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磬ҹɫͲĹ
ɱ¾ǴڣǺڰ
磬һˣһӵ˲ܵεְҵָδ֪
ͽɵģרŶԸͽ˵ġ
ͽǲƵһְҵΪϵǺϷģҲиְҵץͽ˵֤޷֮ο󲿷ͽ˵ݶصġ
ͽ˶ѭһͬĹأǾǾԲᱳѹӶԼˡѾнһӶߵĵ˳ǮҪ֪̽ҲԲᵹꡣǹ֮塣
ͽ˵ļɡƻֹأ˺ͽ˵ܵͬΪ˽֪Ĺأͽ˵ĿͻǷǳġ
ͽ·Ϊˡ
һֻ֣Υµˡ壬ϴ󲿷˵ļֵۡ
ڶֻ֣ҪпͻǮǮ㹻ʲôⶼӵˡǶôĶӣҲܻʲôӰ졣
ֻ֣Ȥ⣬۽ǮĶٺа
ΪͽҪݣǲ͹ͨһרŴĵطǸط˳н˵Ҫͽÿһͻ֪ͨͽˣÿⶼԽȡҲط
˭һɹ˭ͽҲΪƶȣͽУһˡǾǵ󵫻δ㱨شǰǸȡɹԼֱӵ͡ͽ˾ǲͽˡ
Ĳͽ˲൫ǺѶԸΪͨ˶ߡԲŻͬߵͽڡ
ӵͽԸɵģڶԸͽʱҲҪԶԷĶԸԴӻȡϢжһ顣
߱صĹ
ÿ綼Ĺ򣬲ǰֱǼӡ
ӵʱĹҲӰġ
׼1߷ںϺ¡ӰҪжԷӰڣ߿Ʒз
2ʹ֮޷ת
3߷ΪЯߺ缤ߡУΪԽߣȫߣ߼΢ߡ
4ϣһʯѹߵ˵Ŀǡ
5ϴڵ߲ʮˡ
׼Ψһģ׼вΪ֪

ݡư

1] ݡưɣһĽֵֵò֡
ҹҾư˲٣ܶ͡ΪưɲͬڱĵطûغеֻƯĸֲͬ
֮ľưɣ˶ΪиԷ鲻ŵĳÿ䶼õĸЧͲͬȾ˷Χ
ưɵϰһʮӣסǧĵĻ󲿷Ů˶Ϊ˿Źġ
Ϊϰ岻ⳤúӢĵʦĻôһȫΪƭСá
ÿ仰ͻ˧ЦŴԩҺĽӳһҪСﻹҪƭô
ưеķΧ൱֮õġԵãҲȫ豣һ˽ȵĴڡ
ҲһںڰϺĵƹ£˶ֵԼ
ڰ̨ǰҲһĶϰѡˮĮ̇˸Ź󣬺Ǽ˵̸Ц
Ŀ˻ôడϧþòܾһ𡣰ѽѺȣոյõľƣͺһں̫ǺͷһҲȣְ׾ƶѧԻһЩ
ǡݡưĿˣÿѰӰΪϰĹϵǴӲǮġ
ƱûûƷλˮƽͲҪ˵˭˵ҵľζ̧Ʒһڣվڰ̨ڵĵͷζҹȻš
㡣ʲôʱܻ˸һξۻɡΪǸѧѹΪѹ֡ȻոսһŮѣԼֲöԷ֪ԾúȤ
˱ʴ⣬Ȼôشǧġ
סھưɣһݡΪݣǲҪϰ๤ģĻ˵סﲻܰ׵ʳͣǧĻǡݡưڵķ
ۣΪ˴Ӳҡ
İôûʱ仹ûһ̣Ѿס뵽ʲôһʱҲ˵˳
ʿôôأͻȻһŮĻش𣬽͸оͷ˲Ūһ
ͷгҲһŮӵ΢Цաˣž;û˿⡣־ڱϣͬʱǧĸԵͷ
Լ򹤵˻˼ðʿǧĽһʲƸԼӹµ׷ڰ̨ߵ첻˵һ䡣ΪŮ˸̫죬Ҳѧ費Ǯϰߵıһ¡
ҿǮĶʿչ첲ᴷ˼£ҲһŽǧġٽˣΪʲôǾͽС͵أ
ԭݡưɣһΪ֪ݣǾͽͽĴ
2] ˣȥ˰Ůˡһ˴ֱ̨ʱľǵ٩Ů˵ΪϤǷƶ䡣
ԱһˣҲתĿ죬գۣЦôҵĻҾͲôˡ
ӭ˺һۣͬʱǾϤô˷ഺһŮ˰סһ漸ء
Լʼһ㿴Ҳϼ޵ı飬ƶмĻӻ֣ⶼԼʱûѡԴҪǺһڿ϶Ѿȫְ̫̫ˡ֮Цһ죬Ҫһơ
㻹ɵЦҪǺ˴ָһȺˡ˵ѡҶҪѡʥƫҲ٩һ䡣ΪƶһֱǺܡ족ġ
ΪĹϵǼ֯ˡ˵Ĵ䣬*ƶ**
ǣѡʧˡһԵҲͣΪ˱ղűӵ£ﶼã̫û۹ˡԼ˵죬ϲԼսˡ
ô۹أƷһʲ裬ڷƶϣůůģĴȫǳǩΡ
ǵ鵽Ұɣһ˵ƴᱻĵıҲͬʱ˵ͷЦݡ
Ůɻ۲˵ôŵ̧¼ϵòûпͷҲ֪˭
õѾҲֻпŻôȻЦݡ
ΪˡۡѡҲڱϣһȷʵѾˡڽԶطĺʱ䲻ϻôҲС
Ϊ챨裬ֻб᲻ʱһˣƶĹǺæڽԾ͸ѼˡȫΪǧĵ֪ͨ
ǧĵݾǸͽӶ˵ý顣
Ϊû˧Цϵһ׼õľƣ˵ϲÿʱһ
˵ģôϲʰ̯ӣÿ뵽Ϊӱܼ˴ߴٽ׶ѴؼҳھܾϲŮʱڣ;ñ԰ʵں档˵ĴϾ˹ϵ̫ˡ
û취˼СҲҪСأҪǲһΪǷծҪæµͲҪ׳԰׺ˡһܰԹıô˵ţ衣
ܲˬĿ죬㻹ûеİ
˵ĻҲţ
ֿȻǺܳϿҵؿԼ뵽۸ԼͷѵҪ㣿ʼ˵˾С
ΪʲôҾڰأһ̨׷죬ƶƳߡ
Цǵ޳ӰڰԼ
ʱǻصưҵǧ˳Ƚһ֧ƱȻ󿴵Լ˶ڣͽһֽƵǰ
ø˵ˣҪСĵ㡣˳ǮҪˡ



3] ˽̽
̲裬ıɿڸС
³̲зһƬǱ̽ϰߡˣġ
մӡݡư뿪صԼĹò̽Ľգһ仯ҲûС
Ȼÿϰ˵𴲣Ȼڰ˵ŴԼİȮɢͨѩ׵СǴֵߵȮɰˣ
֮ڲһСʱ裬ʮ׼ʱҵӪҵ߸СʱŲûп˶ᰴʱţͬһ³ΪԼһٷʢĺθڵļѲ͡
ûӲϲȥԷҲΪʡǮǱϲԼΪԼ»ȥ鷳һ£ǶԼĲΡ
һԼҲ֪ǸϲŮˣϲ鷳ˡ
ҲҪˣǽϵĹӣӡ
ĳ׼չ
˵ҪȥݡưɵġǧĴ绰˵оһˣϣˣβ˵ζ൱ɿڣ׼ȥѧϰһ¡
ʲʱ򶼲ںԼҲǱĴ̬ȡϲϲѧϰ
ડʱ붼ʾӵ˵ʱ򣬱ĺľţֻδϣһ˷ɿ˽
գûɣ΢΢ĴżȴȻɢ׺ʣ¡˼ϡ
üһЦĻش𣺡ȷʵһݵģҽԼĻ
첻СĻҺܽ⣬׼ȷ˵ĻҿĿܶûˡܾҡͷʾԼ뿪ľģ¡˼ҲŲӸһ¡
һ£Щְҵ£Ǻðɣ˵һʲ°ɡ˵ŵͬʱҲ¡˼⡣
ǿ˵ΪʲҪң
Ѿ˵ԼᣬǱ߱˵غţ˸롱ơ
Ѿȫ˵ˣҲ㿴ˣܱ̽ܲһµİȫ
ȥݡưɵ·ϣ¡˼Լҵҵݸ˱ȻԼھһŴĹмʿҪɱ֮ǰѾյüʮˡ֮ҪίһƼġ
ȻѽܵģԸңûƴǵġȷ˺ıʼǣͷʾ⡣ûиҵķúܸߣ
˵˵úܺáԸǮȫ¡˼ЦС
˵ˣһȻҵ˻ȷǮͿסҼˣǴӽ쿪ʼǵĻټӸ򡣡ȫְҵ
¡˼ӦУϵЦŨ֮ʣȥﰢ
ȥѿľưɣԺҲ᳣ȥϣӦ
ưɣСϲȥֵط𣿡Դ
ʿ˵𣿲ƺΪСȴֱӽ֣û쵽Ǹϰɣϲ˸ĸȤ
ðҵǸ֮Ҫһһʱ䣬ǽֱȽСҼǵúҲƺġ
ҾʵڲԭװʿᵽѣһЦ
ԭװ˼Ĵʡ¡˼Ҳ΢Ц
˼
4] ڣ΢΢ˬ
¡˼ˡݡưɡ
ţһ۾Ϳڰ̨ǰı飬ƺĲᡣ
΢Ц˹ȥûʱֲŪͷü¡Сƣ⣿أȻЦʡ
ˬĻعͷǱʻԭ׼ƿڴ໰ĺһ
һڱУ֪һίˡ
ͽСүί鲻ˬҲ˴ܣһί֪ǳģԲᴵӵ۷ƢոտҲΪһ򲻱Ժ𲻳ڣһǻء
ᣬ۸ˣҲ֪ǧģ϶ӹ̫ˡ
ߣǲˬߡ
أȥʿԭ򡣡ݵķ
ߣ
˼˵𣿡ͱһ߽ưɺݣ¡˼ͻȻµ˵
ݡưɵĺݺܴһĹŶ䰢ķ䣬ÿĲöƣͬ
⻰òҪȻȲЩɱ㣬ͿؼˡȻһ򲻶˿ţǼȻ˱⣬ȻίȺʱȥ
ȻȷˣѵҲң
ίίڼ鷳һհٷ֮ʮ͡ǧĴ¡˼֪Ϣ
˵ϧ¡˼ҲԽŮĺܡȻײ鱨ϾְΧˡ
Ķ֣ǧĹ治أ
ΪʲᣬԭǿӰĺ˼𣿡̴㣬أ㣬ݻϵĴɫʵķ䣬һ۾ͿڰĦϵ졣
˿ܣ
üЦĿԽԽˣİ˽ȴкҲ򡣡̧ͷ¡˼ͷǸӡ
ŵЦҲ͸㣬ӦǺ²𣿡
첻ÿɷ
¿һ£ûпˡڣ۸Сˣϲ裬ȻҲɣǱϾûƵ
㣬ֻǺܲСĵıŮ˿ˡʵҲ鷳ء
Ŷ۾ȻȻĵͷ˵ɣҪȥʲ᣿
ȥһֱڰ̨ļĵ֡
ǶʲˣﶼûļˣҪȽȥĨӡղźôʱ˵˲ƦӣҲ̨ס
Сһͻ֪ˡҲ˵ˣҪˡЦݺء
һߵģ¡˼ûи
5] ǰаտһˣΪԼȥڷҲûж˵ʲô
뵽Աƽսܶ˵ġǰŶٿ¡˼ȤԼһͷС
ڵͽ˶죬ӦٺúñһЩŮǰѺԵ̫а
ȻˣȷʵһֱΪǸӦ˶ˣϾûʵϲԼŮ⻰߹ҲϹŮˡ
ֲִ̫ǺܵģҪһ㣬ᱻȻʲôĸҪȷ
죬иŮָҪ㡣
˶ֶɫĹ۲챻ϡǧƿŽƽ޲ദΧ
һŮˣ¡˼ʿǧĵһ¡С㣬á
Ȼǧϵˣ⣬ͽҲùӶҲã˭ûмˣŮ˶֪Ҳֺ¡˼ֻһͨŮˡ
ڼһֱ㻹ˡ˾ǧЦŶ˵
Ϲ˵ֿǺ޵ġһĴӰĦվԵ٩ӦǧĵĳЦϰ߰ǣϰ˵ûйǡ
Ҳ̬ȶԴˡ
˿ھưɰ̨ҪϰǸŮˣν֣жô󳳵ˣǡǡ෴ЩûС
Ůֻôִվ˵ҪϰĻðڵ˶ҿôˡǧĲȥ֪ͨ졣
ѾԼ£ڸղΪʲôҪȥݣȻͲøŮ˵ˡ
˴Ӻ߳һż
̳ɽɫƫƫ߻᲻ֵһɫȾ˳Ĵһݲܺӵ棻ڽɫֻ˷Ȼ󣬲ʱȴᷢɢᵽı⡣
ɫûпסɫĳɫĶ̿ٺȹȹɫĿѣĹԣһֵ֪ơ
ˣʱҲ߳ˡ
Һ㣡һ̬һ˵ĻŮϷŵĮоѾȫȡ֮һĨԹ
죬Ϊʲô˵һ뿪ǵļң֪⼸ҵж༱𣿡ַ˵ĻľٶĪ˵¡˼е棬ǧĺ趼ûϵ
Ů˭
Ѿ˵ˣǲʡϵЦʱһƬıȡͬʱҲҪƿŮˡ
ΪʲôҪôңϲϲҵĴץӵ·ɿ̧֣޾ί
ĿһŮ̶̵˲ôḻı仯ǧǲŮ˿лᵽô£
һ¡˼ȫڿ֡
޹ءִҪƿŮӣһ治Ҳ֡
ҪߣͻȻ̧§סĲӣҪԼʱһ仰Ҳֻڶߣϣ

֮һ

6] [ɯţŮ
ѧѧҵһ㣬ʵγɼá
ܻ棬ûưɡϷȵءУûй̶ѣߵ˸Ƶ
ͥͨ޲¼ֻǸĸ湤ﾭֻһˡ
ѣҳֹŲȶֻ󡣵Щº󶼺ܲԸҸתȡ⡣ֵע⡣
ر¼ڸһʱܹʱˣȴڽ˼󷢷衣
ĿǰͬͬѧŮѣ˵һȥľưɵϰ塣ס]
·ͼ֮󣬱Ҳ˱ʼǱԡ΢һŽü
ûšǿȻƽͣǵЦҲû
ΪҺСĹϵС¸ҪءЩƤЦĴߣϲɳñʼǱÿɳϡ
лŸմӱҳĹװơƣһԼһסһ죬¡˼ٲȻѾﵱԼء
ҲȾơڰʾһҲԼУһƺҲ׷ˡֻǴɳվʼǱľͷɳϡ
Ⱦıôкü־ưһ֣¡˼׷ʡסͺúõĹ۲ļҺ̽е̽ûʲôֻͬͲϲȥԷ
˵ǱʳȫĺܣƺϲȥУÿ춼ҪʵʳȻҲζſҪθˡ
ȻǾưɳԵĶҲȥǰǸϰ˻Ǹϰûиư˸Ůµ£Ҳû˵ϷֶԶ̫ſ
ڰ죬ųĶˡ
һǰµġ赭дĻӦ¡˼ʻɳϴڴڵĺơƵӣ֪ΪΣкȻ뵽Ǹǰӡ
ҲôĲҲô㣬ҲǵʱΨһĲֻͬǸѾס˰ɡˣôһſ˧
뵽ԼЦ˵ҲϲľҲ˵֮Աǵ˵˵Ů˶ͷʶôõѵϲô
˲͹˵ЦϡʵԴʶǸ֮һֱϰƽ͵΢Цˡ΢ЦʱĿκܶ㲻ĻԸⱻĸ顭
Ӧ˰ɣǿҲסˡ㱣ˣǰѣ
ܸȤ¡˼׷ʡȻڱĵҲܸȤĵĽֿ֮ɼĵطȥҲֲôһʱ˳ȥ
ûнѡһ߽緹ҪõĲϷڳ̨ϣһش
ļٵģ˭㻹ĶӰǸֵעĵط
㲻ѾôЦºͣʻ뵽ǰ飬ǱҸ
ѵǡǸưϰ壿
7] ʱǿвʱܾͻĳһЩǰ£ǰƬϡ
ιιһſҲҧ¿ڣ㵽ûۣţںɫƤɳϣȴԻн
ϧ߶һ㷴ӦҲûС
һ
˵סһֱĻΨһĵط
챾ΪԼӦ˼˰׷ģһȫûзģʵ֤ˡ
Եûб٣Ϊסµĵһ죬Ǳŷҧǳˬ
ʲᶼԱӣֶǾԲġ
һٵĶԹЧúø̸һ¡
ӽ쿪ʼûңû㿴Űɣ
ʱ䣬ڴʯĲǰĿڡ˵ʵϲգǰ֪ʧǲԼأ
Ȯר÷ߣźǷŻص档
һۣȻ˼֭ȱɵУܸһƽϣЩϣĿʡڽĶԻסĵڶͿʼ˵
ǺġҲҪشң
ޣ氡Ҫ赭дĻش
𰸣Ȼ뵽˵ˬΪʲ᣿
ɱҡֻ֡
ޡһ˲ҲھҪɱ㰡͵ܰοһ£ǲܽܵġ
ڲɱͽɱʲ᲻һ𣿡ЦķʡʵѾǵһˣʱǳĺѾСˡ
ȻвһҺܴڲɱ㣬ͿԼȥɱ㣬Ҳһ㱻ɱ𣿡
˼ᱻɱͷЦҲɱ㡣
Ŷһ㶡
ΪҺϲ㣬Ҳɱ㡣ԷǳƽǳЦĿ˵䱾Ҳ˵Ļ
⻰ݣס
þã˵껰ͼͺþãϲֳЦݡ
ŵЦݡ
Ҿ֪ҵ޵еġȻѾϲˣҲҪʾղĸҺܸˣ⻹ʾǲǵˡ
û˵ġ
һԼ㿴˾õ֤СͬҾˣΪ˸õʾҵҿǷҪɱʱҪֻɰǲСҵˡĻҾͽĸ顣
˵𾢣ǲĻ˵ʵڲǺܿףԱòѯʣľҪһĺøǵδ
ԭ˺˵ĹϵǽڹĻΪԼҵЦáȻһطеȻ
ȻȷʵЦݣҪҵ
һҲΨһһ˵ϲҲΨһһαʾ֪⡭

Ӱ

8] дרںϢ͸΢΢
ں߿ųˮһƬƬһˣ˿ῴƬǸߴŽЦݡ
ֻлĮĸоȻоǶƬϵˣΪ뵽ʲô顣
Ǽ˵һҲԭµ£ôĲͻ
ߴˣɢһɿԵ֮¹ˡ
ԼƬãֱٴȵĸõο壬Żعȥ˿һֱվԼǼˡ
˵ǰµʱǾҴġ
¡˼ѾҵǸ򣬺ںסһͬʱҪ鱨ҲҵǸͽõʾ⿪ڵׯɣӺܾǰΪߴ˷ͬƬϵǸҲǾʶֻϵδغʱȡ
˵ͽֵĿͲѿһԭĹϵȻҲֻǸ˳Ϊͽ֮ת䡣
²ô鷳ֱ÷ǳֶαŮ˵ͿԡʱΪĲӣɱһ㱨˵Ļûһ飬ߴ˵Ŀȴš
ʲô򣬶Ǹɱˣ˲úԼԸȴﶷֵһᣡ
һ֪ͨǡǸͽʵʱׯǺСĽģΪ֪ˣߴһ˵ִ
Ҫ֪뿪ǲԵġҪԼԹԵĻߡ
һ˵Ļߴ޵Цϵʲô齫Ҫһ㡣
߹ҪʱԴ֣
һҪ˵˵ϲҵĶԲԣ
ڡݡưɺɫ֮ڣһɰСŮǸСŮ쳣Сȴܳ죬ͺҪһ㡣
ͷ˵İ
ǰ˵ԼֿǲҲ㣿
ԭ찡ϲ
㻰أһӵӣ跢ɯŵעȥ˰̨Ű˳Ʀֳˣ÷ûлͷ
ͷҲ˵İ
㶼˵ϲĸϲİһûŵŮñϼĿ˿˹
ݡưɵĸЧǷǳõģҲԿõжô
ҶϲǸҪʵ⣬ɯŴһȻͬʱŲ̋Ҳ۵Цݡ
ôϲǲ˰㣿û̫עɯŵı飬ֻǺܲıԼΪʲô㲻Ůأ
Ůǲô˵ġ
Ӻ裬뿪̨һƳ֡վʾʲôʱҲǴԸдԵ
ҿô
9] ֻ죬һֱ˽ͨ״̬
һʰ徻Ų⣬ƺȥ绰˱Ȼʱϵϵġ
һԿÿһ¡˼ʱæһʰȻһ򶼲ɣһŮԼʵڲϧ硣
ǵһ£Ůܲһ¡
СʰˡҪæͰȥæɣðˤ˵Լӱù֮ȫŵϴ棬¡˼͵Ÿͷʼо⾿ҪĸťȽϺá
Դߵݱ֣һׯɵ˴ȥһ֯кþûôĶˡ
ûϵ׼һ£ҪšҶֻһϸָ˰ťϴԶͬʱҲ¡˼˵˻Ȼ߳
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ΪԼȥݡưɣĿĵ¡˼ȴܾȵķһСͱ
ס˭أ൱ΣֱӦš
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Ů¶ϲЦݣÿǽȥͬʱ¡˼һģ̬ҲѺá
ҵ֮þûˣ˵Ҫĺڴﲻƶǰͬѧϵ
¡˼²űԭ򡣰˵ղźµӣܻͬѧɵİ
Ǹҹ̫æˡҲ֪Լ򹤲õء˵ͬѧᣬôҲҪʱصɣ΢ЦѼ
ͬѧ᣿ɡˡ
ã㻹ûͬѧҾ˵㵱̽Ҳٳȥ棬δʵȥ漸죬㿴ûɽã˵Ⱦ̫󣬲˶һ档
֣ͬѧᰡ
Ҿöðɣǲ֪ȥͬѧ˵ǰۻϲֵмأ³ÿ¡˼˾䣬ô
ûʲô˵ǵġڰ֣ΪԼҪ̽Χ¡˼עûôˡ߹ȿڼӵĲãŮиõ
һ̶ģӦûˡǸ̶ƺʲô£ǧҪϵˡ
Ů˵ǧʱ¡˼עһ˲ԲĶԻʲôЦԼ̫ˡ
ѾˣȻûʲôװΣôӣֻǽϵһ൱ˣһ羰ͼʵǻᱻ羰ͼסˣֻ羰ͼһֺеĸо˵Ϊʲô
ã֪ˡÿζ㣬ԽԽԼ̽ҵܻܲȥˡһ߿ɵЦҲŮļ
ŮǸһ¡˼˵ҪƵδڵ£ŮȻһЦԲǲȾƵģ̡
Ŷһ¡˼ȴԼ˼ŮԵλ֪
ȻűŮһᣬǲ뿪ֱ뿪¡˼ҲûעŮһ˭Ļûʣ·֪
10] ¡һ粻֪Ĺ
֪ʲôʱʼꡣ󣬵Ǵһ΢ʪ⡣
ǧĿ˿ϵʯӢѾߵˣҪȥưɡʱưѾˣΪе²Żġ
ͨΪ˰ȫǧĶǲ뿪ݡưɵġǰһסưɵԭ䵥ܲԸǴεݡ
Լӿ˻ؾưɵĽŲڵĵطֻҪһӾͿԻȥϣʲô鷢
°߷ͷֵʼֵʱǧеġҲҪǰ飬Χٶ඼ûġ
ҲôţڰȫҲɡۿٹһܵݡưɣǧĺȻͣ½Ųˡ׼ȷ˵ˣ޷ǰˡ
оһͬվִֻԼʱһĨľҲ£ǧӡ崿Ц
ǧС㣬ѾþˡһֱҲˣԭǶ˭ľ氡һ˵ΪסӰӶ޷ǧĿ˵ӣһ֪˵пԿӰӵ
ץ˵ػأ뿪Ǹ˵ĵһͱҰŵ˲׽ϢǺǡ
Ϊ𣿡ڷʣܶǿ˵ġ˳ӿĴͣסӵ쳣ֹû˷֡
ߵĽ磬ֻҪ룬û˾޷Ҫ˵ɧ߸š
ܲ˵ǲô˷ŭġƢãЩ˵ҲôùءҲ֪й¡ӵĿƺΪηеĴˡ
ΪǴģϷ˾ɱΪʲô𣿡ᵽʱǧĿĮģǰһЩ顣ȻЩڡݡưɵһҪԭ򡣡ݱ䵽Լ˶ֻ֣̫ηҷ
˵ϾǷ顭һƺЩεĿǧľƺȫģֻ
һԼҲ˵Կʱ˵Щǡ
ʵһ˵ȻޣҪϴҵôûа취أǧĵ΢СУһ˼
û˵
Ӧ֪и֯˵ҪԸͽˣʵΪ˷ֹɱ˶ǲˡ
ǧС㣬ѾѱˡǲϷӴˣԴѾˡǧĵĻ˺ϧ
Ϊôûõ𣿡ʣǧƺ˵ʲô

