣ˵ʵ֪ˡʱĪһ㶵ˣɲؿԭԼͱˣԼɵһˡ
ĸˣĪ⸮ȥ
ʱչѳǰ
Īղչĳĸϧĳദʱ䲢ǵĹϵǺܺá
ĪԵؿǿղŵһĻԼȾɣǧϾѰȺسҺܾش㣬ҲϲͶС
չô˵˵ͷ
ˣչˣô⣿
óδ飬̫ģչĳ
չˡʦڵˣû£ֻҺʹǾ⼸յദһҪֱ𣬲ʹǶ˼ѡ
ţǻȥɡ
ĪչЩơ·δҲ̫ˣԼҪʱʱСܼܸٶȣġ
չЩŷӦԼ̫ˣĪǸԼ˽ŲĪǱǸչûע⵽ĽŲҵġ
չˣĪöһˡĪϾȻЩɫԭèչҲ˿ɰ顣
Ī㲻ȸ԰ͷһʱĲ죬ȿ԰æѲֿ֣Խ˻һ壬㿴Σ
Ī۾һ˵չ˵ǣһȥ˾ͺʦȥ˵ǺǣĪֿ˻ڹŴŮװ죬˷ܲѡڣֻҪȥ˵ʦͰ˾Ϳˡ뵽չ˵չˣ»ҪæҵʦͰ˻᲻ͬ⡣
㲻صģչ岻ݴǣչҲŰ˺͹ǲᷴԵġ
ԸɣĪڨڨЦЦ˲ᷴԣʦᰡʦ֪Ůװ°˼һͬ
ص֮ĪѴһᣬȻϣû޳ɣǹȴǷԡ
ʦͽһСĺŬκ鷳ģͬ˰ɣ
һԸ˵ĪǴӱǸ֮ģ͵ĥһɣ
չҲ˵ģĪ԰ͷֻЩѲ֮£չտġ
ԥһ£˵Ժÿʱ֮ǰһ㵱ĹΣȻصԼ˯
Īһ㶣ϲ˵ô˵ʦǴӦˣ
šߵ˵ͷֻҸղ˵
ǣͽ
˺չѿʦͽһЦ
峿Īڿʼڿ⸮Ĳġ
ĪֵܣĪֵܣ˯еĪһѡ
Īֵܣ԰ͷһȥѲ֡
ʱĪ𴲣ʷٶȴϡ
ãĪſڵ¶һõЦݡ
ãҽԭԭЦЩ㶡
ԭĪЦȤ֣
ǺǣҶô˵ƽʱСԭģҲҡԭͷ˵Īֵܣǿȥɣ԰ͷǹѾ׼ȥѲˡ
ãСԭȥ
ˣĪֵܣԺǿɲԽСĪʲôģ⸮Щ˶֪ǹߵĸͽ˶м־⡣
ȻĪЦòãͻȻƺ඼ȤǰԼ䲢Լٵɵǡ
СԭĪˡ԰ͷ֣ǿ߰ɣĪһѲ֣ǽһȥҵİ̳԰ӣȻȥѲ֡
ãȥһܸˣĪֵܣǸ缸ɶĸˣǺǺǣ
ĪЦ˵˵ЦˣУĻֱӽСĪˡյĳƺ̫ˡ
ãСĪ
ĪһǼҰ̣ͻȻЩЩɵôôϲҰˣİӵȷóԣŮСûæͶǸܿɰŮ
塢СãĪԵʱ԰ͷĴɤͻȻ𣬡Ҹǽһ£λǿ⸮СĪǹͽֻʱǶһ¡ԺҪúùһ
һһЦ˵ͽһ
ĪЩεЦЦǱ׼ְҵЦݳԸŮ˵壬ǺãԺա
Ǻǣһ˲Ű޵ĪЩ˵ȷܴӣҲܻ磬ӽܹҲкܶӦù鹦ڰ˵ȤǣСһĿ⾹ȻߺͷҿĪ룬òǿ˰ɣĪͷԼһۣƽӦòᡣ
Թ԰ͷ˾ʼѲˣһ·ϸѲҪעＸϴµ





6

Īطˆ˹ţԵҲǿ
СĪ㿴Ǹ۾϶㿴ȥҲȰ̵Сò٣С޸治ǳ
ǰһ𣬡쿴СҲڿ㣡
Ī޿ˣס˻˵ˣô֪ڿҰҿڿǰ
ôأԭ˵СĪǲ֪⼸Ѳ֣ɴûǡһͱˡ˵ѽǶڿ㡣
ĪЦΪҳָߣ˸ԱȣҿȥǸСˣļҹῴҰⲻһԱȾͳǿɱҺöˡ˵ţĪ̾ϢţΪԼ⸱巢
𣿡ӵĲǲЩմմϲ
ԭĪͷΪڽԼĲ⣬οСĪҲ̫ѹˣǶһ£ͻ᳤ʵˣⲻС𣿡
ԭĻĪҪˣﰡ
ʱһֱڿϷ԰ͷ˵СĪԭ˵öԣοɸЩ˲һѧʣֳôΣٹѽ϶һˣչ˻Ҫ֣
չ˺𣿡ĪƺЩȤ¡
ǵȻԭ²˵չոǿÿôãչ˵˿ɶأ
𣿡Ī룬ԭʹ˵еһֻ֪᲻ִ׷ʱַ֣ܹۼǸöðڴŶ
չƺⷽһ㶼ģ˵ѾʮͷˣҲɼҵ¡ʵǰ˺͹ҲΪżǣչȴһֱ˵׷˰참ʱЩ԰ͷĵ˵ɵһ̾Ϣ
չûǵŮӰɣǣѾʲôйʲôԼ˰ɣĪ˵˼껣Ǹ˵ѧҵ֮ͻȢˡ
˵չԭиδ޵ģ˵ǸѾˡ԰ͷ˵
ˣһϧֻչ֮ЩһֱɼΪȴѾȥδޣչ˲Ǹ֮ˡ
Īڿ⸮Ĳú⣬£ú죬˹ߺ⣬ҲеػһСĪ
һգĪ԰ͷһճѲ֡
ͻȻһȻ𡣡ץС͵
ҲС͵ҡ
˵ʲôôˣ͵Ǯ
ûУҸҩǮ
ʲôˣĪ԰ͷ˹ȥ
Բͷã͵ǰǮԭǰ̵塣
԰ͷ˵壬𼱡
ԭڹٸ˰˵С͵˵ѹô󵨵ԩС͵
㡭˷ŭһȥˣһоͻˡ
ʱĪǰ˵С¾Ͳȥ鷳ˣ˺æġ
԰ͷ˵Ī˵ô죿
ʵѾ֪˭˵ˣǮոճôҲעʱѾң˭ˡ
еĸɫĿⶼ
ĪصһЦ˵˭ܴˮ𣿡
Сһ·̯̯һˮ
ĪǸ˵С͵һֻ֣˵ȰǴͭǮó
˲ԣ˳
Īˣʲôģ
ǿġ
ĪЦЦǴͭǮ˵ǮǮǰɣ˭˵գǮŽˮ
˶ĪؿﶼţǮ˵
ҿĪָˮ˵ǿˮǲǸһͣϻЩɫķĩ
ţǵġ
ˣǮѾ˵ˣġ
ǷӣʲôϷǮʲôʱ˵ˣƾʲôô˵Щ߳ŭ
Īһ˵ˮϸһͣаɫĩҲֻۣоӴ۵ȥǮŻǮմôͺۣ÷ϰ̵˵ǿģǮôմôͺۣ
Ϊ֧֧˵һ
԰ͷ˵š
˲ֽкãǿ⸮˸²죬ǹĸͽ
ʱһλֳֳԶԶվһԿţϲ¶͵Цݡ
⸮ںã˵˶ţֻ԰ͷ˲ϵؿĪж¶жɸǲ쳤ˣǹĸͽֱǸС
ĪƮģ˼վڹԣĵЩ̫ˣѾӵӺС˵￴ܶˡ
˺͹ţЦŵ˵ͷ
Ц˵òڿȷģȷǰﵽæˡ
Ī˵ʦˣͽһʦʧġ
չҲ˵ղŵ£չĳҲˣСĪȷǣӦչĳҲЩ⡣
šҲͷ˵СĪССϻۻǣúøŹѧϰǰ;
ĪصҲˣĪҲЩеʱˣЩСѡ
СĪ㲻عǫֻҪһֱӵвһŻϡǫѧģ㽫һгɾ͵ġĵ˵
ĪǴ˽̻塣
š˶⡣
ֵмҪ佾꣬ѧϰ
ͽס
չԺ鷳ָ㷲УֻҪ㹻üɡ
İɣչԻġ
ĪЦŶչ˵չˡ
֮Ͷѡ
ԭ˶ĽĪĺ˺ʹϻۡ
Ī̵ģڿ⸮ƺڹñлҪõöࡣҲѹ֣ǱͶЩˡ
ĪܿӦ˱εֵſ⸮һС졣һѲ֣һͰ죬ϺչѧбȻ͹߱档ĪúܳʵܿģԴʧٺҲûĹˡͻȻûһ
һ죬ʱҹĻ٣콵꣬ڸڴ⣬һ˶ͷĪΪ죬һֱ˺չѵͬУֻÿ߱ѧáڻؿ⸮·ϣͻȻǰðڵ·
ͣΣ
ڽʵΪͣΣ
չԣصشˣ˹·
ʲôˣ
Слӡ
˵ҹ裬豾ΣԩҪ꣬ȥʡ
ǡչѱǰѯʡ
Īһΰް˵ӢֻǴӰ˵˵ĽǶȥĪƺ̫߯ƽ
ĪվǰֻչʵΪΣ
СԩҪꡣ˴һãиǱǺܲǸʮŮ
չ˵Ҫԩڰ쵽⸮ȥ
СҪԩСѡ
һȥ⸮
ȥˡ
ĪЩĪת뵽ֿܣ߱أ޷
ΪȥˣչѼʵ
ǸзϣҲúءСĻģܲܰ졣
أ
ָ
·ɡ
һݡ
Сߵˡ

лˡ
Īһݣһ˵ã
ؽ˯ǽǵˡˣˣ˵ˣ˵ˣѰ˵ˣ
˱Īһľѣ³˰̣ѧҽĪһ۾Ϳ˫Ŀʧ˫ֲзϣǺɵģҲͶʮͷѡ
ʵգηʿ
˶ʱ޴롣˵ˣǸư͡
ʵѵϹƣ
ֱͷ
˵ˣϹƣһ˫ֶǲзϵġ





7

̾һ
ʱչ˵ˣģȻҲòᡣ
ĪһԾؿţƺΪˡĪúǡһǿҵͬĺʹдĵӿ˰ûзߵԶ£˵£ǿ⸮Ĳ죬ѧҽҸ㿴
ǿûзӦ
Ī͵Ĭˣְִ˰ˣ˻̣Ϣ΢ȷز˶٣Ī˵ˣĪҽˡȻ˺أ⣬ҪҲ¡һȻĪ˵ǣȴ˫ŴԵľˣֿԶҲҪзˣѾûа취ˡĪ̾ϢһԴϲɫ˵쿪ۣˣǱ˶ϹƵġ
⻰ô˵ʲô쿪۰
˵ǲ⡣
ĪӦղԼ˵Ļ壬ôˣæ͵ȱ𼱣Ƕ˵ɵϹƣϹ۾ͷǾҩΣܻģҽѧǲܵġǣǱɵģͿͨⶾ
ǿ¶ЦݣҲֲض˵̫ˣˣԿ˵ˣˣлл㣬СһҪκÿˣʵ̫ˡ
Ī˵İɣһᾡġֻǣûʮİա
˵Ҳܱûһ˿ϣҪðɣүһ̵ֱضԴ˵ģǾү˵ġ
ĪڨڨЦʵүġ
ǿĪĻץס֣ؿʾĸм֮顣
ôأܰʲôЩ˼
Ī΢Ц˵ܶ࣬Ҫ˰ʱϸչְκԩ˵ĪͻȻʶˣ˼˰һۣ˵һԣͷ
ָǿ˳ʵмˣ
ˣҪмˣôס
Сֵܡ
СĪһڣ̱졣Щɬص˵ͷ
˵Сˡ
ˣСĲ֪գģҲȷʵ߰˸Сľͽˡ
̾ˣҲС
˳Ī˵СĪ㾡跨ΪΣȲ֮ϸʸɡ
Ī
ǿ˼ֱߵͷӣߣߣߡԣǿ˼ߵͷ
ߵͷ˶˵Ǳһһ
ǿˣӼѣĪܸоͻȻһΪеˡ
գĪŹ͸ҩݣΪΡĪ˸ӣͬһǰԭظȥץҩ
ڸͰõҩЩˣ΢һٸ¡УԭץҩÿһΣҿһұ֤ҩȷڶ£Ȳˣ
лл㣬Ī졣
лβӦõġ
˵ȿ˵ĲˣΪϴˢԩ֮ʶʶʲôôģ
Īͷ˵Ҳʶʶ侹˺ݶ֮ˣִ˾Ƭ̽ƬĪҲк˵µô֣ݼ
úչɣҪȻˡ
Ī¾߰ɡĪͳݣ̻ȥչ˿ˡ
ĪصԺ˻㱨
ˣǿͿùˡ
á˵СĪ˵Ĳͽˡ˵β˷ѳܶ࣬ҽҲ㡣
ʦ̫ˡ˷ģְһ߾ȫô˺ʦʧġ
ڵÿһ̡
ſ˹֮ϡ
ϣ¡ſһͬ
һľľʵˣ
ߵˡ
Ա߹˭
ǲѡ
գηʿ¹չʵ
ǿ˼ֱͷַļϰ˵ˣϹƣһ˫ҲзˡȲ˵Ҳд
˵ѣ֪
񣬡˵ʵҲʲô˵ѣʶʱӣһֱ֪ǿ˵˵ͷ
ʵôʶģ
룬˵Լ߰˸ǰסһȥǼ䡣һϣͻȻײײſڣʱѪ࣬񻹱һΪײˡҷϹƣ˫ҲзˣһֱΪؤǿģû뵽бҸˣ;嵨ΪһΣչǼҲûշ⡣
˵Ǿʶģ
ǡ
ʵʱΪβΪҽΣΪβ٣
˵ذ˵ĻǸ׵СлӣǮ򣿱ҲǱ˹٣˭֪죬ʲҳһ٣ƨɾˡ
һֱס죿
ǰһֱչ
ôʱ䣬Ȳֲܿ˵ͨչ
⵹ѣദˣȻһĬ˵Եģȵģ˯ģϴģȫɲһְ졣ֱһ죬ҵһοˣԣǿˣҿ޵úġ
ŶΣϸϸ
죬ΪͻȻֿɿһ٣ȥܻܲ쵽һóԺúȵġȻ󣬲ȻŪ˺óԵġȥ󣬾͸¿״ԪȢϱҪةฮӭأ˵ǻϴ͵Ļ飬Ϻò֣˭֪ͻȻˣ˺öᡣ
ϵĿҲˣ޵
˵ѣδ޹ȴΪ˵¿״ԪȢףᡣ
˼쳣ȴ޷ʾ̾Ϣֽ˵ֲдڲԣֻܵͷҡͷⰸҪӺ𡣡
ʱ˵ˣĪܵĿѾ¿״ԪȢйأ
ʵĻ
˵˵ͷ
˵һΣĿԩǷ¿״Ԫйأ
˼ͷϱ֮ɫǷ
ĪͻȻ뵽ʲô״ԪĪ״Ԫ
ľľ˵󵨵¿״ԪһѧƷѧʶȻڹ֮Ϻܣģ
ֻǿ˲ͣҡͷ
״ץסһ֧첲˵ˣǿ⸮ã㲻ܺҧϹ棬ȻԲ궵ߵģɲġ
˼쳣ǰһסߵͷ
˵ˣߵͷˣ޼¡
˶ʱ̱ڵء
ĪһԿļѣƴΪ취뵽ˣ
ʱɸ֣˵Ϊʦ̹ٴΣ֮ϲɷ
ʦˣĪ뵽취ÿһмˣ
ʲô˵
ˣ䲻д಻ԣԿڴ֣캬дְ
˵ҲãһԡҲͷ
ĪƲƲվãֺǺǵģ뵽취ˡ
㣬ʶ֣
˵ͷ
˽ӣ
ٵͷ
йţ
˼ͷ
йˣ
ǵͷ
˵ԽԽɻ󣬡μӾԴ󿼣
ǵͷ
Īǣ˲ŵʵĪ㾩ԴУ





8

ֱֱصͷ쳣ᶨԽԽ˼ؿĽѣĻš
ĪһԿţţû˻˰ɣȻ˺ʦչӦûὫŽɵġ
˵͢ԪȣͬϷɲܺҵͷ
ˣͷҡͷ
˵ǸֽʣҪֽ֣ܷд֣
˼ᶨصͷ
ã˵Īֽʣ
Īӹߵİֽȥ졣Īſͣͽʶ˷УȻֽƽǰĪСض˵İɣ˻Ϊģʵд㡣
˸мصͷ
Ī˵ֽǰͷܹš
ʵ㣬գ
ĪһԿд֣ԭة¿״Ԫ֣ҲǸողżġ
ʵĪдʲô
شˣдǡڡ֡
˺͹ߵ˽ɫȻʵҲڣ
˽ʺУͷ
һ٣˵Ȼͬͬգ״ˣ
Ҳڣͷֽϸдֵͷ
˲²̽˵ĪҪ¿״Ԫͬͬյġڡ
̧ͷǰ֣صصͷ
˵Ҫ㣬ȻϹУǺܣһ𣿡
ڵͷһľľã
˻صã˵˰Ρ
˵ѧҲͬСȻǸз֮ˣȴʮֽȫܸ浱״Ԫةĳ
ʵչСĪкο
չ˵شˣҹ϶֮˽ΪĪθ֤ʵһ㡣״ԪǸˣôܺ˵ز
Ī˵ʲôܵģ
˵СĪ˵˵
Īһ£Ϊڸе޷޲ƽڵ״Ԫҧгݡˣʦչˣ밡ʶ˽ǽϿľӣڽ״ԪһȴɽȻĵӣһȴпΪ˺ȡֻ֮һڡ
˵СĪ˵ҲȷֿܣȴҲֻǿܣһԸĲ²ˡ
Ī˵ˣȷֻĪĲ²⣬Ҳ˵пܵģǺβ˲²⣬Ȼ²֤ء
룬˵չСĪȥ֮кԨԴмǲɾڡ
̾󰡣
ԩҲ󡣡չ˵Ī˵ͷèèͬһ㽭çڰҲĥࡣ
˵չ˵öԣĪԹΪƫƫָ״ԪڣˣѧΪƲпܰ˾ŲʮĪֱͷ治ʦ
Ҳͷ˵չСĪò෽״Ԫڴ֮ǰźδʲôѡ
չѺĪ
߶ĪʵЩģⶣҪмǽ佾꣬¶չмһС
Īߵͷ֤Ҫ뿪ʱͻȻһ¸˵ˣҲ˵˰һȥضȻ󲨣˲ڴ˵󡣡
˸ãĪչʵչˣڸȥģ
չ˵ȥѿ⸮пջõһ飬Ƿȥ꾩Դǰסûʲôʶˣʲô¡
Ī룬ǲҪҵȶܶˣ˵ôչȥջùݣְȥݡݵȿջùٵöడҿԼ뵽ˣ˭֪Ϊ׶Ŀ⸮жټҴССĿջùݰ
չ˵ҲãҲҵѣչĳ˲ˡ
Ī˵Ǵֱӻظ˻رɣ˭֪Ҫʱ䣬ѵɵһɵȰ֪ˣΪұѣӦǱŮѷŸأ
Īһվڽͷ޴룬ոձһһݵ˸ϳˡһǼݣֱµǹµлҪһڣĪ˵ӸˡΪǸִˣǼģȻһ㹫صĳʶûС
ĪǧĻҪ佾꣬غ£߽Ǽһݡ
ôˣ˽䱸ؿ
Բ𣬸ղ³çˡĪЦǸ׻˵ֲЦ
ǹʲô
鷳ǹˣĪЦλСһ°ɣ𣿡
룬Ƽ޶⣬˵ɡ
Ī˹̨ǰ˵ֻȥ꾩Դǰûһڵ
ڣ˵¿״Ԫͽû
Ǹ¿״ԪǸҲڵˡ
ͬͬգûС
ģ㲻ò𣿡ĪӦùˬ죬Щɡ
ô˵Щˣ˵Ĵͬͬյ˵һ֪Ҳǵõġ
ллˡĪʧ뿪
еĻʱ۵ƶǿڸԣĪڻص⸮ʱǳ;һ
չ֮ǰѾظˣԴҶԣ֪ǷʲôˣȻ
չѵһæҡҡ׹ĵʵСĪʲô𣿡
û£ֻǾò鰸治Ǽ׵¡
չѾȣΪʲôˣӦǱ˵ˡ
չˣͷȥ˰ɡ
á
û°ɣ
ûµģʦֻһˡĪ˵ˣʹеĻˣ˵ûнڵȥոչ˵еĿջùҲͬûУĪֻ룬᲻ûסڳڣڳ⡣
˵ͷ˵ţղűˣȿдĶ
ǡ
Īһ飬˵Ȼˣ˲״Ԫ
˵˿¿״Ԫֻµʱסڳ⡣ˣΪѰһ֮ˮʯ֮㡣

Ȼȴһֱҡͷ
ĪʵҪ
æͣصͷ
̾ˣǸ֮ˣ֮ѧһ뷨
ŶҲգ˵ݰɣ
뿪
չЦ˵ν뷨һɽ֮ƣ
չҲ뵽ˣ
ͬ
˵ɽ𻢣˵һ
߳Ī˵˵˵
Ī֪λʦҪˣֻ˵ǣʦˣһз֮ˣ״浱״ԪطСƱػᴫȥΪͷ顣
˵
Ī߶ͷ˵˵ģУȻᡣһʵ˵ȱж
ֵνѵɱڲɣ
Ī˵¿Լ󣬾ǳɱشĸһ
ʱ߽ӹ˵ˣ԰вأ
˵ͷ˵ȷ确ɽ𻢡һм֮ˣһСлӣֻ¡
չ˵ˣжȻ岻ݴǡ
˺Цͷȷչѳǲõ˵İΣҲãչȫȨšжͲѳ˿ˡ
Ī˵ˣʦչˣĪҲȥĪչѧϰ˼У䲻ܺ˴֣ԱοĪҽĪİ취ˡ
˵СĪһͬǰȥһҪչİţңǧüסǣԲö˼
Ī˵˷İɣȵöˣۣһ˵˾޷ԭͲһˣֻҪƶ֮ʱýҩöֻʱˣȻԽⶾԶֻҪõǡҩɺ޵Щƶȴƽҩ֮ˣЩ˵ĿıǺˡ
˵СĪĴ˷⣬ҲҲԺһҪöҩ
ǡ





9

ҹĪ˱ݸ
ڣһĿˣͷñ˫взϡ
˽ݣûһͳˡȥ
Ī߽ݣ˵ڣˡ
Ī죬ô㻹ǣлл㰡
¡Īһܣҩ뷴ڵأʵô£
˵Ī죬Ҳ֪ոտôˣֻǸ·Ъŵˣһ˵ͺһֽţҩˣôˣһøٰһҩ
Īˣ˵æˣҿ⸱ҩӵģٳһβµģٰɣҴŲҩ°ɣкôģƽʱ̫á
ô˼أ
ʲô˼ģƽʱԵòãҪС
Ǻðɣ˵ʵڵģÿ춼۵ôͷŶʹֻ˯һϲŻЩ
ĪǷ£˵ǺúϢɣһȥˡĪת뿪ſڡСġһЩɫζҩۡ
Īص⸮úҲˡ
ʵǶ˿֪ڰмӺͱ
Ī˵ػ֪
չ˵ȷǶ֪ţݾߡ
˵ǸٵΣ
صشˣսһӣһլӣҲ´ݾߣûҸȥ
˼˵װİ磬ôȥֵط
Ī˵ˣȥ֪ˡ
˵ͷ˵չСĪھ͸ȥ
ĪչѸһլӡ
Ī̾ҪŽ룬չֹṦ롣Ī̾Ṧ淽㰡ǽֱ׾ٵ¡
չѴ濪Ī
﷭һڻ첻ˣˣҵװİ֮õͼٷٺӡ
չѿˣ˵ǿҲ֤
˻ص˿⸮á
Ͱ飬Ҫةһ֮£˳ҪһԤ룬ûܵø֤
գĪڸڵȵ˻ظ̴չȥѯʹߣʦôˣ
Цةλࡣ
ĪһȻͬ˵еһĪ̸ȥݡ
ǲǶģĪݣȻɱڣҺԼɸˡ
˭ʵ
⸮Ī˭
һۣʹ˸ɫ̽Ī
ĪдҲҵ˼ƸΪ͡
Ī˵־ܣѾҵĶˣ
ͣ£˵ƭǣ
ţĪ˵ţǾͿǲǷˣٹúɫͻӸ첲ִϣ࣬ʱǴˣҲȲǵ
˿ĵĺɫļ²ѣ˵ʲôʱµĶ
Ī˵ÿ춼һ￴ǣ뿪ʱſЩҩۣҩԼƵģɫζֻ֮һܽ⡣ʵֻҪǳʱţǲ˶޺ġ
Ļ䣬ֹľͿҲ
Īڽ˵ǷİɣǵǷĲҩ˵ͷĪ˵Ǿǽҩǲõġ
Īתͷ˵һؿ⸮ɣһȥҾ͸ǽҩ
գ˿˺һͬ¡
˵һǲм֮ˣһַСлӣкԹ𣬾Ҫأ
һ˵ˣ񲢲ɱǣֻǸߡ
ĪʱΣ˵˵
ǡְۿذױƽڣͼɱˡл˵ֲзϣϸ࡯Ī˵ߡ
ϵذףʵذף
Īصǣ
ʵǼԭ˭ģ
˵ԭģĶ׬˵ǮͰˡ￴òǶܱܷ꣬ʱ
⻰֤ݣ
ذˣᶼ֤
˿гԹ
ʶǣôгԹ
˵ͷ˵ƶϣԹ޳ȴҪأĻƱ˽ǻǣ
һ˵ˣûУûСһҲҡͷ
һľľ˵ȻңȴһٽѣĪҪộǲſϴʵй

Ī״˵ˣʦĪɷ˵䣿
˵ͷ
Ī˵ȻϰȴȱΪڵ֪ǲСҵĶҸǽⶾԣ̹гĻʹ֮ˣ֪Ϊõķϴᷢ䣬һӡ
˼ĪĻЩҡ˵Ī˵ûԭףԲشִܹԲ򣬽ɱ磬ͷա¾ģģ
ڣ
ͷաź򣡡
ǣ
˼ˣ˵ˣԸ˵ʵ
˵
Сȷʵ̰ͼСָʹҪɱ
˭ָʹ
һġ
Ľʲô֣ηʿס
֪
Ĳ֪˼ɻ󣬼˵һʶģ˵ֻҪǸзϣǸСлɱˣǾһ
˶ѣ
ǰȸʮ³֮ٸʮ
ŭزʶȴΪӾɱ
˴ᷢ䡣
ʵҵʹ֮ˣ
޷˵ֻҪԻҲ񡣡
߶Լ˿˵ͷĪҲɵõͷ룺ʹ֮ˣҲҵʵ֮ҲˣңǸ֪˿֮Ҳָʹģö£Ļʹ֮˶Ǽ״Ԫڡ
ģ˵ȽѺΣ󡣡
˺뵽˿⸮߰סڿͷ󣬸㱣ѾҪ߳ˡ
ĪŽϰ𣿡
Ǻܺã˵Ī죬
Ī߽ҩ䣬˵ڣӽҿʼΪƶκۼƼ
𣿡˷ܵ˵̫ˣˣĪҪκ۾Ƽ
Ī˷˵ҪǵǣѾϸоˣֻɰκá
Ѿܺˣлл㣬Ī졣
Ҳмسͷ
Ī˵ڣҸոʱʦ˵˰¿״Ԫ뵽˻̸ҹźܿͻᴫʰˡ
˼ֱͷĪΪˣԩѩǰһ
ĪԤеһԭͱܿȺ󱻴˹ϡ
žľʵվˣ
Ժѧʿڡ
˸ɱ˶棬ð״Ԫкα⣿
ǻĵ֮£⣿
áٴԭá
˶Կ˵״ԪͬͬգΪ˱𣬱ʱΪˡף
ڵͷ
˼˵㹩ƣദã̸ʮϤ
ǵͷ
˵ģڡ
һͨͬ˱˽ڼˡ
ҡҡͷ
˵ΪҡͷĪ״ڣ
˵ͷ
á˵ڡ
һµ˱˽ڼˡ
ڻҡҡͷ
Ҳǣ˵ȥãһ˶״Ԫ˵˵
ڼˡ


лҪ˵лλ֧֣һµġ




10

ֱͷ
˵ȲҪ㡣
ƽ˼˵˾Ƿ˵֮ˣ
ڵͷ
״ƭ¶ƣöäиֲУˣ
ƴصͷ
ʱ״Ԫ˵ˣܸ棡
˵δؼáҲĿãˣֱܷΨһڣϳ鼤Ī
״Ԫ˵ƾȻ̫ϣ
˵׿ڱƣʶˣȴΪϳĿ֤㻰м٣
Ϊͨ
˻
״Ԫָ˵СлͿվڹ֮ϣٷ
Σ
СлӾϹߣȻԳ˲ͨϢ
˵ˣûС
˴˵㲻ر⣬йϡ
˳״Ԫ˵ֱںԣ֮ϣĿ֮£δδδͨϢ
ǰ˵˵ΪȻû뵽ʰȻҲ˲ƫ̻
˷޷޲ƽ۹ܹɱ˵ĻǿɶڿѾĪɱǧٻˡ
˵һӲƫ̻
ƫ̻Ϊֻһ֮ʣ
ӲʶΪƫƫĿ
˵˰ͨϢ
һľľ˵㵱ƻ
ˣ״ԪǺѧʿƾʵݣ벻Ҫáھ˵ֱ׳Īһܻҧгݣ޲ҧ
˵ãٸһƾʵݡģȥѥӣĿţ
ǣ
״Ԫ˵ˣΪ
˵ڽҧˣԲѣϹֲеĿõ˿ѪžȻд£
ûУ
ǲ޴£֪Сһ˰̣Ϊβҵʾڣ
ǲң״Ԫ˵Сȷʵһ˰̣ɺϰˡ
ɺϣ
һ𾭹ฮԺΪһˣѪע˻ԷԸҽΡǲţةٿ⸮Ϊ֤ԻὫ˺ʾѹš
Ծ֮ʱ˵ˣð䣬ػ뵽ûһ֤ݣؽ̺ۻٵ
˹ߵĻŭ״Ԫ˵㵱ƻ漫Ļ
ң䲻ɷҲʫ飬֪״ԪһԵõӣ˽ƾһ֮ʣ֮棬֤֤ȴҪ۶ð֮βܸ̣֮ķķѵ˰˵ġ졯֮
סڣ
Ҫסһ֮ףҪסڿѣ˼ĪƽһԼŭ˵ˣĪлҪ˵
㾡˵˵˽֪һ⣬ڹؼܹ֮㾦
Ī˵ְ֪ͨҽҧ˹˿ڴƤȻһЩأЩؾҩܹųʵʲȫĶ岢˺Ȼ
ʵܲʵ
ĪŶ˵ֻ״Ԫñְ˿ڴȡһЩƤмɡ
˵ͷ״Ԫ˵ȡЩƤмһ
ĪĻ˵״ԪɲصģƤмƤ⣬ָͬƤ˿ӰҲСĪǲ¶һЦ
ֱǻĵ
ܴˣĪü΢΢ţܴĪ豰ְҽְԿҽжԼʵöžԵţְܽ޽ľ綾׶ǣϺţĪʶĿһ㡣
ȻߺͰҲǲŵؿ
˵ĪȥȡƤм顣
ǡεؿĪС˰̴͸һ¡ȻѵŽһƿ
Ī˵ˣְ鿴Ҫʱ䡣
ã
ʱ
áʱΪֹá
ȵ֮󣬰˵״Ԫ˵󻬣ةŮ˰ʮּˡ
˵Ѳǲзϵſܡ
ԲǡĪڱ⡣
˵šԱϰľ˰ſܡֻϧûо֤֤޷Ƽգס˵˳Ī˵СĪȥƤмǷ߶
ǣĪȥ
ʱ˵ˣˣѧ뵽һ÷ˣǲзϵڼȻ״Ԫؼǵڴʱľӡ
ǣ¶ϲɫ
ſδȥĪɻʵôʱˣôܼǵôҵҲǣֻܼǸš
˵㣡ˣô⣿ȥ鶾УԺΪʦҪӹΣ黭ûһǾͨģ
Īһʵ뿪ˡ
ĪǰŸߣةžˡ
Īڹŵҩ®ﵷٽʱĪˡ
ʱѻ˹
ôˣɫôѿ
Ī죬Ҹո˵״ԪίЩ˵Ҫܸ֮ĵ֮ɫȥȰ˲ҪˣѾôˣôأ
⵽ô£Īʵչúܺõġ
˵ة֤ȥ״Ԫ״ԪĬоԴ󿼵Ĵݣ˭֪״Ԫ
Ī̾Ϣһ˵ʵͲµˣð䣬ĻصˣԻȱ쿼ݡ
ǿô찡
ĪЦ˵ܻа취ģɽˮ·һ塣㿴ⲻѾǶ˵ȷǱҧ𣿡
СĪ˵ǣɽˮ·һ塯һ·糾͵չͻȻ֡
Īϲչˣˣҵ֤ˣ
ǣչЦ˵ǿᵽǸΪةŮﲡĴ򡣡
̫ˣ˰ɣڣ֤ˡ֤֤ȫǶٵͷİɣһʹǶڣһġ
ţˣлл㣬Ī죬УллչˡЦ˵ȥ߿ˣ
չѺĪһЦһȥˡ
գٴá
ߵˡһ˹Űݼ
˵ˣͨɱ˵ס
ģ˵ȥʮʡ
˼ˣ˵ˣϻûʰôȴأˣ
Īһ԰˺÷ӣȰ˸ס˵ʡ˽Ʊ֮ʣƽ˷ʱ䡣
ߣֻ˵ĵ񣬱ضһ֪ѽȴ˵
˼æ˵ˣһʵʵ˵а١ˣˡһΰɣ
ʵʵ˵
ǣһʵʵ˵
˭ηʿ
⸮ʿ
ǮʹǰݣҪɱмںСл
ǡ
кԹγΪҪأ
ذˣԭȸͲʶǸзϺǸСлӣʵҲ֮УҲ˼ҵӡ
ִɱ֮£Ȼ˵ǡ֮СŭֱǻƸ
ǣǣŵæǣƣ
˭ӽͨɱˣ
ǡֹ
˵
ǡǵ״ԪةŮڡ





11

󵨵õ״ԪةమҲſܣ
ˣôأʵʵ˵м١
״ԪȥɱǶˣ֮Թ𣿡
ûԹȷʵڽвȥġ
Ȼˣɸʣ
ҡ
˵ͷ˵а٣㲻ҲҪ̡𣿡
ȫˡ
ã˵ûѺ
˾ľһģã
һԸչǰ״Ԫذ
ڻӼһĪࡣ
˵Ϊ˽Ǽܸİӡ
ǡ
Ѿ᰸𣿡
᰸ֻ;˵Ϊ档
¶࣬˵Ҫβ᰸
˵ױд׹˵Ͽϸɱã֮󣬼ɽ᰸
ѾϹãʣҲ˵Ҫдױ֤ٶãǶһ٣
ɣǶһ١
ڽ˫ַ󣬰˵ǲдأ
ģ߰ڰɲ㲻д
ǸĿʶ֮ˣд
ǸĿʶ֮ˣʱ˿ڱǰñ磿
һ㶡
˵չȥһƧ䣬ֽʣҪдױʹ״һ˲дһգһ겻дһꡣ
ǡ
ң
Ҫһԣ˺һһǿӲ
ʱսš
չ˵ܴˣɡ
ʱ˵ˣҪдűͿѻ
ͷ˵ĻˣűʷܣҪдǧٱ顣ȥɣ
ĪҲ˳ȥչˣ
СĪ
չˣҵҩ®ȥɣƧȥһķıȫţʡ֪Ҫʱ俴أ
չɻؿ˵СĪòڴʲôⰡ
Ī˵չˣĪܴʲôⰡѲɻ˽Է
չһҲǣԥƬ̣ͬĪһڴҩ®Ȼ뿪ˡ
ĪЦţһǹҵ¡
ڲûп¶ЦʱҲΪСǹֻ̽Ե˵λǽĪɣ
ûĪĪޱ˵ֺǺǵģô׾ҪϹˡ
Ī죬⸮ˣ
Ī룬˵ҲͲ°ɡ
£¾ڿ⸮Ű˻ôãĪܸɡЦų
ʲôܸɵģĪ̾Ҳҽ涮ñȽ϶࣬˺͹˵;ŰߵġҿģǸǰҵδȻҲþͽҡ˵ţĪһķ޷޲ƽչ¶ɡ
˵ûҪ뿪𣿡
Ī̾һ˵ôûֻɬû̲뿪˿⸮һҲ֪ôÿ춼˹ܳԹܺȣ˯ĵط
˵Ǻһ
Īһ㶣ʵһ⻰ô˵ҿǲҮôε˳һȥˣ
˵Ī죬ѽгк˯ĵطﰡ
η
ʵϲһ𣿡
Īͷ룬˼˵˵еһǰ£ֻǱķ˴Щ
˵ڼ˵ңˡҽ֪ߵ¶Ī죬ȫҽıߵģȴڿ⸮ǿ
˵öԣĪǶ˾ǲһҲǶ࣬˵ĻҲе
ڰͷսĪС˵ĪֵܣǴɣİҷߣҸһЩ̲
٣
һ
Ī룬ɽҪƽ𡣡
ҧҧ˵ãɽûУøȥȡ
ҲãĪ˵Ҫ־ݡ
С
УѰ˽ȲݲӦ˵ͻȥʰأҿɲ֮ǰҪѵ
ãҾдȥʰ
ͻȻһŵζ
ڱǺˣʵô£
Ī˵Ϊ˱㻹û̲Ҿˣŵ㶫ֻҲнҩ֮޽Ļ߻Ѫ
㡭ŭ
ʲô
ûʲôڵڱУˣĪֵܰȫֻɷģڲǲ֮ˡ
ţǮ֮Ҿͻ̸ҩ
ĪһԶҩ®̲סЦЦǰ
һӰһо۵ס
Īصҩ®ǰ˵Īֵܣˣ㿴ϺǲǶʼˣҽˡ
Ī쵽ǰ˵ҪĶأ
ˣڽдõֽݸ
ĪӹһһŸƽ־ݣһϿļ飬˵鶼е㲻ʣ仰ʲôûдص㣬ּҲЩʲݡ
־ǩֻѺ
á̰Ըİ죬ҽҩɣ
㼱ʲôû˵ġĪûûε˵ôװͰ͵ģŲһȦȦ㣬·ˤˮҭ
ǣˣҲ־˰
ߣŰ˵գĪֽ뿪ˡ
ûеĪĽҩȴչѺ
⸮ڣ˸ߺһã
ԭͱ汻Ⱥ
֮󣬰Ӱ˺Ϳ⹫ãͷø߸ߵġ
ŭӽ£⸮ãģ˸ӹãɵɶˡ
ڰ˺Ϳ⸮õϣĪۣԵúȫڡ
վ֮ˣ
״Ԫѧʿڣ
״ԪѧʿһоգأĪ̸֮״Ԫ˼ð֮ͽ
ڱʵƿԣ޺޵˵ڼˡ
֮ͬͬ״㡣
״ʲô
δμǴ󿼣ȴð棬״Ԫ㶾֮ɱ޹Է
ߣлĵ֮£֮У
ϰݣ֮Ҳ飬ʵʹ֪ڸģһ֮ʣпɴᷢ䡣һ֤ȷ䣬ɽҲ޴ģˣ
ȻסұӺ𣿡
㵱μӹȥǴ󿼣
ȴ֤֤δμӴ󿼡
֤ڣ

ǡĪϵ֤ʸ˰ˡ
֣һ㷽дױ֤һױдĪ־ݣһȴǱةһʥʥ϶׼״ԪԾ
Σ˵⸮Ĳ쾹ȻöдǷ˻δأôŷ
£Ī뱾ˣδ¶ԼȥԸ־ݣĪһʱͽúܺãӦν
ߣЦϵʹӺζ¶ˣһֶƭд־ݡ
Ī˵ˣְδ¶˲ţ鿴еĹ͢ҽֻҪһ˵ĪʲôĪԸܷ㣬Ҿ¶ˣҸ۰ҾͲƾ˵ļܲ쵰бҧҰ
š˵ͷ
˵ߣǿ⸮λĪóʹϴθǿºڣԼĶ˫Ȼа취޷
ĪǲһĻȣһƵ˵ˣְϴǿºˣְǵúϴԼ˵ܽ޽֮û˵˲ֵܷĶҲư
š˵ͷ
ǽƱ磡


лҪ˵лλ֧֣ǵĴֺҸµľԶл




12

ˣ͢ҽҽ߳ҲЩƽⶾⲢǲܲܳΪҽĸܴ֮˵˵˵ҽܣСС⸮죬Ͼʶ˲Щ֮˵ǵĴγ˲в֮˽ԲԸΪʼЧĪһñӿȥҸۣϻ㵱ǲèݺﰡ
ûô˵⡣
ôܴĪûи¶ˣ
ǣϵʹʹӺζ
ĪͲ֪ˡĪ޹˵кܶԭ򰡣˵ʱ䲻ϴ̫ԼɾԻڶһЩɾĵطͲɾ˽Ӵȵȣкܶԭġ

̾Ϣһ˵Īȥɷܽ⣿
ǡ˰ĳҲ̫˰ɣ˹ﰡ
Īߵ£ƲƲ죬˵ɣ
Ҫ
ȻǸĪû㵽׻ҪҪã˭˸ΰ˷ҵıҩģ
սսһֻ֡
Īбһָۣ˼Ƭ̣˵ţĳ͸ˡ
벻Ҫ̰£ĳõ״Ԫѧʿ
Īŭ˭̰ˣ˵ͳζòˣ͸ˣҪǲԸҰβһֱôȥǾˣֲҡôҾ㣡޷Ʊ磡
ѹסŭ˵ĪΪΡ
ΪΣĪ˵ΪΣΪǰ˷ԸĪġ첻ˣҾ㳢ʲôۻۡ
ôĪ죬µĲΣ
͸ˣҳô󣬻ûôģ
㡭
ʲô
˴۵Сۡ
ĪҽΡ
šĪ˵ҩ£ʱֹģЩãҪҪ㡣˵ţĪʹͳһҩ
ҳԡƺѾ޷ˣĸо
ţĪдˡҲ⡱ĸ֡
ڽӹֱ¡
ĪվعϹ޵Ц⡣ǺǣܵˣҿѾѹ㣬ҩиõร
˵ʡӱȶԣ֤־ݵıʼһݹһʲݣԳһ֣֮ݱʼ״ԪԾϵıʼͬԾϵָվǣּȴԲǡɴ˿ɼ״ԪԾױ飬ȻҲӦ
˾ڹٳȻҲֻ֪һ֪
˻
ٳдִԲ⣬֮Ȼϰһ塣¸꣬Св졣ڽⷬ˵Ȼ
ںԣŭȶʫ飬Ҳϰ鷨̶֪̲֮һ깦ҹĥҲر𡣡
ǰ֮ʡ
ҽƱ磡һľľ˵ƾһ֤򲻷ٴ֤㵱öʡģ֤壡
ߵˣ
壬ҾӺδԺӪ
ӿ⸮ɽűߵҽΪ
ʶվٷ֮ˣ
ʶ
ڼҲʶ㣬ݵú˵
סڣ˴˵δ㣬Բ졣
ϵùߵˣ
ϸϸؿ˿һصȻ̺ۣϡɱ棬οϰҽģԴ˸Ȼġ
ͬʱϵǶˣ
ǡ
ʱ
Լȥ졣
εأ
ɽߵһé
ʶ
һҹһλԷ򵽲ļţ˵һλӦľӵزҪȥΣԲʶλ
˵òΪΣ
λٷĵòλ̺۵˵ʱһģһչˡ
˵ҺòΪΣҶۡͻȻ۵ֱ
ô£Ī
Ī޹ί˵ˣְӦǸղҩˡҵװñʲô˶ί
ʲô㡭ڷŭ
ĪԵøӵί˵ˣְղſǸ˵ҩиõģԼµġҾǹģڣ
⸮˿۵״ԪںίĪͬʱ뵽С˲ĪǸöС˰ֻй룺ƣΨŮСҲ⻰˵һ㶼ûͽǸʮĻöŮӼСˡ
޷󰸣˵Īȥʹӣ󰸣
ĪƺЩˣκùԹԵظҩŰɣ˷ҵıҩġ
Σʹֻ÷¡
壬㣬ʱõʲô
ظз纮ȫȣԴ𡣡
жϣֲȬܲμӾԴ𣿡
ذˣ˵죬ʮҲţ˵ȥμӴˡ
˵֤Կʵ飿
а١
ԸѺΪƾ
Ը⡣
㣻ޣԹ޳ΪݺңǺξģ
һùһͷĪִʱչѰץסֹĪСŭչˣǺ⣿йϣŶ¶ˡߣֲڸ¶㼱ʲôĪܻʱڲԣ˵չ볢ĪƵҩǸʲôζ㣬ôСһұͲû󡣡
߾ߣȻǵۣС˵ٺˣǹãء
ʦˣĪֻ㬵֡
˵ҽʮ꣬ҪǸȥβѾͲˡ㾹Ȼ㣻ޣģͲ𣿡
Ҳʶ㣬㲻Ϊβ
֮ϲ˽磬Իйϣģ嵱ûѺ廭Ѻ֮󣬰˾ȥˡ
˵ڣĪѴϴι֮ϹµƤм֮вȷʵй߶һ¡ڣ㻹кλҪ˵

֤֤ȫɲ㲻˵ٴ֤ơǮ
ùݡ
˵ˣҪȥɱĿˣ
˵ذˣ
˿
Ҳ
ǶкԹҪɱǣ
һʱ˵ӣʹס
ܺʹ
˶ָԹŵ˵
ʵд£
˵ذˣҲҲʹ
ʲôˣ
״Ԫڵӣʹġ
⣬Ķ㻹ٽ߳ŭһŽߵڵء
ŭ֮ϣӹã񾹻ȭţĪ㵱Ŀ
һ˵ˣﻹ
Ի
ڣ
죡
ǣ
Իһסһ֧첲̡
ң
ɵòң
ٸ״Ԫѧʿ㡭
˵һСС״Ԫѧʿࡢ׹֮ϣҲһͬʣɴϣˣʲô
ʱžžشͷת
Īţǽһʹ찡˭صͷأʷ˽찡
֮󣬶һ¹ñգкԶ֤ԭˣҪʶڡ
˵ڣǾ֤ɽ㻹
кǴµ״ԪǺѧʿةమк㵹˵˵к


лҪ˵ǳлǵĴ֧֣һ͵ġ




13

Īȴת֮л۵룬㲻ҲãӲˣ˵һͷģټة׵ķһ飬һ˵㻹һôԵڰԷԩ
ŭкˣð״Ԫ۾Ϊң̰ͼΪТ֮ɱ޹ԷΪʣʹ޶޷Ӷ޸Ϊ塣ֲҲТʲ֮ͽҴγ㲻ãؼ㲻ã
ãһһ죬һҲТʲ壡ڼװһ޹˵۶֪ԭ۶ϡ֪ҲǷǲֺڰ׵ߵ֮ʱҲμӾǴ󿼣ѵвѵڵʧ֮ӻʧݣο־־ڱص֮ʱƫƫһ󲡶ӦۼռɽˮȴܽСռͷ˾Կ
ϧҡҡͷ˵Ϊ鲻¹»̫֮أԲŶʻշ
Ī˵ͷԣ˷Ϊ˽Сˡ
˼ȻΪҷֽδأ
ɵն
ɵնҲһ֡
һ˵ãֱ๼飡һľİɼǶôķŭ
һڲֻ̰֮вʣвģ˵ҧгݡ
Īз޷޲ƽ㾹Ȼ˵ôֱ׳вʣôأ͸ˣԷ͸ˣ
ģ
ڣ
ͷաź򣡡
ǣ
һŮԶ
ˣҽȥһŹʵٸ˹ſڡ