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11] 껹ţ̾һ
һ˵֪̽ͨҵƵʹˣǰǵȷѡǵѾ˱ߡһϯ˵¡˼ݡ
ЦǺܴŮˡ
ٴŮûзʲôƺǧĵĻĲ¡
˵ĴڡҲ˵ûзֻһڻǲǶȷˡ
ôչˣǲţȻ뵽ʲôѵ˵
Ӳɵӣ˵ĻǧҲо˱֮ղҪĶҡģҲоԼϵ֡
һԼԶһȴֶԷûн⿪
ô㲻ţ
ǧС㣬˵ĶôҲһǵвأǲ·˵ġǣҪڴߣǽӮȴԸǵġĺܶࡣ
Ϊ򶼱ǲûüֵҿԸ㣬ǸǾԲпΣԼ˴ڵˣԸǾ͸õˣ˵ÿ仰ʵΪʲôԿ͸һֻˣ
뵽һ͸ǸˡʵӦǾԲᱻԸΨһһ˰ɡ
ô˵ҲԺˡڰ˷аһ־Ҫټǧģ˵Ļû˵ȴеԼҲ˭һ¡
ĶûҪ˵κε˼
һͬʱҲ˭˵ڰаһģŮȴû̫⡣
ȻڻҪͷʱ˵ŮѾߵԿĵطΪɡúܸ߲ûסһӾͿ
΢Цǧģ߲ûпˡ
Ϊ¡˼ԵʣҲʶġû뵽ղûֵĽӽ
ԵĻ㿼һǧĵĻɡ˵˾룬Ҫĺ⡣ǧģԷͽ⿪
оǧĵЩ䣬Ӧʱֲ̫߶Զˣĵʣôǧĸů֡
ҲЦˣԴЦǧܾúܿġʱҲǸˡ
˹ģ񼫶֮ˡ
㲻Ҷ𣿡񰲿űǰŮ˲Ҵ¡˼ݻʲôͼ
ӦòϣҶְɣȻѾ֪ҵʲôӦ֪죬˭ȽϳԿһЦûκвζѾܾˣϰ߱ƽ͵̬ȶˣѶһ
˵Ķԡһˮ˵ǷʱҲ򡣡˵ţҲ⿪˽硣
˿ǧģ˵Ļһῼǡ֮ǿǺڡͻȻЦһ¡
Ǹ˾ôȺ뿪ǧҲ߻ȥưɡ
12] ô֪ۿưԽԽǧʱǸɺϡ
ŵڻû;㡣Ϊϸպưе¡΢ЦŻش
¡˼ˣ
ҲԸ档
㻹Ҵ𣿡񰲻ҲΪûжԭ
ٵȵȿɣ˼Ҫܲһ˵
㲻̫һ¡˼ȶԸ㡭˵ͣһ£ƺǧľ⻰˵ʡ
ͷʱǺܴ󡣡Ӧɡ嵭ʲô̵ȴһ̶ǧ˵ʱЦ⣬лл㡣
űһºͣǧҲЦҡҡͷҿˡô˵Ҳǻ飬˴˹ġ
صư棬һۿ¡˼ںȾƣĵúܿĵӣ˽¡˼еĹǡ
нӹɡС𣿡ͬʱĵʡǧһ¡˼дϧѾʵˣٲҲʱߡ
ǵҲǧΪľţԸǧģΪưǲֵܶĵطﶼԣֻÿ˶֪Ĺء
ǲԸ˼˵ǧҲ˭Ҳûֻ֪ͨ񰲣˵˽áҲŻΪϧ
á¡˼һЦ죬Ժеº̸
Ǻ°ɣûлرֱܵʳڣ¾ƱӰ̨Ƴȥ
Щ죬ǧĻǸ˽ȥȻ¡˼Ҳһͬȥˡ
ԶųȵͺһСԹÿ䶼һϤʱϻ죬οˡ
Ծ¡˼ķϵǺģֻڶķ䲢ϴνǸ
쾭ỻݴšȫһĲãʲô˼
벻ף͵͵ڷ϶ֽţ˽ȥѾбڰĦϣŮҲ˵ط¡ԼҲһ㲻İǰʹš
Ѿ֪ˣȿʻǱӸղ̬֪֪мˡ
ر֪һᵽ˵ŵı䣬ֻǼ˵˵ģ˵ĸо棬Ȼϲңȴᱻ
һЦ֪ƢɽϣϵҾѡ
ҼȥӦþ͹˰ɣβҪǣ˵仰ʱֱĸоһǸ⣬Ȼܱ֪̽ԭ
֪ˡȻº͵Ц⣬ĻشȻҲͬݵǧģʱͰ㱣һҵĹˡǿĻֻҪܻ
ȵȣСʲô˼
13] ӿʼͱ̸гֺ¡˼;Щԣ˵Ǹ˱ǿסǲ֪ģǲ֪֪˹Ѻĵص㣬Ǹ¼
ᵽĸ˭һű˭ʹ°ô᣿
Ժ¡˼ҲֻȷȥֻǸŮһˣ˵ͬѧᰡʱȻĳʲôŮЦŸԺȾƵһĻֳ֡ѵǶһߣ
ôЩԥĪҲ֪óĺʼĽӰģºдģôݡ
Сô㸶ôǮ㣬㲻ȴʵʧҲҪһȻڵ˵Ӫ㷴Ҳ֮ˡ
ΪİȫŰġشǧģ֪ʲôʱѾվߵ¡˼ǰ
Ҳһưʲôȫʲôʲôʱ򶼲̽һ鱨
û򣿡شȴʣʱǧĺƽЩ΢ĲͬЦݲ䵫εס˶ӵ۾
ŶΪôһ¡˼һʱ¡ûϻشȴҲûж㿪ߡ
ܾشҵ߻شҵ˼ٻ㽫ʧȥ˵ҵļˣҽʧȥ˵ôҵļǣ򡣡˵ŻǧĵҲ¡˼ϡ
ľˣԼûעⱻ¡˼ɫЩѿǧĵЭ飬Ȼһ㡭
ʱҲ
Ҳ̾˿ǣ
ǧĵЭǰ˵ļʵеģ۶ǿֻҪʹֻ˵ʵһ·ǵԼʧ󡣵һʹ˶Сģ˵Լûյļ衣
ʵֻڽӽԷͶԷϵʱſʹõģֻҪȷ˶Է̫ѣƫƫû뵽Է᲻ں¶ֱʹУű˿ɳ֮
аûڵҪʳԼͽ˵ݣǾͿԹĶԸˣ
ͬϵ£ڶ裬
ǧĵԹȻģȻ¡˼˷ʱ䲻ֱӼԼݸһЩлǶϣҪ˵ġ
Ϊ˵ˣڿԼǷҪΪ˻ʧȥҲܳϣһӵùʱҲӲǧ׷ɱìС
ǡѰ졭
Ȼô᲻ȫأ¡˼ƽյʱǧĺȻ˴ϵ֣һЦˡ
˵Ļܾȡ
ʲô˼ǧһѺõӣٿһ߱Ѿں˵ȥȺ⣬Ӳݹһ㡣
㶣⼸˵ô£
ģȻҾͲĨǵ˵ˣưɾĻءǺϣҲԼ롣
ǧЦŸ˵Ļ
14] ӡݡư߳Ѿˡ
Ĵţµĸо
¡˼˾ưͱ˽ֵϡ۴ӷҵֵ˳߹ǽӽ˱̽ߵĽֵѾΪҹ壬˵ľ붼ûرı
ǳĽǼ粢ľȴûзСļ
¡˼ھưȻȸ֪ˣҪǵöǧСĵ㣬ưо֮ʹʲô黹ǲҪԡ
һ·˽̸Ļһֱǹȥ߾Ⱥ飬ߵԼ¥£ȴͻȻ仰
һ㣬ûκοͲȻ
ͷӨȻһЦȥˡʵӦЩϢ׼𣬺αطҪһأǰҲû͹Ĳô
̫Ǵӱڰ΢Ц֮תߵľٶﻹǿԿûΪ˾ͻͲá
˵ǻôһȻ
ǻǸϸӰ߽¥ǰѾȻһƽĿǣҲûпıС
ͣ½Ųعͷô
ȥô
䷿ӣΪã׼Ϊҡ˵Ǿļ࣬ļҾܰһ֪ǸԼ˵ķ
һĨĿЦݣѾˣļҺһ仯ûСȻסʱôɾô롣ǸʱͼּһҪܰԭҲǡŶ̨䶼зһ
뵽ǰΪϲȾŻرΪ׼ġԭûӵô
ҪȾôǰʱҲֻϸΪһƿƣһӡǸӵĺƣǰȵġ
ǿʼһֱûٺȹȵѾԼľˣ֪֪һһ֪ľƵζ˿Ȼͬġ
ҡҡͷˣȶӰͲֵˡ
˵⻰Լڱпʲôһƽ͵ḡֵ̫죬ɫԼۻˡ
ǲȷɫֹ첻ܿ϶ͬܿ϶ʲôɫҲֻĿˡ
ɣ˵ʲô
ùһ¡˼סϲ¾ǰɳϵĿһĻ˵Ҫ۰ŮԸðеĿĿšֱӺůʻʽǱĴϰߡ
ĴһҪǲܷ¶еĶͼǿ˵õ˸õɫ
ڶҪ󣬾ǿ˽˼ǸԼȫһˣ;Բϲ˿̽ܣǵҪ˵Щʲôʱε˾Ҫ
ֻ˽˵ЩʱйΣ˼

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15] Ҷ򿪣ɫԼıɴɫȴԶôྻû۵㡣
ɳ֮ϣǿ汻ת˼£첢ûнڱϣǿǸɾĴ
ˡ⼸ֵ˵ĺᣬ˵Ҳûظڶ飬ֻǰĵſԵŮʲôӦ
Ѿϰˣ˵ﻰʱӲȥ֪Ի˵ĻҲԻΪ˵Ļȥ룬ȻһܶаĻش𣬻ڲҵ𰸵˵
Ҳ˵Ϊʲô֪Ǻƶһ㡣
˵ʲôˣı䡣֮κʱЦദʽȻҲûиı
ݵĳ˼֮󣬡֪ôʡ
ʵпű˵ĻӦÿȷղſɫǲٴˣһεʱҪһξЩǷ֮ºȻǱڵı顣
ҪҰæùҪȥôйʲôľ̫ˣõ֪͹ûаǶθ鵱棬ȻϷȴδضǿ˵ͣͣġ
ڹϵ˵֮˵ġֻ㣬ϲġҲڳúǵú
Ůǿ˵ˣôҡ
µ˾ô˵ıѩһӾ뵽ˡ
˭мֵȥ˭ԡĮһἰ˲ܵˡǺֵŮ˵ˣȴڲ֪ĬͶͱһº֪ĸоá
Ǹֵôӵһˡ
ڻԸɣ֪д˴㣬Ͳ˵Щˡ
ĻǸ˸Щ˽˶ԹҲοܿԱĻᡣ˵ĻЩƽԼ˵Ϊ֪˵һΪĴʲô϶ǡ
ڻȷǷȫ޸֮ǰôĿǣΪԷֱĸɫʡ
º͵ûбĮҲû˵˻ǾܾĻͻȻ;һִûй𣬼ʹ仰Ҫġ
ֻҪעһЩŮ˵ĶͿˡ˵仰Ϊδ״ĲãԼĻҲζҪԼˡ
ǸŮ
ϹʲôҲ顣ɵˡ
16] ¥ʱѾҹʵҲû˵ʲôֻΪС˳棬Žʱ䵢ˡ
С̶Ѿ͵յĵӷת˹ֻСʱıѾָɵĴЩаı顣Ц˵ôһްɣʹôûҲǶ
ȻҲЦŶ˵֪֮ǰ˭ЩΨһҧһڡǲҲûҧ˵˾ֲ˾֤֪Լ᳼ҵޱ֮¡
ˣ˵仰ֽɳ˵ʱ䲻ˣ˧ޱߵûľưˡ˵Ů˶Ĳٿһ𲻺úÿǵʱҪǺҿûôٷɾѾ˷䡣
ȥɡҪȻǧĵĻҪô
̫ˣһûǧҪˣ㲻ˡ֮ǰҴӲҪʱƭ˵ʲôúõİңˣˣҪڿЦװ޹һϣµڶû˸ϵһ
ЩεȻúÿɰĶһүҴ˻У´ð̧ң
㿴ֺ֮֮ȥôƳһ˫Ư۾Ĳգղŵ¸˵ĸоͺȫֻǴʮ̧̧ҿڿǰɡУǵš
㲻ţҹʧЦΪĲһѡ
˵һ˻ˡƺΪ˱һ£Цĺ޹һȥôһҵòҶ¡
µô΢Ц˿ؾưɣ㲻˯ʷʻҪ˯ءʷǱС֣˿ֻСҲűĿءΪĽ̵ϴ֮ͲԳŵˡ
ùңŮˣ˵ô˵ţ컹Цתȥ·ߡ
ֱ޳ıӰҪҹɫͻȻƺ˹
񡣡һ˫ԴֻӺס֡
ֲһȥôŶЦĻ˵ˣͣһ£ǸŮӽͷıϡ
ͷҲֻǿı飬ûж
ôԶһ˵ġ
˵仰һ˫ɿһ΢ܲСһ¥űʱС
Լ˫ִ£쿡˧ͻȻһĨ˵οɵɫ
ɵѾͷҵȻ֪
СԼķ䣬˿ղǸɳеСͻȻ˷ܵȥǸɳͺղġ
ǱоǳǳļįҲ߹ٴαסֻСͬʱǸĿڱš
ģоôһ¶ڣʹʵĲ޲ͬ
ʵʷǲҲŻŨǳϣ̧ͷɫƯҲеĻһҹ߰ɡ

ļ룿

17] 峿Ѿůʱһͣɽš˸ոȥһһֱڲ˵ʲôΪȴô֪עĵơ
ǰǵ˵ĵˣ迴ˡ·ɽڵһŸı˵
ǲʵ̫嶯ˡ
ˣϻˡʱġܳĻ仰ˣżʱ˭ûԡ
Ů˵أ֪Ӳô࣬컹ǽסЦ
ƦûһҪΣҾԲܡĻ˵о˵ˡ
ãԽԽæҪʰ̯ӡа
˵ƦӴ𣿡˵ת̸Һúǰ
̿һЦСƲҪ񳳲ͺôҲ֪Ϊ
Ͱ˵㣬һģ
˹ҲŮһһ䡣
ҷ˰ɣ㵱Ůˣһ
û£Ҳˣƽˡ
˵⻰Ĳģôһâɴ˧˵ҲеģʼǶʼ
кãҲ쵱ˣ˵⻰ԭ鲻Ծؾͷ
ͱ࿴һۣ΢Ц
˺þãһ䷿ӳǰǿǷо˱˵ϢҲֻǼͨı
Ӧþ棬ʳģڵĵ߲ᳬҽȥˡСĵ㡣
һϰߣ˵껰Ҫȥʱһֻסʹƣҽȥɡ
ͷĵͷһ£ٿһԾԾԵӣĬˡ
ǵĿǾȳ죬ǿ
ӰԼٶȴԽּľٶȻڱΧע⣬һǴͷ˵˾ͷ׷д󲿷˶ͬķȥֻʣȵļ˳ǹվš
Сı˵ĵɽ֮ƣǺúغʱһӵǰĸоӦһ˵з͵λˡ
ʣµֺúõ￴أȴһ׷ȥֻӰϲ˭Ȼǿ棬Ҳδϳ
ĵĿһǣǽİӣڸ߸ߵĲݴڵ¡ȥʱһͬˣȺΧǺ
ǲ̫ϰôķʽȥ֮ȥǽ棬Ȼħһ㣬Ӿڽǽһ㣬һһʧֱ˶˱
ִԽ֮κһ˶ӵл󲿷ڷԼǴһ㿪ʼġ
ÿôһζԼ񱻳һ㣬˭
ڰǼθĸоҹά֮̾Ŀڣ˼ź𾿾ᱻ
ûע⣬ĳһ˫۾á
18] 棬˷ǣĶ
׾ٵ˦һЩ˻ԼּϹתһŮ
ȥЩ֣
ҿҵˡһϸӰӯԾڵĸ֦֮ľǵĻ㡣
ôˣ
ǱǱƭˡ
ʲô
Ѿȥ涼ұˣһӰҲûǵѾԤ֪Ҫ԰תˡһ¡˼ԭ򡣡һŰûڵա
ô˵˵Ķ湻ġϤա
Ҳǡͷͣͬʱվվ
˵ز˾ˡȻȥɡָԾǸ߲ȵҡ
ǲСһ𡭡ʲô
Ȼʻû꣬ȡ֮ѾŮӾȵĽǣһ򶼲Сӡ
񣬲ҪҿЦʹģ
ԣǵһĨЦ⣬ſ֡Ǹĺʹô
Ȼˡ֪㿪Цˡ󣬸һЦݡ
̾˿û
ɻ󣬡˵ʲô
Ϊ˼꣬ҲٱĸһЩӦô׵ϳȽϺðɣķ̣Ǵ޵ߡ
һ㶣ôϳҵװĲ񣿡ŮѾһͳȡ
֪бߵһʧ󣬵ڶǰײͻһģҲʧ󡣡˵ͣһ£Ѿ¶Ц
Ҳ͸˵ҲͬһˡŪĵô覵ģǲǣׯɡ
棬վŵ˺Ȼׯɡ
ͬʱһߣҲǴһȺץ˶Ȧӣܾ׷һ뿿ֹⲻ̫
˵ΪλôĸоֻһŵУû˼ǵ£һЩľ
ˡ
費ˣЩΪˣһԳʱȴͻȻѣһ˴ڵء
ͨܺãǴܴģֳС˼
ΨһľǸֵˡǸ˴īųѿò˺ȴ˹һЦ
ǸŮİе죬˭ء
Ҳͬʱ;ȵĿǸ˺Ȼɺܶˣܶһģһˡԭߣ
ղŲʹãôһȦ˼𣿡
СĵĿΧȻçײȴ֪߲ôöԸˣǰַߣҪҵһ̫ѵһ¡
Ҿ;ú˼ġŮ߻شĻȴΪϳ˵껰ЦЦĺϲЦ
Ҿ͸ⲻô˼ˣͻȻͳһղԼûпֻǸʼ硣
СϤһʱû뵽˭Ҳ͸ûȥԷٶĻ⡭
19] ¶ЦѾжʱˣڱվԼ󣬱عͷıû̫ı仯
ʱȻǵϾйһ֮ԵϺû̫⡣
û뵽ôͼ濴ǺԵ֡
ǰɡ嵭Ц⡣
֪ʵԭӦ￴Ǹˡһ仰׵ľ͵˺Ͼ֪ʵ˲ŵҹġ˵仰ʱûἰʱĿֻǲɫĿŶŮӡ
ǱʾԸȥҺôĻ΢ЦĻӦܾ񰲻л
ͷȷ˼ҲҪ಻ң
Ŷ
ôҲǸΪ˵ĻδҪŵĲ𣿡񰲵Ļ޵
һЦûӵģҸǧѡͬʱҲ񰲵ͷ鷳·ˡ
¥ȥƹ֮һ¥ݣߡһ߿ΪӵĽһ߾񰲵
ʵҼǺܸ˵ġ
񰲵º͵Ĳʾ仰ĿŶȣ˵仰ʱرعͷ˿
̧üлл
ֿ֮ҾҪټһͺˡᣬֻ㣬ûб˼ر
ЦͷʲôҲû˵ûпȥ仰塣ֻעһ·ѿˮԴ
ô˵Ϊûˮ֮ˮͷˮܶϣûС뵽Լˮߡô
ˣҲ֤ûз㻹ԿҪҪȥͻȻͣסŲȻ
Ц㲻ǰ͸¶鱨ôлȥͷأ뿪Űɡ
Ŵ֮һƽķݣͺÿùݵĿͷ
ûлأҲûνķеֻһڴϿĵĿŵӣһʱʱĴľٶ
֪Ǻʱϰߡ
ڿʱҲΪſ˶ͺ񿴵һŵһ㣬֡
Сˣ
Ϊ棬Щ󣬲֮Уһ˿ģȻڱи֣ȻδУһ뷨
˽ȥ˿ܸȤĿĹҡҡͷεĺС˵ĻһЩ׵Ļ
ͷһЦҲúУô߾סһܣôܵίжټҶȤܡԭ˵һ룬˳Ӹָʾٷһڡ
ԭҲôôҶ㻻ˡֱӾͽȫ񰲣źε̾˿
Ժ̲֪ܲεĹʲôĿģίУ˾ǲں̼졭
ҪδõôˣСһ򶼻СǴҶ֪°̯һ޹˵̧ͷȴΪ仰Ǹ˼ı顣
Ц뿴Ϸ
ССӰŶ
20] 仰˲䣬ҪǰһٻعĶ޷ʾӰӱһ˲סʵ
С㣬ѹġʱ񰲵֮ղҪһİĮǺֵģȻо⡣
Ϊʲôңǲ̫ûзˣ
Ϊܻ֪ġвûǣңźķƺῴˡ
С֪ǮͻˣȻǻ飬ҲԱѹġ֮ǺΪѵĶĻŮеֻһ޿κεı顣
֪״˰ɣС㡣㲻ϣʲô鷢һشҼ⡣
ʱ񰲵
ϳֱׯǰ˶Ƭ̺ƿߡϲӣǰͲϲϲġ
ׯɻЦЦЦûжٿ˼ôʱû˻ôᣡ
˴˱˴ˡׯ䵭̬ҲԿׯɵĸоȻûᣬȴҲûжٺøС˵ǶˣܹӵʱԸӴ
֮䣬ʲôô
ЦǰǾڹȻҲû䡣ʵҽԲģƫƫиر֪Ҳ˵ѡ
Ҳʹºһֱϰߡޡ
װû壬ׯɹ⿴˿ķ¶һЩЦ治ôôһȥˣڱ￴ź˿ǹϵĺŮ˹ϵء
ׯǰĻУ֪ǹ˵ԼġƴһĨ޵Ц⣬ҸŮ˵Ĺϵôôʡ
ⲻ˵ڱϲ㣬ֿӰӽԿ˵ֶΣ϶й֮޲һԻׯɾϴ·硣
Ů˻ôõġйʲô뷨챣ֵȻһȻƽ
Ǻǣ˵⻰֪Ů㻹û֡Ϊһ֪ͺ˺ܶ࣬ׯһЦֱ֮ɱӡ
죬һҽģòοһ£һֱֻӾ͸ӿӣĮȻĶƺ˺ǰοˡ
ŮһޣðƻԶǴƷ޷˽ôʲôһ㣬˵㰲ԴתĿˣ
Ŀһ˲¶ĹâҪǰˣҲܹɱ˵ĻׯɵɱѾһ㡣
ԼӣЦ죬ơһһ֪˭ʤߣ
һ仰ׯת뿪Ȼ밴ԼȥԸȴʱš
ׯɵıӰʧһֱǹЦݵҲЦ⣬ƶűķȥ
۸ׯô˵ģпӰӵٻǻġ
21] һֹһ߳ľȥ¥ݡ˵ʱӲֱӶֱȽʡ£Σ˼ҵĵͷҪر˵ĹأȻúܷŬѰԼĿ귿䡣
ǸսѾǸղŵˣ׼ȷ˵սûչΪǸνʱԷѾ˵ǸŮѾץס仰
仰ĵһӦǰ;תĳȥķȫ͹˲ϻеڵˡ
һ׷ȴ˱ȴӰҲܲôˣٴ򵹱⿴صˣ˽ȥǸߺģ˰Ҳÿ䷿Ӷܱˡ
ûУż
һ¥ݣŵķţҲûֳ˹Ҳƿһš
ĿһĻһ˽ִڱϣûעڴһϷı飬ŭһӳ嵽ϡ
쵰ִÿһȭЭŷ;˹ĶԵ̬ȾǾ顣
ԭǺͱ˵Ż񰲣Ȼû뵽һ֮Ӳû㿪İһ¡ۣ
ȻôʱȭͷѾӶĴ˹ΪԱ񰲲òڶͬʱѰһػᡣ˵ʵղŰϵһΪݣȭͷЩļ¡
ȵȣСơڿ˵ĵһʱ𿴵ø˷𾢵ĺҪθеĶ࣬Ϊ
صġС𼱣ʰһȻûֵͣ˼
Ҳԣ˳ֵѰʱľôһЩҵĳ档ȻҲȤ仰ĵڶо
֣ʹڿѾȤͬʱҲкæȻͬʱԼеġ
ͬʱҲΪ˾עƹһ˲ע⵽ӵĵһȷʵЩڲΪٰһ¡
Һöÿ죡
Ӻ̬ȶѾԸ֪ʲô콫ƸΪεĶԼҡҡͷ˽ˡ
һʼ磬һɵĿսеĺ񰲡
ЩΪѾҪټһֶԼ̫ʱĴɤҲ˲ҪҲҪֵĻ
˭Ҫˡ
ǳĴЩЩڽĿǣ˵⻰ʱѾ˹ں߻ԺŶһʱ˵ս
ϣǸ𣿷ֱַ֣šòֵĻǱһ˾ȻԼְ㱻˴ôţȻ֣ͬ
ֵͬĻ񰲣ǰ죬΢΢Ų⡣˲²͸ʲô
Сƣ̫żˡ黹ûʧġʱ򿪿ڽβǱһϧΪûкϷٿ
ҿǿ۸㣡ⶼ죬̫ƫ˰ɣǾԼԩЩ
ûƫ˭˼ֻûס
ʲôɲ׵ģ
񰲵˼Ҫ򡣡Ц
ʲô

һҹ

22] ݡưڵܺãȻϰ˵ų֣ǧĵӦ֮»õճӪҵ
񰲡ڵһǧЦЦʾ⼸˽컹пˡصݣַƶҲˡ
ǳȥ֪ᶼ֪һҲ̫˰ɣÿ˶ĴкһֱǷƶϰߣ񰲣Ƿǳ֮ƵһЦ
ô˱ˣ֪㻹űˣΪûϻش˼ȻӦ˷ƶĻװ޹һʼ硣
˧ʲôְҽ°ɡתעһǷƶǿ
ҲǱ²𣿡ʱͬںڵ¡˼˾죬񰲵̬ǹϵ
ǰɡЦЦӦ֪Ϊ񰲻⿴˱һۡ
һۣ컹Ƿƶ۵ף˸Զ͵һû˵ʲô
ڼȻҪ룬񰲱һȽϺãϾǰжΪȫǧΪʼˣӵȴǺظ˵ġϾÿϰ档
ҸӸѡЦſڵǷƶȻεĻЩ֣ȴûбʾԡ
ǲҪͬʱ˵Ļ裬Ϊڱں񰲴һܣ·Ͼһֱ˵ҪһĿģ˵ǼıҲŷԵ
ΪķӦЦЦǧһʾ񰲲ؽ⣬һ߿ڣôûͺͷƶһ飿˫ѡʱһ
лŮѡ񣬲ҸСҪϤһЩɣһĻҪһЩʿĶԷƶһЦ񰲼̶˵ĻǱʾҪһ顣
ǧ¡
У˹ˣڱѡ˶ûпʱĻѾʲõ˵˳֪ΪξЦˣЦôġ
ɵЦвУǵ£˺һ±ʾԼĲҲ̫˰ɣ˼ÿζƫһˣӲϰɡ
ΪȤԾЦˣ˼Ҷû˵㼱ʲôЩԸԸΪЧģÿζ˵ûӦ̫֮ˡ
ΪĻǧҲĿת죬ǵ˼أͨ£֪ľʹ˱˼ֻǸԼΣᷴԵףʱĬ
תһ߽űδ㲢ʲô̬򣬶ߵıǵЦҲͬû˵
һ֮΢Щ΢оȤԺıܷḻʲôƶҲǸһɫ
ôСңȻʲôɫܻЦЦ⡣
Цݣʵ͸ϻǺҪġ
仰徲˵ڣƶЩȣ趼˵ˣû˵Ϊû񰲡
ҾãӦñǺʡⲢǾܾƵĽ֮ҲŮЦ⡣
ѿԻû˵Ҳ㹻⡣
ʱһôҲˡ
23] Դͷ˵¡˼
һնûʲôʾڴ˿˱ʾǧĿ˵ȵˣ¡˼˵⻰Ĳ̫ȣΪȻֻһգԸѾ˽ɡ
ôͻȻˣЦʡ˵ںйصŮͬ㶼Ƕ˶ϲЦ⣬ֻƶζЦ񵭵ЦǧǴЦ
Ů˵ٻЦҪȫĶɡ
ͻȻɣСһҲΪƶˣٿС뵽ķ˺ӦÿԳȥ䷹ƶȻҵѼûҪȻҪһˡ¡˼˵ģ
СʱƺǺȤһ䣬ŵºûзŽ
Сķǳóԣ׼һξ񫣬ξȢ
ȢȢ˵Ĳһ䣬ǷƶҡҡͷԴ˵٩Ŀ
Ů˶๦ûʲôõ̯̯֣ЦЩƻ¡˼ָܺĿǧģ֪Ϊʲô
Ƿ¾Ϊ¡˼ʱһͬΪߡʱ裬ΪҶҲֻӶ
죬ĲǼһ룬ǼһסеǼһֱָ񰲺¡˼
û취޼ҿɹ˼ҲиСġһµıôҲҪסˡ
ô˵Ϊ˱ܿ֯׷ɱҲ޼ҿɹ顣Ȼһ飬ǲҲסСң񰲵Ļһ¡˼Ĵͷ͸ʵбСͺôԺѾͲҪôˡ
㿪ЦذɣȥҲҪȥʧǱĴˣҪݰοңˣƾԼҲԲ
СҪοûôԣСҲŶԵҵӲ
˵ҲкþûȥҴ˰ɣҪȻҲȥסһòĵҪɣƶͻ롣
ô˳Ӧҵ˼ɣҲȥ಻Ⱥô˵ˡ
εЦҡͷЩΪòʱҲߴǸ˵Ǻǣ̽ʲôʱݵˣ
һֱû˵˵ĻȻǹеЦдһ㼥ڽְֺ޵ߺζ
Ŀ⻹Ǯľưϰ̫СȫѹեĴ壿ҧ´
װûõĹƲ죬ͬʱڰ֡
пʱʦ˰ɣǰһ㣬ܳĸһ
бӹҲвͨĹ
ͬ־͵һʰΣ˵Ļ͵͵˿ǧһۣȻǧҲ˵ҪǲԸⲻҲһȥСסȹ˾ưɰɡ
ˣˡ׿ϵͬʱ˱°һ£ŮˣǵԼ˵Ҫ
Цӯº͡
¼סˡݡưС
24] õ˯ɳϵȻĲԸֱŵ˵ſķ˸
Ĵ۾ǰ˯ѵӻǿɰ
Ҷ˵˲Ҫţ̣ô׼ˣ
ô㣬Ǽ˷۰ɣ
ͬʱڵǺָͬߵͲͬߣ˵Ĳͬ
ڱȥ׼͵ʱѾˣɳϺСˣֻСܲϵܿ
˵Դӱ조㵹ֻС˾ͱøӲˣ·ÿ˶ųĶ
Ц˵Сһ˳ɱ¸ˣʱ軹ʹҪô¸ܡĸѧľͲҪǿ˹
ֶҲĺѧʰ
ţڸʣСƲǿȻ󳬹ô
µЦŽ˵ͷɳǰĲ輸ϣͬʱҲԼСá
ʱԼʵ̫ˣǰ˵¼סľưɣȴ񰲺ͱŮԲΪɣĥӲݵļסԼһ۰Ҳͬˣȴˡ
ĲǺԸ־ա
СãڸСӲʱҲ˸ҲЦǺǵһţ̺ȣȻһϲţ̣ϰ˳Ȼ
ΪʳҪǻľͺпܱ˺ȥ֪ǾԲµġ
Ҫ˵ŹЦҲİСһţ̺ȣҲɳϡ
ңذһ򿪵ÿϵһʿӦùעġ
Сԩˡҷ˭ҲԼʳĸġܳϿҵ˵ŻϷһ컹Ҫǿ
Ǹĳ˵Լǲмڷ곡ϷȻ츳˭Ҫǳ˵Ρ
ôôΪЦţ⿴˿ӣڵõһ߰һ˵Ⱥ˵İο̿
СôȣҾҹȻˡ޲̾ϵЦҲ
ΪСǽƵĻϡ˿֥ʿڡ
ĸأҪǷȥǳ⣬Ҹ̫ˣ˱⻰ЦЦ˵Ǻ֪СǽС񱨸ǺǴˣأ
Ȼ˵㲻ҵ˺̫ʱҲº͵ĺЦ˵˵Ц˭ôˣֻ뵽Ҫչұ˲סӰӻֵ˾úܲƽⰡ
СһβС˵ռ㶼ۡڰֱʾԼҪ˵ˣգգ۾
УƾĶ۶ѡϹһƫҲЦЦվߵһǣӸղŵ绰졣
λܿʾʳ
绰һߣһа[װͿ˰㣬û£Ϲȥ䷹ǵðȺȥ]
̧ͷԭǵô
25] ԭԤƵԼȥйȽ˼ʳ͵θȻȥæһί飬ڿί󣬱͸ı뷨
ίϵ¼ȻȥȽϺá
ŽԼʱǰ£Ǹô˵أŲҪ̫ãֻΪҲԽӵίжȸ˵˽
ЦȻǧİæҲõĳţÿ£ܻΪǧĵĺůůġ
ԭΪе飬ֻԼ֪ãʱ䳤˾ͻ֣ᷢһ˵Ⲣľòⷴһε
ֻǣ㵽ôأ
⿴ϸϵһˮ
һõĴ¥ǰվ⴦ڿտĳϵĸ¥ǧĸԼĴϣһƬɫ
ⶰ¥ԭһһѧҩƷ˾ԴƲͽķϣһҲڴԶסԭ޹صĳд˵ͽΪҲﱻϮͬһͽΪ
ǸͽˣݿɿϢָǱǰŹһˣǧĲŻ֪ͨ˱ҲǱԭ㽫񽻸ʱıԭ
˭ϣԼĲɱʰ̯ӣֻڿǸ˵ֺ󣬱һᡣ
Ƿŭ˸ǱԼΣҲûĸоֻᣬǸˣ·Ҳˡ
⾿ʲôˣ
׼߽ǰֻȻûԼϰ߸ֻе˷飬ҲŲͬ˴绰вͬ
ģֻǱֵ飬һ֪˭
Ǹ˵Ƭᰴ˽᣿ĻһҲġͺ崫Ǹ˲䡣
ŵ绰ͷ˺Լ˵ʲôɫƽתΪתΪƽ
֪ˣĺˡ
Ҷϵ绰󣬺ʲôȥһżҡҡͷûа¡
ֻһżĺ˭ֻ֯һ֪Ǹ˻֪ҲΪһɺϣ֪һԲҲȷǧĵΪˡ
ǵһֱʱһż˭ˣΪһżͨҪǸˣ;־㶼ֻڶżһż˭
ż죬ż裬ĺżżǧģżǷƶߺżǺ𣬰˾źżǿռ˵Щ֪Ǻһżÿ⣬ҲֻǵЦ˵Сƺ㶯ҵֻһġ
ͨͲٲˣ׼ȷ˵ʶôôûֻǱʶǲ뿴
ΪǧǷʱǧ߹ӡΨһһμʱ˵һ仰Ҵ𣬲Ҳû˵Ƕ˭ΪʲôΪҲû׷ʡ
ֻǴ֮ʹûرȥκ˵ļɻ䡣
ǵģΪʲôڽأ̾˿Ҳֻ߽˴¥

̽

26] ưɶǲŵģȻĲҲֻڰĦһƱƱھưľƱǿҲûʲô֮
ôһƱѾ˺ðˡǧļ߹ǰһֱ档
ھЩˣǧߵߵŵķš
˵ϰ壬Ҫһ¾Ʊ𣿡Ȼ֪˼ôʳҲֻ뿴ķӦ
Ȼ֪ǧעԼˣûнӷ£΢üĿڣʲôʹ󷽵ʰɣתķ񡣡
ʲôʱ򶼲٩ˣǧҲЦҡҡͷԼĻھͲҪԥȥȥɣÿζ˼ҵȲǺ
˵ֻʱ򣬲֪ΪʲôǧĺȻ˺ܾǰһ˱ֻ¡
ֻֻСǴñģκһ㲻ֻһֱǧĶ벻ͨΪʲôֻôӣֱһֻʱ
Ǽ֮£ûκεһֿ⣬ֻΪһҲסھưȥϴֻڴ̨šǧĽЩˮʱֻҪϵ龰
˭ֻ֪ӣǧʶľȥסֻǸʱû̫ʲôҲû뵽Լסֻ᲻СһżһżµƬ̣һϤԼԼ
ȻϹҶˣǸϤǧ֪ʲô
֮󣬵ȱϴǧĳʱԼһ͹ʲô˼ǰ˵¡
мǵһ̱Ǹֹı飬ͺֻǸһż˵ĺ˵İżλҲȻΪʲô
ǧ˵껰Ȼ²˵ٻ˼
ʱ;֪̫顣仰һʾûĻܸһпžƱ
ԣ£ȻЦЦʱҾ֪ܶ࣬ʱ־ʲô֪ǧ˵仰ʱôһ˿档װɵô˼𣿡
⻰ԩˡ̯̯֣ȻʲôǧģȻôˣΪʲôڽأϣĵط
ǧһ֮һֱܻű֪ôΪʲôڽر񣬻һðŵϵҲҪȥЩ͸
Լʳ仰ֿǧסı飬Ѿʲô
Ʊ˳ַ¶˵˾ưɽ˾ȥ
оʲôǧ׷һ죬ǲʲô飿
ð˴棡ڽô쵰ĪŲãβôһԷŭĴʻ㣬Ѿ߳˾ưɡ
ѵЩӰǧҲĸоʲôŻ˭£Ҳͨһ˵ֻ롣
£мæ
27] ¥ڲĻҪڰûжѻҰͽһǺܺõģĿܼķΧ൱㡣
ΪѾõĹϵ¥Ȼ¥ܸȴûеݣһ¥ϣעΧʱҲһЩϵݡ
һεĴĸоЩͬ˵ﲻһֻܾòǧķԼġӣǧǲġ֪ˣʲôɣԼ˵
ҲֻΪһ˵֣Ҳ֪Լ⴫˭
ĵ²ҰǸ˲ңôమȴΪԵ޷ֲһ𡣡
˵ŵĻļε̾Ϣҡףģĸֳһ˵Ӱӡ
ҪûźͺڣעҲҪŵ֣ſͻĵִ
׻ôļ䡭
һѸٵ˱ע⣬˼ʱ£˳Դͷȥڽ¥ĶӯĲ졣
ԼжʱǸԴܶΪûһֱ߲ƶܿоҵ̶Ƕ
ѸٷӦͰĹµĲҲԽӿ죬ͬʱһͰʱ𣬲ЩԼ
Ĵ¥ԤûˮԴηıҲϿжԼûֻϮߵ
ô
뷨һʱһӰҲѸٵĴǰιڸһ¥ǰ֣Լһ㡣
⣬һֳ¥ݷԾȥ
һ㲢ûʧȥǸӰټԷͿʼ׷ȥ˵ľǱһΧڡ
ûöʱ䣬ͷӰԼûй˼еֻ̽ǣϤˣ
Ŀĵͣ½ŲȻ˼չ˹ƷһһĴ¥ڻ˶Ͱ;Ϊľ
ҡͷڶ㿪ͬʱתΪ¥ܣ֪¥ϵ˱ض׷ŲʱǰкӰι
ʶĴ¥ݱƿȷĵ˻ڡ
ѵⶰ¥ڲֻһˣ
⣬ǰе˵£ȷʵҪСһ㡣
һϵһµһ㣬ⶰ¥˺ļݾͷݵҲ䡣
̶̵ʮӣ˵Ҳ˵ɲɵ׷жԽԽоһϷζоԷĹͼֻҪû뿪˼
ѵʱôôҲֻǡ
ֻʱ򣬱ǺһӰڽ˵Ļ
ôˣؿĻҲ֪˭磬ǸôϤ
[أҹȥ]
ҡû˵ֻھͿʼǱߵĻ˵ĻǱҲͬ塣
Ȼԭ˵ʲôֻҲֻǴ˿Ψһѡ
ڱֻ˲䣬һӰѸײڶٶȳ嵽󡭡
28] ΪԷͻȻҶֻò⣬컹Ƕದһͨȷ˽üֻ
û¾ȹֻˣһͱ
ȥ绰û˵͹ҶϣǱ¡ڸǱߵЩʲô
Σô⵹һԿ϶Ǳ˲ʱ绰ȥ
˭ѵǣ
о˵ĵһʱһɨȣ˵ֻ˵ֽŹ䣬ܾǱˡ˵ӦǼ
Ҳ˵ܿŲʲôνͻȭȡ
ϸȲû˵ԭǶԷһݣ񰲵ʱȻ¥ڹ߼Ǽʱס
ط񰲣Ȼ˾ȡ
ôйɫôһֱȻľ裬ֱֻʳڵĻȻº͵ġ
Ϣ˵ҪԸС㣬͹ˡȻشĵһ˲Ѿ˷棬̬ȴ˲˿Ķ⡣
бС¡˼Ļ֮ʼġ
ô
㻳𣿡ΪǾʶЩʧ
һһ룬ȻҲлл㡣ЦϵľѾεĲۼȡַ֮·𲻻仯º͡
ʲôʱҲҾͺˡڱԼʱѾ֡ϾΪ˻飬־ٶͻ
Ҵһطߡ
˴ڴ¥ڲ¥ݼͰȻֵԭֻյеĺӰ˿ȴӶĳ֡
ĳͻ֮ղŸǿҵӰĲϳҲʾǵͼڲ뿪¥ۿ񰲶Ϥһһӽ뿪¥ţ˲ųסĳ
Ȼû¾ͲȴӿĺȴúܣҶ֮µĸоÿ˶һˡ
Ƿڱ뵽ʱ񰲵ĻҲ˵˿Լû˵ʲô
龰ȷʵõ֪ͨҪⰲҪһĻ
ǣĿʲô
һΧԼĺӰһִе˱ƽԼյĶ㿪ûˣּӵһŦȴ
ϷһȻǵת˼¡
̫̫ᣬ˲ûע⣬ֻһ֮˦ӰһϲνˣҲǱ硣
С߰ɡǳ֮˺ûжԵʴȵϰߣǸӰʱͶ֮һšԾڱ㿪˹ʱǸӰҲ˶ӡ
üûĶԴ˱ʾ¥Ŷȥǰֻֽ˳һ
ڼ֮һ˵һ
Сƣô㣿
[ҸջֻҳԾ͡]
ԣϳֲɫ
˱ı仯ʱڣʲô𣿡кӰܹۿԽԽǰŮȴûһ㡣
ô뿪˵ɡȫһ
29] ڵĴ¥ڲĳһϣһŽɫŦ۱һ˫ϸŰ棬óǸ˶Ŧ۵⡣
ʱɫֻ磬ⶰ¥ڵĹȴڱʵѰ
һͰϣ¥ھͺ˹ԡŮĥĹâʲôĿһ㶼޷ı䡣
ⶰ¥ϵһʱôһĻ
ö첻ȻҲôҫۡʱŻеЦ⣬еİԹҲ˿˿Ĵڡ
ҪΪ㣬Һοô಻֪ν顣һ̾·ί֮ǰȿڵĹ˵⻰ʱҲվ
׼ԼƯһĨá
֪ǲ֪ν㻹˷ҵʱ䣬ҿûôྫ档
˵ŵĻڹųԶҺġǧֵŮ˶ֿ죬ȷǲͬ
Ȼôҡͣ½ŲŲĿɬ
֪ŮǸʲôˣҲΪݼñǸ̫ҲͲΪԼκ̬вᡣ
Լ飬͸ϡ
ǣҺǧĲò뿪ԼļңͼĹϵҲʹǸŮ֮޿κΣһжġ죬ҳϵҶԳϡûΪʲôҪЩ飿ЩΪ˭
˵껰֮ǰϲ˵Ļڹ㲢κ飬һҲȷûпװʲô顣
ֻᵽǧĵ飬ǧı˶֪¡
Ҳ֪Ҳôһ˲ĳĬȴûе̫õĳڡе飬ȥ뱾ͱҪá
ΪشݺݵرۣʱһƬίɫѾԹȡ
ĵ˵ġڵĻ̧£˫УнŲ
صĽӽ˾ʹһȺ˵İΧ֮С˵ֻһ˱Χʮ߻Ŀš
üֶΣΪе쿡һĨ
ܿģֻҪ㡣仰Ҳֹһεĸ㣬ҲûŹҡ
ұͲűˡ
㲻˵ѵġûҶ仰˵ͺһһΪʲôŶҲܣ
Ϊ㲻ټ򵥲һشעı飬ᷢ˵⻰ʱʲôϧûע⡣
˵ĶԡǼȻҾҪ֪ҵòˣ˭Ҳõǲлһġ
˵ڵĻʲô˫ٴºһȺҲ죬ΧȦԽԽС
İɣʱǱҲԲɵŵģ

˭ĵ

30] ͻȻӺڰĵط⴦һ۾ĲӦ΢˼õ˻⣬µĲӲûͣٷֺ
ļҵⶰ¥һؾ֮Ҫ֮ǰһͬ·ûкܶĽ̸
ֻʲôʱŻῪڡ
Сżġô˵Ҷߣô嶯ˡӲ濴űĲܹĿǵ飬ֻǵһ̽ʱȴٿࡣ
ǧ˵ıڵڶǰûз֤ʵʱҲԽԼҪ̽Ǹûз˭
ûżķ񰲵˵Ưڴ˿ҲΪɻɫ
Ӹղ;ò̫ԣʱֻҪСʱĲ··¾Ȼû߳ȥϵô
񰲣Ƿֿ߰ɡ
ʱֹסŲעܺ󿪿ڣ㾫о֪ѾȷΪߡȻǷΪ߲ƾожϣǽߵĽȴǿԸӦġ
ͬУΪҲӦʲôȴû뿪˼֪ǵ˵һôĿҲ֪䵥ĻΣգĵ˵
ʵһ仰ϸ΢壬ǾΪλ϶˵ĿǱҲǱ֯ˣ˵ΣյĻҲзݣôԵ֪˲Ը
ϸ֮£ֻֿܡһ֪˲֯ˣһܲܣΪǸ֯ĴھߣϼǸֻ֯бһ;Ǹ֯˵ͬʱҲѣһͻΪβ˵һʡ
УƺܶȤԭ򡭡
õĺһϰ߹۲ϸ壬ûк񰲻壬ֻҲûʡ
Ϊлѣȷ˵ʱģģǸЩ˽ˡ
ĿãͿȻȥưˡЩǧģȻԷжô죬һ̫Σˡ
ԷģҳʱѾȥ˾ưɡ»ؼȡÿ˶֪
ǾͺáʱҲûбɷҪֿˣ׼ɵá
СԹȷʵʶ㲻Ҫҵ˸񡣡
ĿΪͻȻ˵Ļ
ȵǸʵǰЩΪ˿ķӦ˵ģҾһԸоìܣ㲢ûҡ
񰲵Ļ˵ڣҲǾĿű⣬Ҳ⡣
Ϊܻỳɵģģ㶼ûС˵֮һ˼ûУҾú֡
˵£ЩԳЦ⡣Ȼֽ˵Ҳòƽ㲻ʲôΪңԻҡ
ü񰲵ע»رһЩʲôĻ΢Ц̽˵ʱ򣬾ӦñɵĿܡ뱻ɣΪʲôҪ̽
ڵõǰתشңʲôҶ֪
31] ưɽշǳֻͣԼ¡˼ǧҲûоòȫԼҲ֪¡˼Լ
մ˺ܾã¡˼رϣǧһʱ˼Ȼûкܾá
ҿû𣿡ڿ仰ԼЩĿġ
ûϵҺǧʲôϵ㿴ǳ֮ѺõЦţȻǸĿĿǲ˵¡˼ҲôϰϧŮˡ
ʲô뷨ҪҰæ˵ѾһԱܾЩͣҲ׺ͻǴһƬƤĲ䡣
Ѿϴæˡ¡˼ʾ˿϶ͬʱǧҲóֻһ˵ĺ롣
Ҵ绰Ǿһţȥĵطȫ
Էͨ
СȻܱǸܲܺȥһ
ϵ绰֮󷴶ԭ·أҲǾñ֮˲һ档
û̽ˣôҪҵҪĴʵҲ
ˣûа취һţ˺þáȥҲǸð취Աͣ½Ų
ǲԹûг·ߵУȴϰ߲¶һ˿ͽšԼϲľɣԽΣգԼҲԽƽ
ԼΣһܿҽĴһ뵽һ˿ܻеΣգȴŵҲƽ
Ϊ̫ţ̫
˵̫Ӳһ£ԲͻȻ뵽Ǹ˵Ǿ仰޿κεĿЦ¡
ԭԼ˵Ҫһشȴȿı飬һ㶡
ҪҰæջرЩɫߣķôܱ˿һ顣ɷϣűʵŮʱǣ˵
ô΢Цһݲ¶
Ȼ㶼ˣҺҲûоܾˡ̯̯֣Цԡ
Ǿллˡ
лôǷһɡʱ鲢һʿ飬񰲵ȴ˸еᡣ
Ȼ΢ЦðɣȻܾóûٲǺ顣
û٣ĻƺΪú档
Ҳ̫ϲǷʲôҲաʾæҳ뿪Թûж˵ʲôʹ񰲵̽
һ棬ڷĴ¥ڣԭͼѾһڵϣڶԼеӲر顣
֣ϵһôòֻôáûʧı顣
㵽ʲôʣŮ˲ôֻΪ̽һµġ
ҵ˲ͻȻ˵
֪˭ôʡ
һЦ֪ǵĺӣ𣬶ҺҲǸֵüŶ
Ϊʲô΢΢ü
ȥʲôط벻֪Цǰġ
ѵ
32] ٻص¥ڣǸһֱϮԼĺӰѾӰһһ߲ʱڵͻչֵԽ̡
뵽ʲôıأڼһŮõӡ֤
ڱ󣬿ĵһǹվţվú֪ܽǲǿģ󣬹һӱס졣
˫ֻľٶǰϰߡ
ȻǷ·ſ񰲡ɿ֣˸ͷһ˫ȻУδɵ⡣
þòˡ
кǱԭ˾ʶ
˽״ֻǿˣ˵ȻͬΪһ֯ˣȴʶǸ֯ʶıͲࡣ
ֻǿǸŮҲŮͱ֮źֵһˣŮ˼ֵ
ĵһʱ䣬º͵ӾЩԿȻʵĴڡ
ԼȴкʱһѾôõӣԼǱ޹õһ
ǰþòˡ΢Ц˶κ顣
ʶʱ򷴶ԵĴڣ֪㲻ϣ֪һ档
һֱûʲôϵһΪѾһء쿴һˣھϲ֮ЩءЦݲôãڱݱֻ֮й֮޲
Ļʲôû˵ȴǸȤü
⻰Ҳһˣʵź壬ֻΪԸκһǶȽ¹ĻŻôʡ
ͷҲ֪ŮǺִģ϶һ˾ͺٿһҶĸҲôȥұˣ˵ķǳĵĳɷмȴδ֪ܵ
˵⻰ڶŮӻδʲôӦǰֵ㣬ǲǻиأǺôһ治
һ仰һһɰӿ
Ƭ̵ĳĬ֮
ôôûش𣿡ЦżʣЦеεıȣʹҲоõ
ǸشĪñǡ
ʵҲûб˼ΪЩҺЩᣬڼ䶼ѾȶԶԷ
㻹ǰһɡĴϹĻȻڱ˲òΪٻ
ҺһֱֻѡƽЦݣº͵Ĳһ˿ۿᶼҪƽ͵Ѱ㲻صһʲô仯
Ŷô˵㻹ǺϲˣֿҪ
֮и£Ҳϲ𰸵ģ̶Ⱦͺһ軨ˮ͸軨ˮ軨Ķһһ
ǼȻѣ϶һصˡ֪񰲶Ȥ⵱ŵ˵˵⻰
⣬ΪʲôҪңȻǵһЦЦݼĵĮΪĻԼĻشͲö֪ˡ
ֻڱ˵⻰һֱûߵһĨԼļį
33] հľͺûڣڱĻشֻ֮ڹԼЦݡ
ҲŻġŶһֱûע⣬ʧˣĪߵλʿ𣿡
߷·ʱ䵽ϡѾעܾˡһãӵһôȷš
ԣЦҵϣҿǣСһҸ񰲽ӳĻĿɿҲӦ
ıƵģ㿴˵Ĺϵ۱ҲûҲãȻĿܣ޿κεĲȻܡ
ҵĹǴҲûбӦŹµߵߣ΢еҪûر飬˽һ°ɡ
ֻѾ˲ڶ
ЦǸ˵ҪȥĻһɡٴλѡ˸ƣ⿴һۺ¥
Ȼ졣
ֻڱ̧ۿʲôʱͷ
ˮĴңվں̲ϿһһˣΪ˳ĺ֮࣬ǵ
һ̲ӦûǰǸʱĲԼһˣ߻һˡ¸꣬ʱѾֻһˡ
̾˿ʵյƶĵ绰رҪҪһȥӳĸ磬ΪϵӣԻؾˡ
ȥʱ򣬼ǵǺһģΪǧףաΪĹϵһ֪գһ
Ҳˣûһ￴ÿһӣǲģʲôĵ»׷ˣֻһϰߡ
ĳһ죬ĳһص㣬ԼΪĳһܶʱǺܶ˵ϰߣ˵ΪʲôֻһǿҵĸоӦԼô
ôһ
ûرˣر£Ϊһ
һں̲ǼįҲڣǵһ˴ݶʱһǻз
е㿴ûκ£ʵôλõڶ׵֪أ
ûرȥ˭˺ߣֻǸ˴߹ʱֵİٺϻ֪ǸŮӡ
һŮˣ֮ǰҲӵйˮȻѲŵ
Ųȴ䲢ȵĸ飬˵ĸԶ֮Ǻ׵ģôϣȻԼס˼ס˵ĸжôȴỹźദʱһϤ
һİŮʲôϸ𣬼ʹŮʱ֡ԷҲû˵ĻҲĻ

Ȼ֪ǻ㣬ʸ·𣿡
Ůµһ˲䣬ִվԼŮӦǱ



34] һˮһߵС
תһµĶ΢ЦŵŮӡȻδı棬ȴһϤĸоϤͺϬϤ
صĸо
˲Եĵͷ
ʸ·ظԼĻŮӵ̬쳣ѺáһûΣյ⣬ֻڵһμǧʱе
ҶﲢϤشʵ
֪ʵҲô·
㶣ڨôһܰŮʱ뵽һĿģ˿̵ȴɱĳôһ뷨
ͷЩ˼
ĳʵЩ⣬¿˿ûмˡͷҿǻŮȥưɵ𣿡
仰ʵ쳣˵٩֪Լѧڴ˿ȴҲô˵һ䡣֡
ЦЦǱǸֻǾܹµŻôʵġ
һ仰йʲôɫԡ
˵Ȼ֪㣬һͻˡʵڡ
ʶ𣿡һԵ⡣
ҡͷֻʶ㡣ŮЦݣûавǿȵĸо
㶣ܿҡҡͷ
ǿĲ޴⣬Ů˵˾Ȼ˱Ǹˣת뿪ˡ
ŮӵıӰǸֵˣٴְעŻش󺣣һȻûôƽͣϾҲֻڨһƽ¡
ŮӾеڲ֮Ȼֻһ
ʶĻعͷһõؿǸŮȥķ򣬲Զźˡ
ΧǸŮ˵ʲôǿԿǸŮӵĿܣĿܶǶǺô
񣬾ǹ벻ûԥ̫ãǵֻʲôݹܻһЩһ򶼺ܵ͵˺ǶⱩ¶ݡ
Ȼ˵ԷѾ֪ȷʵôν
һ˵קסǸŮӵĸ첲ʱһӦûۣһֺǸ˵Ĳһ¡
õȲ̫ݣӦֻöԷɿֻסԼ
ȻԷĵһӦɿ֣ڷʱڹеܵϮʱϰߡ
¿ǹҲѽǸŮӻ󣬡𣿡
Ǹһûİˡ
üΪش˼ôһǽΪΣյʱܿЦˣƶ֮ǵڶ
İǾ˰ЦһƯĺŽĵߵ丹λѡķǳ׼
֪ҡһֵĻشŮ˵Ԥϵ̬ȣ˲Эʱ
Һܺʲô֪ģһҺˡ
˵ţרǰˡ
35] һɫ·ϣݳΪõĹϵŸ裬ֵڵĸоڸŮӲʱ¶Цա
ųŮ磬ܾкþöûˣˡ¡˼ں߸ļЪǧ˵Ů
ǧûȵϣͣЩҲϢһ¡һСʱˣ۵ҪʱעŮĸо͡
ˣǿһ㵽֮㡣
ظҿģҶһˡ΢ţ߳١¡˼ǰ·״Ʋʣ˵ǧ뿪ư벻Ϊûо򱣻ױϮ
˵±ңҪлл㰡ͬ͸ԽԽϤľɫǧЦŻش
ҺܺǶỳɵҺ񰲼ҲΪ˴ڲŶ֪ҲУһ˵ΪҲźǧͬķӦַǲ֤Ľܡ
лɹôʹǼԭ𣿡ʣǧĶ¡˼գգۣͼõԼʱʾרĿ
ô˵ǹȻǹˡ̾ŵ׵Ÿһ²ȣҪˣŶ
û̫ˡϸӹֱۣŮ¶ĵЦݡվţѾˡ
ڽ֪˶ߣҲûнȻߵķһǷḻġ
ŶһصŮӣܾԼǳĸоԵԷɿֱۺЩ²ζĿڡ
㡭ߣǣԷĻģֱһס
ȻŮӳһЦͷ
ʲô߻Լ߱𣿡
Ϊʲô¡
ܾܿ뷨йءǵģҵԣȻ΢Ц