ٸæ˽ֱֱŰ˹¡
ھ˵ʲô
Ī´һۣԭλ޸ڵةǧ𰡣Ȼдҹķ緶ֻϧ޸ˡ
ةǧԶ˵ʱ˿̣ܲ
˵ܷˣ޹أ¹򡣡
飬˵ˡǿкͽơ

˸룬Ÿ
ܷˣĪҪΪѱ
ˣǱݣ뿴ңΪޣ»ɥҺι뿴ҸеĺӣΪӣ޸ֺιཻة࣬ôɥˣ
ܷҲ룬ǲмڱ״ԪȴмιԷʳȴ£Էֺι۾ϣðֽûҳͲգ
֮ǰѾֻҪܴһԸԺ򲹳ǰѣǱ֮ˡ
Էβ۾֮ֵδϣ
ֻҪһ跨
ʱڷᣬ˵Ҫˡ
ߣȥ
ؼҡ
˵ﻹмҿɻأ
֮󣬺δ޼ҿɻأ˵ˡ˵գĿ֮תȥ
Իס
ڻͷ˵㲻ң֪סң
ҡҡͷ˵㡣ڰڣֻ㣬˿ۣ첻ۣ˿꣬첻ꡣߣҪνã֮Уνݣ㣿֮
Ի
ڣ
ߣ
ǣ
ۼҪ뿪ˣĪˣ˰˼Ҳ̫ˣⲻǷŻɽֻҪͿˣƾڵּôٰץ
ҪжʱչĪּ
£м˵л
ˣˡ˵ֻǡֻǣģ첻ģҷţ첻š
ĪУҲ̫˰ɣ죿£Ī͵͵ȥǶµѽĶҪʹعһӣʵӦǸԼ˭ôǳ𰡣
գҵõϢԼķԾˡ
ĪףνǺˣԭͿǶ˶֮⡣ĪЩ̾
Ī߽˵᷿˵ضԿ˵һֱסڣԣڣԺٳƺΪˣֻһڣȴҡҡͷʾԸ⡣
ĪʵڣΪʲôԸⰡ
̽ʵѵҪȥ
ڵͷ
Ī뷨ֻǡ
˵ϣǸˣѵ˶ôְ
˶ЩƢġʱչҲŽˡ
Īһϵ£˸ۣȻֱ
ʵչˣʲô𣿡
չЦ˵չĳмϲ¡
ֺʵʲôϲ°
Ҫټ״Ԫɡ
˵ſڵĸ첲˵ȻǴϲ°ι߲˰
ûʲôӦ
˵ѽټ״Ԫɹʲô£
չ˵Ҳһλ嵨
ģ
ʥϽԣм٣
֮࣬˿ͿڵĴ磬ЩΪѡ
չЦ˵뵽ˣҪΪһµ״ԪۣΪһµĳչָ˵λ÷죬صΪλ
ĪЦŶ˵ڡϲǣǲˣ
ǰ˵Ī죬̫ллˡ
Ҳסصͷ
ڣ˵ллСã
˭Сð
𣿡Ī˵ǵһμʱǵŰ˵˵ģѵҼǴ𣿡
˵û˵ҲŮģҲСãҽѾʮˣΪͺܴ󰡣
Ī˵ûΪҺܴ󣬲ȴ󣬴꣬ҽѾʮˡ
´һۣһǲмӣ˵濴⸱壬Ҳ͸Ҳӡ
ĪüһͻȻĴʵã㰡ԺԸչڣ
ȻԸⰡѾչôˡ
ŶĪ˼˵ڵĶҪ⣬ֻжѾãѪҪҽε
Ǿΰ˵ǲһʱֻҪϣκþͳɡ
ԺҪһչˣԣӦ˵չչҵӣҪôĸƶأ
ûϵЦ˵Ͷչһ˵ѣչչ׶ˡ
ҪɣΪԺ󷽱һչڣĪ˼˵ɴϱˣҲġ
æͨ죬ŭ˵㣬˵ʲôأ㲻⣬ҽ⣡
ĪƲƲ죬˸ۣʧˣ
Ҳһͷһҡͷģֻǲ֪ʲô˼
չһԿţĵǸСɫôȢϱˡҪȢҲ֮˵ɷ˵عȥĪ⣬÷˵÷죬ͽˡ
Īŭιչѣʲô
öչ񣡡þ
ʦ̫ˡ
չ˵ƢԣΪʦ֪𣿡
չĳֻǼĪո֣Żֹġ
߳Īʵôˣ
ֻǸЦ˵ҪȢѡ
ʲô֣˵ѾͷôʲôЦո·ļ۶һϽ첽뿪ĶŵĹŭɲġ
չһ㶣û뵽ᷴӦô϶ŭĪҲ޶⣬ֻǸ˵ҪȢѣǷǿЦûʲôԵģԼеʧչδĪܷԹ˵СĪҲֻڸڿЦչѴСˡ
ߺݺݵصĪһۣƺ˵ٽѵ㣡
Īŵһ£ЦãڰĪжհ





14

գʵټںˣưˣǿྡĪΪĽҩҲˣֻҪƽʱעͿˡ
ֻǣ˴ȥʥ֮ȴһĪвϢ
һظ˰Īˡ
ˣʲôҪԸ𣿡
΢Ц˵СĪʥ֮ʱἰڵĶɽ⣬ʥ϶Ǻ棬λҽȴֻǸʮС졣
ʲôúģҪҰĪһǧһԸ⣬˭֪Լӻ᲻£һһС˵˻ǻʵ۲ô찡Ҫ֪ǿΪһʫʾͰѴȥʡ¼õҮ
Ȼǲ֪Īʵ뷨˵СĪʥټƵӣ
ˣĪңҲӣĪֻЩ¡
£ʲôֲǳ˵ϻ˸߲ҵȥʥôҲˣ
ˣĪǸصˣʥǰһС˵ʲôʲôû취̫ˡʱۻǷжһ²һµԭ
ԭˡ˵СĪĪҪģʥ֮ʥ֮ʱֻʱش𣬹ͿˡȥйͬУµġ
ʦҲȥ
ǡ
ĪЦ˵ĪͲõˡ
㱾Ͳõġ
ˣʲôʱȥ
ʱ
ĪˣĪˡϾŵ㿩ȥʦȴȻ׼ս
ʦĪȥҹߵʱ򣬹ͷļ
£ͷҲû̧һ£
ʦ˵Ҫȥʥ
ţΪʦѾ֪ˡߵ˵
ʦһ㶼𣿡
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ʦͽǴδʲô棬˵ʥˡ
㲻ú£Ҳûˣǿ⸮Ĳ죬һ׶
ʦͽֻ֪ǣͽӣʦҲͽ´
߷еĶؿ΢Ц˵㲻õģʲôΪʦԻģôһû£Ϊʦ㡣㲻Ҫ̫࣬һûôСлӶ˳ʥ߸˵ģô㷴ôԥأ
Īһתһ룬Ҳԣҵʲôһִ͢翴ˣԻʹͻʹĸĪĿ־塣Īһ֮ͨǰѻɢЦŶԹ˵ʦͽˣлʦָԽͽȥˡ
Цŵͷ
԰ͷ֪ĪҪ˺͹һȥʥæ׼һոµĲ˵Ҫۿ⸮Ĳ쳤˿⸮õ
ȻĪȴ˵ҾҪŴ򲹶ĲȥֻҪ·ϴɾС
ʣΪʲô
Ī𣺡Ϊǿ⸮԰˵£˶࣬ҲܼӰаĸǲҽݻӻ·Ǵ˴ϲٴ˵Ͽһ·һĲ̣͸Ǽӵٺ»Ǹǿ⸮Ҳܸһ»ʳ
ô˵ҵĳղãĪˣ
ĪͷһãȻ׵壡ѽǾԲܵġҪȻƽʱôܵС壬ҵ˼ˣ׻˵ɸΪ֮壬ž˫ĳգȴûкܺõʳģͲʾǸ߳ĳգҲⲻǶżС
һֱȥ߳Ա߸̸˵صС쵱ֶһⲻһ䣬ͷһˣʲôˡСĪ˵öԣҪܸҺһЩʳģһܶóԵĲɫ
ǣĪ˵ĳգˡ
գһϴĺ죬ĪȴһŸ˵ѾͨˣǻʵڲԸʥŤšڹߵ˵£Ī¶һΪǿЦݣˣһμ糯ֱȥ鷿ֻĪ͹ʦͽ
һλ鷿⡣

˹ĪҲŹվʩ
λĸͽĪˣ˹˿һ۹ˡ
ǡ˹
Ī˹
ȻӢ۳갡ͽܿһ˲Ű
ˣ⺢ӻдɳأ
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ĪƳ׶֮ľ綾Ľҩ䷽ɷܹ쵽


лҪ˵ҵۺʹĺܸˣлл֧




15

Ī̧ͷ˿ܵǰ֮һȻɵĸ߹Ȼ֮ĪĪĸоԼܾ˵첻ĻпܾҪСˡĪа̾⽨ĺڰֻεǣĪһ߾ȫʥʧ
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뿪ʹص֮󣬰СĪҪľɻЩ綾ĽܾⷽȶΣѰСĪǴһĴ°
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⸮Ҳ˵ظֻͣ벻һˡ
ҹ˾֮ʱĪķԺͤ﷢
СĪôˣôȥ˯ĵ𣿡
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չ˵ûϵģȥϢɣչѵ͵͵ЦţЦƵﱻ紵ƣ˷Զһ˵ζ
Īؿ¹ԵˣĪƲۡ
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أûиһ𣿡
лѾˡԺΪѲġѾģһҪҵ㣬һҪúõزЩܵĿడ˹ӡ


лҪ˵ܲ˵һ½֣治˼Ҫʱܡʲô뷨ԾᣬһؿǵģôҶ⡣




16

Ʒü㲻ҵ
չǰ˵˹ӣù˹ѻ˵ꡣ
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ӵģ˹ҹҹ㣬ֻǵڹУпԣɼ
УǴˣ
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ĪƷɵӡǺܺãڹ˹ƽ˵˹ھ빬֮ǰóס
ҲǱƲѣɼεľһ찡
ҲšƷվԶԶġ
չ˵˹ӣ˹ףǧȷ¡һةͰ˶Ǹ˹Ҳ˳ϵӦ˼ӵ顣
Ī˵ˣѵʥϿ׼˹ϻ磬ܹ㡣
˹˵֪һңЩû׵Ρ㲻ңҲ㣬ⶼҵıӦ˵գ˹ʹȥ
չסȻƷ˵˹ӣ˹ǧΪľҪ㣬˵࣬Ӧϡ
Ʒɺԥ
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ƷɿչѶ˵ͷ
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ĪЦ˵ˣȷвҩ˲ԣһǻǰ顣УҲԴ˱ѨҲһЧ
š
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Ī죬ҴСĵҵǼΪТ˳ʵ󲻳¡
šĪ˵úƽǶ˵һС¡


лҪ˵̫лahonдĳˣɶ˵




17

ţµɴ˫ۣš
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ԣҿó֮ˣ㿴ϵҲһƷŵùǴСһ𳤴Ҳܱƭ
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ĬȻ
Ī˵¹ɣ

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Īһ˹һȴԸҲճɾĵΪǸˣҲĽǡ
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չˣĪЦ˵չˣ
չ£˵ƺ
ţ˹ǸˣĽ
ĽСĪļˣ
Īм˵ҲŲأһɶˣ˵գĪգ۾˵ѽֻĽȢ绨졣
Ŷչü˵𣿸ùҸСϱˡ





18

ǿɲУֻǿЦģҪʦ֪ˣ֪˼ҪôأĪѾ󵽹߰Ÿѵˡ
չѲЩʧЦȻ֪ĪûȢ׵˼ڿЦʧ֮ˣ֮ǰһȻᣬƽʱֵúܼǿֹۣʵĵģңˡԣŻôƴضԴһչѿĿУ֪ش͡
ôҰĪĿ⿴ЩڣֲԾḧա
ŶչĳʧˡչҲԼΪλʧ̬
¡Ī˵չˣм𣿡
չĳһҽΪɱ
Īȵؿ
չѼ˵չĳ߽ҳңҲ˳ˡ˰ˣΪ˵۷ͶЧãҡ
ţĪ˵չ˲Ĵ
Ŷ˻չЦʵ
ܼģ밡һ߽ɱСʹˣʵûɷЩֻǼĽʿչ˾ͲһˣĻ¡ðգɷͶƣĴ֮ߣӦ²ЩֻԹԵسʹһЩС˵ֻ֮Сߡ˶ط䲻ƽ˽ԳɱֻɱΪҡЩνʿΪ˵òһ㣬˽蹫ãƾʲô˶
˵úãչѾϲСĪ˵չĳ֪˰
ǺǣĪЦ
չ˵ⷬչĳֻڸ뿪⸮ʱ˵ٴδоǲһˣƺá
ʦҲô˵
š
治ʦĪ˵չˣʦ˵ʱ㻹ûиŰô£ȻӦþԼʵ
˵öԡǺǣչ˵СĪлл㡣
лҸ˵л֣ӦҺúллŶԣ֮ǰݶлչ˾һ
չĳְڡ˵СĪӦüǿˣϾ㶯ͲˣǼ׻ʲôֶҪǿ׼ͻΣˡ
ޣõ飬Ĳ飬ѻ죡
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ǺǣĪЦ˵˵ϰˡ
СĪôЩ֪һЩϰߣ
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οչִһ´ʣСĪСӵ´ʻǲ֪ô뵽ġ
԰ҲǻѹһַҲǰѾ񡣡
Ѿ񣿡
ŶһˡĪ˵չˣȤĪһ˵
չĳϴ
Ī¸߰ؽĹԼӸı˵һ顣
չˣ˵Ȥζʡ
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ּ棬һҹ⸮ݵؽ硣·ϣҹչѵͻȻǰһ޶Կ
չͣΣֹͣǰУǰ鿴
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˿һ۾͵ݸߣ뿴
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ĪˣС˵Ҳ̫˰ɣֻǸɺϡʵĪҲûףԴĪ֮;ûǸʲô޿ܵ硣
˵뿪˷լһС·ͻȻ𣬾һѩˡ
˵ˣʱ㣳Īʾ
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£İѾ飬ν޷粻ˣ³µ㻹ԩΪ
˵ˣԴҼ๫ϾȥƺףѶã˼׶ҹߣÿ춼μӻˣˣʣҺΪ
Īˣбݵĸоؿ¹ŵĲ¡Ǹ๫ǵڶˣ
ʵŴΣ
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ȥҷδϴ棬һ첻һ죬Ϲ½Ĳŵҩ̼Ρû뵽ұƻ顭½½Ĳŵ˳˵֪гޡ





19

֪˵ˣĶ񣬵Ӥθһ֮ʲţ
˵δֵǷǺڰסģ½Ĳţ
ʱ֪˵ˣ¹Ѿȥ½Ĳˣ˵زڴãʾˣ¹ǷҪӲ̧
ˡã
ص᷿˵˵ã½ĲųƲڼңȻйֵ֪½Ĳ޹ϸ𣬺̻أ
չѵҲ˵֪ΪΪ̰Ϊ½ĲŵĻ¸
Ҳ˵ȥ׿ȴɵİӼȲֲãһҧ˲͵ɱˣж顣
Ī˵ˡʦĪ룬ǲµķ᲻ǵڶȻҲпǵڶڡ
ţ޿ܡ
˵ˣѧ׾ҪͿؼǾӤԴ
չ˵Ǹ½Ĳ֤Ųǽ𣿻֪顣
˵½ĲżȻװԾͽƾͼƣⰸѺǷͷ찵ãŪˮʯ
Ī͹Űηʱӵ޵úòģ
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϶
ƥ

µͷ
ʲô֪Ҫ
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ĪģȻǽβ٣ѹֻ˵ˣҶʶһ
ѵôôûˣͷص˺úý̵һ²У೤ԣУвɣϹͣ
ǣʦĪ˵˭˵ҲˣֻҲ˵Ҳ֣㲻֪ѡ
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˵£ֻҪӤλд֣ҹɻ⡣
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ֽסߣ˵ָܲҰָָҰɡ
̾ðɣҾһ֣дˡ
Ҫһְ






20

úá˵Ҳ֣ġ
˵¶̼ӻҲΪ֮סѻڽӡ
һҿô찡
Ц˵ҲؾţֻĲ𷨣黹ת徵ء
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˵ּӸһ֣ȥӿɺ֣²ִˣֻ²ʰض㱶ǳ˵֮ڿڣ˵Է׻ƽȹ
ѽԶԶԣ˵ּһľǳȥӿھǺͣ˾Ҫƾģ˵ʵҹҲ
ҹ֮ʱչǱ֪ķ䣬˵ֻмף߹١
֪̾ȻΪ
չ˵˵֪Ǹʥ֡
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ĪһԾˣĵ濴һ£ܴһλҹٵʦ˵ҵѾǷ켫ˡǸ£˵֮ӦҲǸи֣дһ°رǰѽβ뵯֮һûκһأ
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ˣ
ڣһѹٳ˵ˣ֪ѵĹ١





21

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֪ΪһŹٶɱ޹ǿɱˣ̰ɱˣкβ֤ͬȷ䣬Ҫһ·Щڱա֮µĻ飿

˵˴η棬붯աɺΪطĸ٣ȴ֪֤㣬ǲЩѪֹ
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˶Բ˵̹Ը⣿
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ĪҲΪϲȻǰѺ٣ٵҲдһ°Ҳ뵯ǣԲУʱѧ͵ĪڲϵοС
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˶Է˵龪һˣͷΣ
ƺЩ˵˵ӣǱˡ
˵ǻʳϽʥ
һ㶣æ˵Ҫ¼ųǰ

⡭ܺЩΪѣ˵¹ؾʾˣ˼£Ψֵ£ҿСӵͷˡ
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Īһۣͱͷˡ
˵ǶүĻˡ
ǶԸӵл뿪ˡ
˶Է˵㲻֪ʳǳ
ܾȻ˵ǶŻƽյģͷ˭֪̫ξڵ˳һǿӱͨġ
˾ȵ˵ŶɷȻհ䣬һ£һͬʡ˵̫ξвͬĹأǾͷͳ̫ξָ̡Ѻؿ⸮䣡
ǣ
ĪֻĵҪǵͷ֤´βңⲻûԼ£Լӣ˵ע̫ξҪðܹܣ
ʱһͻȻ𣬡ˣ飡
һˣ͵״Ԫүң
Īˣĵһ״Ԫү
״Ԫү˵μˡ
Ī˾һɺϰɣ
˵Σ
˵ˣλ¿״Ԫγǰ£̫ξȴҲȥġ
˵ǣλʦүǷ֮ȥѧļˡ
æ˵Ҫľ񡣡
˴Σ˵ǸΣ
ĪҲڴһ˲ţʱģԼ¶ˣǵڶ
˵ˣǻյ״Ԫַʥϵ⣬ͻ飬̫ξĳѽȻ˶װ˵˼Ҳ
ޱ飬ԼԼŭɫģ˵ԭǳ̫ξŮ
εüͷšţƺüкܶþòɢȥ
˵״Ԫүȥݰ깫¾ȥļˣ֪ûʲôҪģ
˵ݷã˵գαͷһ뿪ˡ
֣˸ҪֹˣѧԺ˵
ߣʲôòģųɾžǵڶҲ׼ˡ
ûȷ֤֮ǰ¶ۣ
ǡĪϵϳֳĲ
εҡҡͷ
˿ȥķ˵ѵСĪ׼ˣһϵĸĺɱ֮
գ˴깫󣬾ʹŹʦͽչѵȥɢġ
վڳһϣ۾Զüĵȴһֱǻȥ
߼ˣʵǲ֮ˣ
ĵ˵ԸķǸĺ
չ˵˶Ըı֮ƺرʹ
˿µĺˮ˵ҽӣպһŮӱźҪͶԾϸ֪꣬ǸԹʱгһһҪΪЩ۸ŮӳһԹʱˣҲֻ֪Ҫϻ֮Ǳ֮˾Զɱ֮աү˳ƿ죬ʧȥ͹أ
Ī⻰Ҳ
˵ΪĵĳֵΪƽԹ
Īֲ죬˵ش㲻µģͨˣŮ˲һҪˣȫǿұ֤һһúܺõģٻǰá
ߵһۣ۾ƺ˵뷨
ʱ˵ǣֻЩԻЩա֮µС˺ֹ٣Ƕʮ𣿻ǣҲЩɱ¾ˣ
ĪĵʵЩǿԲɱģиʲôġ
չ˵˳Ͷ飬պγԣ
˵ų˽ʵҲѪ֮ۿַţƽ֮²֮ͽɱ࣬ЩļҪβܱ׾أ
˵ʥܹ˽ӵĺù٣ЧȻҲҹУ˲ˡ
ĵ˵Ըһ̫ƽƣ⸮աٿաǾͺˡ
ĪæЦ˵֪˷İɣһôһġһᵽģ˼塣
߲òһĶͷ
ĪŶͷԹ˵ʦͽͷͽҪˣ
ѽǲ򲻳
չ˵լʺһԸһ졣
Ī˵ʦչ˵ĲҲҵ˼һʦң
ִ򡣡
Īޱίض԰˵ˣҪΪĪʦ





22

˱ôһ֣üɢˣЦ˵Ǵۣǰӳɸְ
ЦǴ˽ѧ
Īֹô˵ʦʹ˵Īһɲĵˣ
ЦҲû˵㲻ɲģֻǹ߰
ĪɫͻȻЩǣˣо仰Ī֪˵
˿һۣ˵㶼ˣͲñܻ䣬ֱ˵ɡ
ˣʵ֪ˣȫ̡
˽
˵СĪǷñ֪е̫ˣ
Īʵص˵ͷ
һ̾Ϣ֪ûɱ˷Ż𣬵Ϊطĸ٣ȴΪһ˽׳ѶݺТŮ
ǣѾ֪ڸˣΪβһλᣬ͵ǸԼһλأ
Լһλ᣿
ˣաաɣĪдſ
˶ؿ˼룬̾СĪ̫ˣЩǲĵģôԵЩܺˡ
ǣܺѾأǸûԹأ
ʱƺһȻֹ
󣬰ʲôҲû˵üţĪ֪ȥˣǲ֪ô룬ԺֻôԼ׸òðЩ˵Īɻˡ
߲֮£ԭûѶΪ;ǿЮɽ̫ξ˵ڵ¾ȳΣӦԣιȻнһºϴʥһʱҲû̫ξ֮Ůýˡ
˵ͽɼ˵ǻذæˣĪȴλǿɶ񣬻иڲ¡ڻǰΪβϵʵ飬أתһ룬ҲΣʵ˳ˮۣӭȢˣżиĸ˲ˡ
˾ΣһԣβǱ֮ˡ
һҹͻȻѹߵˣ˵һ˼ѡæһ飬ջһ𣬿ͷһεױʫ˼ɽȪջѰ׵Ƕǲϱ˴ӻоȳ˲ϱǰڿ⸮
˷ŭѡ
ߵк֮£ϣٸһλᣬһΡ
һ磬˱ǰ¸ΣĪ档
˵ջһһһ£ֻû˵ǵݣȴջÿҹᴫжˣ˵ǹңǰȥҹæοһ¡
ҹ˺Īջûã
˵ǡҹıǳɵһˣûһܹ֮ã
ĪЩ죬죬аҲܣ
ʵǺˣ
ѵѰԴ
ͻȻǽϵʫʫ˽Ҵдôҵľʫأ
˺Īǰȥš£
ʵ״Ԫɣڽ˭
ķˡ
ķ˲̫ξ𣿡
֪Ľ֮ᷢ޲ԭݣǰ̫ξǰȥǣȴһȫߣŽɣҪһ̽ǸղŴȴġҹı˵ţ˫ۺᣬǱ֮顣
û
ˣΪģҲûϳ֮ʹԶҲ֮ı֮ɫɡ
ĪͷĵȷǣⱯ֮ȴ಻ģû飬ҵľʹлһ˿ϣ˵Ǹ֣ر˵ˡ
˵״Ԫɣһ䣬žۣǳ̫ξͣǵֵٻ󣿡
˵ֻҪܹټǣǷǣҲĸԸǰٻʲôأ
ܺá˵
ʱ߳ˣ
£
ʱӵĪֿһ˵ĳ棬ΪǸˡ
峿̫ξǧ˿⸮
˸֪̫ξСڲ֮£´ʱȻߣҲѳȥѰҡ
̫ξǧ˲µţǲ֪ͻݣʵҲóҲǸͻݵŮӡĪһԿˣԼôô󰡣ѡŮװǷǳȷġ
˵̫ξʱþԾΡ
̫ξָ飬ϣ̫ξ·žۣϿɲ¡ĪװôҲϣܷų̫ξһ·ҲԼӦڲڶա
˭֪ǳ̫ξ棬ҲԸͬ¡
Σֻá
֤֤ȫ̫ξ޿ɱ磬ա̡֮
»ãһƽϢ飬س̫ξ
̫ξղǴ֮ͽܲ¸жԸҲһΪһϱʾǸ⣬Ͽ˲¡
̫ξԸΪջ޹
̫ξǧͲ°Ҳһ档
Ī龰ɵö԰˵ˣ̫ξԺգ˴ҲΪһ˽ķѻڹ£Т˳ծӳֵһͬţݣگ˽ԻؾĪһֱͷЩģҲЩ¡
˳˼Ƭ̣¹ŵˣ˿ڣ˵Ī֮ԡֽݵؽ磬ȷǲ
лˣ˿ŵл
ĪԲȴǾò̫ξǧͲЩֵŮһ򰡣һһƸٹ̵Īʼջǲܽ
գĪԻѲ֣ȥ¥Եӡ
ĪӸղһֱʵСĪôǳüչģʲôأ
ԻЦ˵òǿļҹ˼˰ɣ
ʱһӰͻ˵Ϣ
ˣæ˵չˣչˣ£ڳԵģӡ
˳Ī¡Ի˵
չɻĪ£
ĪЩŭ˵չ˱˵
Ի˵ô˵ˣ㲻ļҹʲô
Ī˵ֻôͷ״Ԫôõģ
״Ԫչ˵СĪ˲֮µӰ죬ˡ
Ī˵չˣ㿴Ҽ״ԪܹڣΣĸһ˳ģ
⵹ҲǣҲ̫ƫִˡչѲΪȻЦЦ
ߣ
Ի˵СĪʲôչô
չ˵СĪǲҲμӴ󿼣и״Ԫ
Īˣ۷Ц˵ףôû뵽
ʱ˶ɻؿȥ״ԪôҲ״ԪеӰ׻˵˲ò࣬˵ܳɣ
˵СĪǾ𣿡
Īʱˣǡ
Ի˵ǲǰ״Ŷǰɣ
Īͷ˵Ҹûμӹκһοԡ
˶ʱƿԡ
Ī˲мӣƵ˵ߣҪȥμӿƿ״Ԫ϶ң
ã־˶ԲѵĻʧЦҡͷʱһʮͻȻ
˿ȥһȻǻϣֻӣһ̫
չ߹ȥԹӣ
ĪԻ񣬡Թӣ
˵⣬ض񡣡Ȼ󣬾;ֱС·϶¥˸£ԸҲ
Īôôɾˣ
ڶĪ˵ûǴĻӦþǹߵͽܣҽ˫ɣ
ĪڨЦ˵ԹӺüԣĪ
Ц˵ղԣƺԽڱصã
Īæ˵ԹˣĪʹģҲȥμӿƿġ
ôԸΪ͢Ч
ǣȻˡֻǣĪ޹
ֺѣЦ˵Ī㾡ܲμӽԣ׼ˡңޡ