ڶĻ˵ôءΪٿзЩ΢õɫЩǸؾϹ
֪ûҪ˿ﻰģҺܱǸԷģҲ˵ģҿڷܽ
֪˲Ը⻹ҪֵǸʲôڵ𣿡ĴĮϢĲѾԵıʾ˳
ӲԸһǰȫ̻¶οǸ˻һİˡ
ȻǸر飬һĨ˵ԲҴȥ̽ܣҿƲˡ
һ
ҵǶǵһκʱֻҪ˿ҾͻԼãҲȥҲòȥ
仰˵֮ǺܳϿҵһϹľٶԣʵѾ˺ܶ飬֪ԸӴˣֻһ
ĺȻЩѹָоΣһ⡣ȲͬҲΪ֪Ϊһ߱뱳һ顣
ʵȫװԼǸƽˣ˵Ҳ֪ġôȰһ䣬ͺصôıһȰʱ
ΪϲߵǸ
36] ӱǲܽκġ

Ϊܳÿ˵ķ˺ڸĵúܿģȻǵһμ浫ȻûʲôС
λǱ죬Ϊûʲô˵һĿһǿ;ķ羰
ڱĿʱоһֻϣҲ֪ǱϵŮӡŵº͸оҲȻ뵽ôһ仰
仰ںܾǰ˵ΪĲϲߵ˵Ȼ෴ĻȰѡһ֡
ֵҲֻֽůס
ѾкܾòˣڽøһرģȻѡȹһһҲȻûй
ǾñԼԶܾҲԶ鷳ȻԼ֪ԭȴΪʲô
ǵģΪʲôȻѾȷԼˣΪʲôܲ⣿
Ů˵˼ʱȷѶ
ǲ˵ʲô𣿹Һ˵ܾٵʲôϾĸһڳϵġ
ͷЦſڵǹӷ⾵ѿľٶ֪ԼҲʾĽм䡣Ů˼սûһεȻҲ⡣
һ˫ȻƣűϢǿҵıȽϡ
֪Ըź̵һ棬㲻ԭƻҲǲԼÿ̱ƫƫʵ뷢һ棬쿴Ļ
˵˼΢Ц񰲴ӷ⾵ʱͷ
Ҿ첻أ̫Ůǲϲġ仰ͻأľ˵˳ڹҪǱǱصһ档
ЦЦжһʲô˭Ҳ˵壬õҲܶࡣֽ·;羰
⻰Ƿ𣿡
Ľѡˣٶ˵ʲôҲѧߵ˱Ŀ񡣺͹˵Ǻĵһ£ΪھԶǶԷ뱣һ档
ʲôʱôأϧһҡҡͷӣֺȻʼնûпһۡ
̲ߵһڣůѾ򿪣ķΧƫڰ
һ򶼲ǳֵˣŮȻ᲻ʱ˵һ仰ҲһԵòг
𣬰Ҵʳ仰ŮԼѾЦˣǿĻش
ʲôϻܳԿġЩ޿κεѣѾ·½ַ֮ɳϣϾͿŮӽ֮һԵ¼ϡ
ǲ˼ҿûɵ΢ЦһЩϿҵ档
Ȼ˵ʲô֮ǰ俪ڣ֪ѾϰˣΪһУҽᡣ
ᡭظ֣ļƺʲô鱨
ЦԼȿڣǷƶѡ
37] ԭԤƣǼݳ̲ʱӦÿһվںߣ˳ʲôûп˲ʱ˵Ĵ󺣡
ȻƽлǿԿЩĻҡ
ΪһתȥĽŲͻȻתڣȥʲô
صģֻǾûҪ˷ʱ˶ѡش𣬲񰲵Ŀתʱ΢ЦŲȻͣʱҪ̧ơ
ǲùץסǸŮϸ󣬹־Ĵ˲С
겻ı仯ñһ˵һˮˮӣ嵭ҡ
³㻹ûó볷֣Ǳյ֮ĸоãǹ˼߻бˣһĹͷġ
ҵòǾԲõģüˡ˦ַſǿвм˼
ôһˣóҲĿĵģһ򶮵á
ллҸˡǳЦ߿ǸԥıӰϣļԼ뷨̬Ҳر˳
ҵѡ񡭡
߻صߣһֱڳϵ콫һֻ˹
ɻ̧üȽס˿ĻʾĶϢ[Ƕڡǧ]
̧ͷǸ˧˲ֱȣȻһµӡǿԼϵġ
ǻǸصͷԲԺǧġ
ʲôظҵģֻû뵽ӡ˱Ļ쿡ĮȻ
ˡƫߡ
ҵ˼۵ǸǰһȴתҪϳ
񣡡Ӻǰһסĸ첲ȻĻϰĿ
һӹ׽һһĿһһĸͽܡ
첢ûж߶㿪ԱҲĽͷϣĺ󱳣Ҫõů
ҴûиıǵýӶҶѾĸˣܵĻҲϣõʱȹ졭֪һ첻ҪĵĴڡ
ŮУǳıǷŨĻ⡣
Ҿôֵô
ǵġ
´ʲôȸһ¡ʹعԼǰ˫۾ֹҪڵĽ
Ҫô׾ͿԽҲÿô顣Ϊ߹һſ֡
ſֵԭҲվֱ΢΢Զ˵ľ롣
Ҹû̫˽ԲġϳʱС˵һ䣬ĶУһ
һЦôӨᡭ

ϲС

38] ӻһſɳϷľڶӶһ̶ʱڿʼַ顣
ķǽϵʱ䣬ԭѾˡ
̾Ϊźͱû
ӵǧĵ֪񣬽ǳȥһԼȻصҲûӵ˱ĵ绰ֻǵ绰û͸ˣҲûһˡ
Ϊ̫û˼ɴֻ֪ҷֻϰߣֻû뵽ҡ
ʲôʱİ˵ϻҪɣ·ţﻹ˵Ż
򿪽ֻĻһ¡ֻһƯĶ޵ͼɫɫɫ֮䡣
Щ죬Լһ˭ֻҲֻ貢û̫ϸ˭
Ű뵽ϷһʱֻȻ
˭һô˵ţҲ½绰Ǳӵιι˭
ô˼飬òԷһŮ
[ҶԼ㼸ˣڿ绰ˡ]
Ϥ
[죬㲻Ҫ˵]
ɯţ˭һӾ;ܲˬԼǰŮѵĵ绰ԼѵֻϻԼӵģǸҲ˵ġ
[]ԷȻ˸߲ҵĸ˵ߵҲǸҲǡ
𰢣Īڽ̺뵽ĵһϵ
[ûнֻԼԷˣֻôϣ]·úܲ˼
ЩôһֻȻϡȻһ򶼲ϲ˵ѵģʱɯһ¡
ϣ˶Է[ʲôһҿ˭߲ǸŮ]
ŮˣİžֲղҪ绰ءȥƻĵߣԼڼҲġȥһʺˡ
Ǻǣ򡣡
ɯŽ绰ҶϣһֱڱϿׯɴ˿Цǵ⺬Źġ
ʵҾСǸˣŵأָֻת棬ֻڿתתɯŲεׯɺȻôϲ
һֻץͣЩǿƵĽ֮ŵ¿ڴҪǹڵǳɲ˴µġʱ뵽ʲôֲһ䣬ȻظҲһ
˵Ǹ˧˧ľưϰ𣿿Ҿܰᵽ죬ɯЦúƺӡĺܲϧҪȻһѵġ
һǶɯŻĲͬׯͬʱ±Ҫжʱ仹һ롣
һҪץһϴεʧѾǧ˺ܲˡˣǸͽ
˼ҵǾ񰲡
ɯţжָ˭ĴɯŵĻŮҲ˵ǰۣ
ׯɲˣɯ̯̯֣ðɺðɣ˵㡭Ϸ𴦵ߣﻹʲô⡣
˸˼
39] ֻѾ˼飬һ߻ռߵò˼ĸĴ绰ҲȻռߵ
ôӱϣʵѾƳһˡ
УϵСơռߡҡҡͷ졣ֵĵǡʵӼ죬ָԼֻţ뵽ӵ绰顣
ڳöŸ֮һ¾˵ĵ绰ܣ˵һضĵ绰ԽյԭǴĵ绰
ΪŲᱻǿƽգ֤͸ȷˡ뵽һм¶Ǵ绰
ſɡԼֻȥͱȡֹ¡
ʱȥ·Ҳˣһ˵űǸԼ·Ϥʱ䣬һֿ
ȻߵĵַԺܿҵһӣȴΪ񰲿ߴһ·ڶԶصģ֪մ·Ҳû˵
ٿעĻ⡣
ǰŵĹͻȻعͷ֪ҪȥǼ䷿Ӿһֱûгȥ·Ҳһȥġ
ҸղŽӵһȤĶţ֪˭ûȤЦʡһղΪڵʧеĲͽȸС
ǷЦпʲôὫָֻ̣˵ˡĶӦҪ˵ʲôҲԼҪǲʾ͵ڸ˹ڵʲô
и˵ڱĵطˡűЦݸŨЩֻ¶ĻһŴĲš
һŮӵƬƬϵװ׾Ǳ
ԼƬڹֻϣƬıϤĵطü
һʱ
Ҳ𣿡ЦŴӹùֻڿƬһ˲ʲô˭Ҳûи˵
Ƭ̺󣬡Ǳߡĸ߱
ʶˣĿȥ񰲣֪ʡʵ񰲲ʶҲʶ񰲣ΪȻǸ֯ȴɵһˡ
ΪԼڣǧҲʲô
졣ô˵ʵ֤񰲺ׯɵĹϵҲôãҲǶԶԷӡ㹻á
˭ȻùֻǱһֻתȥ񰲡
֯ԳƵĶɡ˸Ĵʻ㡣
Ȼڱʲôʱ񰲵ֿôʶҲ֯ˣ֮Ժܻ˵֯ǿһ㡣
Ҳܻ䣬΢΢һЦΪ֯˺һĪ˵ͽ㣿ʡһ򲻻Կġ
㲻Ҳ֪򻹺һ𣿡Ҳʡ
ΪҸǲһİõЦݣĶҴЩ졣ϲٶش𣬹Ŀת졣
ôǾȥﻹȥһߣ
40] 濪ʼ꣬ǲϣΪĹϵɫ￪˶ơ
ɻ״Ķƣ˸Ű׳Ĺâ
ǧĺ¡˼Ѿһ亣ߵķݣʱֻһڣΪǸŮϢ
¡˼ûпˣҲͲΪϼǸ˶ʲô
ֻǧĺܵĵڲʱӣǲãѾϰչŮľֵ
ǧģʵǲõĵġǸһ˽⣬൱ɿġһֱһ֯˴˼䶼Ϥʱ򿪿ڰο
ΪҲȷʵᵣģ֯ĽͬǱĿ꣬˵뷨վͬŮ˰ɡ
ֻҵȻġֹǧĴӿ¡˼ԼϾͶһѹֵĲ
һԾͬʱ
ԭĹϵ𣿣
΢΢һ򻬣񰲼ʱת̲Ųײǰĵ߸ˡ
Щŵĺһ³ȥ˿ֿ˿ƿǸСҪΪ˶һֻèҲվ
濴ˣ񰲽ǸܵСèǿĵĶţǰŵĹҹά˵ĲΪղŵҲȷʵһЩȥ
֮ûжע⵽ûзӦԼȻҲԸڱ֮¡οʵҲ֤ȱ˭
Ͼͬദϵô
ѣ΢һ¾ûлġʱ¶·ӰЦݸ˻شһ˲䣬񰲵һűñЩ㶡
һݶôϤĸо
һԶκ˶ϧֲΪ˵˭ƭ˺µǶֲﲻᡣ
оǸҲһֻСվǰ˵㿴ʵѵĲô

ֱֿεԼҲһ㶡
һֱȻпĳɷĽӽȴڲԵĻؾҲһ˿ɵõӦͻƿڣ벻ڡ
ʵԼʲôעӣȴĸоҲע⵽ʱһ˵ĳĬ
Ҫ𣿺ܿɰġһЦһ߽Сè˳ƾٵǰΪᶯƲͷ
ǰֻСèΪܵЩķ涶ϵëһ˫۾ȴΪŶĴĿԼϣһЦ
ЩءӱʱСèҪܿľٶ񰲵İæ²Ž֮Σ̶Ϳڡ
СҲзʶɣʵнӽ˶˺ġ˵Բԣһ˵Լ˼⿴ǰŮӡ
ǹΪȤĲĿΪ׶ü˭²ؼ⣿
΢ЦںԱ߻ˣһҪõѡ
һͷһ䣬ֻԼǸһĻ
ǲֻ˵ף
41] һ·Сܼ˼վʱѾԼĿӿ߳
˾ұԼᣬļһ£ô˵һϲճűԲû۸
˭
߸˵˵һ仰ͬʱ־˸V͡
СƣôȻֵǱŮӵǳľȡ
鱨¡ЦЦȻȥԼղĵˣֲǸİˣ¡
˭˵עίԡǺܲѺõ´İĸߴˡղûע⣬˾Ȼ컹Ҫ߳٣˿ؿϵĲ𡭡˵ԼڿҲҪԵݣ͡
˿ˣ۲йЦһѡҪҪܸСʶѵõöһʱ޷Ӧ
ʶû
û߼İˣôôˣܲϲ˵ֺҪѹȣúᡣ
оεĲо
ҽȻؼûأʲôʱؼңΪ޶˵ľòӦͽţ¿˵ĽĿƿ
УСأҲ߱Ըɴ̧һ˳ڣ֪һƫġ
˵˭ƫƫûһ㣬Ȼ
˵˭ԼĵǵˣܲЩðĿŸߴ˵ķ˭Ȼ춼ɻˣ
Ŷĵҵĵ𣿡
仰ʵôЦûȥǰЩǧرѵĲҪͱ顣
ĵĻѵǺͺ졭嶯֮˵仰·žԼ˵ʲôͻȻסڡ
ѾʲôΪʱǸߴƺͷɢһҵϢ˴߶𶯡
е˾طʲôֻҪһһͿԴԽȸС
㵽˭Ȼھ׷һ䣬ҲֻһĮıӰ

裬ллĶˡǰŮ¶һΪЦݡ
ʲôҶƯŮ˶ġָнܳӣΪǳˮѾˢϴ˳ڲ
ͣҲȻˮ
ƶǧĵĵ绰񰲵ĳģû֪ͨͱûжֻͬ˳Թȷ˾档
һϧķƶ˵Ļɼεжôϲ
ǺϰߵһңҲѹ֣ô˰Լһְֻ棬׵ͼһ
÷ƶΪã˿̱ĿڣҲ𣿡
üЦ⣬˵öԣֻϣһЩ˶ҪŶ䡭

ʺͽ

42] ϵıʾʱ䣬ĲһֱûͣڣҲһͬ
ֻʱǧģŲӵȴһԵ¡˼ΪҲԸɴ಻
תרĵĿŵӣңذһ̨һ̨Ƿרľͺ˵ˡ
ڣһȥɡǧ˵ͬһʱʹš
ҲȥĻ˭ңҪĻҸô죿һеڣǧĲŲæĿ
֮ô˵ֻ⻰סĿľסʵһ㣬ҲǹͬĴʼˣǻһӲɡ
ֻڲһȥ裬һΪ¡˼ĲȫΪӦҪǸŮӺһ༸죬Ҳؼһ㡭
ȥ
ȻǧĻ귢ʲô£㹻˽ʲôһͺҪҿһ˱صܡ
ԣΪǧĸԼҲǲ뿴Ǹĵġ
ԣںҪ㱣ң㲻뿪
ܳȵͣһƬ⣬ӭǵһϤס
·ΪȾ˶úģһСʱ俴ó϶˯ŵģִһʱضС
һ³Ƿƶԭǹһ̤һţ֪Ϊηƶȴһ˳ǸĶ൱֮
ȻֽŹϣñҪһ³ıֻøһһ³һ³ģҲԿȡ
ֻڳ϶ʲôûעʱ
ǺʱڲϻȥôϨı𣿡⻰Ǻ̵ܷ˵ģһ˵
ǰ˶֪ԼðƻԵӹ˺ͽ߶ȻǶһ˵۹ڵһϡ
ȷںδĿԭΪΡ
ԣ񰲲мһںٻˣܸɳô¶ʰɡɲƽ޹ʵĻ۸ˡ
һͽô˵ǾܰȫˣׯľǲԼԼԵˣ֯Ϳ񰲺¡˼˳ֱۣӽ̬¶һ㡣
ҵİȫٲġĮΪչӰӲôò׽񰲺ׯ֮ضѾչһ
ȻԼ޹ص£񰲴ׯɡȻֿѹȹԼλΪᣬı͸ᡣڽʱׯֱɱҫбڼһ˲йĲá
ԼҲЩʲôоˡ
Խӿʼ뿴ׯ֮Ĺϵжˣɷϣⲻֻŷ֣ܶණֻϲȷеķӦʼʲô趼δ֪ġ
ǰǵİȫ˻Ǿ
ɫׯɺȻ֣Ȼ졣
߳˭ô
43] 紵֣ձˮʪҶˮ΢΢ɳɳ·죬ء
ϣǸּ߳ԼɯšȻдīñӵװ硣
ϲҲϲ΢΢üȻԤŮǲͽˣһֱӽԼвõĿġ
Ͼദ죬ԼŮ˵
ҪƭŮ˲٣ƭһҲûУڡΪȫһˣֹ۲͹ۺġ
Ůӡ
ͬҲѺŮϴԼˣϵı΢Ų⡣
ڳһ龰֤˵ݡǼȻǵˣΪʲôأ˵ƭġ
Ҫݵɡ
뵽ʲôľȵգ۾رĲĿȥ죬ûпԼµĿǰ档
ת󲢴档
Ҳȿ衣СһСƢȻûιȥͱס϶Ƿǳġ
İ
ڿɯ߳ʱĿѾ˲˼飬Ӧ֪һЩΪ֪顣
ֻ˵벻˵ڱתһȦڻû˼
ϵЦݸŨֻڵЦ͸յõŵʱЩ΢Ĳͬﲻͬ˭Ҳ˵ֻ۲۵׿һĨȻ
νƺҲ֪ʲô顣
ɯš
ƶΪһμϤֻ񣬺ܿ첶׽΢ϢԾԲӦ䡣
˵Ǻܽ˵ģôǻ᲻ΪһͬԼأ
ֱצĵӡǱҩѺׯɻƴ
Ǳֱ̫ˣ
ԭʲôãȴٱᣬΪ㿴ԼԼҪ˵任ʱַŭǺƽϢġ
˭ϻֻҪ취õҩҪԼʰ
ǺǡôЦΪĻׯɷ·൱֮ЦԿʼľٶСɰ
Сһ򶼺ܿɰġ˵ķͬ鲻ôʶһ£ΨһӦľǱܲĵĿ;εԼΡ
Լֻŷֵ飬ź裬סңöġ
ôƯŮʿ˵ĻҵȷþܾΪԼǱׯɵ̬ȺȻʿһЦصҲǹѺõЦݡ
·ǵˡ
ׯôĿģƴǣ¶һڽЦ
44] ȽĿݣĿɰ񰲵㣬ׯɵĳͶͬеһŴоס
ƽ͵ı飬ȴܸ￴ĸоҲӢȴ˾ƽ
ôҵĵһӡ󡣡΢ЦûòׯɵķȺ̬ģֻȻŲͬ
һ۶ôŶ˸о⣬һȴȻȻķˡ
ЩͬܳʵĻشˣҲ¶ЦݡͬǵЦ⣬е׺Ҳׯɵֲͬ
ˣǸġ
һԵȤĿǵģҲʼնÿǶ跽ģ¿ûЩôá
ϻˡֺҵ˾ĥߴˣƫƫһʼׯɾսԡ
оˡ˭ôᣡöԷûжҲģȻôԼûж⻹һᡭ
Сƣ嶯ׯɴһ԰衣
ĳĬٳϣҲԼ⣬Ȼעôֵˡ
侲ңȻ̬ȺԸһޡ
侲ôأĸԸһ£ϽͶׯɶˡ
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Цˣң޷Ӧ˵ʲôǻõ񰲣ķӦһֱ۵ıֳ
ŲҪôΣվԲԣ
û뵽ĻԸԼˣׯɵıһ˼û̫־á
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ϸӣɲ˿ɳ֮ʹԼΣա
ҪſŵĽƽʣ嵭ЦⲻׯɲʱƳȥѲµ֡ʣ޷Ǹ˵Ļᡣ
ȰСƴҪҲһ
ǾͰѰæɡڵ仰Ա˵ׯɵЦݱø̶죬һ˵ҲǺȻ
չıĻҪ˳
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֣񰲿Сׯ˲ʼ˵Ͳ˿ܣڱ˫˵ִעӣϷеľܾ벻ʵķӦ
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ԣׯЦˣͬġֿ϶Լȷ
45] ˭˵ôֱ׳ΪһԶܴһˣ׽Ҳһ
ׯɾôֱ׳ô˳µ˾ҲԼ񰲵Ĺϵ͸ղȷľܾ
ƾʲôΪһͬ⣿ʣúܲͬʱҲׯɻôƶһʲô롣
ѵ
λСôԳʿ㲻ϰæѵԸָ֣ǿׯϵЦò⡣
һģȻ仰Ĭһ¡
Ȼˣ鷳æɡĳĬУڵǱ
Ϊׯɻùȷϣǲǣڿһıֻǲʲôڶûѡء
˳ׯɵ˼˵ע⵽Լ˵仰֮촽ĨڽŨԵ˲Ϊѵı顣
ðɡ񰲻ǴӦˡرıж˶¶ζĹɫ
쵰ҪǸҰ͹㣡
˰ƶĬ״̬£ֻһ˿߽ԵĴСֱֻ֪ϲϲᣬԲϲܵ˺
Ϊ𣿡СֻԼ߹ʱһ񰲵Ļ񰲵ĽŲûͣ¡
ֱվ֮񰲵κһ̬ҲûԱʾ
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ǰȾ𣿡ѧԴ˵ǿȫǵ٩Цû֦Ҳ仰˵ö尡ѧѧǣ
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ҩλСȥɡ
ӸһСƿׯѾµ˽飬͹ӴҲˡ
ϽӵҩƿʱеĿⶼ£˹ںߣ񰲿˿ǰԼ΢Цı
ɫȫһҪȥʵˡ
ҰɡӨȻϸ·ҪĲǶ˺Ķ־ƽ񰲵ǰú
ȻԼϲֻ֣֪Լϲٶ˺ԼȴֵԸһ㶼ϲ
Ҿܾ
ֲ֪ôӲĴӿ˵񰲲ںһ̱ıͷƶ˼ˡ
֪Ļشжô˳ׯɵ˼Ǹ˵ĿԭһʼȶԸ
ЩҪˣҪǡ
ʲܽҲԼȥġ
һָׯתȥץĲӡ
仰Լ˵ģͽΪԼĻ۵ģ

ľ

46] оһֻЭԼʶľ͵ɴ۾ŲǵС岻ܷҲ
ֻ䵽ϵֲû˺ΪǸںѺڴ˿һʹׯһץա
Ӧû뵽һׯɵıһŭĵӣǲ£˴
¹˵ư͵ĸоǿҵĲɢ
ĽҲȫû˼һ·϶ôԵ¼ϵء
ѵڧ
ӦҲ˺ġ
һŮӺȻ۵ĺϤ˵ĻҲĺ˾ȡ
ǵĵ˵Ҫ˺˭
ӦֻҪǸͽͷġ˵ȻǵʾϵȫûеͷԵĻ
⻰еͽȻָ񰲡
һˣㆪôʲôָˣֻҪҵЭҾͺˣЩͷׯɵĿɱ
ǲУҪ˺ҲӦ˺ģŮӵĹִһ˿
˾˭øˣ˭ôأ
ѵҲǸͽһѴˣׯɷŭ
ȻعͷȥʱоӱſɸСͬʱһŮӽǰǰ档
Ҳ뱳Ѵ˵ģҪ˺裬ҾԲӦ
ɯţʲô˼
ׯһ仰Ůݡ
ԼڵıһܴīñӵŮӣ˼άһƬհʲôû롣Ȼʲô롣
ɯžȻȻǲͽȻƭȻΪʲôҪԼ
¾У·Ͳˡ
Ǹ˾ܿһ޴µıݶܣֻгſ˽ͷչ
죬ǿ߰ɡɯֱ˫۸ׯɵİȫ룬ԻǸͬ˵ϲˡ
֪ǶǺˣԲǼͶϵļϸǲȻͲ衣Ĳ˺裬Ҫ
ⱾǳΪ׾ӵϷ룬ΪĲԡֻΪôĿֻһǾţҲˡ
ߣ
ڷƶ̾ҡҡͷʱȻ˵ˡҲŲߣҪŮҶԼȥ
ҲӲʹ˲ׯɣһ̾һһ˵ȫĵط
Ҳ֪˳ׯɵ˼
סڲʱһɯŹȻѾׯһѳסҲҪѵĻҾһʰߣ
û֣ׯֻץɯׯɾǲ֪ʲôܡ
47] ¡һ졣
ڵ˽ûꡣֺϣڵĹɫͬ
Ϊˡ
̯̯֣Կǧ˵¡˼ڲһĄ̇ϵӵѾСʱˡΪȥ¥ϣǧȻͬһȴǷϣʣһġ
Լ˵Ե̫֣Ѿ̫ˡ
¹ӦþͲˣʵҲкôģСһЩϵϡ
ܲ¡˼ģǧվվߵߡ
𣿡ʡ
˵ʵǵġǧģҲΪʲôһȥ֯и˽ׯɣһļƷǳˣׯǽ¡˼֯ˣ¡˼һ㶼ϲǸ̫ñ˱ԼãǳΣյһڡ
ȥҲﲻæ˵Լһ¡
һ㶣¡˼ֻǿǧģûлش˼ͬʱڶ¥¥ݿشһӰ
Ҳ仰
Сô
һȥק֣Ȼ֪û˲ˣм䡣
ڵѾ˳˵˵ˣҪԼڧ̫ʧˣ
ɯɯߵģܾΪʲôΪۼɯű߶ԼΪԷǳûڣ̬ɾͼ
ʵģʱһľԼûá
ǻȥģǶôǲµġ
Ѿȥóļ١
Сƣ಻ңһָ贽ϲΪļ˵ʲôĻʡ
£šС˵
⼸ദѰѱɽһĴڣΪչˣжĿݰڶôŭʧȥǵ£ṥ
ͷ΢ЦȻǾҪҵĻǻȥҪġ
̶̧ȥ졣֪һѾ뷨ˣȷǽж
֮䣬˴κ͹ͨҪġ
ǾͽȥˣҪˡһ仰ʹһ˵ľƶĻҲǵͷ
óмĻʲôķõʲôε˲ֵλǧĶ̾˵򲻷¼ʵҲġ
ȵȣҪȥ𣿸ղǺǼıɣ
ԲĿŻʵóÿ˶ܿׯɺɯһϷʲôͼһĵ˾ûдԼô㣬õԼˣյĿĴﵽˣӮø׼ʱ䣬ҲڷɢԷսһõķ
ǲׯɵǿһ֤ʱ뿪ﲻҪмƣΪʲôǻҪðսȥ
ѵΪ˾ɯţ⡭
쵰
뵽ÿȷʵ뵽ˣֻദǶ֪Щ¾˵Ҳı䲻Ŀ񰲵Ͼʱݺݵشһȭ
ûһȭĲᡣ
48] оϻģͬʱһƹ
ס֣Сơ
ŵϡǸ겻ĵתӺݶ˼½ţ߶ʲôǼϸ֮Ļ
Բ𡣲Ѿˣϣ⡣ȥǾͺáƶ裬վղһһûվˤһ¡
֪Լ޷˵ǵˣ񰲾Ϳվķ򣬡Ҳһȥ
ԣ˫۾ʲô˵ٲǵִȻҪһȥ
âѼΪï֦Ҷ赲յҫ޹ҵƵʵҲһԭ
һָһػĹȼ
ָⶥĻ磬ںڰз·Ĵڣһ˲佫˵߼йִϢһ̺ĲЭ
𣿻ᱻ֪ڵλáƶݵ裬ʡСӲȻȥŷҪ֪ǲ񰲣뵽һûָԼȥҲȷʵģƶͽ˽
ǰ˵õҪСӹȻǽͲˣ
ǵڰνˡǵıͺܶ࣬ڻشʱҲ۲ΧĵΡطǰȻԼô
һв·ڣֿǰѰá
ϤͻȻʡΪ֯ĳԱǵһΪʲôһ֪ҡ
ʹûʱһ˲˼ûмǴ֯һֲȷǷ˵ǵ˾Ҳʹˡѵ
Ϥĵطܶࡣ仰˵֮Ѿˡ
񰲵Ŀڱ͹ͣһ£˵ƽû˵ѾԽʲôΪ֪ˡ
ȻûжԶľ룬ڼǰһ·ڡ
ˣ·Ϊһ׼ġ
ҴưɡƶڿǹԼ󣬿ڡ۴ķ濴ǶƱҪ˵Ĵˡ
ͷǾĿ⿴һŮˡ
ᣬҺһȥˡߵӺԵһ¡ΪԼĴ
ô˵ȻҺˣôǷ˵лأͬĻй֪첢İҲׯɸղŵ֪˭ɲðա
˰ɡҪˣ޹ءҲȥˡʼ磬̯֣˵һȻӣǱȻҲ޹
ߣ촽߼ڽΪ̡ϵŮˣҲΪ뷨ŵʵС
ڹĿ֮£ԼһڣǱ񰲣ƶ衣
ǵģԼȥġѡſڡֻʣԼʱֻ֪ͨǴ˭ˡ
49] 
¶䣬ע⵽񰲵ɫ˲һ£ڿ־ʲôȻû˵
뵽ղ콻ʱСԼСĺ񰲵İȫ֪񰲻ܵ
Ӹղ񰲶ׯɵ̬ȿô˿ܲǿеĴˡ
׵ôҡףǵǽô׵ǰô˼ɣ˼š
֪ɯǵ˻ȥˣƥ֮¡ʱߴ񰲵ĻȻס滹΢Ĳ
ˣʣ㣬ϲԼڡ
Ͼͬһ֯֪ѡ
ôȷϲСأϾֻ֪ĹϵЦûе⡣Ȼûرʾ˽⣬һϾǻ¡
ϰߵľԼⲻŽȴܾʲôǰȫʲôǸΣ൱˽⡣
ǲҲͬ𣿡ΪĿ̽Щˣ񰲵Ŀѵöһݵ䡣Һ֣ΪʲôҪ⣿ҪΪİȫ޻˵ȴϲȹű˵
ʲôôΪĵЦ֪񰲵˼ˡ
ûвԣҺܲϲ˵⻰˵ľǰߣҲǾԼȡ֣񰲽±Ӱ첻š
Ǳ׵Ū񣬲ĴʵڲԼƱѾ˼˰ɡ
þûнŲֻͣԼĲӣȻԸȻͷȥˡ
ΪܿԿǸŮϸӰϧˡ
ԼڵһƬκϢϵĻѻȼţǸղŽǻȼģá
ԼߵĲûˣ񰲲ĻȥҿһϵĶ
̧ͷȥһСŮ
ϵˮգɯţ
׵ĳǰ֤˵ĸղһıͬʱҲ֤񰲺ɯŵĹϵЩͬ
һҾͷˣǸŮӵľߡſ񰲣ɯŻϵĵͲݸζ̫ǿϲ
ôˣ˲䣬ҲЩꡣ
һ㶣Ҳû˲˰æģֻ˸ԹתƶѡҲ뵥ġ
æ񰲵Ƣɯ֪ٶŮƢʵǺܲõġ˵֯ƢֻºͿ˿
Ժûҵָʾ¡ǿ֮ŷϵıҲ˲١
ɰľڶߣɯŻһСͷ
ǵ˵ĹϵеĶ԰סһĳ֣ѵʲôı

ͷĿ

50] оΧϢӦٶϸꡣ
žͿ񰲿ʼ֪Լ˵˵ΧԹѾʶһˡ
˿ֻѾҹʱˡ
ûҿֱЦſڣʱҲǰ취һˮͻƣ¶ô
ˮǸվֱϸӰһ˲ұӵ廪֮
˵껰Ȼһ߳
ֻ˲Ǳеδİˣһйһ֮Եˣׯɡ
ü
˵ʵʵҲǲҲ÷ô¡ڵȫֻ˵͡޴
վк֮ǰ˵Щׯɵƺղź˭йִ
ܿ죬ֶԱ¶ûжЦݡ
֣˵޴Ц˵ķ˵Եı仯ְ˸߱ԷǴˡ
һΪѡǰء΢ЦԾƶˡ
Ȼ˺ôƯС㣬ôҲܶԼְͬεĻʾ˺ܶ಻˵ܡ
ͬ顭˵񰲣ü˾ʲô˼
˭ҿǶǼͶϾ;˲αװôðĽ
Ȼͬ飬ΪʲôҪңգۣʲôֵھһµĶ
ܼ򵥣ΪҲϲׯ˵Ȼ˵ĺ󣿻СУһôõˣ
Цڴ
Цÿɷ񣬡ͲӦˣһȥǲ˳˼
ҡҡͷҲ밡֪Ƕƫ˵ʲôҲţԸղŵĻ㵱û˵ˡ˳㣬ɯǱߵŶ
Ȼδƥׯɺܻˣô˵˶ҡ֪̫ˡ
ҪллôˡᲦ¼ձˮһƳûƬׯƿ
˵ʲôģд˸о
Ȼ˵ǴʱǽĻ
ƫͷһƬζɫǵϢǳͨ
ȻᣬǱϾɵӡԵĻ
ôɵ˵㡣ЦЦ˵ĻڱԴҵʵǺܲ׵ġ
һ仰ׯɫЩ΢ı仯ԼҲ˵仰ʱǸ̬һˣһˣ
⻰ô˵
Լĵ˵Լ˵Ļѵͬô
ҷ鱨ĺܴׯЦȻȴȻûů⣬Ǹ൱֮⡣ҿԸ㣬˵Ļû˸ҴСģҲҲ·ġ
һشѾ˵Լ֯ݡ
У򵥵һ£ЦݲţʾңҪȫ˽ⲻͽ˾Ӧðô
һ˫עӣЦ
˵Ů̬ǸɶˣׯҲĻ¶һЦݣܹ⡣
ʵҪ֪ĴӦø𣿡
51] ҹѺڣͲ֮ǲ
΢΢ˬİײ
ʱķűģׯɶվţһʲôͻȻϮض˳Ƿ˳
ĬƬ̣ǳ˽ʡԷֱ
Ҹһ𳤴ģû˭Ҹ˽𣿡ˣ򶨴ݵЦ
֪Ϊ𾪣ΪʲôԭʱׯɵĮȻȻ㲻ϾԵ⡣
ƺķСǸἰݡ
Ŷһ𳤴ģӦ൱õѰɣ
ŮȻ͡
ԭôðɣڲˡΪʲô̾˿ׯƺʲôʧ顣
ǰҸһҸɡȻת˻⡣
ġ
˻˵ʲôĻܱؼǿô˵ʼռǵ˸߹Ҫ֡
˻ôԼĵׯԼΪԼѡ񡰴
ǸˣǸΪԼνҪѵˣѾΣյģŮˣûüֵͺ
һʼ˵ׯɾֱ⣬ڲˮķʽʵҲпȡ֮
Ϊ˴ﵽԼĿĺŮˣһҲİǸӣϧִԲ򡣡
ֻ˵˻ʱ˵˳ֻʲôˣ
ΪڸһƣΪҪ㿪һˡ
ʵҲкֽܶͣ뻵˵ǸС
֪˵Ļ㲻ţŮ˶ǹִģƯŮ˸ǡ㲻ҪңֻҪúôںǣ֯һԱ𣿡
˵ﻹûдӱϼһ㱣ׯЩҲЩʹ졣
ϲƭһʵҲûУ
֪ڵλԭģڶѽΡȻûôȺ͵ġڳĬ̫úڿڣó鲢̫ׯ˵ЩûĻûй⡣
СƵıΪ䣬һȤֲ˵ʵɵĺܡ
ֻĻôĿ޷ﵽˡ΢ЦȻܰܰȻΪǰˡ
˺ð죬Ů˵ĻׯɿԾкܶ鶼ξͺ񵱳ûκһ˿ҡ
죡˶Լ˵һ䣬ʹׯɾúܷŭȽϸĽʾĲ㡣
ڼʧȥǵ£˵һ仰
ܶ飬ȷԼǸôҲ𣿡
һ񱻴̵һѽıһαĮҡ
52] ֮У׵
ˮʪģĴʹѵá겻󣬻ǲʱ׵Ƶио
ԽǰߣܵĳϢԽǿҡ
ʹô֮ÿҪǸˣǻֱ۵ķӦ䵭ҵìܡӳҲһģֻΡ
˵ټû
֪Ǹһģʲôʱǣֿ϶ŻЩûйϵֻ֪
Խţǿƽص̬ȾԽֻ̣ĽŲһո߽ʱٶûпκһ仯
죬Ȼ漣һ㣬εεˮ˷㼯ϷγһӨˮޡ
ȻĿׯɵ̵ĵ⣬ֻ˵ʱŻı顣
ڱϼһһǰڱϼͻǰһ֪ׯɻе³
ҪñΪʱһ˭ҲƲסǵһμʱǧĶ֪һ㡣ֻǱһ㲢ûбׯɵ
ȻҲһнŮӶ޶ԡ
ʵҲ޶ԡׯиоŮӵĮֻǴ˷ķѰκɱ⣬ȷԼİȫ
Ƣ֮ãѲ֪˵һΡ
ôҪ𣿡ſʱЦĿ˵Żׯɲǲ˵ˣ෴ǸΪԼȫˣһ̣ԷĶ̫ƽͣӡ
֪ǸʲôȶԸ𣿡ǣŮ˼Ȳ侲޴
ɵˣ˵֮١仰û˵꣬Ѿ䲻Ⱔˮһ£ʵۣûпǸŮʲôʱӵıޡ
֪Щ˵ЩҲҪ˵ڣ
ľУȻƽ͵Ĳ첻ϢֻһΣΣյô¶
һ̣ׯɲڲԼһô
Ů˵
֪ǼͶϺʲôӦ
һϴ棬ɯΪį÷˺öԼ˺þãҲʲôĳ˼˺þãΪ˻Ծʡ
ɲϰ̫ĳϡ
֪ˣһһ𾪣ʿ㡮ôôôɣǺǣ;˷ܣֻΪѵõĶ˶ε˲ɣһõ湻ģ֣ɯѾϵҾ˵ûӵ˲ܴͬ
ǲ֪ġûʹɯŵĻҲͷϵ£ʵǿģϲӵĸо
Ϊʲô˿͸ˡҲ֪ģΪȵԾʱǲܱİ
ΪѾʽˡƽĻشɯŵĻشɯžȵıһ˳ص
Ҫͽ
53] 綯ﶯӰ
㾪ȵӣƺû鵽ҵƢǻ֪ģҲûʲ᲻áƵ֮ˮо֮˳鵽ׯɵϡ
ˮ޹һ˲ׯ϶㡣
Ȼͬߣ˶ַǳãǱܷʵѳԿȫûϵṥŻˡ
ˮ޳ףһׯɲûжеİˡûдѪɫƤѾƣϱϳһ˺ۡ
Ůȫû˼
ͻȻ;Լһֻǿ޺Ůˡ
һΪ̫ڮٱ˶֪ۡΪʲôʱׯɵǸ˸˵һ仰ֻ֪᲻Ѿˡ
ھ˵ʲô֪ҲҪԸˣôðɣҵĵϣ˭ܶԸң
׺ʹû¡
ʪ˵ķûйڼǸԼԼּ߳ʱӶЩҡ
ʹӣҲȻô
֮󷴶ޣ겻Ȼֻ㻹ôġѰȻʵһֻΪ̫ſϢ޷һ͸
ô벻ʲôͬķʣ̫棬֪ԼѾԵԡ
֮ǰûȥټʲô龰Ϊ汾ڴģڼʱ龰ֺȫİͬԤǧٴһ㣬Ĳ
˵Լǲ
һֺֻ׵ľ͸Լһ£ⲢһôԤϵľٶ
صɣڻһǻõһС
仰ҲѿԤϵĻֻ˵һ̵ʵСʵвǸԻ֡
֪ǲܵġ
˵뿪֯һѾ¶Ĳ𣿡·⻰жôĿЦֺ飬Ļ𣿡
صĶʵ
ǧǸ֯ԸͿԽˣ֮ûôΪ
˵ϸݣЦȻϲĵĶ뽨ٸҶԸ㡣ֻҪ㿪ڡ
㽨ĵȻģǧĵľͲһˡֹﲻٶ˵˼Ѿˡ
ô˵˾ĲصˣʻЭΣյϢһϰ߸߸ϵˣһϰҪʲôҪֵˣ˷¸߰ȥȡһҪʱȴûеõԤڵĳɹ⵽ʲôطǲϸ˵
ڶʱҶΣյġ
ȥġ
ٴıԼ˼ͬʱ̧˿ֱϵʱ䣬ҹʱֲ֣ΧĿôˡ
棬ҲűϢĻܾҵɣǸʹˮߣ

ֲĽ

54] ĵƹһһģǧѾ绰˺СеߣϮĵһ
ûдк뿪ǧҲڼйʱһ
Ӧġ
Ȼս϶һʧԷֻߣҲк¡˼ʱӦûдġ
ǰ¡˼ļ򡭡
ԭֻǽͣԺˣһ³ˣΪԿ˵Ա𣬽ϿŮˡ
¡˼˿ǧģõͷ׿ϲȥšʱµĶڵűڶĵĵط߶¶ҵȡֵĵһſĵؾ
һѾ򿪣֮Ũɢ
ǸµһǹͬԼô߽һۿǧġ
ܿƿ߼ѰʲôһУֻˡüΪûԼĿꡣ
ֽ񶨸ǧϣʡһе˿쵼λôӦþνǧ˰ɡ
ʻּ˹ȻǹǧͷӣģһոճˡشС̬Ȳ䲻ȡ
֪Ļ࣬־ӸµӸиӡ֤˼ֶΡ
ЩԽܡ
˻ǲҼЦһĨҲգҽĿıͲһ˽ɡ
˺޼ɻ˵Ļ⻰֮䣬˭ҪҪ
ԣһ㶡
ǧĲû뵽Ļ㷴תΪһ£˿̿ƺҲĿˡ
Ҫҽ˭ΪԻʡֻҪ¡˼ͽǲõġԼҪ˻˭ô
װͿˣҲãŮˡһⲽһ˵ŲΪĻڰҹĵž޵
ҲЦݸڵˡ
һŮ¡˼ôš
Ȼϱһֻһ£Ϊɪһ£¡˼عͷŷǺ²ñذ塣
Сʲô˼ٻعȥŮʱŷ˷ĸоǺȻһΪӦʲô
ѵղǡ
ԭ˳Ϊ谭ƽ⣬üǳǳŭ⣬ɫû
ʱǧҲֿڣҵģֱ˵
ΪװͿЩһҶͽһûȤͽ͸ɱǧǲݣ
Ӧ˵Һ㲻죬Ȼ֯һû˸Ϊ༥
˵ǧһطƣ˶ڸÿ̱ʱģǱϾŮ˵Ϊ
ǧĻĲ΢΢ĿСŮ˰Ϊֻء
55] Ų֪ʲôʱ򱻹ϣòֺƺûпĳɷ档ҲΨһһʼûпˡ
ϵһˡ
ǧġ¡˼Ǹµˡ
űϵ˲䣬Ǹµ˵עƺͼе˲ϵǰѱˡӦ˵ȻŵǷ·޹Ҳ
ͺһԼ磬Ⱥ̡
űϣΪűʤİգô˿ǧġȻͱúܲ
ͷ̫࣬Ůǲʺϵģҳ˵ŮֻҪҶ˾ͿˡЦȻ뵽ׯһΪѣֻαСèǺǡ
ܱǸǲһˣҸûһ뷨䵭
Цҵ˲㰡ǧС㣬֪ЦͻȻһݾ⣬ύɣ
¡
ҲˣһһߴˢɨǰˮΪ·İȫ
ϵŮӻϢУľûз˲ߡҡͷ̾ϢͬʱҲůŮһǺģȻ¡˼ȫ͡
һҹۣǴһ˵ϤϤ˵İֲôİ˵ŮˣǴδйľ
ڳʱǽ˵ǲǾԼŮ˾͸ôʲô뷨ȻϲôϣΪ˾øôϣʶûС
˵ôĵĴڣǧڳʱЦ˵Ȼп˵ԼθСô˵ˣЦ˵仰˵öϿҿŶȶˡ
ʱǺǵġ
Ŀעǰʱ˼Ҳǧĺ¡˼ĶԻҲȷǻе֪ʲô
Ҫڵ֯Ļһԣ˵ĴҪһԣ
㱣ҵôãҲһεʱˡ
ţԽԽ졣
֪ѹˣ˯òҲ
߿Ҳ˳㿴˿Щȵüķ𣿡
ͻȻڵĻðĳ˶Ҳ΢΢Ŀ
˵ʲôղ˵Ļû壬ΪԼ£ôʶ״̬
ûʲôҵĴؿŸղҲԼûע⣬ˡ
ֻǶ¶΢ЦΪΪʲôϳҪȥѾ֪ˣǱԼ֪Ļʡ
ҲǶ໰ˣҲûղŵĻʲôΪˣʱ򶼴һ顣
Ǿǣڸղŵ˲ûж뷨ΪʲôǷһδ֪
56] ûмҾߣûװΣеֻѪܵĽʼܡ
һУƶûС˲ֵ߶Ψһ
ּžѾڹŵǸ뿪˺þˣڲٳǸ߶˹ܰ
񰲣㻹ŰɣСĵָⴥŽʼϵˣɯСʡְĵ˶ô˼ɣɼղŷʲô¡
Ǽжô˴Ŀģ
ڻ£ΪǸȻΪ˽Ӹ뿪ˣ˿ɻŸղŵ£Ŀ
ǰԼߣԼԸôӶΪԼΪԼǿǸղŵȴɯ֪뷨ǰԼ̫ˣ̫ɡ
ȿȡ
ȻĿлӦܺùûзӦ֤˿̵˻ûΣա֤ʼϵѾѡ
񰲣˵𣿡æһ䣬ɯſǷǳϲԼһĸо̫̫ˣܲˡ
İɡšȿȡ˵һ仰пȷʵûΣա
ֻղŵЩ˺
̫ˣû¾Сһ˿ǱŻ˰һԼĿڡȻɯžҪ񰲷½ʼܡ
ʲôƺΪ
Ȱ˵Ȼôߣ˵ȻϿȴûзԼ
Ҫߣǳϡ
صͷΪѾСĵĽŵϡȻˣѵҪƲ𣿡
֮ĸ첲϶մϵѪˡⶼôʱˣ˸ղִҪôݰ¡
ɾҲͽˡСĵѣһ뵽ղŵҲĲ̫˵㡣ţû䡣
ѡڴ˿ʱ˵Ǿ仰ΪľǱľ档˵ΪҪõǸѾôˡҺ׼˴˻ȥǸ˵ʱ䣬Ųд·
Ȼû£ôڣлԼĿĵʱˣ
Ҫһ֡
ҲҲͽ˺òãղŴʱôݣʱҸкң˾ǻҪԸҡҿɲҪ
ȻϣɯŮȻϾ˼£
͸һ߰ɣε£Ҳ򡣡
Ĭ˰ΣΪ꿼ǡٿڵĻܿõɯŴĵͷ֧֡
ֻЩͬĵطɯȻͬ⵫ҲԼһĻ˵ǸоԼܲܰ׾ȡ
ʲôվӻúۣһһи˲õˡ
֪ҺϲɣҪΪҵˣҪ취
Ҳ
ɯŵֻĸ֣ͬʱҲűƵ
57] ͱһҵľݣ֮ƿһۿһӰѹѹĵʶ֡
ԤӦõԼ˲֪ôľˤڵˣһ㶣ߵıһӡ
𣿡һ˫ˮȥϵˣһѪ⣬һ
ôô
췴ӦѸٵָӣĿǴ꾰ۡһһһü
е龰ȻľǰڸոգźǸֻһзһ𡭡
㲻شҵҲãҿԸ㣬㶼ǻߵġҪ˭ܿͻ֪
ĿתĶǰſãٳٵģ˵仰һ㡣
ߴҲ߶ӣվһطŵҲòԼҲطͷ
ôʻȻ䣬ɷϵǣ첢ûƫ߻߾ÿԼжô
ΪĻʲôġһһӲԵ˻˵죬Ȼ֤ûʲôܡ
ͼһ˲İɣҪȥˡȻ;Щ꣬ദʱлĪýʱȥһĻ顣
ǾһȥɣܺùįںĮһ
֪ԼܾҲǿиţɴͲѿתߡȻǸŹˡ
ȵĵطˮ硣
еĵطˣֻǸطˮ䵱˽ʱˮԶΧǽ
ǺǣСûࡣʹǱˮ޳˵ׯɣߴ˵Ȼڲסõģ֪Ƿߵйء
ʹӲҪ˵ġ
˵˻ȻǵòӦģߴ˱˵ҲûȤƿˮǽԭˮ̵ǽһ֮£ˮɢ
ǽĿ£
롣ҪЮߵһȥȴһǰУҡͷôôɰߴҲԼ˽ȥ
ͬʱˮ֮еҲǡ
Ȼ߻űĹâ˫ȻȴϬ
ӽˮƸڰգԭǾӸ¶ׯɵıڿһʱϵıŽ͡
ƺȻһϢȻصϡָеѪĺۼȻׯɵԼҲһ˺
Ǻ˵ŲͬĻ첢ںڣһôȵעԼߵ˱ǰ
̫ץ˵֣һȻüſ̧ۣѾĮ
ѾһбҪ̸ʲôô
ķʸߴˣͿԷֽϵׯץ㲻ͬ׵磿