23

Īסˡ
̫ĪûзӦѵּл
չҲһĸ첲
ĪعһڵЦ۾з޷޲ƽôϲŸ鷳Σֵˡ
˼ɻֽôܶԻأ֪ĪﶼѾ̱ˣʵƸμӿƿĪ»ԽԽûѹһֱŮװؼȥ
Ц˵ĪǵĲܽУ
Īæ˵ǣĪ¹ϵһˡ
˵£޲ûһҪУֻرμӶѡ
չѼĪǸոǸӣ˵ˡĪ̫ϲһʱûзӦǶԻ
޷û
ں˱裬СƬ̣ˡ
Īڻعﲻͣ˵ţˣˣȻ󣬺ʦ̱ؿ⸮
ȥؿ⸮
Īһ·ܻƼ˺͹ߣҲڣ˵ʦͽøϽʰȥˣˣ뿴ĪһְصķϣĹĪһΰɣ˵գ㲻Ȱ˺͹߷ӦͱԼķʰ
˺͹ʱչ˻ˡ
ʵչǿ֪ʲôˣ
չѽ¥˵һ顣
ɫҰף˵û뵽Ҫˣֽǰסģû뵽ôͲȥˡ
˲˵˵ʥ׼СĪμӿƿҲҪһҪУǺ¡ΪСĪɫʲô
ˣǽ˵
á
߹򵽰ǰ
ʵǺ⣿˵
ˣⶼΪѧŲŻǳ鷳
˲⡣
߼˵֪ģ
ϻۻǣúöСΪ˴Ƿȱ˼ǿдָĿˣسɴ
˵ˣµѧҲˡˣѵûоֹڳ𣿡
ţǡǲס
Ҳѹִûз֣Ϊоֹڳˡ
˼лֱ˵ɣˡ
ˣŮ֮̾
ʲôֹˣչҲ𾪲ѡ
ʵôأ
ˣѧһʼ֪ˣᴩװҲΪ·㣬һ˼Ѱ˺ͼ䣬ѧΣգͽ⸮ô˰龹Ȼ֪ͱɽˡ
ԭˣҲѹСĪ˵ʲôһֵҲ˵۾δִ󣬻кܶת徵أعڵǡ
ˣͻȻе
ôˣ
չȥ￴ڲڣѾͷ֪ʲôأ˵׼͵͵ȥովô˵ġ
á
չҵʱĪҩ®ʰЩƿƿ޹޵ıʰϣ׼
չѽĪͬİһ˰˵鷿
Īһȥ̹򵹡ˡĪĵġ
˵СĪѽʼĩ˵ҵ㣬Ϊκױ빫֮ò㣿
㣿Īգգ۾˵ʲô㣿ˣỳĪҪʲô°ɣĪˡ
˶ĵ˵˼ΪˣһģȻ֣ȴҲֵǷƶڰס˼ǣŮӣҲΪԼ㣬Ϊһֱڿ⸮㣿Ī治֪Ǽٴ
Ī˵ʲôôģŴ˺ʦܺðڿ⸮ӹúܿģģòҪ߰ɣȻҲߵ˼һʱ治֪ȥʵҲ᲻뿪ġĪһ˵ˣĪ֪Ϊˣǧ߰Īǰ޼ҿɹ飬ҪңҰ
û˵ҪߣҲû˵㡣֮̾ˣС֮ͽ
Īϲ֮࣬ʵǴ˴ô
˵ʥʵʵ˵
ʲô˰ⲻҪС
֪ʲô˵ʥϲǻͬһʥʼĩʵ࣬ƽ¡УȰЩȫŻԭȥɣ
ĪһԵĹһۣԼͷǡ
δٽ֦˵¾ʹĪˡ
ʵĪڣ˾Ͱ˵ˡ
Īڵϣͷõ͵͵ģĬ
ʱ鷿ڳĪͰˣںһλ¹⣬ˡ
˾Ǿ
ã˵ѹְĪ㽫ͷ̧
ǡĪսսػ̧ͷ
˵ϸ治ӡĪȻ֮Ҳʲô£а飬ҲǸŰЩͣˡ
лϿĪŷӦ졣
ЦĪԺʲô㣿
ĪһԼëͷˣ˵㣿ϣǰһڿ⸮
˰˵Īʥ˵
Ī˵ˡ
˵޷ĪȻˣ׼ǰһڿ⸮
Īϲ˵ݣ
šڵдһ˿Ц⡣
Īл¡̫ˣ
ɫ˵ϣװɣ
˵޷֪˱ܼɣ˵ڽҴ˵ĪǷ޵ǰ⸮ЭģĿҪĪһҽ¡
ĪĵʵҪΪЧܺãȡѣԺҾͿԲٵݱҴˣ
˺Ī飬ֻĪ泩ȴЩΪǣ֪⣬Ǹǻ
Ϊ˻ʵ۵Ķ׼Īһɣ֪µĳ˻ʵۺͳ¹ǻʵۿ֪⣬ֻпӺͻΪܵˡ
ֻǣĪû뵽ǣԴŮݱҴֻ˰֮⣬չѵ˶ܿȻ߲ᣬʦͽǰ׽ˡ
磡ĪԶԶؾͿһƵˡ
Īܹȥסĸ첲˵磬ôһҾܣƵģ
ϽѸ첲ħצ³˳ε˵СĪˣֻǣֻ˼ᡣ
᣿ʲôĪɤŴУôһ߽˾ͻȾƵģҾͶ㣬ѵǲЯ尡˵ţ˵ţĪȦЩġ
״˵С㣬ȥⲻΪ֪ǸҪǰһģ񻰰ͳ
Īˣί˵ԭΪǸŮӣˣ
ǵģǵġ˵СĪᣬ治˼ô޷ҲΪá
ˣ߰ɣʦȥˡ˵գĪ״ί˵뿪ˡ
һԭظżĵȥɲУҵչ˺λֵһ£СĪǲܴˡ
Īһ˹ߵ鷿
ʦ
߿Ц˵ϣôˣ˭ô۸ͽͷȥˣ
ʦԴչѡԻ֪Ů֮ҾƵģԶԶġ
ЦҲͻȻ֪Ůӣ㱣ֵ롣ΪʦǿˣŮûʲôʶаȹһʱ䣬ϰŮݣͻǰһˣҲ̫ˡ
ʦҲסǣڵǶңѲֶȥǶҵĹοҺ
ģ˵һ˳ȥ䣬ֻǱ鷳





24

Ī˵ðɣһûúõأףԣʦĪֻ۾ôģոնҵǲҪ鷳ôҳԿ۸
Ц˵㣬ʲôõĵģ˭۸㲻ɣ۸㲻ˣΪΪʦ֪ϼÿʱÿ̶ŻĶҩ
ĪһĹĵӣ˵治ʦ֪ĪߣʦҲ
ĪһװȻװ磬˴ϡʵ·ߵ̯͵˼ʶϾǳѲֵĿ⸮죬ôСӣ⿪ǵļϣ˭˲ʶĪҲһС˰˰˺͹ĸһС԰ͷ˵ĸ
￴ͳɤкĪѽôôпѽɣ
ˣл⡣ĪЦܡ
ѳԸ㡣
Ƕ಻˼һв԰ײԵĪ˵ţѾˡ
ĹŮߺһ̸㣬µ˵Ī죬ã
лСˣߴܵȥˡ
֪֪ĪһسܳԵѵĶǶô˵°¾ĪдʱΨһ뷨ɣ
Īܿһ̸ˣҲ͸뿪ˡ
˵Ī죬Ժû¾ͳԸ㡣ҲѵСϲ
ͣĪһ
︽֣үͺȿڲˮߡ
ճԹĪˣҲȻǲ֣үĲѲˮȥˡ
ҲҲ⼸ϳģʶҲһ뿪ˡǴʣĪҲǿ⸮һЩ飬ʵҲǰ˺չѵ£ȻԼˡ
Īѽ˰Ҳ޷ЩҶŸýأԼи޸ˣڿ⸮Ű£ǹͽܣСϲ˸ҽ˫ĳƺСӽǰ;Īָ֪ǰ;Ǹ˺չ֣һѺȵĲ÷裬ڲǵİ𣿸ĪԶǰ̣
ԱĪ˸͸뿪ˣй䣬Ҳ޷ǾǶСǱ䣬˳Եȵ㡣
Īת˼һȦһλҲתһȦ
չѷֳԼ˸ĪʱһһǻʲôĿģȻȥ鿴ȻĵȴĪİΣ˲޶Ҳûиȥ
˻ر֮ĵȻǸرȤŮӣ
Ī֣һ·ϺС߸˵ػظˡ
쵽ſʱһ˼ʻƾɵһֵһ·Ÿñ۶Ҫ˵ƾɵ˵̫ˣƥϻһ񳵡
·ҪײĪˡʱһӰһסĪ·ߡʱԼͣסˣͣȥͣ⿪⸮ſڡ
һİ˻ظˡ
ƿһ澹һߵʬ塣
ߵߣȻ˵˻öĻ͵ͷ
˭֪أĵͷĪ֪ͨԵģǼʶˡ
˳ʵ⳵ϵ߿ˣ
Ȼͷ
ʱһԿֵİնް˲ү
ĪĵʵԼҲˣ绹治УԼһ档
̷ԸʬȻֶ˵ҪĵطȥԸ⣿
ͷ
ǰȥ
˵ϡŹֵİӣ˰˲٣ԩͷһء
š˵νҳ¶Ů޶ҳˣ˸尡
˵ǡ˵֮䣬ܽ꣬ǳˡ
չأ
ճȥˣǱҲǸͷһ·ǮԶ߸߷ɣ˿ѰΪˡ
ĪͻȻ˵£Ҳȥòã
ȴ˵㻹Ǳȥˣչܿͻˡ
˵һҲˣȻȥϢɣ
Ī˵ʲô˵֪Ůӣġ
ĪˣŴ֪ŮӣͶС˰ߣϢϢһˣ
Ƶʱ֣֣˺͹߻Ī߹ȥһˮǡ˹ߵϡ
ҲǹģԲ𡣡̽͵Ǹ
ĨĨϵˮ˵޷ȣ͵ǽ
ߣҿģƱ磬Ҫʦ𡣡˵գĪҪʵѽ⼸챾ģ컹ûţ˷йһһһ۵ġ
ˣæֹ
˵Īҽҩ
ĪװͿ˵ûнҩ
Ҳôˣֻ鲻Ҳ˷й
Ҫҩ򵥣һͰˮͷܵšʵĪԼ֪Լô£Ҳ֪ԼùЩ
ˣĪǣ鲻ʱüƵߣһҪСУҲͰ˺͹Ƶס
ڹߵҪ£ǷѵĪط˯ȥˡ
Īط֪ʱ򣬰˺ܴĽչչѲͰڰԩİӾıϡ
գ밸йصԼǾƷĻʯһɱǰһշʶߣȴڵڶǰͶ˵Լ֣˽ѺС
ǷµĪžߵȥˣײֵΪһ
һһη˵һȥˣ
һѾڴε˵Сɽϣ㵱ǳصģ
㣡˽ôСɽ˵úúãˣҪǸ֪⿪⸮ĴһѾƹĻ˯ŲŹ֣
˵úãĪҡڵ˽
ӴСĪþûˣ
λðĪЦ˵ҲʦĽģ
ҲΪǲһǰ;
Ĳһˣ
˵Ҳǡ
ҸոΪһơ
ǰСĪҷľƱǸˡ
ĪЦ˵Сɽ磬Ҳǵģö˶˵İѾƷû˸㿴š
ǡ
Ǹǣ˷ľֲǵģ˵ͬͺȣ͵ԵΪֵǣ¿ɴС
ѽСĪֵܣɲ᣿
ҲСɽǸ
СɽԲ´ǲˣ
ˣˣ߰ɣ
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СɽкĪ¡ĪױƵĴһ̳⣡ɣʲô
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á
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꣡꣡
Сɽ˭갡ģСɽ˹ȥ
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СɽڨڨЦСĪֵܼЦˣ
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25

ĪͻȻ˵ıƺˣԼ˵ģѾʮȷԩˣηˣ˵ҵʲô
ģСɽŵĿٿĪôأɵΪˣҺԲܡСɽܴ֮ɫ
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ԣûʲôܵġĪضڿűݣʲô԰
ʯһɶСɽ˵Сɽ㲻ҪһҪӣòã
СɽЩߣ˵ҪĲңѽɵģΪʲô
ΪΪʳ
˵ɣװĪһ˵
ףСɽ˵ҲǶԵġ֪֪⸮˭ѽ
ˡ
ѽȻ֪㻹ĵͷΪʳΪ㣬㡭ҡСɽŵӶ켱ˣ֪֪ѽСɽաաӡ
ʯһɶСɽͷһƽ
Сɽּ˵ƹ֪֪£
Ҫ
ãһͽ
Ҫһֱӡ֪£֪жѹһҪӦңǧҪ
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Ī˵Сɽˣģ
𣿡Сɽʵ
ʯһҲ˼ʵôأɱ˳쾭¡
ôĪֻ۾ɱ˵ȻóûɱˣҲɱ޹ġ
СɽᣬʵСĪֵܣ⻰ʲô˼˼ǲ˵ûɱˣ˲աͷ
ţ˼
˲ɱˣʯһƺܴ
ĪʵɣʲôԿԸңһῴһƬ֮ĺСɽϰġ
Сɽæ͵ǰǰɣһпԵģ˵СɽҲġ˵ûʲô£СĪаǹͽܣҲܿϻΪҽ˫СĪ˵Ҳһģ͸ǰɣ
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ǣС濲֣ʯһɼط
ĪЦˣ˵ôֻ˵ţС濣
ʯһɺܽŵ˵ʲô
Ī˵ʲôСȥģ취ϴˢԩЩˣǰԹֳԭΣ
Сɽ˵Ҳȥ
ʯһɼλҪˡ
Сɽ˵ôأ޹ģһ޹ġ
һСɽʹĪȥҾƹƹˡ
Сɽƹ˵ɲˣһ϶ǡ
ƹ˵СӣΣƭƺȡ
Ī̲סЦˣСɽ˵岻ģƹǰɣ
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ԣƹĪ
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СɽϿҵ˵ƹСɽȻƽҸղ˵ľʵͺĪ˵һϵһԼȥͶˣ
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˵˵ǣѧҲ޻֮ʱƺһЩ
ʵҴѸҪܹ೯͢մƷ
˵ش˵ĻѸҪʮ꣬䲻κΰܻ֮£೯͢
ĪˣаΪһ鲻ܳԲܺȵӣֵţţһ䡰治ֵѾ
չվԱߣϰ֮ˣһؿ
˺͹߶䲻չѣҲˡ
߲ҪѵѾͷһʱٺúý̵һ
˵һ°˼Ⱑ繫ʲԣѸҪʮ귽೯͢մƷ㣬ϸʮ֮ˣСҲʮˣΪ俴
˵Լǡ
ʱˣ˵ʯһɴ
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Īȥоƺպʹظɹһ
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ʵʯһɣΪ˴ܣ
ش˵ĻС˴ܵĲǾƷˣǱصƦʡС濵壬СȡɣǾͣ͡





26

ش˵ĻС˴ܵĲǾƷˣǱصƦʡС濵壬СȡɣǾͣ͡
ʹˣ
ǵģˡ
˵Ѫգ֮ţԺ󲻿˴ܡ
л˽̻壬Сıض֮ԡ
ʵΪҪС濵壿
ش˵Ļζ壬СĲ֪ԵʣС֮ĸն֮żء
󣬿ߣһ
Ȼװ˵˼ͳһ塣
ʵǷͬһģʽ
ʯһݵ˵ش˻Сϵãϵ壬Сʧȥͬһģʽ
˵˵޻ڵն֮ˡ
ǵġʯһɾʵ˵СҲԴ޻ڸŮϵġ
ʵʯһɣС֮壬ǲ׷أͬʱʵ
лˡ
˵ڹ֮ϣἰС濶Դɫٰʲô˵統СĪ˵һ
ش˵ĻССͶϾ٣ΪŴС޼ҵССдһ˵
˵ͷ˵㲻żֻҪСమĳɶ죬ջɾģףǡ
ʯһԣæм¹л
Īĵ˻ûֻĳܶΪʲôôһǲټأˣܺηžۣΪʲôҾͲأѾʱգصȥزȥĻôܼأҿЦҲ̫˰ɣÿҹλʱҶôϣֻһΣʹΰʦЩˣҸܵеůҸ⸮мҵĸоʹҲûлԼˣ
СĪСĪôˣչѺܿͷߵؿ޵档
˲
߹ȥ˵ôˣö˶˵ģôˣ
˲οãһοͿ޵øˡĪٺݺһᣬſߵļͷ
ļ˵ˣˣҪЦˣ
Ī˵ʦؼҰȻǸңҲ֪òûأǸҵϣϣһȥһȥΪҲȥĻҾԶҲˣ
ԶҲ˵ҵģԲԣϵһ˽ʦҼңòã
Īͷҡҡͷ
ֵͷҡͷʲô˼
ˣǸҵҪҵĻһҵģûУһǱġļңҲŲȤأִļңҲأִֻүүֻлȥˣ֪ѾʧǷƽ
˵ìܵĻˣȻΪҪ־Լʧ˼ûҵأ
ڣĪѾԽԽڰ˵ǰԼˣ͹һʦͽĳ档
˵ߺĪͲòһἰ˵ľһ٣ϥ޶ŮлһСǷȱĺǻĸ۰һһˣһһ𣬾һļϣһԶŸ׵Ľɫ۰ŮһԶŮĽɫԸ׼Т˳Ů֮Ů
գ˴ĸŮʯһ󰸡
Ȼʯһ֤С濰ĸƱ䣬ͽڸ֮ƣΣûоֻ֤á
һ˱չѵȫѰʡȻ󲻾ãĪʹСɽĿе֪ʱ͵ظɱ
ҹɫ֮ʣĪڴϴɱоһˣ˵þȺӡչѵ˺ɱ־ĪǱ׷ɱ֮ߣ׷ȥ
Ī׷ȥǡɼСɽʯһץסʣѳһ壬˵ţʣ̫үѾ͸ɱسѾȥˣɣȻʰȱܡ
ʯһɺСɽ壬ʯһҪС濣СɽȴҪ͵ػٵ˵ţСɽͰ˳ȥ
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һӰѸٷסеĪ
Ī˫һŵأͲҰظ˵ˣһΪҪˤأչˣлл㣬־һΣ
չЦ˵лû¾ͺá
ĪҲԾеĶ˻ΣЦŶչ˵չˣ㿴Ī֮ǿ塣
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˴Σ֤֤ȫڰ˵һһ֮£ˡ
̹ȻԼһΪѼ˪С͸ϵľж
Ů˲թҪЮ˷ꣻΪһ֮ϻƷ۾ϣʹ޻Ϊְʮꣻıɱ׷ʹͬ飬ǱϻϽƣСиʯһչˡ
ǣײûгЦϣܾͬ顣ϾڻؼȡʱһͷײƷϡ
˼ˣ̾Ϣˣܺˣ
һգչѲڿ⸮δĪһͬã˹ߵĹ
˵ܼ򵥣һīͯҹӺԩҹղɢɱŮΪ
˵Ҹ浽⸮ûϸ֤ݣҸٳˡ
ú󲻶ãչѻˣһˡ
ĪһǸīͯĪչѰ˴ҩ®ҩʱסһֻδ
Īٺ󣬾ȥ˻ˡʱҲѾˡ
չѶ԰˵ˣǺֻ˵һ仰ԩ
ʵֿ
չѻصԻѾ˲쵽Ѳ
СĪǾǺӡ
ѧȫԸҺʦڣ˾ͷİɣ
˷Ըأɱղɢ⸮ɱһ
ӿ⸮ǵسǵ·ϣһһҡһһӰšչѺ͹ߵķԣĪӲƤظչǰȥץɱī֡ؽʱչڷ˵Ӱ
չѶĪ˵СĪ书Уš˵գסˣܿ˫Ϳ
һչѾռϷ磬ɱֽмܲסˡĪһԵһô󿴵ģڲŵļСӣ㰴Ͳסˣ䴦óһӣһ˹ȥʱð˶Ǻܣһ֫
ɢȥɱ̱ڵأչҲǷԱߵ֦վšֺǺǵشҡڵ˹ȥ
ǺǣɱˣɱˣĪȾһȭߡԺ󣬻ҲٺΪ
ˣˣɱּͻȻðģٽʮҲˣСϣСȫС
ǰ
ϣСȻǾ˵Ǻǣ
ǵģСǵȷаʮĸ໴ɶ̧֣СһɣΪֻǸé®ûɵСӣͼ
šĪ˼ˣǸոһֱҡҿ𣿡
񣡡ʲô񰡣һλ
Ī̵ģȻ˵ǴЦ˵˵ңϲ
ǺǺǣлл
лҸû˵ҪŹǣĪͻȻһתְڳһ˲Цݡ
ɱϵı˲ʯ
ʱչѾ˹ҩ߹˵СĪҪٺˣ
Ī˼ؿеѽչˣûˣôܣһûҩأ
չ˵չĳнҩƳСĪǿǸŮӺ͹ķϣúùܽһ





27

Īһ˵Ϊ˲˷ҵıõҩϲʵ׶εģ˸ƳˣҲ̫û˰ɣôҲǵҽ˫
˭֪չѺĪڴ˻ʱɱ־Ծˡ
չѺĪʱ
˻ظر󣬰˵ͽִѰûйǣֻ̾Ϣˡ
Ī˵ˣǸտʼţ֪չ֮ͬ󣬲Ѱġ
˵ͷ˵˵ָʹвǶݡ
ʵղɢѺ
صˣղɢʱѺֿ⣬Σ䡣
ʵղɢصĹ״