ս

58] ʼһֱָ⣬ûɴʱưǴ·˺ĲΪֹסѪʹ
۲ʱѾҡ˵û̫оˣȻܹ뵽ձׯɵ׻ʱʲôĴ̼ȻпҲϲߡ
ܷׯɣԤ֮ġȻʶҪ磬ȴһֱûаٷְ֪Ϊ̫ϲˣҲΪϰԼûµһ档
ܽ׵õٴһ㣬֪ڵڵϵ˭ɣһŲԶߴ˺ׯ֮䲻ʱضԻׯΪʲô½ͣҲ״ʱ
ΪʲôᷢȻ˵лҲŲõġ
Բ𡣲ȷʵû뵽ҲԱ˲ֳԶ̸Ӧӡḧ˵
ʵ˵ȷʵǸν˵ȻȷԸׯɲ⣬Ǹ˵ĽȴΨһ֪
Ǽһ֮ôǿΪǳԽߡ仰˵֮̾˿ܲϲָоһ㡣
Խӵеֻһ֣Ǽһִڡ
ߴ߹ʱʶľǰ浲˵
˲ΪŮ˾飬ľ֣Ķ֣οڻˡʵҪ֣ıʲôԼҲܻͬɡ
ôҰɣ㱣ô᲻ӣҸղʣׯȶСﲻģôε¾ˡ
ԼľٶΣߴ̯˵ʱıûеġ̬ʾĺܺá
ñüͺߵׯɺܲ˵Ʋߡ
ȻҾʹˡ쵹ǲô࣬Ѿϰ̬ȲƽԡűҪߡ
һȡǸߴ˿ڵ
Ҫڣʡ
һ˫۾̫ݣһ˿ʧ
þ֮ҡͷڣƭ˭ƭ㡣Ǹ˾òЭĻ档һ̫ǲôһģƫƫֵ̫
߰ɡűҪߣͣһ̶ûȤӡ
һȡ
ʲô˼ߵ顣
ǲǵģ㲻𣿡ʻһ־ڱصõӡ
ѾԸˣ˻Ϊѵļֵô
˶Բܣͽȴǲ׷ŹģӦ֪ҵֶΡᡣ
ͽ֮ʾ˽⡣
ô߻Ҫ㣿
ĵȷʵ˽ԼƢҲߵıͶɻʱʳˣ
ǵĹҪܶһҸûжˡ
ڵõҪĵصתʱǸ˵ΣΡ
59] ʱٻصڣܵ˾Ǳ׵еĵطƤ˷ǰһӾ뿴ֻһ¡
ݺݱۣΪϨָĻ棬ʱǿıˡ
г񰲺ɯţȻͷƶǱһˡ
Ǳź˾ŵɯţĿȴһֱĿѾû˾͵ӣȡ֮κ͵ġ
֮ǰѾһ֪ľ
ֻƶҲȴһֱûн˾Ҳ֡˭ϰɡ
𣿡⻰Ǻܲ˼ϾԼ֮ǰôų񰲣Ҳ֪Ӻɷҵԩ˺˾͸õǸ͹ġ
ͷƶײʱɯڿޣԭ֪Ϊ˾˴ˣǸʱ;ԼôĿɶôĶԲ񰲡ڱʱʻ
֮͵ˣԼǿб񰲳ȥΪߣ񰲲ϡ
û̫⣬ֻҪ졣̬ȶƲʲôȴû˵Լɻ
Ǹǻȥֻһºˡ
߰ɣˡһŴ˵˾ܵ裬ʱȴ֪񰲵ΪȣɼԼǰ̬жⲻȥ
죬˰֣Ǳ߷ƶҲںɯţһ뿪
ʱĿͣͱ˭Ҳûз֡
ȥ֮סҰɣչ˺õĻһЩϵʱΪ˵סҳգɴҲһæˡ
ʱܻ뾡ȥԷ
ͬҡͷֲҽľܾȴһǰºû䣬û䣬ԸеԭҲ䡣
ǡæ衣
˼ɣưǧҪæºܶࡣչ˲ܡ쾹ҲˡæĴ֧֡
̾һľô˿죬ͬʱҲ׽Ƿݻ𱸡
뵽ǼôĵΪһۡ
ðɣסˡ
֪Ǽ鲻ȽôҲ鿼ǵӦһȥɵǸԼ
ͣ񰲵ȻѾڣ֪ǲ˵ǻᱻׯɲǸôȥǵ绰˭ʱһȴǡôĳ֡
ϵûֻڿ󽫳ƿ
÷ƶԽ͵ĲȥֱӣȴûΪκ˵ʲôûʡ
죬ϳɡȥٺ˵
ֻƽӹǰ˵һ䡣
һȻ󵭵һЦΪлˣѡ
60] ȫ˶صưʱǧҲûǰŵ˳
񰲺ͱˣȻ̶ȲͬõĹĵǺܾ⡣ƶͶ˶ʾĵ¡˼ͬʱںֻбһˡ
ÿÿԱճ裬һζǧĺͱͬ񰲰Ҳû˵ȥϢ֮Ļˡ
񰲵ĸĹ۵׵һ
˶иԵҪæƶ½εȻֵļûȤ軹ڰοɯȻѾٺˣڴæµʱɢȥˡ
˵ɢǲȥʲôͺ˵ˡ
æµ˺óʱ䣬̤ʵϢҲھư˷ס£ֻʣǧĺͱһڡ
ղžкܶ໰ʣʱ̸ʱʡ
ߣʲôҪǷĵ𣿡
ȿڵǧģʵĺֱӡΪ¾֣Ϊֻסʱ䣬ȴΪҸֵǣڲ֪뿪ʱҲǴһߵġʲôԭ
͸ưɺͿʼҸϢһ֡
Ҫ᣿էһϢҲǺܾȣԥǧı֪ҲǲġҲûʡ
ʱͲлֵ
ֻǹڵ֪Ѿ˺˵˾䡰ĪѾ֪ˡԼҡͷ˵ˡܡҪ뿪û׷ˡ
ǺԼЦ˾ߵĻҲҪǰǲ֮ĺ͹ֵĹ̡ȻҲûж˵˴˵ĵزΪ¡˼Ͻȥ˺ϡˣƽϢ˷
Ǹµ˳ʱֻ¾䡰ڴ´ټˣֻҪǲᡱ
ʵǼص£֯Ҫ˲ʧͽǧģҲ죬ҪþȻһӦʶ᣿
Ϊʲô
ǧڻ벻ͨľȾưɾʣʱҪ˽һ¡һΪİȫҲΪ˱İȫ
СƶǸɯȫûлɣסǧҪСĵ㡣Ϊһɡ
ǧĵ˵ֵ֮˵˵һͨǻûҵ֤ݣҲ֤ὫƲ˵
Ϊ֪ʱǱиҪΪԼ˵ĻΣûиݵʱ۶ôȷŵ㶼Ҫ˵ڣȻΪرҲΪάԼġ
㵣Ϸǿ𣿡ǧʡΪϸ;뵽һ㡣
Ҳ϶Ըǡ̾ΪһΪʲôô׵İ񰲣¸ǲ̡ϣʧ
˼תŷеĵơ
֮ھưɺסҶ˽һϢһ⴫ҲǧĵĹͨϡ
ǧֺǧľ֪ʱһҪæµˡȻԤƽǡϷֻΪһսõһʷ̡
Ϊ͸ĵǲûҪôأһɡ
ǧڴֽϵݡ
61] ʱ˻ûֱҲڴϵ˲˷ĶȻû
ϴˮѾźˡƺ֪˵ԸҲĵôãֱӿʼ
ģ˭ԼضǺɿֵġ
ϴ˺Ļôһ仰һ֪û˯ѡ
Ѿϴˣ͸ˡһɡ
߰͡Ϊñ˵ڣֻԼȻʲԸϾҲŽŴˡ
սյ볨ϣʵļʾĵá
˯ĶŴΧȹıƮζʮĿζȥţ̺̲衣
ܲסǿ˺ţһ㡣ӿܵ·һ˫ϸֵۣĴֵֹֻˡ
ǳ谭ǽ֮ȫۺˡ
Са绯ˡЦ٩ǰɳﵫ֪ʲôЦ
Ѿڳ緹ˣ˳㿴ŵš
ϴһɴ಻أֲŮˡΪԼΪɣƹɳҪȥԡǰһǶűԼı
Ǿͱ𴩸ҸȤС᲻ȥЦơ
øҳȥš
ûɵ𣿡޼ơ
ţ̺ȶ˰ɣһбɳϣһֻ첲ϣһĥҪ֮ú̸̸ı顣
ȥϴɡһˡʱ˵ľ룬Ҳɾëݹ
ϴȥǰëÿζҪ͹ȥŽ̲ĵĵ䷶
ٸоٽԡǰ˵һ䣬ΪСƢԼǲϵġ
һϴ֪ǲΪԼ˵ĻֻΧһԡ¸ɴ
ͷûȫɻĵˮⳡǸԸС
ͶӶΪԵһЦ˧ɣ
⻰һ֤ˡκֽۣ۾ϵıֽź󿴿ֽϰñĻ˵൱ʡ
ȻʵҲܹעûôˡǲܱȽϵġǵ⻰Լ˵ģȻ˵ԭǲ֮ıȽϡ
ͷʾԼʸŮⲻûüҲ¿˿أɳһҲںͷϵˮմʪɫƤɳ
ǼҵģСѾͷĽҲúúøĸˡ
˵˲ţ̣ⲻȥơ𡣡
ЩĽҲЩҹάĿǾñǨ͵Щˡ
Ҳֻʳֻͣǲ˵ڵġ
ԣ˽糿Ŀ
ûϢһᡣҡͷȻж㿪ϵ˾Ǳһǡ
ŵĳţСŮһûлġ
ĸСŮһû°㡣
ǳƿŽӹһơơڱĻһˡ
ǡ
62] ʱ˻ûֱҲڴϵ˲˷ĶȻû
죬𣿡ʱֻǧġŮеº͵ģ仹һҲڵĹػ
һݹػղεһˡ
ûнӻѾˡֻǿ컨ʲô
ѾþûεǰˣӦ˵ͲǾεˣο붼ȥ顣
̾˿ЩԳһЦ
ٴμԲ뵽ô
죬𣿡Ůӵһġ
ѾˣٽˡŻӦķµأֱӽӴȻźĵ̺ǾЩˡ
Ȼ뵽ǼôȻǺڡ
ŵʱվǧġʱưڷܵˣֻһ
ưɺһ򶼺ܳ㣬˿̵Ҳůůװһҫۡ
ͨ˯ǲϰߴµġ
ռͽҡʲôô
ʾĸ˭Цĵ٩죬ǧεԼղһ˲ʧ
˭ðִ˧ֲ¿ҲЦŻӦһ˲ͿԲ׽һ飬˼Ҳٶѡõ̬ȡ
ⶼƽʱǸΣղûע⵽ǧĵʧ
Ů˿Ҳ˶İЦӦѵĿǣǧѾԼ̬ȡ˵Ů˵κܶʱ򶼸ˡ
ȳɣжҪ㿴
ɳϵûŵǷݴ档
غһոߴ˶Լ˵Ļı˵˵Ҳġ
ϷȻɣǧǧ˵ȴζŲô򵥡
ϷҲҪʤģôʤĴʲôأ
׷ı㡣οһ˵ĻڶţʲôѾһĿȻ
ȻԼӦҲ֪ߵѲӦôⳡϷɾע˲ɵġ
ȷʵ鷳
ûô
ͷû̧ʣ;һ˾ڶûѵǰ̫ܵô˵Сĵġ
ôҲû
ʲôأ졣Сʹ񰲺ؼˡʱƶ¡˼ÿǶҪϼӡ
֪ΪʲôЩʹ죬Ȼ䵭һȡ
ʱչ˵𣿡ǧľЩ֡
Ŷˡ񳿵ΪڣȻͿˡҡͷŴ棬ɳߵվš
ð
Ϊҫ۱һ۾ܿôһεϷȥͷˡѾָ˵ݡ
һ㶣ǷȻԵã֪ȰҲȰǧֻ̾ͷͺһȥˡҲš
㲻ٵģOK˵껰һô׼һ»õݰɣϵˡ
̤нĲõȥӶǸոֻ

ҹ

63] [ᡤ»ҹ

Ӧõõˡ
ҹ

˭֪ˡ]
̯дЩĪĿƬǿ˺ܾáʴ˶Ͻǧдʲô
Щˬݲˬûпߵ˽ׯɶȻǺܺҲģûʲôо
Ů˶ûиоͨĺ䵭ȡ
οҲΪԼĶׯɿף˲Լһǿȷϵġ
ֻڸ󣬷
ֻϣԼͬׯҲҵΪϲˡ
СЩˮǺܻġ
һƿϷһ죬ƿû飬ƿеˮ˳ϣҲ˳̨ʡ
ׯҪ̧¥ϷľѺõʾ
ʾһŮӣһѺõĿŮӡ
ŮӿԼʱһʱ䣬ׯɾȻоһ¡˵Ůжô˵ô͵עӾȻᵽöûܹơ
ѾöˣϰߵǶ˲¼ɣԽܵҲǱ˵ų⡣֪ԸòġԼǲĻĿԶԼͣʱׯɵֱ۸оȴôǿҡ
ԼҲû뵽ôһ˲䡭
ûϵɣҸղ׷èʱС˻ƿׯһֱû˵ŮҲ¥ݹ
¥ˬŮӡ

Ŷؿû¡ߵŮӣׯϺ׾¶һƽղЦݡ
ָо̫ûеõ͸ˡ
֪ѾûнӴƽûйϵһֱϵͽ˺ʹ֮ԴǸһͬҲ˳۵ļһ߾ͲҪȥ˭ˡ
Ӷмôֿ
ڣǶԷ̫ƽˣԾ¶ı顣
ĵҲҪ˵ĹС
ͻȻͿԷԼЦ⣬ѾѺõһ£⡣
ô
ԸѵġŮЦº͵Ļش
ʲôվӣׯɾԼڵıһܿЦضкܾûôЦ¡ŮӵĻǽס׷һ䣬ԼЩʧ̬һġ
ֻнõĻιһͷ
ʵҲһֱûʲôѣҺܸѵġЦ棬˵ĻȻҲξ
ҡѣ
һ仰Ѿ̫ˣ˵Ҳ˶˵ׯ֪Լ仰֮ͷŮ˭
ֻҪǡ
ׯҽᣬˡ
ʲôǡ᣿
ǰ΢ЦŮӣׯ֪Լǵһеìˡ
64] 糿ĵһǽڶǴһֻĹȥɢⲻһֻƽСһֻӴǹ
ΪûмˣֻʮĹǻҹҪ˺ѡ
ҲûѣΪֻ
ҹûȥԹʲôǴű˵Լһ˵磬ϲϰߵĽֱգĵŷһЩ仯
仯˵֣ÿŮγֵڡ
ǻҹǰǹɢʱСĵϷСϷʱһ·ӸС콫ˡ
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Ӣۣ֮ûҹεģΪ䳤һź˧˧һôܳôÿأҹ֮ĵһ仰
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65] ȻԲͽ˵ϷսĹҲҪеġǧΪϵҲǼġ
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66] ͵Ķǻ۵İ׹⣬ڽҵһġʳζӪϡ
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67] ͵Ķǻ۵İ׹⣬ڽҵȻġʳζӪϡ
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68] ˭˵Ӣ۵Ӻܺùģ˭˵Ӣ۵Ըã⻰˭˵ھԸ˭һ¡
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69] ԭ类˴ϣ˭úܸˡȻǶֻԼΪġ
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70] 绰ȥӵһֱǸŮˣÿ˵Ҫȥʱᱻܾ֮ҵϵǲ졣
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71] 񡭡
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72] ڽҹھưɵĺڣӽӹϣǧĵıһֱǲԥ˼ġ
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73] ҹɫϡ˴ҴʱһѾȵˡ
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74] ͬʱһ㶣Ա˵˾Ҿһȥˣµ֮ûȥ˽ⲻðȻ
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79] ˮǽǲԾ͸ĵԼǰȻʹ̹ΣոУо
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80] ⱾΣյĶעͻһ־档ͱԼ¡
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81] ģžġ
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82] ҹͲɵᣬڷУܲײ
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ǸʱѾӦԼʲô¾ԲΪ˱ԼҲô٩аĻӦ˵İûôɵ
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˵ô˽Ҳ֪жôġ̾ʱٿ£Ȼ財
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֪ΪʲôôĬһºٿڣǼڽĳɷ֡

ŮѶģ

83] һſӻعǸԼӰŮӣͬʱҲı顣
Ϊһ̫ӢͻȻתһʱԻһοͺϲˣڹȻϲ
Ȼ̫ϲԸ񣬲Ϊˣ
ǿſֱ˫Ưּ˲ͣ⡣ҡͷȻǲ⡣
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ɱһ򶼲ϲбڱϡ˷ʱֱ˵ɣѾʧȥ˺ģôһǺû˸һ㡭
ҪɱңͼԻҹǴ㶵ı顣
ѡԼǣұǡûʲôѾɫĻΧĻǣվڻеһѵõӣ˾޵һ
Ϊ壬ŮѾ˺һˡ
ڣⲻЦҹڣҶôã㾹ȻΪҪɱҡұԭ㣬ʵϲҿٸһλᡱ
Ȼڽıڻô次
㲻ɱңҵɲұɱͻ⿪ġôֻܵǺһɱҪȻҲһνԼ
һν֪ԼӰ΢ĴУʵԼעǵ塣޷Χһһ˼֮о˿۾Ч֮һ
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ֱȻɢȥ֪ԼĻϾЧġֻദ˼ĲѾܿԻˡǸŮʼ¶ʵ
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84] ·ô仹˵Ҳˡ̾ɫġ
˳ֱһͽǴӴԾŮӽ˻ΪһЩˤһۼֿ졣
Ӻڱȥϣ棬Ϊĺ˽ҲΪĪô
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ʲôӽŲ𣿡һţ͸еһʹӦ֮á
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вʱɹ˾ǳɹΪͬ鵱̣ҹͷһʾԼ߰һ档
вɹ㻹ʣЩʲô˰Ŀֻ̱ڱϲſԿϲԴ۵ĵжԣܶµ㵽ɣΪһӾΪԼһİá
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85] ǣϸ·㣬ż¶飬̽۵˷羰Ѿ鲻ԽһŲĵס
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Ϊһ仰Ǹһһ߳ںŮ˵ĲҽҵˣʱѾӦһˣҹʱá
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86] еʱ򣬸ڲ֪Ȼһһӣֱ̹ġ
콫ʼΪȥڰǴӲֻڵҹŻԸ˽ΪһĨڶ࣬ҲҪһһŻ㼯貵ġ
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87] ֻ˵ʲôһ㲻̫󡭡
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88] ˵ҪԼǧһͬٻػҹסĵطһˣҪһȥԵȺһЩʱ䵽ж
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89] ӱ֪˹Ѿڼ޴󰭣Ϊ㽫ҹھưϢҪߡû֪ʲôʱԼҪͻҹһסȥҡ
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90] ܿƽȡ˾ȣǸŷſǸˡµĲͣһ£Ҳǰߣվ˼š
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93] ǰֶһƿƺһůůʺ裬ѵҲֻʣǧͱˡ
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㲻ҵķϣҸ档ǧ֪֮ҲǣԭԺúõһ롣ӵ绰ľٶú˼ʼ׾ͬļķӦȫºദ
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ʵΪʲôǿ͸֪ѾʵˡֻΪһֻ
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ôΪ˲ʱ䣬ȸҹĿĺˡЩ˵˸оȽϺá˵⻰ʱʳָ棬˾ģϾһŮ˵Ф񣬲Ƭǿ̻ġ
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ڴʲô⣿
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Ҳɱ˵ġֻ˵ʵ
һַʹɱҲԵõǸ˵֪𣿡أĹ졣

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㲻֪ǵ𣿡һ˲ѹͳеĻɱ⡣ֻһĻ˵˵ʱǧɫʲô仯
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ҲѵģͬҲñȻ˵ƿ̸ĻԸҲǶĸߴԸ
ҪغˣΪ㲻ҪҾһҪ;档
޷ʹҲҪôͻȻʡ
֪飬СС˺ôѵңС㻹̫ۣЩԶô򵥡ǧ˵仰ʱƺΪ뵽ʲôЩįҲЩʧ䡣
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98] 㣬ûܡ
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99] ̸жһ£ʾԼ˱ϣеһЩʵ顣
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100]ǵǷһ顣
ӱ󱻷סĸо֮ɴкѵˮµһӡ

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101]ÿ˶˵ãҵҵ㲻ҪˣֻҪҶãҪҪʵ㰮˭ʲôɫҶᣬ첻νΪ㿪۲ۡ
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ӽʱ֣һŮһֻСվһ棬Ż˯һ𿪿ڡ
ӣƺĽСŵ˯Ĵܡ֮ûţֻѡŴȷŵһϡ
Ұɣáͨû˯˵仰Ƿ˯Ǹõĳƺֻһ˽еó
˼˵ôϢ֪档㻹Ҳһ𡣡ɴͽСӵŴϣĺÿġ
ɣ˵˽пôӭӿ˻ʧġ
ֲˡ𡣡ƤһϣҲǻִܹļֵġǽСһԼһ˯
˼ôǵһ㲻ӡô󱳣һﲻ˵ʱš
̫ˣٸӡһ˵ȥҪ˴ƾ˭ô˵үǼ˯ġ
Σ̯֣عͷһŴϵѾˡ
Ҫˣ
˯ɣһȴȥЩҪסϰһܱҲáŮǰסڱĳеģһסڱֱҵʵסĵط
ҲáͷȻ»˯ĺ󱳣Ұѷʷ棬һŶ
ӳ̽ͷ⿴ܳšղӦͷڵľ
ŰЦʡ
ᣬֻʶġͷһεӵǶ˼ֲĿɰͬʱҲŴ򿪣˳¥ȥӭˡ
ĹˣһĻһŮӡ
һ¡ҵŮѣй
102]ĵƴ򿪵ʱ򣬴ѾٶȺϺãֻǱԵµһ϶֪ǲʲô;
ӱ뿪Щ飬ûк˵ʲô
ô˵Ҳû취Ϊ֪Ҳ˵㻹ǻҡæЩߣ찤ĺܽоĶ㿪Լһ룬ԳһЦ
αأȻʱסӦúƽദġִӲסӣôϲ㻹Ầ㲻ɣֲǡ
л㡣ʳָڹĺ촽ϣ񿴹ŮĺƯϲҲܲļ̫Ůˡ
˵һ֪޲ԡ
ղ˵ˬԼʲô˼ʼռǵղŵĻ塣
ָǧü
ͷ
Ҳ˵һ㱨ǸģׯûǧܲˡҲ֪ϲΥġ
˵
ǧ˵Ҳûʲô鱨Ͳˡװױ˸ԲҵĸԡòͷȻ
һôʲôʱ򣿡
ׯɱһұ֤ڻڿϷ˵ʱʰһ˿Ц
һſӣҪҪͻȥ
ˡŹŵĻԼǧ߻ҹ¡Ʊһˡ
˭
ȡԿʱѾţ£̶һЦ
Сˣô⺢пûնתתһε񰲻ĵĲͿǷ
ǵġղȥˣҲڡһűţһ˵Ż˲̵ʱˡ
˽¡ǻؾưôȡǳɫñӹ¼棬ɯŵͷ˵õҪǧ飬ǻһͬء
Ҳ񰲣Լ΢Ц֪ʲôû˵
һɯţ˶Ƚϳ嶯˭ҲϣóȻʲô¡
ǸմӾưɹģûȥúû˼ɳһſŵСһܵ񰲻
һ񰲵Ĺϵĺܺáú֣첻Ͻӽ˵ķʷôôתˣ
ǹ⿴Ҳ񰲶Сʲô
ʷʺܺõӰźϣ棬˳ϰԵ©͸¶һϢȡ׷ˣ˵Ҫҷʷϲ˵ѡ
Сƣ
ҿҪȡһˡҡ׵񰲾ЦŽ˻⣬ĺܸȤ
Ұæ˵֮䲻ؿҲӦСҪ֮ǰһǿҵķ͸¶ʲôϢ񰲣ԴǼ֮ȫϡ˵Ŭ
ллˡ
пյ٩ҲȰΣʱؽм䣬Цſڡ˵ȥ֪ʲô˵
԰ʲô£ʡ
ǵ֮һЦа

õѡ

103]㡣
ԭ˵ǳԷһΪҪ۵ءһʹÿӶףֻ¡ʢһȱԷ˵
ͨ˵ǲ˼ģʱֱ̫̫³çҲᱻĿĵĵǹʹáһ㡣
СƾҰЧôôǾĺȣôͲٵˣ̾˿ȻԸҵĽͺھΡ
ôʱͬ飬ҲʲôˣȻô˵ȻƿԼ̸Ļ⡣
ΪʲôͲܵˣɯŸպô̽ͷʡûв˵ʲôڵȺʵĻᡣɲںϾǻ飬ǡ
˰񰲾ǰԼ˫Ӯɯһ򲻷ԡ
ǸϵˡӦ̸óɯŵ˼Ը̫ճ
ҿǻΪӰ˰
⽴ζ治ɯŻ˵ʲôͬʱҲһŹǼеԷʱ˵Ƕ˲ŶҪ˵ˡļ
ѾüһĻԡǻñ¶̫׵ʱԼֹɯš
Ϊ˶˵ˣɯҲͲټ˵ǳԼķˡһһӵĳԣڴ֪ղŵĻҪǻش𣬱˵ʲô
񰲿ĵͷòϵĸлȴֿʼһ˵Ļ̬Ȼô
óԷƿǸ֮ʰ÷󣬱赥еԼķСһͲһſȻ˵Ϊ
СơЩεĿٶЦҡҡͷ˵ٴζģĳһƴ
㴲ϺԹòֺ
Ǹ˼ɵΪо񡣱вԾů⡣һֱԼôйأ쿴Ȼһε֮ڿǿ֮׷ѰӰӡ
һѸĵϰ߲ǣ
ǳЦЩԵĿࡣ
ˣСơл㡣ߵ֣ͣ˫۾ԼϰԵһЦ
ʲô
˵ȥưûô£һ˵ˣûֻڵʺϵʱ䡣
ûô°ɣһھưˣΪǧ˵ǡȥ֮ưɾֻ¡˼˵Ĺ¿ڵİ裬ʶû裬֡
ǧʲôأǧȴûԼ
ʲôҲûУȥƷư½ϡӴǿԾвס
ҾúǰҲûʲôͬ˵
˵ǧûʲôȴǹȥʱȻǧĻȻǻǧģǡ
Ҳ̫ɵ˰ɣ
104]ӱ߳ɫѾˡɯűһ˵ľѾܳʱˡ
һֱû˵Ϊһ¶˼
Ȼ¸˱֮ʲôû˵ܾһ˲ʲôҲ³çȴٶۡ
ǾǵʲôأȻʣȴЦŸġѵǸھưйأ
ҲΣյӰΣգܻôеڼ죬ʹ绰֪ͨǧĻˡ
ôʲôأ
벻ͨͷÿԭԱߵɯͣס˽Ųˣǰӣܿ־ʲô
ι㿴ʲôӣ˳ɯŵĿ⿴ȥһ˲䣬ıΪŭ
˲Զǰ棬һߴӰ
治˼̸̸𣿡
뿪󣬶˵̲ķ䣬Ȼûйأ񰲻Ǻʿܿ˼¡
űɳϴԣƺʲô
ûʲôģؽ⡣ɡعͷվſڵЦ£ͬʱкȻĺϵԵĶ
һ㣬ԼҪ⣬Ҳʿ˱ϡɳһġ
˵Ļϣ˵ûִΪˡżɽֱ˵⣬ͬʱעŶԷϵı顣
ĵĻ˭أǳЦ
㲻ͺãʵҺܺ棬˵˭ܵóϲ˭𣿡赹ļƻṩһȤ
˵ֻǻҷʷϲˣǷʷϲ˶ҡϵСЩˡܵȻĽ͡
ϲˡðʲôرĵط𣿡֪ǰֻ˭׵ʱ;һõˡ
ֻʱ䳤и˶ѡ񰲶ϢȤѾǵһиоˣֻϲΪҪ˹Լ
ʱ䳤˾ͻи顭֤ǸŮЦݣ˵Ĳε֮͡񰲺ȻĽ̲ݹˮ̲跢ɢŨŨ㡣
˵ģϲ̲衣ҽͳȥһЩ̫°ɣ
лл
ӹʱ֪⻹Լûע⣬ֻһ𡣴񰲵ϴȵ¶ȣǲǷյһ֡
Ȼܲ˼ضԼЦ¡
һĻû˵ʲôֻŲ豭ǧǷ˻ҹʲôΪʲôûȥưɣǧԵҪƭСƣ
Ҫ±Ͳ٣ټ񰲵⡭̾Ƿÿȥ˭һ£
ңᡭ
ˣһĨȻĹâ۵ף뵽һǸ˸˵ĻûΪʲôӽҾѾ֪ˡ
᲻ȥ᣿
105]վסһˣ
ӷֵڵ׷ĻһֱûƽϢƬ̵Ľ¶ûСΪ˲źǷ˱ˣŹģ
ǧͣ½ŲʱȻľվͽ˵ͷĿ档ȫ˼ԼǷĶ֡
˵嶯Ǵɡ⻰˵ϧҲѧᡣ
ǧҿλӵȼյŭ
ֻǴһ£ʲôû˵
Ϊ㲻ҾͲ֪ǣҿɯɯӾ֪˺񰲣ҲЮҵġҽҪúʣ
ߣӣֻһһ
ǻ˵ȥǧһƶûܵģٶȴĿ졭
ιιιûпһߴȥȻ׷ȥҽظţǿǰǸˡ
סͬ·һµŮʻͬıһǧʵ̫ˣ
ڽ֯ǰİ˵ģˣϰ߻ϰߣȫûһı䡣ͬ鶼Ѿܺƣ˲Ůǲ
ҲΪ貢ûرһӣΪλһµˣһۺʱ켰ʲôʱ򶼽ͬ
ŮʻعͷһޱŵôƢõǺܿɰ
ֱֱĶʮֲˣֺźܴ˵˾䣬ι·أ֪˵ɵƵģ
ԣ˵һٸһһ˲˦Ůƫƫǵһ
Ҫ˵ĻУҸĻ˵˳ҴһϢġ
豾˵Ҹ˵ҵ£ǻֻԼǰˣ·ʱȷʵǲ˾ӣ;ôԼʵͿЩɡ
ޣҸһˣ㿴ĻһɡȻ˵ڻǲᣬǺûҲһİ˵һ仰ˡ
ŮӹȻͷ˵ڵĻ͡ǸȻǿˡҲܸ㡣
Ϊʲôһ仰辯
ǸŮӻ˵辯Ǹԭ򣬡Ϊǧ˵¡˵껹һЦݡ
ڴ㶵ͬʱҲǸΪڻģ֪Ů˼ȻǲͽˣôǧһйءȻϸǧġ
ݺݵĸͷҪĺڰʳ
һץסŮӵ֣۾ֱֱĶϡ
עڰʹõĹǣ1ʩϵĽӴ
2뿴ʩ۾
˽ʮӺ󣬲ûзŮ˻ĸλԱ龰
⡭סˡͬʱҲһֿ־ĸоԾļ
ȫûаˣǵһμ᣿
ʱһˣվ·ľͷһо۵סĴߣһĨְЦ
106]ʲôҼ棿
ֻʾʱ䣬ֿɫЩǷԼ˹Ҫ
һҹϣǺϣһҪ
ҲһôοļڻסţûбҪҪԱԹ˽⣬췽ҹ̷ˡ
[ֻ]Ƶϰߵһ㲻֡
Ҳҵ⡭˵ѵô˿񰲣ţ绰Ӧܲµ˳ɡ
[˵ôˣҵ㡣]˵仰绰ͷͱǹҶˡ
Ҳʲôأͺ񰲼˵һҾʹ״ñӳˡ
ŵıӰ񰲵ŵᡭ
[ʲôţЦˡôûʲô˵ָռҶŮ˿ûʲôȤ]
Ϊϴεº͹һЩ˽֪ұȥʲôԴ˵绰ѯʡΪúܿЦڹĻش񰲵ıͻȻЩ衣
ûи绰Ǹղ˭ģҲǸڹġȴϣ
ΪԼΪҲһΪСƭ
[ô֪ûдҪĻõųҼҲͺˣǲƭˣ]⻰ʵ
ᣬǸŮ˵Ҳú￪ʼ˼뵽ʱֵ飬ԼһݲЭĸо
[ι㲻˵Ҿ㣬һˡ]
СˡˣȲ˵ˡϵĽ绰ϣƺ뵽ʲôֲͨһ롣
£ҿǧĻڲھư
㿴ʲôԡҳѾлṤˣһ߲ͷһ߱ĿתĶżʹһֱ˵ҲЩ֣ʡ
Ϊÿ۵Ļش𣬵һĨЦȴֻۣһϷʺ档˿Ϊá
أ֪϶бԭʡ
һЦתϵַֻ£˼Ρղ绰һȤ顣
Ĭ
Ǽ¶ҶʵûʲôҾһܹġ
ʲô£
ôֱӵ𣿡գۡ
һ򶼲ϲ鷳Ůˣһ㡣Į̬һ˲Υ־ֽëɳϣҲ档
֪ұ˴ߣҲô𣿡
˭ˣ
ǸɵŮˣôݸһЦɳÿһٶк塣
֪ʲôƽֺͲǵĳ嶯
ʱ쵽װѱʲôˣô侲Ĵ˵û߻һһŮΨڣ
죬ϲһǱһʳ