֮⹩״壿
ش˵Ļ״Ϊղɢ飬ĳӲʲ壬ϵԸѧ޼壬ֻؼİģ壬ǡ
š˵ǹ״̹󣬵ñǿ֮ټʲ˵ǣӵȷдúͲ֤ղɢһŮԩ޳˵һŮһʶ˼飬ο߶ףΥ
˹Ȼһƣ⣬ȷʵš˵ô˸޶ԩأ
֪Ī˵ʦôʯһɸˣ֮ǰǸԩ𣿡
ΪС濡˵ЦˣѾͷˡ
Ц˵СĪ˵˵Ŀ
ǡˣ밡Īֿʼһˣ˲඼һȥ޷ǾΪȨŮˡղɢǸˣ˵ΪǮ֮࣬˵ͨΨһɾŮˡ
˵ĺʲôԵɫֻ֪Ц⡣չЩزڣСĪûԼŮӣҲûԼˡֻй죬־Ҫ
ĪۿʦצӾҪһæµʦͷĻ᱿
ŭҵϣܱһ㣿ѾͷһδĹң˵ĶЩʲô
ĪˣƤЦ˵ʦ˼˵ͽܴ
Ĺ˦˦ӡ
ղɢ
ղɢ⹩״ױдԻѺ
شˣȷױдԻѺ
ĸԸѺܵ
δ⵽
Ǹڹ״֮аβʳɲꣿ
شˣ֮ʱΪʧ룬Ѿǲʱϸڡ
ղɢ֮󣬺ʱʱʣ
ذˣ֮󵱳һʡ
˵ղɢ԰̶֮ʱѾǲð飬ţ
⡭˵ְ
һתֶղɢ˵ղɢ̹ף麬죬˲״ܣ飬б⣿
شˣΪɱĻţȷʵǲʱ飬Ǿ޹飬죡
ʱĪߵԱߣ˼䡣
˳ղɢʵˣӺζ
ǰ;Уˡ
֤
ذ˵Ļְְ
ղɢкԹϸ𣿡
޹ϸ𣿡
޹ϸҹΪں԰᣿
ղɢЩżڻ԰вڶ졣
ʱһǰ԰Ϊ
ֻ룬ղɢʵ£յ͵ơ
Ϊλǰȥ԰
֪
ʱͯīڣ
īҡ
㸺ȴƣͯڷţ
ش˵ĻְҲǾеʡ
ʣ֤ԣ
ְ
ղɢȴΪɱ֣
ΪΪҪƵƣ첻Ըһʱ߷ɴ
ζɱ˵ģ
ȣ˫侱ȻȻͣһƣײʯϣʱʱͶ
ԣʧִɱΪΣ
ذˣʧִɱ
Ȼ⹩״֮Уȴȫʧִɱʾ䣬ֻһζ̡͵ȴȫ֮ģȴޱ⣬񲻹գ
ǡǣˡǱְʱλĶͷ߳亹
˰飬ʵն㽫ε
شˣ¹ʧ죬
ղɢΪθԹȣ飬ãʵ
شˣȴΪɱ֮¡
һɺԣصһ¾ľ̹ףΪȴǲͯīǰҿ⸮ԩԩڣ
شˣδǲīǰԩ졣
ī˾ɱڴ⻹м٣
īղɢˡ
īʹǺ֮ղɢпԣ˶ʵ
ղɢɫͻת֮ɫּᶨ˵һʱߣʧɱˣ죡
úص鷿ʵĪǿɿΣ
˵Ӣ´п֮
Ī˵ˣڹϣĪһû˵ղɢʼնһŮ˵ķ
Ŷô˵»޻һʯһͶ֮һޡ˵ţǼпܡУУȴɱ޹
˵ղɢһζʵ飬ȷʮּ֣Ըʯһһ̹ס
ʵҲһĲĪ˵Ĳҩҽ
˵СĪ¾ͽȥ죬ҽĲ
ǣĪ˵ĺ
ʱչˡ
չҪ㼴ǰأŮɱһʼĩʵϸš
ǡ
Īæ˵ˣĪҲȥղɢĲĲ벡򡣡
ãչһͬǰֻǣһΣСĪмǲٺ֣򱾸Ҫ빫ʱҪ֣
˵˹¹죬ԲѧȷǷȱԼ
ˡʦλģĪ֪֮ˡбҪôǶҵŮĪǼᶨ֮ɫȴľί
չѺĪʱƺҪϲ¡
Īһչ˵չȥλԱ⣬͵͵ȥС㡣
ʲô
Ϊ˲鰸أĪ˵ѲչĪһȥԱ⣬ȥ
˵չ˵Ҳã͵͵ȥֻǱ˰˵Ļ֣
֪ҼǵõģżëĪԽ˵ԽС
չˣֻǲƽϣ˵Сĵ㣬ҪǱץ˾ݣ˵ǺһġʵڲУʹУһġ
ţİɣҿɲһСŮӣҪСȥ
˵գչѵŰݷԱ⣬Ī˶ƾֱ˺ԺܳΪС뷿ĵط
Īڴ˿е֪СסҵʱСһ˶ǰȻᡣ
Ī˱ֱŽȥ
ʲôˣէһİӹؽԼ˾
Īæǰס죬˵УҲǻˣղɢ֮ǰġ
һղɢͣˣתͷȵؿ
Ī֪ԼӮˣſ
λӣңչˣòã
Īһֵ˵ܲá
ƺܴ˼ַڰϣֹסҾ֪Ҿ֪ôܻã
ͻȻϵһذס





28

ιҪʲô
չӽԵֻڴ˵գԾ
ĪϽǰеذף˵ȱ𼱣ֻҪ޹ģͲµġ
޹ġ˵ֻǣշǧǰƸѾΨһˡ
Īû붴ϣġֻҪһ˿ϣ˭ҲܷҪջɾġ
ƽһԼ˵λ˵ǣҺͿˡˣδ̹մ
ŶʲôմѽҾͽĪĪͺˡ
Ī֣ĪĪһ˫أһϣĪգһǡ
ɣĪ¶һЦݣֻ۵ȴ˿Ц⣬ֻеĮ͹¼š
ʵĪڸô
Ī룬ĿⴥذʱЦˣĪ˵һ֣
ڴһ죬Ѿߺؽȥ鿴
Ȼ󣬾ǣģСԾˣ
չѺĪص⸮󣬱ԱԼֵ顣
˵ĪѾ¶һˣղɢãǲԸڷ⡣
չ˵¶һڣǷղɢһƺΪС
Ŷⶼֵá
ʱ߹ˣ˵ˣīˡ
˴ߣСֵܣ
ԩڴϵһֱֻһ䡣
𼱣˵˵ǧԪ
үСĲҪǣҼҹī߿ޱ˵
úúãΣֻ˵㣬ǷΪҹûɱˣ
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˵Լ˵˵





29

ذˣŮŮΪ죬ΪŮղɢлԼҸȴҪٻ飬Ůڷ⡣
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˶ֵĵؿֻǰüЦСЦȴҲڿޣ޵ˣ
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ʧǵͽܣֻ˵Сĵ㣬Ȼ󣬿ǸıӰص̾Ϣ
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ʱĪѾƽˣֻǣȫǽ䱸֮ɫתһ룬˴ʱӦûԼʲôΪ״ʦӹˣ֪ʲôʱʲôʲôʱ򲻸ʲôǣĪṴһȣƽľ˵ԭǰ𣿡
Ϊ˵Ī죬ˡ
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Ϊ˵ʵҺʹıҪղɢ
Īɵؿ





30

Ϊü˵ȥ˻԰ûĿ÷ɱ˵ľʵǶ֪ղɢԩģô˭ɱأųɾŵĿܾǷ⡣ǶҪղɢзѡ
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31

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Ϊã˵գˣ
ʱչѻر֮ǰзĪΪú͵ϵ¡ֻǣչһ£ġʱǼڹʧ̬ˣ޵ôˣΪĪĵģŻʲô⣬ԼҲΪʲôôҲԸȥе뷨
Ȼ󣬰ͻȻЦõǳΪõһˣҲˣЩƣѾͷȻ
תֽǵһڡ
Ī죬⣬
Լҳǲǳʲôˣ
Ҫ㣬칫ų˭Ҫҵɱףǧ
ŶĪЦ˵һ⿩
µ⣬칫Լ⣬ֻԱ԰ʾ˼䡣
ǣֻ꣡
ǺǺǣ֪Īк˼أ
ĪĪһЦ˵װŪ
ô˵
һǷ⣡
Ϊһ˼˵²̫ףһأ
ĪЦͷİɣɽƣҿҽ˫ƺŵˣȻа취ԹΪ棡οʱ˶ǳŵġ
ҹĪ֪ͨչѣעһµϣչȻףҲͷӦü˳ҲӦõġ
Ī͵͵Ǳ븮ǡüǷһ˱ߺȾƱ߽á
ĪʱǡôὫһƿҩóƿζɢСۿŷˣĪ˱ɤӣ˵⣬ΪڵȪ֪֪´ʹǣҷҾһ磬ΪﲻİǧҪаѱðץס
Ī˵꣬뿪ֻ·һ˺
ȻĪϣȥɱڣȻչѾ˵ϡֻǣʧߵǵϾȻûжչ˵ʵ顣
գϻˣ˵ʵ飬˵Ϊ֮£ΪΪȥ칫ˡ
˴չѵ̸ȥ󣬳Ϊûδѣֻǰ˵ǷϺ¶ɱīģ칫Ʊ˰ˡ
չǰȥץǰʻѺΣղɢͬһηղɢûһ¶˿ڷ磬Ѷڰǵȫ¼ڰ
ĪչһȥץʱֻǵϿҪɱ⣬Ϊ챨
侲㣬ɱҲ᳥ġĪȰ⣬ƫĪ֪۰ŮĸףȻǶкܶøС
ҲһȰ⡣
ʱ˵֤ݣ֤֡
Īʵʲô֤ݣ㿴ɱˣ
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ĪЦ̫ˣ֤֤а취
ٴʣ֤֤ȫ칫޷ӣⱻա֮С¶ҲաУ칫Ҳɰת˻ʵۡղɢ￪ͣһȥˡ
Դˣһ˽ᡣ





32

ڰ˵Ӧ£ĪѲֵĲ¿ԸѡǷǰȥ
հĪպ԰ͷһȥѲֻ
ȥˣ߽ס
ĪЦ˵ʦûҴһҵȻǳȥѲѽ
˵ط׼һˣϽҪȥμᡣ
᣿Ī⣬ʲô᣿Ҫң
ȥ˾֪ˣϽȥ·ڻ㣬˺չҲӦ׼ˡ
չҲȥèչѻȥӦ
Ȼġ
Ŷ֪ˣͻطȥ·
߼ıܻط䣬ĵȻֻҪװƽʱһѾͷôҲỳʲôʵû취Ѿͷʱʵ̫Ժˣż
Īط󣬾ͻɫͷ߸ĪͭԼаѳεȣҲ湫ӵġĪޱš
ˣʦĪ˻˺͹߶׼ˣֻչѲڡ
˵߰ɣչ£Լȥġ
Īʵˣȥİ
ʹ˵̫磬ƷϵĴ󳼶ˣԴϼҾһλӡ
ԭˡ
Ī͹߸Ű԰ʱ԰ŵƽʣһԴ̨˾ϯ
ˣ
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˵չҪ죬ºԻǰ
ˣλǹͽܰɣ
ߣĪүλˣ
һλ߹Ī˵ǲԻλĪСֵССܵð˺͹أػгɾͣ
˵´ˣĪᣬҪܶ಻֮ҲҪλлչˡ
һһ
үλˣһʮͻȻӺ
̫ʦ
ĪŹߵͷԭǰλǴ̫ʦӼĪҲһʱˣǵһμ͵͵ۡⲻãһˣǱ̫ʦ˼ңλװι˼СһֱͣĪ벻ǿ˰ɣӦòᣬЩ˵̫ʦŮ壬ǽͷЩСòҲ֪ǵ˰ɣĪԽԽпܣԽԽķ
ۿ̫ʦߵ˵˼䣬̫ʦ˵үλˣǵһĻЩСԼȥ档
úúã
̫ʦ˵£˵˸ͽܣʥ϶͡ҽ˫ؾǰλɣ
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Ī̫ʦǲݸֹܲ˰ѹ˼èҪʱƫƫҪһȥ£
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ĪȸʧչȻˣҪУҲ̫˰ɣѵ˵Լڲܶ
̫ʦ˵ˣҲĪСֵܵǱߺһȥɣ
˵̫ʦ͸λĪǰ˼ĪȥǱɣ
Ī˺͹λԼοص˵ͷ͸˹ȥˡ
ĪߵǱߣۿȥһʢ׻ˣ³ߣϦôˣʱԭأĪˣֻǴ˺ʦôˣڿŮװ
ĪվԱ̾Ϣ׼ȥʱͻȻ˹ӯӯһݣ˵Īӣôһվ
Īһ˵ĪС㣬С˵ˣĪҪȥֻǣĪҰ֮ˣظλֻǻʧ֮
һЦ˵һΪĪǰ˵֣ǹͽܣ᲻Сأû뵽Ҳظ
Ī˵СЦˣֻٳǰ˺ʦĪҪĪҲΪԼʹ˺ʦߣĪ̫ˡȻ˵ظҪᣬЩΪĹ壬ҲŲùأ
СЦ˵Ȼûһ˵ҧĽ֣ڳ£˵һһ׵ġ
ĪεغǺɵЦڳ£һҪڳأ
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Īʩһ˵¿⸮ĪλС㣡
⸮ĪװŮ˵ǵǸҽ˫
ŮҲ˵Ҳҵ˵˵ǿ⸮һð֣Ϊͽܡ
һҲǴŷɫ·˵
ĪǿЦСǼЦˣǰ˺ʦĪ
Ц˵ĪӣҲǫˡˣ˸ˡָŮ˵ƽүĿ䡣ȻָŻºͷŮ˵λֱǱƴ˵ǧɺ´˵ǧ
ĪС㣬С㡣
Կ˵Īӣ˵˲ôˡ
ǣǾҲСֱĪɣ˰ʦǵĿƬ̣ҾͿ챻ˣ˭ȾҰ
λСΧǷʲôһ٬ȴʧصͻȻ
ͻȻ˵˴˹ȥػ磡
粻ڵʱûйԹĻ
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Īʱը˭үӵģԼֻǸС䣬ǿ⸮ˣ
ͳ˵λС㣬ǲĻλĪСֵܣҾͰǱȥˡͳָһṫӵĵط
Կ˵޹أֻҪòˡ
Ŷ
磬˵ҪȥǱ߾ȥɣѲһҪһ𰡣
ǺǣǾȹȥˡ˵գͳʾĪһȥ
Īз޷޲ƽȥıõɷҲ
ЩӸ統УĪͬѰЩӵܣЩظ֮ˣЩϻ֮࣬ͳ
ͳЦ˵ĪӦû˫ʮɣ
үĪպʮš
ʮţͣ͸˰참ӦúѰɣ
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ͳͻȻյߣֻ˲õ˵ָһŮڰ°ӦúΪѲŶԡ
ĪͻȻޱȣЦһõͳ˵үĪģĪ֮¡ҲŲأ϶Ѿ֪ˣһʲôõĵģͳȷǸ򵥵ĽɫȻһ۾ͿҵαװֻƲĺʵȳϵЩϺꡣ
𣿡ͳ˼һڿ⸮֪Īɻ˻ǺҪõѣ
Ī˺Ѿڿ⸮ͳЩ⣬ʲôĿģĪǣ֪ԭ˵˰ʦǵĺⰡҲֲ߯˰ɣЩݺݺ࣬˵ϻĺ֣ӴԺҲμκˣ
ͳһڲ裬΢΢˵ԭ
ϡ̫ݵ
Ҫ֮ʱĪæܻعԡǴʦʹ߰İ
ͳĬĬעȻЩرֻǿǧ̫ʧŶ
Ȳμϡ̫̫꣡ǧǧǧǧ꣡
ƽʮ
̫˵ҽϦѽھٰᣬøλҷһƽʱۡ
л̫󣡡





33

Ҳ˻֮߶߶ôҶʶʶ۴εδӢ˲šĪĵ˵öֶ԰⻰ܳΪ̫ˣû취Īִ˹͢͹͢С˵˻ʼ¡
ù棬СһԼĲسǼҹӱһԼԣȻ˸ų޼䡣
Ī֮ʱԵĹСֽػ
ʦĪؿ
ļ˵ոͳᵽ㣬̫ͻϣд˵أ
ʲôͳҸг𰡣
ү˵ĪոռȷǱǷ
̫ʦ˵ˣĪΪչʾһı°ɣ
˵Īıҽ²ֻ̫ϲʱְ̱ɣ˻ǧ
ͳ˵ǣô˵ĪóĲҽɣ
Ŷ£ʵ
̫ʦ˵ˣ㸮ڵĹ£ͽû㱾£ͲҪ˲ŲҴˣ̫ͻҲʶһ֤ôҲûйϵֲЦô˵Ҳ̫󰡣
ɫ
ʱ̫˵Īڰ
ߵĵؿĪվһߵмݣֵزʱӮ̫Ͱү˵øС
Īμ̫󣬻ϣ
Ī̧ͷðҺúÿ
ǣ̫󡣡Ī۾̹ϣûģûл̿֡
ţȷǸʵ̫˵Ǻηʿпɻʲôˣ
Īص̫ĻĪǰʧ䣬ȴһУԼһ֪ҵð˺ʦĪŵڿ⸮
̫̾ϢҲǸĺӣĪ˵㲻ҽ˵ãͨɣǷʵ
̫󻰣Īʧ䣬ǵԼǷɡԼҽҲΪӴ֪֮ġĪɲֱ˵ᣬҪ˵ˣԺֻС͵͵ˡ۾ﰡ
Ŷô˵ֻҪͿ֪𰸿
̫󻰣Ī಻ܿ϶
ˣԡ̫˵ģȡ
ǡʼֱӰµµЧʶǺܸߵģƬ̣١ݡѵȡ˹һһúá
̫˵Īһԡ
ǣĪڸĿע£Ī˹ȥ
ЩϤİĪƬ̵Ļҡģߵǰ£˼һ÷ŪĴ
˳ڸղŵʱֻ֮ĵĪִĮļң˺ͼһ뵽ڿ⸮Ŀ任ͬһȴڳ˴ȥʱįʱɣʱľѾˣûκȴþòܻ񣬰Ǹʼ׼̸ʱյ뿪ĺ³ֽˡ
Ī߻ع˵̫Īл̫ĪĪ֪Լԭѧ
˻
̫󼤶޵ãĪ㲻ҽ˫ݡѣշǷģ
л̫ͣ
˵ĸĪʧ䣬ҪʲôܼԼʲô˵ĻֹЩ޿ģǷģ
̫Ц˵ʶ˵ĪԺഥЩʧԺδӴܷ֡
ǣ̫Ī
ֶ̫԰˵䣬ؿ˷ĪĲܿ
˵̫ͻˡǳͿˡ
˵䲻ĪԼҲ֪ԼĲܣڿ⸮ûӴЩֲκˡ
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ةҲ˵ĪϷҲΣû뵽СС;ô౾£
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ĪȴԽԽעĿҲʤ͵ģгݵģмʵģζġֵ͵ǳͷˣ
Դˣ⸮ĪԶҽ˫ǾͨɡϦ󣬿⸮żһξý˵Ŀ顣
ÿһΣ˺͹߶һһ뾡취ܡ֮̾ϢȫǵĳԱˣѾͷӴһ³Щӵģû뵽ôС㣡ԩİ˺͹ΪԼԩû뵽ǵ֪ǵ뷨ֻ·ϵ˵˾䣺ҵģ
ʵܴĻҪĪôŮģе𣿵һһԻʱ𰸶һģоֹʵûһң
Īһһţѽײһǽˡ
˭ײҰ
Īû°ɣûײˣ
ԭչ˰ûµġףĪؿ
ôˣĪңϻʲô𣿡չѱЩȡ
·ʱûп·ôչҲ·Ҳ𣿡
£ûС
ĪкЩ̹״ӿܴϡչˣոյڸң£Ըո·ҲĲɵġ
չѱ˵޻˵˵Ҳ˵ˣһ£ˡδ䣬չѱ뿪ˡ
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ļ仯ܿ죬ÿ죬ȥÿ졣
컹յգһϾꡣ⸮˶ɢɢ۵Ҳڻ
չѵĶõģԼԼмŵĲֹ΢Ļˣڻġ
˿⣬ʱǿȥ
ǡ
һʹһȥĸˡ
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Ī븮ϴ·æչǸˣԼȥ˺͹ȥˡ
ĪǸΣ
ˣǸѾˣҲѾιˣȥץҩˣڰæչˡʧѪ࣬Ⱦ纮ԺĻڸ´̥£ϳĸܵػ־;߰档
Ŷػ˵ôĪ㿴Ǹڵ״ʱʰ
Īҡҡͷ˵ǸʧѪ࣬Ȼܡ
شԩ飬̬˵Ȭԭֻ֮ҲΪʱӡ
ʱ˵˵ǣǸ˼˺βݵǰʣ˽龭ƽϡ
š
һǸ˱Ҫ
æ˵ضţš
лˡ
ҹðǰģּҪشԩҪ򱾸֣
ǡ
Īŵðڴǰǰ׼¼
˿زѪʰأ
СΪ׾ԩ
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Ī۾ʱɵôģȻǸТ壡ѵúܶǰڵϿڻǵõĹ£ΪСʱ򿴵ĸ˵ĸТĹ£ƫƫǸʱְ費ˣĸҲʼĮ˵Եʰɣ
壿ʵںδ
֣ݸΡ
Ϊԩģ
Ǹ˵ͷۡ

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վ𣬸ֶڳ˼
֣ݸ˼˵֣ݸǳǳĹ뱾硣֪ΪǸ١Ͻ£ôԩ





34

ˣԩˡ
ĪҪǰɺáɺãҪȻòˡ
ˣǸ֮ɫ
ĪˣҲ˵ˣһҪλһԩġ
˵ֲ֪Ҫں˵
ôǺ˵ˣĪ˵ʦֻɱǸõˣʹǰ⸮˺ԩ𣿡
˶֮˵ĪҪżֻܶϣΣֻֻۣϧĿǰ岻顣
Ī˵ԣһҪңϽãҲźø´ԩ
˵ˣȥ
ȥ
зֻ̣׾򰾲ף˶ˡＱ˵ü֮ȫǵǺͰ֮ɫ
ص鷿˵ɱʸڷϡ¸ɡ˵⸮ӽ£֣ݸͬͬףƽжΣ಻Ԥ
˵Ѿ⸮ԩԼѾš⸮֣ݸȻͬΪƣǴ˼ͼֱѧʿ͵зȻһŶۡ
ˣչ˵˵ǣ֮£Сϣ֮ϵ´˲⡣
ʱĪҲˣǧһùܣҪȻ´̫ˣ
ĪǲǼʶҪȻô᣿
ˣĪûмʲôҲͲʶǡǣһ뵽ôҾǡأĪĨᡣ
ȱˣѾͷŮ˵˻治ãһһЦģ˵ˣǸ˵ɷɱﷸˣԩ飬ȴľ֮£ĺأ
Ҳգ˵ͷ˵Ŀǰ԰ֱʱס
չһ⣬ǰ֣ݸ´ˡ
ǣ
һ׮ע⣬ʣ´˸̧֣СǸ֮Ի´һ

չ׼ǰȥĪ˼ƺɰСӽ˵չˣӡ裬ֻҪһ˿ܾȻСʹã̴ȫ˵ģƴǸƿӣ˵ģ˿ڲƬ̱ϣֹѪɫҷⶾ裬һĶҩ׶֮඼Сһ
չؿЩõϿ˵ȻԼôࡣĪչֻǵ֣ݸתʰ˵ţ߽òЩ
ĪЦ˵û˵Ǹõġ
չѶʱȼޱȵΡ
һԵ̲סСЦ˳չѵһۡ
Ī˵չˣ㵽֣ԺҪԼ壬һɫ˵ģٷһɫĽⶾ裬һҪԿ£УչٿǷˣеĻ͸Щɫҩ
չһģ㲻õġչиΪ֣飬ͬʱҲղŵСЩʧ䡣ڵԼǸöðչѶʱԼ뷨һ
йټĪƫӺܿͿˡ
ʡ
Ǳ˼۵ġ
ǿ⻰һڣĪͱһЩ쵰ʵ̫ɶˣ
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֣ݸҽҶơ
ĪˣȻҽ֮ˣʱĪҧ˰ҶƵʲôˣ˺ʦɫ쳣ǸˡǾ͸ˣТӣһƻҽʵɶ

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Ρһ٣㣿
ƭ񸾷ҩԲ֮ʱ
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˵аٻԸڰ˵ա֮£ó
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ǡ˵񸾵žòս˥ˣ糣ˣ׾Ըë꣬Ϊй񸾼޸ҰҲȼ޸ǿ˴ܣȴǼТ˵һӲ˵
ĪĵԭǸç򰡣ȻТġ
˵˵ɷǸ¶֮ˡ
˵¶ݣֻƢЩ֪ÿһ˶ŹǱƲѣʵĵǺġ
˵㵹ƣīȾɫȻΪǳаԸӰı䡣
ҡҡͷʾͬĸ׵Тȴȷʵʮһգδı䡣
Ŷ˵˵Т˳
ȻТ˳Т֪ģʵһֱǺĽġļֵ䡣
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Ȼ˵˵֣ݸҽȻȰ˵ĸȥβ¡
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ˣչ˵¸ֻ¿֮п֮ʵ
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չ˵屻֮ңչĳֱĿá¼ʱϵĪصΪ׼ҩ;Ȳˡһλĺù٣ӣˣˣΪɱһԩ顣
˵չ⻰δ̫ϣ
չ˵ϣ׷˰참꣬ʶν̣δһɰҲԸ⻭Ѻм־֧ϲɡ





35

ʱ˵ˣչ֮ԵҲδɲáνľ֮£á尾̲ۡ
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ﵱùҶҩ̥ҲҶСˣԼػȼ
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˺չʦͽǻΪ㰡ǣ뵽˶Щʧ䡣ΪİֺͺѸˣҲĽչѸǲö˵ˣһĪĴζĵӡ
˵ǰһѧ޲ߡ
Īĵҽʦ
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չһ㶣Щ˺͹߽֪һۡ
Ī˵էһͺͨûֻһɵ򻨵㣬ʵǱ֮ܶرõҩֻۡҪϣͲһ̡֮Ķ˵ɱʮ߰Ȼݡչ˳£ôࡣ
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ĪЩߣôͲ֪ҪúллԼ˵˸л֣ˣһ˵ƺܲԸ
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ţ˵֣ݸĽѾ۵һһ˵ģʱֻ֪ţȴ֪жءǾȥһСջţ˭֪мƦЦ˵ŵ嶪ˣͻˣҺȰţʱûǳʲôǵ˿ջԺƹһ۾ͿҶҽġҪһ䷿˯ϣҲŵȰһẉ̂ƹס˲񷿣ǰǮʡΪ˸ſƹĸҶƸ˿Ĺأһ󣬶ÿӳʱʼֻʮˣʮһʹزҲרΪٹ˿ǣ첻ȥҶƵҩ̺Ŷˣǵʮû뵽ǰĵƦȻӣٲƫ̻ˣ塣Ϣһ죬һھȥŶˣǴյһġʱҶΪſԺ󣬾ͽܷŵϢ׼ʩ롣Ȼ󣬿˷ȥץҩ˵ǵȲٸǮþͲǮǷˡ
˵˵ҶƵ˵Ҳ޹֮
˵ˣҲ뷨ҶƸм˭֪ı仯ȴ˷ָ
ʵҶƶµҩǷ飿
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øӱ˵ʱ޷ֱеĺǶộֻǾҶҽرաҲĶСС񸾺ִܵҶƷԸˣҪرأǺ֪صıǶôʹĴۣҶƶ񸾵ҰĺУʵ֮ǰչСĹɩС˸飬ҶΪ񸾽Ҷңȥ˹ɩˣԵ֣ҲСҪһݹذҲʮ죬СǴԭİųúѺáҶ˵Ϊ˱ʾ񸾶СչˣҪ񸾾ܾˡҶְھϯҳԷʱ˵ҸĻǲԸѾҪ뿪ˡС᲻񸾣Ҳ᲻Ͷ˵ȥԺٻһĻԣ񸾱ȥͲٻˡȻ񸾻صСջеƶתˣҶ˺ܶصţѾŵҩǮˣŵĲҲöˣź嶼ֱҶҽá
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ʱ˵Բ֮ǰɻǵô˵ģ
صֻ˵ʦҲȶˣѾʦ˵̹ˡ
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룬˼˵Ǿ仰Ϊ壬ֻѾԲǾ䣬ҶֽţǾ伸֮ԡ
˵ˣҩش֮£Ҷδػˡ
˵ģʦĪ˵һѾѣҶƵݲһԶ֡
˵ͷ





36

˵Ī˵öԡҶڼǸšмµˡ
˵ֽţҪֻ֤ϧ޶֤岢δɱ棬ҶƳûڣƵϣһһʯնݳ֮ߡ
˵˹ȻӢ
˵ֻǱƶϣǶۡң޶֤һԱް
ˣʱչѻˡ
ʵпоЧ
չ˵شˣҲˡ
Ŷ
չ˵ҵһҪ֤
ʵ˰ڣ
Ѵؿ⸮
ʵǸʲôˣ
ҶƸ̯Ϲɡ
֤£
ˣչ˵˵

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˵ͷ˵ҲãˣȥЪϢɡ
ǡչ뿪
žľ˵Ѿ֮󣬹Ͳʡ£
ǡ˵ʱ򣬷־ȻһİֻķѰСȴҶڷ֪ҶƶʲôָУҶƾҾ˵ǶСʱ򷴶׵Ľѣ෴Ըʵļ尾Ҫʱȷʵֻһ֮ǣ񸾸ı뷨񸾻ȥҶˣ˼̵ʱŵĲҹﲻסҶС˯֮뿪ڶٻһ˿һͬھˣŵĲûãһ֮Ҷ¶ԣŵĲҪȬңңˣź廹ҪʵʵõŵʹѴ˵ţĨᡣ
˽á᲻ѡĪ͵͵ӿڲ˲ᣬĵʲôҪҰæģһǵģǸҶ᲻úġ
˵񸾻صСջԺȥ񷿼壬ڵһľͷޡΪʲôҪһޣ˵ʮһֱڿҪһޣһֱöԲңܸһģֻõһ˵ҲһϲĺϲΪһģһݷ顣ǿƽйһ£ĵ¹Ȼˡ񸾷Լˣȥҩץ̥ҩ֪ҩƹ񲻿ж˸СǶôõ£ǿӵһӣˣȴһĽᾧ񸾲֪ô죬޷һЩָʾֻܽ߾ܲҪĽᾧϡﲻͣĨᡣ
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ﺬͷǡ
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˵˵ҶǸѪ顢п˽֮
˵Ҷ񸾰˵ҪΪȥץҩǣߵſھֻˣ˵ƭ̥ǺӲģǶʱһֱסҶңûͬ񸾵͹ҲǸ򡣴񸾻صСջ󣬾Ҫźһ̬أ̹һУϲ䡣Ȼû뵽ڵ֪󾹷ˣһұҶ۸˳ȥžˣ徹ɱﱻ
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˵׶ֻҴҵؼһ棬̵˵˼仰
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ֻǿûɱˣҶƣҪ跨Ϊԩ顣
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񸾿ֻоȳе塣֣ݸεĿ֮¡ẬԩĪף޶գԪ׾޶ң⣬ȻΪƤԲΪģ֪жٸ˼һС
ԣ̱⣬ǰԩ
ǡ˵Ժ֣ȫ֪ˡ
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Ｄ˵аԣܴ˼̣Թ
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չѻرϹ俴ã׶˺ܶ飬֪ҶƵĶܳҶ㵽ӵ˵ŵɱˡ
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ĪҲ̫ף²˵Ϲɺ¶Ų棬֣ݸҲ֪Ǹؼ֤ˡǣҶвˡ
չҡҡͷ˵ǡ˵ǳ¸ߣá
˵չǳƺȷɼ


лҪ˵ǳлҵ֧




37

˵չǳƺȷɼ
չҡҡͷ˵ǳɼ˼֮ʱȻͻˡ
˳չʵôչ֤ڣ
š

ĪϹɴ˹
˵˾ǰɡ
ŶáϹɵͷܺ飬ºϹɣߵˡ
˲м֮ˣػ
лˡͽ
˵չ֣ݸɱһ֪ؼ֣д£
ܺ̾˿˵ذˣֻҶƵĶҶ˵ֳңϹҲһС
ʵҶ˵
ܺصʱһƬңﳳ֮ܽڶŶӿ˾ͬʱ˽ųˡ
ʱںδ
ڲ̯ĺ档Ϲж㣬ҲܲˡûãҶ˳ҵ̯¡
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Ǻܾţܺ£ﲻͣšҵɱˣҵɱˣô죿ô죿
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ˣܺЩš
ĪһʱҲװô˷
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ܺ飬ڴ˰㻹֪Щʲô˼ʵ
֪ˡ
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һ֣ݸ
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Ŷм˵ѵΪл֮
֪кλ֮
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ĪһԾؿšţչѵ˼ˡ
޴⣬˵Щȫһ֮ԡ
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Ī߲ѣĵؿһ۰ˡǿסŭ˵֮δ̫߼
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ûС
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ŭĿӡ
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𱻰˵ɫҰס
˻˿˵֮֮Զ᱾ĩ;Զ⣬ֻΪ֮֮ʧȴģѵȴȻҾ֮ȥǵ֪Կ֮ȴԵãѵȻԹšٶ仰δ֪δţ
ʵƿԣˡ
ĪһԾؿšţҲǰ˲ѣϬâоݣһ˶ǲܷġ
šһüͷ˵ԹȻеΪ֮ˣӰԵ£С˰̡䲻˵ԴܣԣֻΪϧ֮ͬꡣģף
סڣŭΪ֮ΣҲֲѵһԭ֣ݸ£㿪⸮޹أ
ˣʹļ׵˵й֮ǰҿ⸮ԩҿ⸮йأ
˵ۣ޽֣֮ܶҳİӣֹʣ





38

µ񣬡˵ѷǲֲɣ
ŭֹ˵ģͿͣ
ǡ֣ݸ߽ſڡ
񹷰Īип
˿ųšüҡҡͷһʧӣ˵Ǹã޶ȣҰҲ㣬ΪǸٺù٣⸮״ʱ򣬰㡣
ټ˵ѾͿͣѵҪ֣ݸΪͲɣ
Īҧгݣ˫ֽȭҪǹһסĸ첲ҡҡͷֻ嶯سȥǳһ١չҲ߲ѣŰʱˣڵҲѾˣվһûԻᴦãڲܷ鷳
˶˶٣⺰
ڣţҲĽѣзһԾԾԵļ飬˵Ĵˡ
зһһٵ˵
ʱԵЩżˣ˵ˣ㣬С
бһۣ˵𣬺νС
ʱҲ˵Ľ֮ɫ
ʱѾзˡ
˽ӹзԳ˵зڴˣʥ٣ɵò򣿡
ڵĲʱ¸ߺꡣ
˵ʥзּԹܾ²ƽԩ¡ּ֪
ּ֪
Īųϻ̳Ͽȴ̲عڵϵĳֻʵûȤڱμһˣ𿪷⸮ĸˣ
˵ȻּҪˣԴ˿ɱһɰȫȨϡǲ
ԵвȻˣܲ
ɣ
վ̲лˣ
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ڵĲŰ˵˴Ρ
ĪһͿڽЩ̾ˣа壬¯壬ȫЩĪδ˵̾ߣĪüͷšýģк޺޲ѡ
˯ڵѪģ壬Īۿתת
˵˿ŶľѣĲ̺ͷߺޡ
ĪķŭԵչ˫ȭɣֽչǰ壬壡
Ժ϶˵ôʲô
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Īаû뵽ԭ˵ĺȻ紫˵һ£Ѿı־ˡҲȷʮǸç򣬻һСô˵ˣĪЩЦǿĺʵˡ
ŴŰˣ˵ûǺڵģǰ죬ǰˡ˸ղû壬ȷϡ
ĪһҲ̶õʱз޷ޣչϴֶ֮ˣĪҩôЧأ
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ǡ
˵֮أѵ˵չ֮ǶȻ̣
һҲֱͷ񣬾һٷһٶٲ٣ʱ򻹻ҹ
һ㶣ŭĿ
ĪҲ۹ɱ˵Ļ𶼲֪үٻˡ
չŭ˵´ˣӦչĳֹͣѶ
˵ȷӦˣҲȷֹͣǸͷ˵Υָţ
ͷ˵شˣҲѺ
⹷ģ޲ðҡ
壬˴Ļÿڳԡ
ǡ
˳˵ɴ˿ɼ²ϡͷ˽̣֮ģǶҪ磬δ
˵Ȼ˰ɰ˽֣ӦɰȫȨ䡣
ˣŭȡĹñȽҲѺУ򴦶ϣ
ǣ
ͷˣԳ𼱼˵ˣ¿ǶĹģ
ŶĪЦֻĳ´Ĺȴ֪ҪЧڻ𣿡
æ˵ⲻر¡
ݷ˵ͷѺˡ
˶˵壬㣬Ȼ֣ݸ֤֤ȫ˵ɱҶ֮ͽ棬ȴΪԸܿా̣ϻѺ
ҡҡͷ˵ˣûɱˣҶ˵ȫǼٻѻƫƫ´ңһһ˵Ҫɱˣһ
㵱δɱˣζ
Ҷɱġ
׵ȴУ
ʱǰѵϡ
˼ص˵ͷ
˵ˣɱ֪ҲǾ㿳ͷҲֻʹôһӣҪ֪ܿా̣Ҫȿͷʹǧ򱶡ǣɰҲԸⱻԩԲԲˣŲⱲӴû˵Υĵļٻ
ĻŻţԻ𡣲һ£㱣֤ǷɱˣӴ˿Ҳû˻Ѷ֮㡣
лˣжصлǰܿˡѶм˿԰
˵ؿ⸮֮ʱԻѺͬСǷֱ֮ٿͷл١
ηĪҩ䣬һչѻΪҩ
лѡ
뿪ηչʵСĪΣ
Ī̾˵ûã˵Ҳá
ô˵
ƿΣȴȬָܻǰˡ
չѶ˶٣˵Ҳǲеˡ
չˣ˺ʦǲҪȥҶƣ
ǣǰһԣ˳ؿ⸮
չˣ˵ôôĲƽԩ֮£
չ̾ˣͻиƽԩ֮£ԸԽԽ١Ҳ˵Ҫԭ򰡣
Īͷ
ص⸮󣬰Ϲɲܺ¡
æлҵһؼ֤ˡ
˵˵ؼ֤ˣǵҶСа취Ҷǰ⸮֤
˵СԵ񸾾ǹҲһǰ⸮֤ȥ֣һˡ
˵ͷ
Ī˵ˣĪһͬǰĪҶжūӡ
˵ͷ˵ţĪ˵öԣҲչһͬǰ
˵žͼǰ֣ݡ
ЦŶ˵ȼһˡ
ĪҲЦеؿ
Ｄز²ѵѵ壿
˵ͷ˵Ѿת⸮ˡ
ˣ
ҴȥɣĪЦ˵
ĪηţȥȻ뿪ˣռǷ޶˶





39

Īչһ·֣Ҷ
Լһ˽ȥҶĪչš
Īʵչˣ˵ҶӦ𣿡
ģһġ
ǣ˵ĻΪ֤𣿡
ҶȻǲ糣ˣĻǿŵġ
֪ĪЩżϾǳ˰
չ˵СĪһʼΪҶĹʲţǲʲô뷨
ֻǾѧ
ѧ
Īĵ̾һ˵ûʲôֻҪ׾ͿˡĪҲ֪ԼЩ
ͻȻﴫҶܼҡ
Īչһֱۣӽȥˡ
չѺĪ˻ûлص⸮ʱ˾Ϳʼˡ
屻˵ʵ飬ûɱˣɱ˵Ҷƣ˵һ顣
һĳһֱŸδδϰ˺ĻһǷ˷ŵȵۡ
ҶƱ˰ӷҶƻԭΪԼ֤ˡ
Ҷڰ˵ѯ¶ִһʡ
ǵı֮󣬾úչѺĪǾͻˡ
Ҷһ˾ŵö
ΣҵҺùһӡһҶĻ˺ͳ̲һԹһּ¼ҶĶԻλǩ֤
Ī̫ЩȻҪôûӦһ˸áˣʦҾܰҶʿҲ֤ͻˣȻҪҶʿ˵Ҷ˵ĻǷš
˺͹һۣͷͬ
ڵԴס
ڰ˰֤ȷ֮ʱ˴ּ⣬˼̽ݡ
Īһ㶣漴뵽Ҷʿȥˡ
ʵȷĪ²һҶʿһ棬ҶƵ
˻ظһֱ鷿̾ѡ
Ҷʿ˿⸮˴Ӧ⿪ѭŹҶһֻǸҶʿ˵һҪҶƵΪƣһҪ£ҽӼˡҶʿжѡĪҲֻҲҶʿһƬ֮ģҶʿи̾Ҷۡ
գ˭֪չȥҶ֮󣬴һ˱߲ѵĻϢҶˣҶƻشˣ
Īĺ޺޵ģӴˣʲôУʲôĸĸ˶У
Ҷʿʬ壬޲ѣ԰˵ˣӴ˿ҶҲҶʿĶӡҵ治ȥ̫ͻΪ顣
Ҷѷŭڰ˵Ĺͷա
Īһ˾վںԺͤ˼ǧ
չһμįĪ˹ȥ
չػһСĪ
ĪͷһЦ˵ԭչ˰ֲ·ûأ
չЦһ£ˣûע߽
չ𣿡
չѿ˵СĪչҪȥߣпյĻһɣϣȥߣܺЩ
ðóȥɢɢģο˵չ㡣
һһӰڴϣܶܵ͵ƵƵ˻ͷ
СĪǵؾ¥ɣչѺĪ֪ߵҲ¥
Ī۾չѣʵҪȥҲ¥Ŀ˼Ǹ󣬻ЩԸŻˡ
չ֪ʲôЦ˵ֻڶ¥ѡ
ðɡĪչ˽ȥ
˸ߵ¥£в֮ͳǵǰˡ
λˣǿ𣿡Ī̧ͷһͳã˵ȻǱһʱɵͳ
չ˵λ
ĪεԹޣôôùˡ
չĪôµȲ裬˵⸮УҲ̫ƽͳЦ˵˵λǼ¡
˵Цˡչѵػص
ͻȻЦŶĪ˵Īôһֱ˵
𣿡ĪƤЦⲻЦ˵ץ治á
һЦ˳˵Ī涺
Īͷһڲ裬浹ù
ͳ˵˵ʲôλĪ춼˼ˣ
ۣĪһڲʱ˳Ǻͣࡣ
СĪ㻹ðɣչѼ״ŵʵˣҪûдͺˡ
û£ǸոǺһ¡Īڻ˹жӼøǺ޺޵ġ
ͳЦ˵ˮҲǺĪҲ̫Сˣѹ˵ʵǺܴĵģǽ˵šġ˵ţͳһζЦſĪ
һ֪ʵ磬˭˵Īʶ˺Ī𣿡
ĪҲһؿӦòܵģѵ˸Լúˣ
ͳЦ˵ûʲôϴιĪ֮еĸд
岻⣬Ī⣬Լʱľͳʱġ
ĪǴȥˣ˵ǸҽЩˣȥˡ˵գĪ뿪ˣչҲǸ˳
Īչһ·
쵽⸮ʱչʵСĪͳǾ仰˼𣿡
ľ仰ĪװͿ
ǣչµ˵Ǿ˵˵ǲġ
ŶǾ䰡ҲҮĪգգ۾˵ֻǣҿԿ϶һ㣬ͳ֪Ůӡ
ʲôչ۾
Īͷ˵ʵϦʱѾ֪ˣֻûиǡҲûеڲңΪ޹ؽҪ
չѼô޹ؽҪأСĪͳԲǸ򵥵ĽɫøϽߴ˺͹
šĪͷ
˺͹Īչѵ󣬶ǰڳһ˼ס
ʵڶԹȥûӡ𣿡
Īҡҡͷ
ֻ̾ͳ֪Ĺȥˣ
˺չѽһ
˵ҪͨͳúòһСĪˣСĪһֱڱ״̬Ϊ˭Ҳ֪ͳʲôĿġչͿˡСĪҲ취ܷͳǱ߲鵽ʲô
ǡ
ĵ̾Ը򵥡
ʦĪЩǺͽŵؿŹߣòںҲ²ʲôɣͲܻʶңĳú𣿻˵ʶҵҲһԽʱ磿ĪһԼ뷨һ
߷쳣ʵǲʲôˣ
ĪعŹߵ˼ҡͷ
˵֮СĪ취ͳͻưɣ
չѺĪ鷿Īչһֱɫԣ˵չˣӸղſʼһֱû˵ɫҲãǲ뵽ʲôˣòڻǼ֮İɣ
չѽض۾˶٣˵СĪҲһ˿𣿡
ţ

Īҡҡͷ¶һЦ˵ڻʲô𣿡
չһæ˵ǵġ
ǣʲôĪЩЦ֪ǶڻˣҪ˵ѵģֻǲ֪ô˵ȡŶѣ˵ᱻɷӣ˻֢ˣصĻǰȥ
СĪ㲻ҪЦʹġչѵüͷţͻȻ˵ôһ䡣
Īһ㶣ؿոǾ仰ײᡣ
չѵҲһƬңһֹʹӣ˶٣˵ûʲôˡ
չĶӡ
ĪŻû˵ͻȻ뿪ˣգգ۾סչӦǵȻôԼһҵĴûҪǸոټ˵ЩʲôԼ϶һʱӦ
Īһ
գַһӣʷռ˸ƺˡ
ĪŰ˵һͬ˼
۽ʬ̧ԺУʮûˡ
ʬر˵ˣ˺ͷһֵ䣬ǽϵĶ֡
ЩأʾǷԺеļҶԺ
鿴һ飬صذˣЩҶ˺һޣȻͬһΪ


лҪ˵
֧ҵǣǲҪڼͬˣ֪ϵͳǹԱɾ
ǵĸ飬Ҳ׿һ




40

ʵչп˸֣
ˣһˣý𵶣ǰѾ
дˣ
֪һˣвɱ֮ͷ⵶Ҳûͽ
˵˵ˡ
չѵͷ˵ˡ
ʱС˹ˣ㣬ۡʬ׹ʮߡ
лڣ
޻ڡ
ҲС˹ˣ˸вﰲȻ
ʵǵĶŮأ
µѰҵС
ʱԻҲˣˣ˵ĶŮѰ񡣡
ҹҵؽѡڱڼв㣿
شˣȫҹˣ޷֡
Ī룬˵ˣǻ᲻Ǳ°ˣ
ߵɱ˫ףֺ°Ů
֮һˣҲǲ֮еҰ˵չ̴ȥ׷ǵ䡣
ǡ
˶Ī˵СĪҲȥһӶࡣ
ǡ
Сĵ㡣̡߲
ĪȻһЦ˵ʦİɡ
˼չ˵СĪǸң
Ī˼һ£˵չˣ˵ĶŮʲôˣˣ
һʮŮ;ʮĶӡ
ʮĹٻСܵѣһӦһǡôչˣȥҡ
áչҲΪʲô
չѺĪһ·ҹȥ
ĪÿһС·һɫĩҳ̱Ӱ
СĪĶʲôģ
԰ڻѪֳ
չһ·δѪ˵ô˵˵ĶŮδ˵
ţû˵ĿԺܴ󡣡
˵գĪִһӣİɫĩ
ôɫֱɰɫˣʲôģ
ʶӡġһ֮ڵĽӡֳͨӡбǷͬһʱġ
һ·ڷ˽ΪʺϵĽӡ
ֻӡչѿǹצӡ˵ƺǹģ
Ī룬˵ţӦðɡһȽ飬˵һȮǽˡ
СĪǿȥ
šĪ˷ĩŽӡѰ˹ȥ
ҹĻѾ٣չͻȻͣ½Ų˵СĪжߵҡ˵գչѱȥ
ĪҲչѵķ˹ȥɺüչһ˴ֻ˱չϴһȻˡ
Ī첽˹ȥչˣû°ɣղʲôˣ
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ţҲˣȻȥɡ
գ˱˵ˡ
չѴһǰȥ鿴ĪҲ˹ȥ
ǸˣڴӵҵĹսǴʬҲǶûԱߴТ¿޿ֽǮ
ʬ󣬶չ˵չˣ߸֮˺ۡ
չʵʲô
ǵǽСĿӦǰ䵶
䵶
ǵģһľõӡ˵һλľһ䵶
Īǹڵ޵ŮˣŮ˴Ӹղſʼ͹ֵֹġֻĪ޵úܼ٣ƺûбˡַЩ˸Ī͸Ʋˡ
չѵٲһص⸮˻ر¡
ôһ׮
չ˵ǵġһиĵľҹƻؼң;޶ɱ١
ʵ
Ŀǰֻ֪߱䵶ɱ⣬
˵ľ䵶ɱ䵶ľıߡ˵ֺпľͬСҪʱ⣬ߵĹס
ˣҲƲġѾ֤ˣߵĹߵȫ˶ңûЯءңǲʤ;ϯ飬޽֮ͬˡ
չֳ߼жԶ
ֻмʮĽ·ѡ
ô˵ǰ䵶п߼С˵㣬ǿأ
ӡ
ɷڷǱ֡
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ʵ˻ν⣿
ˣĪǿϣТ£ȴͷΣϻͿĨ֬ˮۣпˮƺûбʹ֮顣
룬ʵΣ
ĪصùȥĪʱڳһܲмӣƤգգ۾
һԵŬЦ߲һЦȻ˵˼£ѧʵǡ
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չѿһֻۣ۵һ㲻׷ֵЦ⡣
չʵ֪Ϊдһʣ
˵չν檷ǹ뷿֮
Īʱ˸ۣʲôѵ˵ƯŮ׳ǽǳǽҲһдȡ
չ˵ô˵˰йء
ĪбһۣĵչҲ֪ôģѵҲͬ˵ĿˣЩʲô뷨ָкθϵ
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չ˵ˣУߵ˿ڼ߶ȣƷŮΪ
˵ͶˣŮӲΪѵŮӾͲûͬı𣿰˳Ϊ
졣
չ¹ϵ˵ڣʮ֤ݲ˵㲻˼жգ񡣡
ǡ뿪ǰ
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չʵˣ˵ֻѥӵ𣿡
ǰ
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ʲô𣿡ʵ
չ˵Ǹ书ˣֻѥǲ书˴ġ
Īɴ˫ۣҲܿĳ̫˰ɣĪϸϵֻѥӣֶչѽϵѥӿ˿һͨѥӣһǹѥԼèȻȭȻ磬ˣ͵ǶټӼʺˡ
ʵչԼã
ĪҲչѣ˶ȴô˵
չ˵ˣϰ֮˶ԽżߣʶЬĲֱЬĥ𡣿ֻѥЬĲĥñȽ¶ԣǸ书ġ
룬˵뼾Сһ𡣡Ůֱ¡𩡣
֮󣬰ֻѥʵ¹㣬ֻѥӿֵģ
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书Σ
²ѧ۶ֵֻ֪ԺҶĶ֡
˼˵͹ˡ
˽еѥӵݸ£˵ϸȷѥ𣿡
·ȥؿ˿˵ǵġ
Ī룬ʵС㣬㽫ֻѥӽ֮ǰ֣֮
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ͻȻɫ˵֪ˣȥɡ
¸ˡ
ͼȥ
ǡ
Ī͵͵Ƴһ۰ˣɫѿͲ²ǷһʼǸĺɱյ˰УϵĳλˡԸĺ׵ģ˵աҪһָѡ
չֻѥӣ˵ˣ᲻ǽˣ
ܣǲܵģæ˵кЩ