ͬ

107]ΪͻȻʻǸйĿ⣬ٿŮӵ飬֮Ȼ
üᡣ
Բشңʲôʱشңʲôʱٸ֪ʲôУشȽϲҲ㡣
ú˼ĿڣкŵĲѾˡһϲĵϷƫƫᡣ
ֻ֪һѡѡ񲻻ش𡣡϶ļ֣һιûκò˼
һֱҲ𰸵뷨Ҳڴ˿Ǹ֪ĺûᡣΪʲôôִ𰸡
ЩȻϾĺϲġ
٬γھưʱһõĻ飬ڡûֻͱ
ãҸ˵Ҫ֪ͨءĳ֣ӭ¡˼ı飬ߴҵıϣܾÿֶһݲȻ
ʱ
оһԸص㣬ĵһӦǿ裬Сӵͷһ顣
˭
Ǹ˵ʲôǧһۣ貢û˵
ʲôܺ˵ôɨۼ䣬һƬȻϢ
¡˼Ȼͷ֯ûͷĿƽƽڹؼʱ̣Ǹֻ졣
Ŀ˸ʲô˵׼ȥ
ǲҪ㣬̫ͻȻˣҲڿǸôվ˵Ļǧġ
ǿƶı飬ƺ˵⻰ʲô塣
һ˫ƯϬ۾ڵˣϰ߾ƽôЦԣʱǷϬ۶κˡ
ʵĲ֪˵ʲô𣿡ڴһ˵ʱ򣬿ڵ񰲡
Ҳ̬ĺһݲƣϾԴǻ
쿴һۣ˼άһתأ⻰񰲲ͻΪͬס˶ûг֣һý͵
⻰ء벻񰲻һ䡣
ü
ɯŶ˵һΪʲôֻһˣ
ȵ񰲣Ҳǿǡ˵ԽԽСɯͻȻĻ̻
ˣȷûһ˻пܿҪ˶ôǾͲˡʱҲվ˳
˿죬ڹʳһ仰죬Ϊʲôִ
һһʼ˵ǷЩصĳվͱơ
Сղǽӵĵ绰˵Ϊ˹ˡ˵仰̾һƶֹǧĵĽͷŤγ˶Աȡ
ʲôЦľʲô컹ǾʵŮ˻ô˵ô
ǡȷʵġǧ׵ÿһˡ
108]ôˣ鲻𣿡
ֽһ֧Ϩ̻ҸǧƿϵһŮˣʾոûžͽĹһ޵׵ĴܸУŮ˶Լǲܵ¡
Щ棬ȻҲЩġ
ôΪ˲ҳһ𣿡ȣǶһ˫Ҳûд̫׺
ȵŮ˶ϲȹһǹͬ
ͷһѾ̺Уȡһ֧ԼûеֱǧǰֱߵĴȼ
ϵĬһ֪ǵһΡ
㲻һʲô𣿡
ҵҡЩԳ̬ȣ漴Ҳ³һ̡ڿеŮ˺Ծ߳ȥҲϿ˿ǧȴ㿪ˡ
һδС٩
һֱݵ㣬Ϊҷ֣һظ˿Ա̡һĨЦΣ
˵ʲôķӦǧȤ
˵ϲҡ³ڵ̡
𺳡
ǧܿ쿴˵仰Ҳƽڴϣ̱ӵ˵ϡΪûϨ˶֮Ϩ
ĴһᣬȥʲôǰѾԶ˵仰֮Ͳˡ
̧ۣƺ뵽ʲôԭ򣬲´߳ȥšֻ棬忿沢Զ
ɣҲںʱ䡣˵ǻ߲ǣʵûκηֱ𡣡ֻ֪Ļ⣬ֻĻϵʱöһˡ
ı飬·µķչĲĵģǲģôô໰أ
˵ĽֻġŮ˺αҪԼߵһأ
㣬컻Ǳұ˴ˣ᲻ҲôңûĻԼʳһ⡣һ˫УԿ𰸺ֲ֪֪
ᡣ򵥻ش֣Ҳɣмһֲƭʵ
ԣ˲ҧ촽һɿ
뵽һôشġһݲı
ҲΪôصŮ˲ױ˴ߡϵƭǱ㲻Ǳ⻰Լ˵ġƽ͵̬ȣ侲Դǡ
ҵĻǵõԳЦ£̾жſӡΪʲô˵ȴס
һΣ㡣Σҡ˵仰ʱǷĮϢеöпǷһҹ
Ķ죬þãֿڣôûз߷ԷʱǿдأĲңʻûż𰸣ͬʱ뵽𰸡
Ҳ̫˽Լôļɻʼ޷𰸵ԭɡ
109]ӻ֣ܸܣΪҽʱ򡣻ҽӵżͷҲΪҸĲڰҵķݵ⣬ĸ䣬ΪҡΡ
ſ˫ۣ˺þòǿӦеĺڰֻüЩۣ˴ӺһµĽ
Ȼ֪Ǹ͵Ϯ˭ǸȥȴǹôĿŵֶκֻ֪ҪȻϲ졣
ε¿϶ǱģǸ˻Ҫ˽ǣٶͲͽ˶İܹ˶˽ˡ
üûȫָгӦûһˣ֪ҲǸˡ
г˵֣ŷǳСЩ棬Ǳط̵ʱˡ
Լεʱ䣬ٵڣӦòŶԡĺ䰡мأ
ָķ𲻾Ķذ֮ϣذǳ⻬һʱܳһЩΡ
Ц̧ҪʹȻЧ˵Լ߬ȭҲ߱˵Ƕˡ
벻һʯҡ
µһִھʯʯֻڴ˵дڣ˭ҲûԶǷĴʣûܿ϶
һʯڵģΪߣʹôһʯ
סıʱڿʯ￴ӣһƮȻʡ
ʱûдһԾĵꡣ
ǿʲôʯͷڵʱ֪ǵȵ֪ʱǿʯͷѾ÷ӵĹЧ
ׯϱһ˽ˣǸŮˡע⵽ˣҲע⵽Ὺڡ΢΢һЦȻźͱƵϡ
Ҳû㡣
ʣ֪͸߸ˡϾׯҲû˵˵ͣѺöɳ㡣
ҲӦ֪ǸŮ˵ְɣ֪ƾĶһ϶֪ΨһֵĵطϤȴԵİͼֱʡ
֪Ҳܸ㡣
һо̬ŷᣬʣΪʲôĲͬڣǸŮˣôҲ̡̫
ΪҲ˵𰸺̹ףйһзƶһ˼ɣôشôشܿԷĲ߼׷ʣô˵ˡ
ô̹ףǷΪأ
Ĭһ˲ٿڵĻѾǾƲˡ㲻˵ɣǸ
Ȼ΢Ц޿ɷ档
лл㡣֪ˡЩӣܿĴִ᷿ȥûеõκ
ʵҵĵĻ㲻֪΢Ц֮
110]ԲܻЩ죬֮ǰҲھưɲҪš
Ϊƶһ仰˵ʱ˾ưĻ顣
ÿǷƶķ롣񰲡衢¡˼ͬ£ǧĺɯҲֻĬˡ
ʵӲǿԳȥģϾĹһϣɱԶʲôӰӡֱԩĸоϲоǸ˷ӦĹע⡣
ŻԹԵʲôû˵˾ư档
Ѿҹ֮ĵڶİˡ
ȻϣһڶǸ˵ʱһĨƷЦĴߡ
𿿽ߵĵһ仰ǳŽҺǧϽ뿪ưɰɣһֻӸ
Ϊƶ˵ϵʱȡϵƷ𱣹ܣҲ֪ƶĻ⡣
С˽һ仰Сǲʲôƻ棿һѽųȥصôһ䡣
Ѽһ£ƽ
ǰĬ֮ٻش𣬶ںܶ˵ƺɿֻ쿴ʱߵ̡
ҾͲǧ˵ʲôˣˡ
ں˼ŶһǸӰѾӺ߳ưɡ
Ҿ֪ҪưһֻˡҲֻΪʡ
ʲô㲻֪ôʣȡЦеĵ٩뿪ưڵĹ۲ⷶΧ
ľưɣȻ֪ﰲȫ
Ҫɲô٩ҡһֽǵδٳ֣һӰҲų֡
ƶֺõһָڹôǿߣ⻰ǧ˵ġÿ˶ϡ
ԵȻʱԴ̣ȴǺԵġ
ǴԸӡƶЩߵʵڼװһϣϰ߿Цһ㶼ֵÿ
Ǳͬ־ʳ֮󿴵Էһ˵ֱ׳ı飬̾˿Ĳš
ǰ˰ҹʱҲû
˭ܹصס㰡ҿǿķϲִмƻģһǧ̸˻Ҫ֪ҶСһûеֿġ
أͳҡбۿ
ȷǲ㰡˭Ҳֻһ뵽Բҡΰ󡣡
һŮ˵ֻѹ֡٩
ι˵Ҽ޲ȥԣҪ˵ûйŮ˵ҿɾͲ˰ӶͳһֻȻǺͺղŸǿһģһһصذ㱣ܣһжҲûа
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111]ֻѶϢһ־ǣ[Ѿ˾ưɣųϼʻȥ֮žͻȥǧ]
ڶѶϢһţŵǶƬյǾưÿĳһضʱ̵Ĳͬ顣Ψûкġ
һţΪ[ʲôҪʱҡ]
ѶϢ꣬ɳϵŮӲûǵ֧ɳ֣Լ°ƺʲô
һֻ֮һź͵Űתڷȥ˭ֻͲö֪ˡ
ԵĲǷͬһˡ
֮ŮתվȻġһᡭ
ʵȻȷǸׯɼٰģҴ˲ǸھưǧĲױƭġ
첢ȥҵ·ϣƶΪֻǴȫԱھưɵʼٺݾͱʶƣŻİʾ
ʵЩǧģһǧĪĲ
ʷƶû֪죬еҪԼȥԭ򣬻Ϊƶźͱͬϲûɾ˵ص㡣
ûҪĿĸͲھưɡ
Ŷ
ׯɺܿͻԼ뿪ưɵģǸʱԻǱҪעЩЩˡļǸϤʱҲһ
ΪסҲ˷Կס
ںͬпԶ˲ٳû֪ΪʲôϬıܿ
һ˽ưɵʣ񰲵Ǹʲô˺ֵо
벻񰲶ôǻʰӻǵȿûл˵⻰Ǹƶһֱܺ˵ĸ顣
ĸ飬ÿһ׾Աʲô
̫ڲô
⻰ʵ̫ˡ׷ƶ⣬Ȼ͸ԼĻᡣûϲȫ͸ˡ
ЦѡЦƶڿóԿ׿űŵʱ򣬻Ϊıʣ˵ʲô
ֲδִ֪򲻿ţҪǲȥȴšЦ
ǰ𣿡ЩȣƶֱʹôԽȥ棬ԼҲҡҡͷŽȥ
ҲϲԽоϡϴ衣
ǵ˽˶¥һѰʲôʱһָоȡ
ԭʻӯҲʢʻζ
ʲôŲԼЦ˵˰ɣƶһСĵĲȵйɵİŵʻһŲӽȥûʲô˾ȵĴڡ
죬غǽճʻһԲǴǴµ̬пеƺ뵽ʲô
112]ʻ̳ɵϤֻҪһ۾ͿԿֻǵеĻǴѩĻ䡭
Ҳϲǿ飬ѡҪôȰңҪôɱҵĻѡߡ

һӱ߳ѩ׵ѩѾһˡһǰһš
عͷȥʱеֻ߳һŽӡĽӡߣߵĻ⡣
ʲôкõ̧ͷȻһЦһ̣ʵһůѾע
ԼЩƤָԼ߹·ЦеغڴĿǡʹӱԭ·߿һ顣
ǳûзʲôҪҿż·ԼÿӡﶼֻһۼȻĲô򵥡
΢ЦҲǿڶУɵоô͡
ҿʲôͣʳ⻰ʱҲȻԼʲôԲشٴλȥһߵ·ȻһĨŵȻһݸļ

һͬġָָеıܣ쿪ĵض˵ҵˡΪ˧ЦؿͻĶȴֻб߸̾Ůѱ߻ȥλ
ױƷԱͷ벻ϲƷôʲôóԵģɵĿвɺһ˿ơ
δӴջأֻеһЦ벻ôУǴε⣬Ѿܾˡ
𣿡·޵ų⣬⡣
û˻ϲ˴ŰɣǵĻش𣬱ȴֱ졣ס֣Һܲذ
㲻ʿûгֻ֣ǵ˵ˣȥʲôΪִؼ֡ˣȻոҧֱһڡ
ģůůģȴۡ
ϣʿĻʾ䣬Ϊ֪𰸡ϲ֪ʲôĻųһ
ûлش𣬲ûлشҲһĬϡڱϿԿΪе
ҲԼûз֣ӵúܿɰ֯нӴ˷糾ŮӣŸܿɹ
ҽǴʵһĴ𰸡
Ҳνߵ֯һĻش
ǲǵҶ˵ľܾĺüһӡЦˣȻԼ˵ǸŮĻԿָ˭
Ǹʱ֪ǸʲôŮˡ
ʱǱ˰Ľ̸ֻһֵķâ滻ģǱȵº͵΢Ц
ʱһݶеĲεů⣬ֱӵ˭סһů
İϤջ󡭡
113]һ߹·
һѩܰ׺ܰףһӰǺϳһļҵġһνǱȥġ

ôѾƴǼ֣ǲǸֱӣ仰Լ;ȵıᱧΪǶȵ⣬һֱӢĲ

ʱ֪˼άĻ滹ļ䣬Լʱ뵽˺ܾ֮ǰһȥסҵ
ҲΪѩͽĵطǿҵķζͬ¶Ȱɡ
ЭһǷǿ֯Ҫһ︺ôһƵ飬Ǹʱúܿˡ
쿴ϣŲĥǱصķâǺ˵ʲôһ̧ۣŶԷˡһЦ伸ְͲмϾ٣żȻǲزסġ
ʼռǵó棬ΪǷݲһԸΪΪòֻΪһǡ
һЦĺϲǴεȻͼһձڱһĵط֮ԻûҲֻΪط˻᲻ʱص¶ȡ
ҪΪβϷ
˼תǧؼ䣬˭˵ĽŲ￿
üͷһ壬Ųصĳ̶ʶϤй򡭡ѵǣ
һűĴ򿪣һҫ۵İ׹Ҳֱʶľͱ۾ʱںڰдͻǿֱ䣬۾һ˺
ֱǸӰס˹ߣܹоôǿҵҫ۾ӡԼǸˣǡ
ûʲôң㻹Ҫ𣿡
ֵŲӳƶ컹ڿһصʻ˼Ⱥ˵
ҲҪջߣôһĨĮЦݡſӣѾȷĿġ
ȻľЩͷԣƶѯʵߡ
ԣҪһصʻǸ˭ġʮȵĿ
ѵǰڸ𣿡ʻ̳ı֣˼⻰˼ƶ֮ǾȵĿߡ
˼ǣ
죬㲻پ𣿡һ׷ſڣһǽڣȥ
˵˲ҲˡԷƶֻشǸ٬Ӱ¥
ֲ˵ôҪء˸̾ƶٿһӵʻÿ䶼Ĵ̡
Щ˭ǾԲҪð˰
114]ô𣿡
ͬ·ɿԺܼ򵥣ҲԺܸӡֻҪͬĿģֽȷͻ
ɽĸߴطƵ᫳󣬲Ȼɡ
һ뿪Ǵ㰴Ű˵õȥưǧĵˣȴڵưǰһˡ
Ǹ˸ߴıӰôϴ첲¼ŵ˭˵Ӻ󣬾ģҲֻø˹ȥ
ж೤ʱûмǰ˺ľô׷϶ôԶȴ޿κΡ
ֱڲ֪·û׷ǸˡҲʱֻ
ֻĴ˳ƽЩĽǡ
[ׯɸղŻ˵]
ӵһμᣬ˵Ƿƶѣ֪Ƕ֮ǧҪ;ŮӽӽԼĿġ
ȻǸĿҪ˺ǾԲǵĳμΪӽԼΪ˽һЩ뷨Щ뷨ǹһŮӵģ֪ǸŮӵµֻ
ͱ
ǸŮ֪Σ֪ѾǸŮˣֵֻΪȫס
ĹĵһӦǱӽԼĿΪ˿ڹʵ
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ֻһ޷⣬ǾΪӦѾڹ飬Ϊ˵ûиı䣿Ȼǻ
ĪǱӽԼĿģ
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ҲƾжϺϣͬƭ˱ˡ
µģ㲻żº͵
ô𣿡
ῴԼİοĸô룬㶼Ӧ
ֻܴǸǧжô£ôµһ˰ˣʵһżĲ𣿡ʣһ֮ϵȻʲôῴֽƿǰ
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㿴ҸղʲôɻҲǼ£ԸӦĴ𰸡
ûСղʲôû롭ᣬҺ̾Ϣ
˵ûУһĵȻ˵ġôղΪʲô
ǡ

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115]Կ״ҵʱѾһˣɳϽýŵȿһӰ
ΪûпƣҲΪսׯֻڿɳиʱΪԼҪҵˡ
鲻Ц£ôƣ־ͰԼֱߵư壬ڵĵƴ˵ʱׯɵЦҲһ¡
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Ǹ˵ıӰƫƫôôϤģ
죬ôľƲȥΪʲôûȥҸؼǣ
УĪǱ֪ᡭ
һʱ˺ܶ࣬ׯǿԼֳܱһ˿һĻţΪκ˳Լǰˣ
ԾӲװҲҪװơ
ѾҪص֯ԭи˵Լô߶ǼٵģȻ֮ЮһŮˡ˲𰡣˲𣡡
֣µĲнһһɳΪɳϵʼձţׯɵкܺõá
ǵ߽Ǹȴûжʱ͵ϮͷׯȴôҲ֣ܶжϵĲܣһ˲ϵĲܡ
ׯҲ֪ԼΪʲôоʵʵľòҡңһĸо
Ըˡ
Ϊʲôˣ㲻һֱҸôмдЩĮЩĳŪЩĲһ
Ҳ죬кܾò
ȻĿɳϣûκζȻҲûлͷľٶȴѾƵǸƵǰ档
վׯɷеһɱ˵ơ
Ȼ㣬ûбҪǳ㡣˵ͽͽҪɴ˾㲻ģбµĻͻشⱾһƵΪ϶˶ԷԴʲôӦ
һΣׯʧˡ
Ҫǧ֪ʲôطҺûһ˫ҲЦϢ˫ĿһΣȻζǸһ
һׯɺȻЩ䣬ƽǧʱһǧһְԵǺžҵвȵģȴаֵȻһֲһĮֻһ֣Ѿ
ׯʶľ˺һ
̫СΪʲôʱĸоΪʲôΪһ㣿ǿԼʳ仰ׯԼҲõô㡣
˵ġɡ⡢Ŀǡ
ǿңׯɺһ
ȷ㲻¡˵Уڽŵһշ·ַ·Ӧ
ΪʲôҪ㣿죬֯ҪƾУ˵֤Ѿˡ
ûѡ񡣡едߵߣҲЩĮ˵˵Ľ˵ˡҲţΪ֮ˡ˵仰վׯɽһվ
ûȥׯɣղûУҲûСĻȲвҲǿţȰζҲûС˵ֻȻҪ˵
ôǧģ
116]еǿ׳׶񣬵ʵϿԶ˺ƣе޺ȴпĵĴڡ
֮̽ϣԴжϡ
ǧһֱԼǸˣ֪Լ˭ĺܺãǸҲø뷨ˣȴ֪õһαװֱƭĸоã䵱һ̫ԸԼ͵λ
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ͬһڣǧڸ߸ߵϣģǸձ䶳ھ͵ڵذϵŮӣ
ԭΪǸŮˣȻۣ
ʵǰͲϲ죬ֶҲֻΪԸ㡣ǸڶУľһ̣˭öôˡ

ɶ
ܵĵǧһֱӣеɻҲδ塣ǿԸоģһ˵ļһεȫͬ
о˵ѺúͽһȫѰټ
ԸԼһµĹ⾰ĲܲɡȷľԲΣΪʲôҪץ
Լûе¾ۼҲţǱϰߡ
ΪʲôҪץǧ֮ǰ˫˪ᡣ
ֻҪᣬ˭˵ں
һеķŭԶӡʲôԭ棬Լƻ˲
ʵϸⱾһʾ
Ϊ԰˶ƭת𣿡Ϊŭᣬ߱˵ơǧһ͸ѹˡ
һ㶣Ҳ˼ȻᣬΪձۡ
ұΪǸɰŮˣҴˡֱΣذ嶼һ¡һ˫ް㱩ۣʾһּµŭ
ͻȻվӰһʱѹѹסӭĹâ
ȱӦѹȣǧѾվǰһֻֻһͽ
ɪһۣԭӣסĻԼĲӡ
Ų֪ǷȷĲ²⡣Ϊ죬ʯڱϵȻȥһȴûл
οǵʳδ
ֻҪ΢һʲô³ɣѾвˣǧ¹ݲñƭˡ
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ϵȻ޷ҲǼں
ȿȡѲ԰׵ɫ˷ѪɫһºӱдǼŵ
㲻ǺôΪʲôҪô
仰ỹãһͼǧɫʱһ䣬ϵҲ˲Ӵء
㾹вң
ŨŨķŭ
117]ׯ˵ĵط
Զ԰棬˵ĵֱĶеεκˮȴڲá
ֻŮǷǳѵá
ᣬһ¡˵ʲôֻ˵֮ǰͱˡ
У
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һҽȥͲҪȥˡһ仰СҲӦֻһ˽ȥģҲҵѡش档
ͱһͣܲʲôڼԼʱֲҡͬġ
ðɡһ˫ƵעԼ۾֪Լܾܾ
лл㡣Ů
ǧ嶯֣ΪǸߴеŮӲűӻ˵ϣصһûκϧ֮⡣
԰׵ɫﻮ⾪ȺìܵϢ
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ͱǵ˵ҲѣûҪǧŭ֮ʱȥһţΪ뵽һˣ뵽Ǹ˵ĻشòԼô
ʲôֱ۱סǧ֤ԼѾͷǸƭŮˡҲʰ˶֡
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ϴϴΣΡ̫ࡣ
ǧҪô콻ŵǱǧƿλá
֪ġ
˭˵ģһߵڴʱŵĵطȵĴתȥȻһſӣ졣
һĵһ仰ǣ죬ᡣǧ˼ô˵չҲһʱˣ֪ǧˡ£Ҫ½͡
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ǧڶѰһʱƫߡڵϣһֻ˵ϵǸŮӡ
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Ǹűδȥӣйáôôô
ƽﲻ׼ȴʵĴڵġ
죬Ǹ
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˵ģһȻͰȻ֮䡣
118]ʲôʱʼҪǿʼ֮ͲҪֹͣ
֮ڵΪ˼䲻ͬѰնʱת䣬ȻԭԼҲҪ˵ʲôڻûпڡ
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ˡ֪ǧʶǲӦóֵģ᲻ɱ˺ûɱ˴ǰ͸Ѿע
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˵󵽵ʲô
𣿡͸ſĻ԰գǧһһ˵նʱܱһ硭



119]ǣɫ䣬ů֣о˺þáʴʱңǷеҸҲ˵ֺܶ࡭ΪҶϣ쳤ؾá
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ĺϲһݸоһ̵ķΧԸһֱȥܡ
ܣǲΪ
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ˣҪȥ˯һ¡˵ҡСغͱ˵˾۰ɾͰһķƶȻڷƶԼʱôһ䡣
ƶʲôǸûжི׼ֱӽȥһ˯ֻʱ˻صһķ䡣
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ҡͷû˵ʲôֱǧضԭԭҲͲ̫ںˡ
ԭɱĶãʲôӽǧ̬ԼĶԻΪԸߡ
һôԼôˣ˭ʲô
ҡͷԼֻҪԼһģ;Բܻ˵¡
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ڷƶԼʱǱĿİܶɻ󣬵Ҫȥ롣
Էƶڿʱû׷ʣһֱǸзִˣҲ֪еϵ죬ķִܻᳬ󡭡
Ըʲô׼ƶԼҲˡ
120]ƿŵûпƵ龰֪˯˭Ҳ֪ΪԼˡ
ûзĶҲû˵ԱֻԼߵߣߣһֱḧĸ첲ϡ
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Ҿǧˡ֮ǽԼ뷨˵˳֪Լ˵ģǼȻˣ˵
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ʵҸ͸ôΪвܱܶµķ
һ仰ĸܸӣӵһʱоصǰһ졣һ죬һļǰ
ﻹǸĵطֻһ̫̽ӵļҼҾô
ĵһ仰˳ŪҴζϬۿһ٬˴̴̵Լһȫûһ㲻ϰߺС
ĵһӡ
⣬ңߺ;ȻϬôһˡȻϴſº͵ЦݣǹǷ¶Įʾĸ߰
ԣ
̧ۣϰߵºͲغһݺĴɷ˴ӵһ۾ͻ᲻ȥĿ͡
ҼҾҲ˹˵Ĳôʣ̬ܿѯÿһͻڵļҼҾƣǻһ仰
ҲҪԭĲôҲѧʣû뵽ôһ浾Сôһֲķâ
Цݸ֮䣬˵ԭʲôأôһҼҾƵ̽ʲôԭֵã
㰡ҲЦҺܿ
ң΢ȻҡͷܱǸҲ⡣Ϊ˵ĺ棬˶ԷĴЦ
֪ԼˣһĨĺθϱӡ
ⲻзǺģҪҵЦԭôΪ˼ԳڵĻô㹻
ܲôȻûֹסЦĵ٩ϰȻڣöŮһ
ǿɰŮ
仰֮ȻͻȻôһѵˮǾȫ˼ص˱ϡ
Ǻһ仰
֪ߣΪҲǣôǵ֯ɡ
121]ǵһǵļô