41

ĪƳһչѣֻèûɫû˵ɫѾܲԼҲһڿʼԼĺˣǼԸȥŵġҲȷǹġ
ߺչ
һȦ˵չСĪȥѥӵԴֻҪѥӵ˭Ȼסˮʯ
ǡ
ȥæȥ鷿˵գ뿪ˡ
չʵôˣ
˵չ㲻֪𣿰˸񣬽Ī档ڳУСа̩񰲡˵㻳ɽˣȻΪȻˡ
Ҳжϴɡ
Ī˵չˣûжϴʦղҿ˵飬ƺһ˲ҲɽˣΪлɣŻԵô
˵Ȳˡչհ˵˼Ͽ׷ֻѥӵԴɡ
չ˵Ҳֻˡ
չѺĪ׷ѥӵԴ
˾ǸļҸЬĵط
һЬ̡
ƹǸȥʮҵˣЦʵλ͹٣ҪЬǶЬ𣿡
չʵ㣬ֻѥǲģ
ùѥӿһۣ˵ǡ
ζ϶ǣ
Ьӣ涼еţһŮѥӡ
οó
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ĪͷչȥһȻˡ
չ˵Ȼôãôܷ񿴵óѥ˴Ļ˴ģ
˵ôֲܴʵѥأȻ˴ġ
˻ص⸮󣬹˵ô鲻𣿡
չ˵ƾһֻѥӣ̸ף
˵˵Ҳǡ
Ьƹ˵ֻѥֻġɴ֤ҵƶûд
Ī˵ʦչˣҿֻѥӾǿģ˵ǿġ
룬˵ô˵ֻѥ˸ˡ
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ʱĪһͷǡɿһɫ°ڴſѾˣ
ʦչˣҸոպ񿴵ˡ
ʲôһ
˵ҹȥҴ˺ú̸̸ġ
չѺĪٳȥá
һЬʱɼһ˽ֻһֻЬɫҴңμɡһۣǰʡ
˭֪˾ȾܣչѵĶ֣գ۾ͽػĪֻѥӸ˽ϵһֻѥӱȶһ£СֹʲôȫǺϣһЬӡ
չѺĪѺţ˰ˡ
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˿⸮ãЩȴ֮еǽĺҲһͬˡ
뽭ĺһ󣬶Լ˵С㣬ʽãҪΪָϣһԡ
лˡվ˽ĺԡ
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˷ͷ˵̧ͷһԵ۾ͷ̧
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شˣСͨסҾΪ
Ī̲ס͵͵ǹһЦݣԼ˵㲻׼ôһƭ
ͨ㣬ֻѥӿģ
ѥùȥϣͨˣΪѵ˵شˣѥȷʵǲġ
ȻѥӣΪλ뼾СУ
⡭ͨһ޹֪˵Ҳ֪
㲻֪ã˵ʮҹǱ뼾ռ˸Уֳֵָɱ˼˷򸾵һʮ֮ǰԺƴֻѥӣҲǣ
ͨԽԽæ˵شˣֻ˿񲻻ɱ˰ˣһץˣ찡
סڣûɱˣֻѥΪλУ
أشˣֻѥǱ͵ߵġ
˵͵һ˫ѥӣе͵һֻѥӣΪ
ͨææ˵شˣԶ췢ģңûɱˡֻѥǱ͵ߵ
ã㣬ֻѥǺʱ͵
ǰ죬ʮ˺ϡ
δ͵
ڣڡͨµ˵ڲļС
ǰѥӱ͵ߣΪ֮ȥЬȴΪһչĪǰʣӣ
شˣ¹٣ԲŻٶӣԲ顣
˵¹٣ϵȴ٩٩̸޾ɫ¹ٵӣ
ͨһʱʵƿԡ
ͨ㻹˵ʵ
شˣûɱˣԩġ
㻹˵ûɱˣɱ˵֤㻹ҵָֻѥ˵
شˣֻǸ޸֮ʿңôܸȥҹٸأ죡
ʱĺ˵ˣʿƱ֮ͽôǲеġ
˵ˣ֤Ѹһ䣬ǲ;βСЪϢ֮顣
⡭
չ뽭С㻨ЪϢ˲ݷ˵쵶ն顣
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̶ʮԸˣһû̵ǰɱһ˶ǲġ˶̷Ǻзִģʲôʱʵضʲô̡





42

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㲻ҪѪˣôܶ϶ЩΪ
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ʱߵǰڵϡȻͻȻת뿪ˡ
˼״̸ȥĪҲţ֪⹷ʲôȥӦҪȥǸǿʲô





43

һ䣬˴£һһֻѥ
ӰĿѥӽˣ˵ˣֵѥӡ滹Ѫأ
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ĺ˵ߣȫ֮ܲʣŷ
ʵҪβأ
ȻͨԣβǲǸֻ棿
ͨԣǿѡ
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һУӦˡ
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˵꣬ȻԵؽ
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½ܳ˹¶˰֮ˣҶֻкޣûТǿȥʱҲкġ
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ӣǧ㲢ûдɻΪһ̸أ
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㲻Ȱˣ˵ʲôҲȥġ
㡭
ʦĪ˳ߵ䣬Ҫ˵ˣǻȥɡ

ʦѾѻˣѾ御ˣ£ǲҪˡĪһ˵ţһʾ⹫߿űߣվ
ڻظ·ϣʵղֹңһҪ䡣
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߳˼Ƭ̣˵¸ĸʵһģѪŨˮرģ޷ġ
󣬽мĺͬĻм¡
ãһ˳ĺա̡֮





44

ĪЩƵڼžЩĽֵϣż˸к͵ͷӦһ
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ǡĪɵõķԼŸɷΪϲߣοҲԼӦġ
Īǰһʵģʱ֪Ĵڣ˵ʱδ
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š
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ߴԭе֪Īҩ®ﵷģ߹ȥˡ

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СĪֻб͹ûбˡ˵СĪûʧ䣬Բԣ


лҪ˵ͳĪ˼ܼ򵥣֪ˣԲҪָ֮ʲôʧġ




45

ˣʦԲҲҪģҲҪҸʱǵģֻһֱ֪ô˵źáµ񣬲Ҳûа취ˡ
СĪȥͼװʧ飬Ҳ׷ˡ
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˵Ұѡ㵱Ů۰Ҳ㵱ǶϣܹҸúãΪ㡣
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УҸĸ游λֳֻǣԶҲˡ
ΪΣ˺͹߽ǲ⡣
Īɬҡҡͷ͵ѾϳţѾҲҲؼҵ·˰ɣ
˺͹߻е˼
Ī֪Լ˵ò岻Ц˵Ǿ͵ĪǸ¶ˡ
ʱ˺͹ֻǰʮŮЦۣĹȥŻ룿
ȥľȥɣ
šʦҲôŬ
СĪҲ̸ۼ޵ʱˣʲô뷨
˺ʦʲô뷨𣿡
˺͹ٴһۣ˵չ汾꣬һֱǹһˣܹϣ͹ּɡȻҲҪ˼ܷչѡ
Īͷܿ˵ߣ룬˵չϲңԸȢΪ޵ĻҾʹӦ
ģ˺͹߶Щϲ
ġҲѹȥܰҺܺõǹȥĵĻ䣬¿ʼĪ˵ֻǣչôΪ᲻ԸģͲϲҡ
˺͹ЦЦ
ҲδءЦ˵ɣ
չѴ˳
Ī㶵ؿٿһӵóѵЦֻͣϺ꣬ˣıԼǰһˡ
չߵǰ˵СĪղ˵Ļ𣿡
Ī۾īͫؿԼ˵ͷ
չһЦ磬˵СĪϲ㣬޸Ұɡ
ĪʧЦУ˵ͷ
ããã⸮Ҫϲˡ
ǰˡǺǺǣ
չˡ
ôչ˰һԾ
ĪƳһԼʦ˵ǾֱӽչѺˡ
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˵չСĪǶվ汾һˣϾСĪ£»Ҫʥϵİ
˵ǡ˵չҿͽ֣ؽˣҪúչҪܺ
Īգ˸ۣǰĻ˵õԽܣֻһʲô˼ʲôҪܺң
գ˴չѺĪʥȥˡ
ϵһ˵ĬˣĿˡ
˸оŵĹΧѵϣ
ڱ˵°ˣ׼ˣ޼̾گ˵ĪݣǴͻ飬ڴ顣
лʥ϶䣡л˶׻ʵΪʲôҪڣС»Ҫʵ
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ĪŮװǰʱȻһЦܳɹп˾ޣչе;ֻǣͷֻһβ裬ȴ󷽡
ǣﶼҰһŮװͻȻòϰߡȥˡ
ǣܺúܺáҶæֹôװأ
СĪĺƯ
Īգգۣ㶵ؿЦŶԼ˵Ưˣ⻹è
Ҳǲŵؿǵչ
չȻ˵ɻʲôһЦЦݣĪҲĵЦˣģãԼһҲϲģԼѡǶԵġ
˺͹߿
˿вõСˣЩΪѵ˵չСĪû뵽ʥϵּڡ
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ˣСĪ˵ǡչҲ˵
ðɣǵ¾ȷŷŰɡ˵ԣػŮޣǰȥǱ۰ֶŮ
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˿ЦݵĪעչѣڷĵЦˡ
ҹչѺĪŴﻹ˵ЦʱͻȻ˴˵ʲôˣģ
չѺĪȥ˰˵鷿׷ź˶ȥ
չѰǽϵļ˵ǿľˣֲ
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ӦԶ
˺չߵ󿪵Ĵߣ˵ӼķӦǴ֮ġ
չ˵ֵĺλá
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Īһ˵Ҳܲ⣬Īи˰
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ذˣǡ
ҹ⸮ǣΪ
ذˣͶ׶
Ͷף˺ɻ󲻽⣬סڿ⸮ǣȴΪҹڽͷε
ذˣǧѰ׶˾ԣء
ԣأĪƫео롣
㵽ԣͶˣ
ذˣ񲻸ȷʵԣƴ˵׼ŮǸðġ
ȻЩ²⣬ô˵Ǻܾȡ
ˣǸңĪͻȻЩ顣
ǴӲɽôƴ˸еλ׼ɹ˭
һ㶣ƴ˸ﻹһλ׼ɹ٣ôأ
ôܣճʱ񣬶λǱ۰ֶŮ񡣡
ôһ˵Īһ㶣Ȼһ˼ӣ漴˼ͲŵģĪֱһ֪ʲô
ôأˣδŵӣɲ˶ǿռ졣
գԼǰԣزμӻĻֻеȴһˣ
˽ȥֱλ˵лҪ˵
Ը
ط
Ǵ롣
Ī˺˹ȥ
֪кͷԸ
ҪΪһˡָһ
λǣ
ԣߵƶǰˣСݼˣ
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ˣϸƣǵ𣿡˵Сʱҵͷ˵ҹ𣿡
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ʲôƶæʵϵŮ£һ˿и
ӻͳһʲôľݸƶˣơ
ƶһ㶵ؿֻΡ
˵ȸԼ
ƶ˼ȻʵʲôˣΪλУ


лҪ˵ҵĲ²⡢뷨öడҵƪڷǰѾȫдˣ綨ǰڽβһЩ޸ģսû䣬˺ܾãҲġȻ֪û᲻ôʧЩһЩ˸µЩҵӦò̫Ű£䲻ĪչŰ¡




46

ˣСȸĻԼѽ
󵨣ٲʵĪֱҪŭˡ
ˡ
סڣ
˳ǡ
ˡ
Ȼ˵
ˣ¹ٵԼ֪δӺζ
Ŷε֪ģ
Сǧ·̲þ뵱̵䵱ȡϣȴ
ԩˣ
Īһɵóƶʵƴˣղ˵ĵ䵱㸮е˵𣿡
λĪ˰ɣ
Īͷ벻ôˡ
⸮ڣ˼֪λŮװ빫ŵĹģϾǹϽ֮أСϢȸϢ޴ڡ
Īԡ
Īͷ鸴ˣ˵ĿְλŮĿڿһЩˡ
˵죬˽˻Լϧмӣδ
ƶһ
˶˵һԾ򡣡
ֶԻƶ˵˵λǿտƾˡ
ˣҲһ
Ŷ
ڡ
ʵ֪һʲô
شˣһֻ񻷡
תʻƶ˵Ķ𣿡
һֻ񻷡ƶ˵ˣ⡭
ˡ
ƶеĿˣȻ˵˳⡣
ƶ̾¹پȻ޴ˣ޵ݣô˼Цˡ
˵һҸҪģŮҪȷʵŪˡ
ǡ¹ٵƾκΪﶩԼû뵽Ȼý˾Ȼÿжһƶ̾ѡ
˵͵˫ɣѵõԣصĸĸ𣿡
д˲¹һ
˵ͷɱֶŮ
ǡƶһἰŮϵıḻˡɴ˺񰮣¹ġ
á
ص⸮󣬹˵ˣһε顣
鵹ǲȫֻ֪Ҳһѵ
չ˵´󵨲²⣬ѵѾֳ٣
ǵûСҪҲ¡
˵ǿǻ֪Դ𣿡
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Ī˵ˣǼð֮ΪҪðأƴ˵˵˶ӦûмС㣬ҾȻҾô¿»Щӡ
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չæ˵ģѼǿǴ̿;л῿ۡ
չ᱾˼ˣСǲ׾ºεȴʧַ֪Ҫñزɡ
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һҹЩΪά壬Ϊ˹ңϹᣬ費ϧǷΪάǴ̿ͶԱʹ
ˡ
չǴ̿ı̵оȴҪؽУҪú
һץǴ̿ͻ󡣡
Īչѣ˵չѣǴָ̿һҪССġ
չѿΪĵĪ̵ģ˵֪һСĵģİɡ
šҪǵãڿɲǹһˣ㻹أ
չѵ˱ץһǰǸŮӡ
ŮߵˡȻ󣬱վ
һԵŭ󵨣˲δ¡
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¡˷ˡ
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ѰҹݺȴҪЯ
Яֻ
˵Ǵߣ
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Ĭˡ
˵ڵػء
˵ⲻֽͨ
Ŷ𣿡˵չʶѽ
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ˡ˵ǣʲôΪȴһζʵأ
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ôоƺͬ
ʵʴˣʲôĹ
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ѯ֪ǰѽǳ̴ģ˸ַ̹ȥˡ
ָĵص㣬ȷһҴ̣ڴ
չǰʵ̨ǳ̣
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չѰѽݸˡ
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ȷ𣿡
㲻ŵĻҵ˳﻽
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λ
չ˵ϵѽ𣿡
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ϵɻǵѽΪ˭
ȻǵáЦ˵ǿǶʮǰˣҾǶġģһԣǱɽѵһĴھֶƵĺýƲǱҲϵľƷ˵ǶԽҪഫģҪ̵Ҳ̺ˡ
п֣չѺĪ̫ĴˣȻûз֡
˵Ϳڽ棬ǿ
չѺĪһȻˣһԷֱ쳤͵ؾõĴ֮
Īչɽ·ϣ·ķ羰Ī߳üˣԼٺõҲɢˡ
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֪ģСĪ㵣ˡ
û£ֻҪüͺˡ
СĪһ᲻úȤ
˵ʲôɵأģСĪЦ˵èԭڸôûš
СĪлл㣬Ϊ㣬չѶƯаĸоˡ
ĪЦǼҵĸо𣿡
ԣǼңҵĸоչ˼
Īܹ飬ڽƯ꣬Ȼ˿⸮ʼǹ¶һˡ¶Ī૵Ҳмҵĸо
ǼţͻȻһԶĵ





47

Ī޵ĵ
չ˵СĪϦʵˣࡣ
Īһ㶣ЦʵҵļΣ
ǰ˵ʫ˵ǴֻӦУ˼ܵüţ
ô֮Σ
ȻҲܺãľǸһСĪļգܱȡ
Ī˵ֿͣ˻
ѭȥֻһŮԼ䴵ѡ
˲˿ͣ´࣬תȻꡣ
꿴ǣֱʵ𣿡
չѿĪĪҡҡͷ
չȴ˵չĳܾǰ
ǵ𣿡
ǵˡ
˵ŨױɫȾ֣̥컯Σ֪еġ֬÷𣿡
ĺб飬ѵ㻹д飿
βҵһгأ
ĪһʱߵˣǾȻʶоɽʲôϵ
ֻչ˵лöˣ
չ˹Ȼ鴫Ҳˡ
Īżô£չѣǲúøҽҾĲ㣡
ԹԵ˵ţĪԼһˣʱƲѡ
ǰҹ˸֧ۡо
Ҳش⡣һΪʲôǰķ粨ȴȻ
ҺףҲס
Ȼˣֻ顣
չЩΪѡ
ֻܹһ·
ںδ
Ҫ֪ĻһоͶᷢˡ
áһķ
һ仰Ҫ˵ġ
˵
Ϊҵܵܣһ᲻һУǣ
ߺչѻعȴĪŭСĪôˣһҵ
Īյǰҧгݵ˵ʵôʶˣʲôϵ
չѿͻȻս㶵ģô˵һ㶡ŻȻЦ˵СĪòڳԴװɣ
Īһæ˺󼸲˵˭ڳԴװ㲻˵ˡ˦˦䣬Ҫˡ
չѼ״æϣ˵СĪǧᣬֻǺܾǰʦѧյʱͬأ֪Ҷѣټǲ鵽ݣֻЩ㲻Ҫ˼롣
Ҳûк˼أûгԴףĪĽͣﰵ˿ͬʱְԼںʲôڳԴһ
СĪʵҺܸˣ֤ҡ
Ī·
ڲ˰ɣչСʵ
ˣǸϿȥɡôͻȻô
һ䣬ҲΪ㰡
ȻܵͣĪˣʱģǹһҸֵ΢Ц
һɨ֮ǰæ·
ⲻ֪һĻĻּǶôôۣ
ȵչѺĪ˻ص⸮Ժ󣬽֮һһ
룬˵ˡ
չʵ˵ܣ
˵ͷ˵ʮǰˣǸʱ򱾸Ѳղͬ򸾡
Īʵܵĸĸ𣿡
˵ʱֻͬصһͷֻӱһԵϷʧִԣȻڶԣǱΪΪִ֮˲֪ƣʶű߽ʮĿۡ
Īĵûɱ˵ķ黹Ѳ⣬˵ѾǺˣҵȴһᶼô롣
˵ѾǷʩˡ
˵ֻû뵽Ѻ;УͻȻ
һֱӴΪˡչѻȻ
ô˵ǽʮ˵
ΪΨְܵ˺ôģ˸ж
ִֻԲ򡣡չѺܵġ
˵ˣ˭ҲȲ
˵ͷ˵ҵ
գñݣֻǻƶûа취ʶ棬˽˵֪˽֮¡
Īӹ߿е֪º󣬵һӦڰٵ˭أСӣ̫ÿζӹѵǻĻԭȵǸǼٵģڿ⸮ĲģңԼĪˣôʲô鶼а
˵֮ϿɱȲûƸԽΪ֤ٲʵ
ָڻƸʵ㣡˭ηʿ
ذˣСͬˣȸþӲɽ˷ɲɽ뾩
Īеˡͬء֣˼
㡭
ذˣҲ
δʻ뼱ش𡣡
֪
㣬ںδ
ذˣڱ¶ʮգͬԼҸС
ָһʵʲôģ
ذˣ
˿ߣָһ㣬԰˵ͷ
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ڡ
֪ȷ
¹֪ĹӵȷǺ
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㣬ô֪Աߵĺ߾쳣
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Ϣŭ֪
ʱĪ˸ŵĲ²⡣ִôĵӺС˵֮࣬ʲôĹѪŶι²඼˵ֻû߼ʶѡ
˶Ի˵ʱ飬ʱĨɷķֲǶ˭˭𣿡
ذˣʵڷֲ
СʱĶϷܸüǵðɣ
ذˣǵһЩ
һǶˣֻԼϸϣǶ˭˭١
ǡ
ȿʼһָǸڿ⸮ġ
СʱһϷ㲻Сĵ˳
ԶԶԣ
ǻʲôϷǲǵã
ǵãǵãȻǵãҼǵһʱèèһܣһûţ͵Ա߳ȥˡ
𣿡
ذˣԵġ
Ǹʵô˭ģɼǵã
ҡ
š˵㣡ɼǵôһ𣿡ָǸȵƸġ
ذˣʵ£Ĵ󲮺СģĴ󲮣صﻹûƴѵһ٣С㻹Ϲ˰ʱ䡣
ûϲɫˣ˵û
˵
˵
˵ʱ龰˵֪ϸڣ̽飬֪ĿܡΨжԳ裬ǵ߱ѳ졣
ɻǵСʱЩ裿
ذˣ񲻼ǵˡ
аǺļˣʼ˼䡣

֪
ƴˣɼǵŮʱĶ裿
ذˣ⡭
ŮСʱ򲻳ġ
񣡡ЩáĪ룬Լܲµ˵ҲѾµ߰˷ˡ
˶Իƶ˵Ҫˡ
ǡذˣ¹ȷʵǲǵˡҵںԺﴵ
Ǻ˵ˣԸ⵱ͥපûƴ˲öᡣ
ˣȡ
ˣǵӡæ˵
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žľȡñá
ǡ
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˵Ӵ
Īһչ֬÷ֻӲǶصģҲֻԼǰδѣᴵҲ֤ʲôʱĪչ뿪ˡ





48

ʵɼǵӣ
ذˣǵã֬÷
ƴˣɼǵӣ
ذˣ¹⡭
ǵõģԲԣ
ذˣ¹ٲ
˵ʵ
¹ټǲˡ

Ϳŭ̾˿
ǣ¹
㸸ŮۣҪΪö᣿
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ȥˣã
ú󣬰˰ѻƶ˻
˶Իƶ˵֪ΪδҴã
¹ٺͿ¹پȻǵﻹǵѣҲǵá
˴ǵú㱥ʫ飬ͨ˿Ѳ֣
¹ҲΪûмǴôǵˡ
ĪһĬĬ̾ԼŮ˼ĸװ
˵ҲûмǴ
ǣǴ˵
ǱҴõɣˣ
¹ٺͿʾ
Ҫ׷ȥֻҪеα֤ˡ
ƶһǣ˵˼˵
˵ͷ˵ֻѷ٣ֻ˵ѡҶĹģ˿̵ΪͷĪѹ
Ǵ˵˼˵ǰġ

ǣ˭أ
ҲǱҪ׷֮¡
ʱչѽˡ
ˣҪ档
˵
ղڹ֮ϣǸӸ֬÷Ȼͬһӡ
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Ī˵ˣˡֻ֬÷Ҳӣ֤ʲôĪûмʱˡ
޷ȷƾһӲܶ϶ݡ֬÷
˵شˣ֬÷ʮǰн̷İԹСдһ̷輿ΪؽڵĹ¡
ĪһѹԼǰû
˼̷輿ΪؽڵĹ£òɺϰɣ
ˣ˵
ͬرŵ֮ޣҲܵĸף˵Ҳһ輿
ʱƶ˵ʴˣ˵ǲʮǰͬʧɱɽկԵǸͷ
ǡ֪£
ˣǸʱ¹ٻͬصةղ󰸣¹һֵؼ¼ȻʱطģΪ참Ĳο
̫ˡ뼴̽ðҪϸ鿴
¹ǣ¹ٻ֪мǣ
˵ƴˣǸðĶܾܿı̰˵ӡ

˵ֻƲ⣬δ֮ǰĪݾߡ
ǡ
ҪǼ˵ʵֻ¹ؼϡ
ĪǸͤںܻңԼѾֲʲôʱ˵ʲôˣǲ̫ڰԼһͻǹˣǣѾչлԼˣﻹʦôѣǿͻ˵ǹ
չַǸͤȻˡ
СĪôˣչʵ
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ɱ˻ƴˣĿڼ޻Ӧʱ⡣˵Ȼʱ⣬Ȼܹȫ׼ô᲻Ѱأ
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вδгֵ֤ݣץǰʣǴݾߣ׼𣿡
ǣģĪ̾
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룬˵֮󣬼ڻصֳǣǽڵϡ˵գ˱ѽ˵ϡ
ˣѧס
ǿҴҽ뿪ߣû뵽Ѫ뽣ʣѵģǾʣϡ
ѧˡ
ĪҲٴ̾˹Ȼְ





49

ˣչ˵ֻҪķҵͬѪͿ֤״
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룬˵á
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˿һеݣ˵ô˵ĸ˲֪ôһˡ
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ðϹ֮һƬТģֻ¡
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ԣ˰˵ˣλƽȡ
ɻʲô˿˿ЯһЩռõĵߣ˵չȥλﵽǺ

ĪչԶھ֡





50

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شˣɢǴ˵ܽľ綾
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ǰɣǷ˵ʦʮ˭ɱһҪѧͨ취ȥˣɢȥˡ
÷ˣ





51

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أ
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ĪƳһſ̸۵ĹߺǷһۣתطˣûʦҲûµȺ˹鸮ڵ˼ĹŹָоϣܾԼĳعйеǹ䱳ˣʲôĿأ
ڶգĪͷ͵֪ҹδɣ֤Ҫն
ĪԭǰһѲֵļֵСǰȥ̳鿴ĪҲ֪Լڴʲôܾû漣СǰһֱΪֱֻ飬ЩΪʲôˡ
֤ͣغԩѺϷзϵ˵ĳ֣Īֻлңǡ
ǧһʱ򣬳ˣ˾ˡ
ʱĪһ漴ˣֱˡ
˵֪֮󣬾ѯչѵǷ֪չѵ˽˵֪ȻǣֻǵĻԺ鷳
һԺǴ˱⸮ˣֱӿھ˵ɰ֮йأ˵⸮жʵ䳰ȷһ
ߺ󣬰˱Ҫ£Ǵӿ⸮ñ飬ԼȲ飬Ҫ뿪⸮һʡ
ĪȻҲ⡣
Ī֮ʱģ
شˣĪԭڷֳ
ȥ˷
ǡ





52

ʱ۽˵ԺĴ˺С͵ˣչǰȥ
˼ĪԭҲ˽ʻ
ǵʱС͵ץ˽ȻչҲˡ
֤ʵǷ֮ˣָҲ֪˭ǣֻ֪һλǰ⸮Ұԩͨǵ֪ǹǷңӶ֪˱Ǵׯ
ֻǣԺҫͥҲ֪Ժ뿪⸮ˡ
չѵȥׯǷҴؿ⸮
ǣһ˻ˣ˵Ƿһʱ޷뿪Զھ֣˿κϷ˵ʱܸģκϷ˼ֲϷˣϧֿչѵֻκȴ
˲ŭҪǰׯ
ĪŹڿ⸮ڣһԺˣֻһͬĻа˵϶ǵȥ״ˡ
˵ڻˡ
Щʹĵʵʵ˵Ժٵô㿪⸮ڣʵڲŰ֪
үʵ˵
侮ʯ˵ˣж೤㶼Ҫ˵
ˡ˵
үµôǰҹ׮˵𡭡´ԼŹ𣬰
֮ʣǺǲм
ˣ
ˣϷ㣬Ѿͷô£ׯ
ˣ˵ǷĴͽǴׯ
ǶʱȻ
վһԵҫͥ˵ˣĩ˵ġ
ĪѴˣ񣡶쳣ֱ˾ǹؼ֣
ʵĴˣ˻ݣ
ĩǽ֣в֪֮
Ĵ˼Ȼ˿϶˴ׯΪԺԳٳٲȡж
Ժֻ³˴ׯ˿⸮
Ĵˣ˵Ҫзִ磡ŭҫͥĻ˵⸮ʹׯٸͽᣬ¿ɴС
Ժһ㵽˰үⲻǷִ𣿡
㡭
˵˿̲ǳѿ֮ʱ򡣡˿ҫͥǣٿ˿ˣ˵ׯʹ˰кι
үٲ
˵ʰˣ˿̿иأ
޸
ô˵ׯΪŹͼ
ΪĲɣ
һЦ˵˹֪ϷԱǣ˵ŰүһһĺáʲôǣϷͻС˿⸮ǿɾʰˡ
ˣԵ÷ŭĻв˭ܵˡ
˵ˣһ⡣
үסүǲϣ˺ֵһʰҲΪ˰˺ãŻ
ͷ˵˵زˣʵʵ˵ʲôѴ㵣
үһ̹̹֮У̶գ𣬰δǰȷԾʵӻرү
⡭ЩΪѣŰ˵ģˡ
ǲԸ⵱ŰүϷˡ
ˣհã࣬
˼Ȼ̹̹ΪξһζرؾᣬأǺƣĪ˽߲ѡʱȴֻţֻᷴø⡣
֮ĪҪҹã
Ȼ¹شѵԾٳ𣿡
˿ֻү˵ͷֻôãһ󣬻Ǹҫͥ
ͳȪ
ʵ˿ԺеѲذ̵Ȫ
СС˳Ȫ
ﱻ̣ʵ
ذˣСġʱ˿һվһҫͥǾź£СҲ֪
󵨣˱ڽîʱ̷Ƿӣ˿ɹ»Ұˣв֪֮
СģСġ
ˣҫͥ˵ҵѾ̲öᣬ˺αضһ٣
žľŭ
Ī̾һðһҺȺȲˣΪ˷ŭƢº͵ʦҲ֮ɫչҲ˫ֽȭŭɫҲͲ˵ˡ
˵֮ϣɧţĴΪԺУξѵ֪
ҫͥ˵ĩӣֻү鷨֮࣬ȴҶ˱һ⡣Ȼҹɫˣѵү룬پ𣿡
㡭
˵УξĪҪ꣬ΪλնףԵɣӦ
ҫͥ˵ذүĻݻյе⣬ųնЧȡȻĻʴȣ۵ļСδϵ˾֪ڸģ֪жһٴͽӣȫ
үŵʵˣ
⡭˿˿ҫͥǶԾǺ𣿡ǣǡ
˽ǷҺκ˴
ʵǷңǺηʿԺΪ⸮
ˣ㲻Ѿ֪𣿡
ʵ
ذˣŮˣŮΪŮ⸮ŮҪģһ·׷ɱӽġ
ɻʵ׷ɱ׷ɱ㣿
Ҳ֪
˵ү׵ɱȻ˶֡
Ŷ֣
үģŮҲ԰
˴
ŮˣϢŭŮ˵ˣ˵
̾һ˵㣬շ֪飿
Ů֪飬Ů˾ǵİǷЦ˵ȻǸٸСѾͷ
󵨵񣡡ŭ⡣
ǷҺ֪վ˵ף˭ʲôʱ򿪷⸮
㡭ĪͻȻúЦһｵһĸо֪޾壡
Ƿңžľ
ǡǷ¹
ָܺʹ󵨽ʵ
ûָʹǲˣȲǣܵиȥȰҰǾȻĿ⸮ԩ찥ʲôԵģ
ҫͥŭ󵨵񣡡
˴Ĵˣҫֻͥñ졣
˳Ƿ˵Ƿң̲к˵ǲ
аǷվ𣬰Ǽ𣬡ƣ
һϵ˳Ǭ𣬻Ψʡ
ǷЦ˵ǰƶӲҵķ۵ġ
˵ƣֱƣ
ʲôưʦµһ㡭
Ƿң˴
˵ˣ˵˵㡣
˵ȥ
ǷЦֱͷ˵лˣǷЦƵ㲻ţǰɣ˵գһ˦ָۣ˵ˣʮһо٣ʮȫգϥ¶ŮȴѻȻ˸ŮŮˣ䣬ֻҪϳ˫ô˫أŶŮӡ
һɺԣǴĻ
ߣ𣿲ɣףǲһס
㡭
Ƿң˵ٸҺԣݹֱ͢ź򣡡
Ƿίع





53

˵ˣôⷨͿ⸮ȫȻ޹ء
үٳ˵ʰˣСѾͷȻнٷ绽ı𣿡
ʱ˵СˣĪ˵ԩն˵ķ˵ƽԺҴׯԶھپӢҲһհ졣
㡭
󵨣ŭ⣬˾Ͷŭˡ
ˡ
վ˼˵˵Զھ֣κʲôˣ
ذүκδˡ
㵲ѣͣ
Ƿҵ˱Ѻ˴ΣĪһ
̣ŹĪ
ĪɫôôѿǷʵ
ŹӦæĪһΪ֮ɫ
ʲôæ˵ɣܰһġ
Źйҵ顣
飿飬Ӧ𣿡
Źڹ˵һ㣬𣿡
Ƿҿ˿˵ã㡣
Īģָȴһ𾪵ģ
ôĪʵ
֣
ôˣ
Īʵ㲻ĹȥδȫһƬհװ֣ҵһ顣
ĪɫҰףȴж顣
ǷҼɫѿĵʵĪ㻹ðɣֻҹ򻹲ңҲǡ
ûµġ
ֹǷңͬһηľ̺ԱߵȪҲ͵ĵؿ
Īʧǵػص˷һƬհף
գȥȡϵĲ챻ɱˣȡصһ֡
˾ݴˣƶϳҪɱǷҵ˲ֻǰˣҲɱ۵ˡ
ʱˣһǴģҪ˰ƽ̲
һã׼ƽ˰
һΣͳȪ˲ͣغԩ
˵ˣǷŵĻ𣬷ŻĴˣ
ȪҲָҫͥ˵
󵨣ҫͥ߳ŭ
Ҳŭ⣺ūţԺȱΪȫҵǲ֪жȻҴֹã
ˡ˸һڣҫͥæָͳȪ˵Ѻȥ
ǣ
Ҳæֹ
Ƕ԰˵˲ǵ޻̸֮ɣ
԰꣬лҪǡ
˲طģ˷ϷԽ̲ʷ䡣
˴Բӡ
Ŷ˵Ϸ̲ģرԺ˷ʰˣϷв֮
˵ȻԺȴɷҿ⸮Ͷڸãδƽˣɺ
ЦǺǺǣϷ֮ǰѾĽ˹ѵⲻѾ˽𣿡
˵ˣɱ˷ɴ˴أǴ˵ǿ⸮ã˷ڹ֮ϵԩָԺĴףҪԽˣ˷ÿ⸮Ҳ¡Ҵ֮󣬽˲١
߳ŭһ䣬ǽˣ
ֱ׳˵򽻣򲻽
ǽ
δ֮ǰˡܽˣ
ǵŭȥ
ú󣬰˽ͳȪ˻˵ʧǰеüҫ̲ͥǰһСҪЮǴеյеģ˵˲ϵ²ҫͥյžɵеﲻòյĶɱۻٵġ
գһá
ͳȪٴҫͥ
֮УҫͥԽƱ磬Լ֤ͳȪˡ
չ˵ˣΪĴԲʵ
㽲
ַ֮˧Իȸϵֳ֤ʱǰӷȪ
ʵȪʵ飿
ذˣȷд¡
ʾչѼ˵ȥ
Ĵ˸ϵֳǶ˴ߡ
Уξд£
ĩְڣӷδ֮У
ҫͥŭ֮ϣ
ҫͥ˵˽ܸиɰ
ߣ˵ӷʼΪֹڼʱУξ˵Ŀ˷ݻУȴΪβΥ飿˵淸ݻУȴΪβϽߣƾչ̲飬㾹Ȼֹչ˵ʡɵ㣬Уξ㽫Բ˵
ҫͥʱƿԡ
ʱ̫ʦˡ
˸λ˿
̫ʦٿ⸮Ϊ
˵ʥּ̫ʦǰ֮ͷˡ
ͷס
㶼ףͻˡ̫ʦ˵Ϸ˵Ժ˱е㿪⸮ˣܲˣд£
ʱҫͥ˵̫ʦūţ޿֣ȻҧһڣߵǷǣָĩݻ֮ˡ
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̫ʦδ֮ǰҲʶԡ
˵ˣòĺУξɣ
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̫ʦձеһδԺִڷıѺڿ⸮Σӵﷸǰ⸮ͶúԩѶ֮У˽֮˵
˵ඣ
̫ʦ˰ǣѷԺļ¡˰ƣ֣̫ʦ
ˣϷǷʥּǰЭԺִһУ֪һ֪طʥּҲΥϷʣνͣ
̫ʦ˵̫ʦǷּǰЭȻ˿⸮Ժִ֮ɻعּ̫ʦһζָΥʥּĺڣĪ̫ʦΪ̫ʦԸɣ
㡭̫ʦŭøĿ˵İãϷ֪ںδУξϷʥʵ顣
ǡ
ֹУξδش𱾸ʻɾʹȥ
ĩҪ˵Ȼ߳⸮Ǻˡ
ڵػ
ˣʱĩһūŷ֤ݣ̲ζ
֤ݣʵ֤
ݻױź
ԩˣСǲ֪ʲôױźģͳȪæԩԩˣԩģ
Σֻãҫͥȥ
⸮һ̲Ƿźα
Ȼû뵽̲ϴڻ̲Ϊȡźʱ̡
ڰ˲֪ʱҫ̫ͥʦ֮ǰׯˣ˵Ǿɱ̲ɵӷ˴ׯš
⸮ڣ˼ȷߺ
չ˵ˣ֮һƴϾץסҫͥĺβ͡
չѣĪޱȣ񲻽ŰԹ֮顣չѹرߣ֪ڵҲ϶ԹǲԼֻôĪ޲ѣӦҵģôôϧԼҵȻһ˷˿ð˵£˻ôֻôӦñҸġΪʲô
չ
ˣģһԻᵣ˵գת뿪
Īæ׷˳ȥǰ






54

Ҳֹ㣬ֻϣܼס㲻һˣ㻹ҡԣΪңһҪúõģҪȥΣյ£Ҳһγʧȥİ֮˵Ĵˣ𣿡
չѵΪȥϵˮСĪ֪ˣֲȥƴġСĪΪ㣬չѲµģһ߱ϱԸ
Ի˹չˣȥ
á
ûã˻ԩ˵Ĵׯ䣬ŵ֪ׯ顣
չ֮ǰˣĪһչѷһҫͥ书·ͰͬһޣӦͬʦֵܡ
չ֮󣬾͸ˡ
չѣҪȥģĪæʵɫȡ
СĪȥ˵գͿ첽뿪ˡͽĪʹᣬ˺͹߸̾ѡ
Īصû˯⣬ڴߴ磬÷紵ϵˮһһµԻͱҩʦҴææ߹
߸ԻƫƧЩһ䱸÷ߵĴһ˻ߡ
չֱ˵Ͽ˰ɣ
˭
Զھֵʦչ˵һҪȻ
߲鿴һ£˵ͷ˸ˡ
չѼæ˵Ψһ֤ҫͥеˣǧˡ
ƼΪأ˵չȥѷɣóЩˡңо綾Ҹ;Ȳ
չЩΪѣҹǲϣ֪Լġ
߿һۣ֪˼ĳ˵չǸ֪ĺù׵ġֻǣԺǧҪӵģҪԼˡ
չףȥ
ˣѾˡ޵˫ۺ׵ĪǵĶԻֱ˽ûۿչһֱۣӵΪڴһϢ洦ƣ˵ȥŹϵѪõĽҩ
ãȥչѾҪ뿪
˵ֱӰ̧ȥ
ֻǷңϾ̿ǸʦʹṦ뿪ˣչæϡ
ߵļѣĪͷʹΪʦⶾ
ѾûˣĪ˵ʦҺˣȻطϢ
á߿ʧǵİͽ뿪ıӰʹѡ
Ī쳣߻طҲƲס˵ڴϣű޲ѡչ쵰ҺˣȻҲðհأֻèèҪǸҾˣһҲ쵰ھȻȥ֪֪ѹһ̵ġأ
գҪתۣҫͥĸס
չѽĸؿ⸮ʻ
ĸ˵ҫͥǸˣǰ첡ĶǹӡģĸŲ˵ҲûټȥֻչѰжõϢ֤ʵеĲ²⡣
ڶ̫ʦ󣬺Ͱһǹս
֤ׯʦ̫ʦʵ̲εôڿ⸮أĪľΪչѵ
˶ʱȻ
̫ʦˣҫͥ˵㵹˵ǣ

һ˵ӦûԲѣӦÿڲԡҪǣӦ޷粵֮
ˣ㡭
̫ʦ˵ˣ˻ָ
ʾһ¹ߣĪӹ߸Ĺʵݸ̫ʦ
̫ʦʵʲô
ǰУξָдϴ˵ӣԶھֵʦױʻѺĹʡ
̫ʦʵУξ⹩˵ıƹɾ¶֣ģ
Ȼǡҫͥ˵˽ƾһŹʾ϶ĩ̫ˣ
˵Ժ̲ƾһѱٵźͶ϶ͳȪʲô
ҫͥʱ
˴ҫͥĸ׳ϡ
̫ʦʣ
̺Ƿ˵ҫͥʱѡŭɱԼסҫͥˡ
ͳȪţǷҲͷţҫͥǱֻǾ̵Ѱ죬ɵն
֪˾һʥ͵ƣǷȥҾ̲֤ˣȰýƾԼһ
ǣҫͥա̵ʱ򣬾̾ȻҪǿƾһֻ̡ͣ
ҫͥĸԼסĵطԾǷҴϳ£ȵȥʱѾˡҫͥҪɱǷңһ·׷⸮ڴУҫͥѣҲʳ
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ӽ֮󣬿⸮ָֻƽֻһЩ޺СӡȻ⸮ڵȴɣԭܼ򵥣չѺĪսˣȻŽ̾Ϣкܶൣǡʵ˵սҲ׼ȷȷе˵ӦĪչѵ
չˣСĪԶԶؿĪչߵѣȻԻһʧ
չѿ첽߹ȥСĪ
Īתߡ
СĪ
һ£չһæɣͲҪ˷ʱˡ
СĪ˵չѼ
ûʲô˵ġĪ첽뿪è
СĪչվԭذûڲѣ֪롣
ͻȻ˳ļ򣬡õģҪĲ鰸һʱýܣ취һ¾ûˡ

ʲô˵ˣչҪǸҹͽܣҿɾŶ
ģչѲʧġ
ǺǺǣҷĵġ
ԣػƸ
ĪССڵأ
Ŷã֪ˡ
Ī·˻ķ䡣
СĪˡ˵˵ǰտ⸮˼ӣ
ţѾˡ
ʵСĪû°ɣҿɫܲ
İ˵СĪϾǸŮӣȻڿ⸮£ҲҪעϢǸչѵô𣿡
ϸĵע⵽Īչѡʱɫ˱䣬ʵСĪòչʲôɣ
һҲĪϿʲôǲ۸ˣչѲӦ˰
Īһ̾˵ֱ̫̫ˣ
ͻ
Ī˵ȻΪ˲鰸ϧԼ⣬ﻹǻ̲סʹûΪʲôµĻô죿ͻһ̾ϢϧΪýòᣬο
̾СĪչƯ׽ڹŶ꣬ȷλֵ˾صĴٺú̸̸ЩԹ߶ܿó
֪ģĪ˵ʵЩҶ֪ġ
Ҳ˵СĪ㲻Ҫٿˣͨ˾ͺˡҪʵ벻ͨͶչѶİƽʱĺãͻöˡ
Īᣬ˵ˣûˣʵѾͨˣֻһֱû߹˵ɶֻҪһʱ䣬˭Ȼʲôʲôģôģ
ͺã
ףĪ˵ôһֱ˵ĺðȡƵģ



лҪ˵ΪٽˣԼ⣬һֱ޸ģֻˣ֤ÿϴһ




55

ͻ񲻽һЦ
Ѿͷ治ʶģǿɶֻΪã
չֱŤ˵ҿõ˺͹ǿ⸮һҲܲܡ
ĪЦˣǰǶܹԼ
ص⸮Ժչ̾ͳǰ
СĪˡչѵϡǹġ
ĪЦˣţһˡ
Դˣ⸮Ժָֻƽ뻶֡
һգ³ص⸮Ժ󣬾һֱġ
ʦͽ߹ĵʵˣΪνģǳʲô£
˵糯ةἰһУ೯뾩λ򷵾ʥ;У˽ɱƣֻ¡
ˣչѻˡ
Σ˼æʵ
׷⣬һѾ˿ɱŮͯһ»ڡչѳü
ʱ˽޷޵ʹ֮С
˰̾ˣҹϯ緢ǻδϽա˶٣˼æʵӿ
ƺһ㽭Ϊչѻص
ҽɱ͢٣ҡҡͷ´Σ
Ҳ˵ε֪ٸλǷ
ʱչʾ⹫߲Ҫ˵ȥ̧ͷŷϡ
Ī˼״Ҳ̧ͷݶ
ˣȥһһѣ֪¡չ˵գܡ
Īظ˳ȥֻչѺһ˴Ǻˣչѡչ׷˸⣬ùһֽֽдţƴ˰ϻ˶ϻꡣ
һ˻˱װ˶ϻ¡ǷָһسһŮڼݡ
ʵŹˣ֪ˣ
ҸĸǼȥļ͡
Ī׵ľĹдȫţȥнʮĹ
һ˼һʵÿǱɱ
˵˿ǻǰɱΪͬһˣ
Ĺʵ뿪ٽĳ򣿡
δشϷ⣿ƽصϰѾˡ
ҸĸǱɱ
֪ٽ֮£
Ҳ֪ҵˡ
Īȥ˵ˣʲôһ֪˵һЩ˵Ǹĸ˽ɱʱΨһҴĻڡ
˵ͷĹϵ˵Ǿȥֲء
ֲغ󣬰һһҿջס¡
˳СʵСֲ֪иľˣ
Ŷ͹٣˵ĿǾǰǿɱ˵ľˣ
ˣ
ʵǱ˽ɱ
С˵òģȫʮȫɱˣǿû͸ץˣ
Ѽ鰸ɻʵ
ǰС˵찡Сʮ꣬Ƽİ
ˡ
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56

Īֹסһ·ͷӬڴϱĪһ·˳ǽַڳǽϣ޳
ĪͻȻҧҧһ˿֮ɫ˲ᣬվڳǽϴ˵Ҳ֪˭ȻôңҾ͸㣬㲻һʱ֮ڸһĻҾԾ
չһŵ۾ſԣǵǸȴ쳣ᶨıӰȴס˽ŲĵضһؿĬĬ
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ôԼǺηʿ֪أ



лҪ˵ָȥǺ⣬ˣ뵽˸õٸģĵĻһھͿȫˣ




57

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ȻΪʲôҪôĪĳ鴤ţᣬۣȻȫٵģ
껶ĸӦģԼҲû뵽
Īʹţüڻ谵оһ
Ī̾ϢţСĵΪҴҴǣ˯ɣѾˡ
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59

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ͳž˳ǽ⣬ڳǽš
ڳǽϴ˵ͳҪ췴𣿡
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ЩʲôĪû⣬Ҳûȥ˿̣е˼˵ϡЩӣ̫ˣҲԼ˿̣ǣŲ֪ĸоǣһȷˣѾˣԺΣһġӦϧһʱ⣬Ӧټˡ
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лҪ˵ڻʣˣҾͿ¿ӣͬˣ󣬸Ϸص㣬¿ҲѾֵĴˣʱ߷룬ȡոٶȲƪλءĳΪıƪҪдúõöࡣ




60

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61

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˵öԣûҩģʵҲûкڣҪȻôܻ㣬ֻЩпѡС¿ʼɡ껵Ļде
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껶Ƭ̣ﾹһ˿ϲã˵֮ǰĸ飬㻹ţ
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СĪ໥һỽʤǧ
ĪЦ˵ԺҲһ뿪ˡǰԼѾϰˣܾúܰĺܰȫ


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62֣

ĪʵҹĪͻȻзӦˡүү֣裡ǿ쿴зӦˣ
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