ҵĵһӡŮÿɰ
ҵĵһӡ˺ÿɶ񡣡
㻹ôãŶ
˭Ҳľɶء

ᣬϾһ棬Ȼˣ䣬ԼǰһζԻ
ݺܼ򵥣ԻҲȻǴǸʱעڵĸ顣˵ĸ顣
˿סԼֻȵ¶ȣкıĴУо˵ĺãҲ˵᲻á
ԱûмŽԼֳ
ûǧΪУ˭ǴеǸˣܶ໰ʵĻҪʣĸľһҪΪ
кܶˣҲһûСʲôϵҲѯʣԺܸɴĸش
֪һΪãԲ
һûǲܵİɣⲻҲǧǱߡûƵҹڵܺܺʵ˵˵ı飬Ӷ顣
˵ׯɣüںܾǰǼ飬ԭǵô
ҲΪܶǧӰЩһҪϤҲһۿ
òΪǸᡣһǺ֪ģǧ˭رӲһ㲻֪ʹװͿҲס
˵ҵģĿ޷ȷһ䡣
Ĳбȷô
˵ʲôĻ֮һֻ첲һŴ뿿ʱһֻϸֱҲ֧һ¡
Ҳȷԭ򣬲ȷʵԡҪôĿǣóЩΪѡ
˵Ļش
ָӷҼ䴩ϸ΢öеϢƽȻĵȴֻƽ͡
㲻÷ƶ￴˭ô
˭ˣץסصѯʣһ̣Ҳϵ𰸵Ҫ
ɯšĬһ˲䣬й̾Уǧġ˵֮Ͳ֪Ҫʱ˼
ƶֻڸղŰԼҲҪǷ߸һˡһ򶼲ϰ
ڵڲԵЩ֮Ǹǧʲô
ҡͷҲǷ񿴵õҲ֪
ȴûԼ
鱾ҲӦúйء
ô϶
Ů˵ֱɡҲ϶һʵһЩһ£ڼûǸΪʲô
Ϊʲôô˽ô±ĻĻ
Ĭϡ
˵ͽѾ𽥵ıƽġ
ȻΪ뷨
Ǹͽǡһû˵ڣ̾˿Ȼû˵Ҳ֪Ǹ˵Ļֱ롣
ʱֳĬ
122]һھư
ưѾͣӪҵˣΪưϰ岻ҲΪһʲô˶УڻھưסֻΪǧĵļ֡
ÿԷʱھưɵ˶һòܹ֣ͣͨĻ˵Щѹ֡
ûͱһܾö˺ܴĿռ䣬˭˶׽ֲ֮
ԲԷʱ˾һ𣬵ȻǱҲһ˸ƻģǸֵľˡ
Ϊ嶯𣿲ףҲˡҲԼж׼ǲҲͲǡ
ϴǸŮӵ顭
Сƣʲô
극뿪õʱ񰲡ѾһСˣȻЩߣʼվԼпǷ񰲣Ҳʲô
⼸ھưǲδرӴ費֪ΪλͻȻԼ֪ǰȥΪʰһӣϲɾ˶֪ģҲ͸ЩøС
Ȼ֪ǧһĸġ
عͷŶûʲôֻ顣
ǰСѾʧ˺üˣ浣񰲵ıֵ˵ĵ飬ֺ׵Ĺ
ҲǺõãôҲˣҪ۸ɲУӦñŮˣ۵
һĿˣԼϲ˿Ǻӵġ
ҲǵģȻһ͵͵ȥôҲøһ£̫ˣ˵⻰ʱ貢û뵽ԼͨҲôԵġ
ǰôһҪôСĻ񰲺Ȼѹ˵ʵо仰֪ò˵
Ҫ˵ʲôͻȻľٶ費ʡ
һ˵
ʲô˵ļٵģΪԾķʣҪԼСƺӦĵͷ
˵ǿ̫ˣıҲ֪Ǿ൱ķġ
Ϊҿ϶ҲҪġΪһֱѣ϶˽⡣
顭ͷúΪѡ
ҲҪһ϶Ĵ𰸣ƽûⷽ˿𣿡񰲰ʾĻܶڶԷȷʱʩԼѹöԷڲԾ¶ҡ
ԸȽֱˡ
ԹȻҪôʵĻҲûһ㼣󡭡Ҳܿ϶ͷǸþ˼ȥ顣
ĪǡѾʼ񰲣ƺ֤Ƿȷ񰲻ֻĿ
ʵǶܺõġǰÿ˵ȻǺԼĴõģҺҲáô˵Ҫ˵̬ȡԥԥ
Ц񰲲ٴߴ٣֪ܶЧǵ㵽ɡ

龡

123]ĬֹĽȥʲôҲ޷õۣҲ޷õԺܶʱҪһһڡ
ʱҪĲԣ̬
ҵѾˣôȻҪ⣬ȻôҶġҪֵֵܶá
Ǵһů͵ģµһܰȻܶʱܰ˶졣
ܾûսҲô
ǾȥǧΪʲôҪôɣ΢ЦΪ̬˷ֻͣϸȰ˵
ֻҪȷؾ鷳ġ
Ҫشǿĺܡ
һһɻشϣ̿Ц¡֪ǲ˼Լȥʡ
ȥôı䷽롣
㲻ֶԸ㰡бӣŮǽҲҪǲȥôʱ򻹸Ľ飬Ǻ´
ģҪ⿪ĻȻͲ˺ˡ˵ϴβǸôҵ˼һҾͲôȫˡοӡ
û취ҡͷѾЭ˼ô죿ԼѵĹĻǲֺ
ᣬҪǲϷŻҲǲϧһսġ϶
˵ĸսʿƵĺòãû޵һ£漴Ӻ˵Ĺ첻ѾӾȻô
΢΢졣
ûɡ˵ģҾǧʹǧҲûбҪͬʱԸҺġ
ô϶

ԭһ
־һ£죬Щ⣬ȻҲǧûΪʲôҪ׵սأ
ɵ

ûжҪɱҾͲܼŭôʣ֮ǲҪشķűҲΪԼشò˼
ûٴʲôӦñȸղϸ΢ó𰸵ҲǺܴ
˺һᣬŸоǸԭڴߵĵӣһůůµĽӴӴ
лл㡭
ֱۺӵĽһԽգϰὫͷ󣬼ʹһԲҲǵĸжġ
Ϊĵ绰ͻȻҲڳһ֮һµĶ
ֻǹء´ֻø죬΢Ц
Ƹ㼱ã˵ĹЦһ䣬֮ǽֻͨϵ˰ĵţš
ûƬ̣ǸֻͱҶˡֻҲʼնû˵һ仰
ЩԾʣôˣ˭ĵ绰
Բ仰͵һ˦ֽ绰ҵǽϵ֮ݵķƶ
ǧ˵ıѩ
˵ϡͳбĮſԼҲûвĲͬͲԸ
˵ǿô
124]µôûеط꣬Żһͷײ㻳ξ̫룬Ӱ̫ˮߵδΣ顣ԴҵľͲԼӰΡ
ԴŮʱҲסоͿԳ˵ӰĻֻһˡ
ҪͱѧϰգܾбĿġΪ˵̸Χų֮Ļת
ȻеĻⶼɹͷ
ϾŮѣԱΪϲһİʱעĸ硣
ǲ˼㿴̫ˣôﲻæ
ڳǹ˵ҪѧѧˣڿʱҲоĶԻ
һ˵ѧ˰һģûֵʲôס㻹һҪˡ̾Щ
ûϵؿġﵹˮ̬ƽͶȻ˵ķûʲô𣬵㣬̶ƤõģǴûô
㰡ҪȻ˵Ҳ岻졭ɣüʻϢ
ǵᣬֻΪþûӦкܶ໰˵ġȻ
ûһ𣿡ĩһ֮̾ת˻⣬ô˵ѵἵ𣿡
ʲôת·ûĻ֮
̫ðΪŮѣҲϣԼܰ˸ֵܱȸԼҪðɣָףȻƯ֤һԿˡ
ʵܹԼѺõ˻ɿġ΢Ц
û˵ɿֻ㶼ἵûô
ҵһɡ
Ŷʲô⻰Ӧ׷ʵݣùʣﵭȻϾûбֳκεĲá
ҲŮѡֻǳʵĻش
֮Ϊʶȥ۲죬˲ӹжȸԾɫ
ȻŮѣΪ⻰ʱô˵ɫ
Ѿ֪ˣƭƭúడԡҵϣ΢ӳĻȣĴʾһݵ⡣
ҲûȻͱǰһݿദʱǷĮȴ˿ᡣ
֪ŮŮѵ죬Ҳ̤ŵʱʵѾʲô鷢ˡ
Ҫ˵ԭŮѣһΪסһͷʲôء
Ϊ˶ôôʣм
Ц˵Ϊ˶ôŶԡЦҲǲŷ𰸿ǲŶ
Ҫսҵԣϴ뿪˲Ϣ
һǺġȻЦݡðɺðɣ뿪Ҫһ뿪
ƾʲôҽ
˵Ǹˣ˵Ӻѡòıһɣ
΢Ц˿һߣұ֤κһˣ
125]ΪвҾҶô
ᡣ֪ҲǿȻûи顣
ΪҸͲϲ㡣
ϲ㡣Ҳȥϲˣ˵Ҳ뿴ͱŮһ𡣡
Ҫһ
ҷֱǸܺõŮˣܺá
۸
Щ

־ڰգڴϿԼѾþˣ׵ָ׺ѾһˣǸ˻İһ
ָоʹ죬벻϶С
Ǹʧߵˣ챧ű뿪ʱʧˡ˯ţЩȴĸ
˽ĴӱߵһΣʵҲⲻϾԷһ¶ûС
һֱΪ̫ľŻԼôʱ뷨Ϊʱ򲢲ãΪöԷӵĿﵽҪʲôԸ㣬Ҳƫ
еʱģȴ֮롣
ٺݺݵرۣԼĽĸоǰвȵֶҪԼһڻ᲻᲻һ
˼
ʱ򣬵绰ͻȻΪߣǳĳûӾһɨֽ֮յ˵ϡ
ֻ˵ҲŬиšʹǵ˽Լһµǻ
һӾͻˣһӴӴµϡ
ֻ˭ôģõʡϣȡػƢһҪԷһٲŰݡ
Ҳ˽ص㣬ԲŻѡͣĴ
[ҡ]
º͵ŮõһͣΪ˽ԻԼ绰
ԹҲ˿£첻ѾȻȥҪЦһǹģһֱϰߵּһ󻰡
[ҪҲ㳳ܵġ㡣]
ʲô£Ҳһǡ
[ǧΪʲôҪץȥ]
ʲôΪԼˡ
[뿪֮ǧûиҲô]
Ц£⻰˭ģûһȥ͹ˣ˭ȥǸĵЦ
[ȷô]
㲻һʲô˭˭ȥҪϵ绰ǸŮӼеֹ
[ҵ绰]˽Լ
ƴʲô°С㣿
[һ档ʱô]
㶣Ц㱻ƭɲҵĴֶͬҲϵ
[л˵ˡ֪㲢ĺΪеġ]ĵᣬҲЧõ˵
㲻;ǧһȥץ𣿡
[㲻ġᣬҲˡ]
ðɣҲЩҪ˵Ƭ̵ĳ֮󣬹Ӧʡ
126]̨ƵĹڲϣΪĥɳԵЩʣҲԵóܵƹŮӲЩʵ
ǵڷǰģΪеԼš
ϻֻ죬֪ڲ˵еĻ˵Ҫ˵
Ҿùû˵ѡ
ǧ˵ѺҸôʡ˿϶ĵ棬ǧж˭ô˵ӡ󻺽ǻпܣȻǰʯͷԼĽš
ǧɵӡ
ȻҲᡣһáԲŸǧŮ˵ֱһ׼ܻһݡ
ΪʲôҪ˵֪ΪҺãܶǲôһôġ
ǲֵģһ˵Ķԣô۾ϲ۾Ϊ۾ƯҲϲ
Ϊʲôʱ㻹᣿һɱʵׯɸص㣬ȥ˻ʲôŻǸʱֵôŭʹڸоﲻ֡
Ϊšĺϲɡһ޷˵׵ģԼĺͱ˵ĶһֻҪ
֪֪Ҳ֪
԰Σҹܲ㣬㰮ôôɡȥСʱûҾȥ
֪ллˡ
ֵʱ򣬹رһûһҲûЩʧҲ˽֮С
ʲô˵ɣҿɲȥеʲô
ܾϵʲôҵĴô΢ЦŻشעһġ
Ȼ˵ĺǧϾҪһЩϾҲΪԼö˸
Լ˵̸ɣʲô̬ȣüĿһĮΪȻֱϴһ
ϤԲŲòġ
ϣܺ˵ʵһ˫۾Ҳע⵽ע΢ӡ
ҲʲôʵҲĿԼ
ǧҪҺΪʲôְع֪һ֪䣬ҷǳ϶
ҡ
㻹ҽһ°ɡĬƬ̣Ŀڡ
ڱ͹̸ʱ֪뿪Լҵʱȴȥ
һ񰲣һ衣
񰲺ѾļˣϣҼô죿ȺһŮ˳ź˽ţһʼڰ˺һ˶ԻС
˾Ȼׯɣ
ֻ˭أ

Ч

127]ðɣμҪô𰸣Ҹ㡣ϲ㡭

ǸƽƽƵ˵ⱾΪ˵ĻҲһݼڽĮȻǸʱ򣬹ѾԼʵʵġ
ϲ˭Ӧĵô˵֪ԼȷֻԼĺ͵һγԶʼĸо
ǵģܶʼ
֪ôȴΪ˾˵ϲĻҲӦúúõŶԡʱԭĲĮ˼
˱һԼĽ̸ݣһ仰Ҳ˵ġ֪˵Ͳûȫԭ
Ů˺ܴ¹˵ҲѡĴ𰸣עе鲻Լȫסص㣬˵
Ϊ˱ʲôֻԼȻ˵ôݣϾǲԸ⿴бŮ˺һԹԼ벻ףҲõ졣
ڱҲĶء
ҲǧĶ˺ҪԸǰɡҲȷûץ
˵Ļ˵ˣиĻǲ˵ģʵҲܲ͸ǧͼһΣԸĺܳԾ˵һ˼С;ַʲô
ĸһĵͷͬĻǿ̬֪ȫ޳ɡ
㻹ʣһ㣬ʡ
ֻԭǧ֮ǰԲֱӶԸأôȦһҲûС˵ֻҪǿ֤ʵҾĴ̫ˡΪУһǧɡ
ȻأȻ뵽һȥˣԸͬȴ߱񣬾Ȼܾ档
衭ţֻǼ裬ҺǧʱѾ˽ͼʵûбҪϵ죬ռʱûͼû˵еĻҪ֡
˵˭ͻȻʹͼ𣿡̧üʻһûǸ˭벻͸
Ҳ֪˭ôӹıĻػҳһͬĲ⡣
̾ϢȻҲ֪
ʲôͻȻʣΪӴǼŵ̾ϢѾ뵽ǱߵľˣֻΪһô
ڵĹؼڣȴһء
ʲô£ʱͻȻǸ绰ĵһݣղһֻעˡ
ǧ˵ץˡ
ʲôⲻܣȻ񶨣һҡͷһ߻Ϊ仰ʣ㶼ǧץ˼ȥץ
ҲǧץģǸ⵫𾪵ϢұֱεԴͻƿڡ
ʱѾʯˡ˵ͻȻ뵽ʲô˵˼˲תǧء
ʯĻ
˵ʲôʯݣԹ˵һİĴʻ㡣
֪˭ˡճȭԻأ
128]ʲô
Դʼ򵥣ȴ˲ſ־壬ɾڲòܵ»óǸ̵ߡ
ڱļˡ
죬񰲺裬оǧҲߡԭķƶδ뿪ֻԾ䡣
ֻڵһ˽ݵʱСظԼһ
⻰ӦʰɣСڻ䲻ѾͲͽ˵ĴּôȲ
Ϊԭ֯Ҳ񰲶̬ȾЩ䵭Ҳһʱû״
ҲǿˣȻԭԸʱһ󳳴֣֮ǰӦ񰲵ǿԼҪ˵ĺżһҪŵż
ʲôԾ͸ǰɡֻô˵
˵һҪǣǻģоＱеĶڱĹġ
ЦСӵԶûĻһ۵ôҴȲĶԻ񰲡
㲻ԸҲԲģʵǾǼˡ񰲵ĻӦ
ҺǲҲôʣǲĴǴ޵а仹еôһ١
쾲Ŀ񰲵һشʵܸо񰲻һֱһһʡϣֻһĿġ
Ȼʺһ£ʲôȻЩͬӵĿ˿ſڣ˼ǣǲһģ
ʼ磬С
ôʲôĿģüͷһת֮ͬͽʻת˲ͽˣӦ֮춼ɾЩ硣
ֻΪݼƻٵݰɡôţǵĻԽĿ
ϣԸǻȥǵһĿġҲеڶĿġڵһͷΪһֱվ˵м䣬ûر⡣
˿˵رָʲô˰ע˹谡һ
ʶˣǲĿʻ
ͷŮûκаᵽЩܣԼЧ⻹ǵһΣǸͽˡ
ûаü۲ǸµŮӡΪµţ̫òǸŮˡ
ղŵ˵ܾﲻԾǾ˵ΪʵڲѣҲǾ豻ƭΪ˵ضûа顭
ˣǾⲻ׼ȷû´ǸŮӦá
ҲûаǵЧΪҵЧһ
ͬʱŮӻѾĲ˵˳
129]ΪĿԼһЩġ
תͶӣȻ˲Ҳʱʲô˵õġ
Աʲôû˵ǧҲûϿ˵
ǹһ˾˵߶ȴ˭ûз֣ʱЩ޷Ӧ˵ͱĹ۲췴ӦõģȻᱻһ˸ôöûз֣
ҪǣǸ˻һûκθŮӣôܣ
Թȷһ㲻Ѱ֮ǧľԵĵҲ˳
Ҫܵ
ҳϸҲףûж⡣
ۼȻûɢ⣬һ˫еɻҲŵ룬ǧԼӦȿڡ
龰˭ҲñͼʲôҪᡣǧҲ֪һҪ˵ֻֽһǽ⿪ɻ󣬶Ǽᡣ
һ֣Ҳ޷϶
ûж𣿱˽ҿɲ㲻õŶһ˫أ˵
ɸҵô˹ĻͲһἱжϵˣֻѯǧġɷϣнġ
ǧ黹ûнǧʱһ˷̵ɺϡ
ͷұҪȥҵģյÿ¥Ծ͸㡣֤ǧĶЩο
㿪ʼʹôͻȻʡ
ʲô˼ǧһ㶡
ʣǲɺϣ㱾ҲʵôỺظԼĻıϿ͸
ĬƬ̣ǧĵͷҺܱǸҵɡ
šֳ̫죬쵽þȣǧҲͬⲻ硣
Ե֮ĻٳûһԼϰԵĿ̱졣
֪ɡ
һ磬Ĵ߹ιˬЩ˵䡣֦Ҷ
ڷУŮ˶±紵ĳ
ҽ˵Ļܻ᲻һҪ˵ǧھ֮󣬺ܶ໰Ͳشһһ
°ȲҪ廰Աֻ˹һȻʲô뷨ǿĵͷ
ЦˣϣҪ̫Цббھͽ֮ϣη紵Լĳһ˵
ҪˣӺܾǰͺǧŽġӿ˵ĻҲϧȴûԥ
Ҳ㲻ţλᱻǧߣȫΪá
ǳ̧üüһƿصľȡ֮󣬱ǧĺĻ֮ղһӵ
һǧߣǧ˵ĻһǡסߣͱҪñ
130]ҵЧе߶ãԭΪһֺû;ǧȴھҵǱܡ
ԼȦ߲ŮӵĻﻹڼֲ̬ȣ˶ԴԵĿԸ
Һܸлǧ˶ҵ֪֮ҪԸȻˣǺԸģȻûнӴǰ֯ļ¼ͽĹ۲ܸо㲻˰ڲҲǿ㡣
֯ҵļ¼ͻȻ⻰ʾ䣬ִЩŪķ񶨿ǡ
Ŷʧˡ˵һ顣ŮӵôһƤǺֱ˵˼
Ц׷ӷ̡ǴҶѾˡ
ȥҪǿֱȥһ죬˭ܴղűϹ˺ԼŮӵĻּǽֻʣһСҪˡ
һת泯ķҲתˡԭ񰲡
оʲôڣʲôСҪ죿й𣿡
Ȼ˵С£ȻͲҪرˡѾ֪Ҿúοء̯֣ôһڵʲô
䣬ЩͬĲͽѾΧס
ǵͽаҲһܡ
ƹϨϨƾΪ˲񰲵ĿӰʹãһѾĺܵˡ
ʱֻƶĽŲͽʱȻ죬ķƶڰ񰲡
һߺͲͽ˶һ߻˵Щóѣһͻȭȫ䵱ˡ
ƶӱھԶȥʡȥʹģѡ޵ҲǵӦ֡
һֵǣߵ˲ʹЩҲûһʹⳡͺͽ˶ûһ㣬档
ʻսľ档
ֻûв룬һڵɳϵ죬һ͵͵ƶŮӡ
о˽ӽԼЦɫ
סҺ㡣
Ů˵̾Ѿ̫࣬Ůӵ仰ûʲô졣ǿûκλӦ˼Ůĵĵֲһ䡣
ҽб仰˵úҲ֪Ҫʾʲô
ֲõֵĻش
ǺЦһһܲˡ˵⻰ԼҲ֪ǲرģѹһ䡣
ұҪǰǸͽҾͿԳûǿаȥǧ˵ġ
ǱǸʧˡǱǸǡ
ûϵ㲻һȥҲãøӡ

ΪȻӦúܿģڼбСܿҲˡҲΪԼܵ⣬ûעԼӵ仰ʲôЧ
ǧҪ˳綼ǧ˵ģǡ
ðɣͣ֡ҺȥĴϱδ˵˫ָһһػȼ
һ㶵Ŀߡ
Ǳǰʰɾ



131]ʵǰͲϲ죬ֶҲֻΪԸ㡭˭öôˡĲñƭȶԸ˭Լǰɡ
˵Խ˵ԽĻоԽ̣Խ޼˵ıԽܲˡ
ǧĺһ㣬þί߱ǧĶԻǱѧʱĺѣڻһֱϵҲһˣ֪ѡ
㹻Σ˭ӵ˳õһ
Խ˽⣬еԽǲ֪ô졭
ǧ˵ÿһ֣ӱϿԿԲͬʾĲͬӦȻԣ˶ֻ۲ȻԿ
ûϱʾԼĿֻ°ǳ˼
ڱû̬ʱ򣬹ЦЦ
Ȳ˵˲ǧѣЩô֪ģȻÿ˶Ӷ顣˵̸ʵΪ˼һ˼
ҿʼ˵ѵ֪ЩǧĽ͡
ʲô׷ʡ
ˡҲԸ㡣˵ѵ˵ĸˣǧĲΪȡ˾¡
ǲԸһ޷ңĴǡ
ʲô˼ͱѾˣǧ±顣
ЦΪ𣬡֪ͽʵѾûˡ֪ǸѼȻ֯ˣĳˡ
仰˵ǧĺ𾪣Ҳ̧ۿ˹ԭڷƺΪ仰ʲôȻ
ôûǧĲʻֱָû˵ѡһú֡
̯֣Цѣ˭һȴûֵĳ裬˶֪ĸоȷ

ǧģôһῪڣ˵ĶԻϴƽ͵Цݡ
ЦµǷƽ;ûȷˡ
ԣʲôͷǲ֪ΪʲôıǧܾǽһԽ⡣
֪ưɵʯڲڣֵᣬᵽϸ˾壻ֵָأصĶ塣
ʯڲڣ
ʯǱϴһôĵĽҪ׼źáΪƽʯӣʱԷ벻ĹЧ
վڴߵ¹£ȥų֣ϵʯϴڼһǲͬġ
ǧĻֿ֪һʯԭŮӱġΪµʯԻᱻߴϣ
˵㲻ñʯȴȥץ񰲣һͨҪôԸȺˣԭͨ𣿣
ױ˼άĹ̶ģʽΣʱǰ·ûֱҺıôһεģǧֻһ˵¡
ǧΪηģὫִļϣİɣֻҪѻ谭˶֪ϲ˭
132]ݡưһʯֻļ֪顣ʯʵڣҲǸʱһμ֤ġ
ʱѾưΪأΪ˱صİȫʯΪ档
û֪£ûԭʯǲ뿪ưɵģǾư֪˭Զáʱ֪һǧģ죬ͷƶ
ʯ˭û˵ȥû˵ʱһαᵱŹ˵֤˻ɡ
ɵɣǵһѹʯ
мʯ֪ȻͲųҲܵõʯĿܣɺǺ飬ֻ̫ܶɺɡ
ʯڲڣ
ʵ仰ǧע⵽ҲĶ˹һֻɣʹ˵Ҳظ֪
ֿ˿ı飬ǧôһ仰СҾ㻹ᣬԲҵĻ˵Ķ𣿡
ûΪ˵ѣԲẦҡԡ
ô϶
ܶǿԿ϶ģͺҡûԥָͷʯѾھưˣô
ԡǧĵشһϸӰԼٶǰѵȴĴ𰸶׼
ŹӰվǧǰһ˫Ϭָ׵Ҳץǧĵ죬֮񲢲ڴܵ衣
Ҿ˵һˣԭ㣡һ¹ûԤ棬εǲġƶˣһ֮һҪ
Ҹ֮£òҪ֣˾ٶǰһı档
һʵǽƻԸԼĹ϶һһԻӮԲǧġм϶ҲԸǧģʱҪ˶Ըǵġ
ǹȴʧһ㣬ȻֻǼСһ㣬𾪺ʹǧץȥǧļƻ
ǾڱԵȷδǰǧģΪԼһֵʱǧȴɵĶ㿪ͻϮһ£𾪣Ҳһ۾
ǧġṦ
ӵתȻﲻˮͨȻܺƵԲһδϰ˿ӵеġ
ҴԼ侲ƶǧٴǳʶʱѾӵˮ׼ĸ񶷼ˡ
תԽǣ
һֱ֮ѷɫ˵ǧĵĸ񶷼ŮӦһġ
ֵ֮Ĺһüı顣һֱûв棬͸ǧĴǰԼԭ
ѵͽ
133]ҪԸͽˣӦ֯
ⲻΪ˱ˣҲΪԼҪеߣǲӦóġ
ÿ߶ӦԼȨ桭
ܸ˴ӽ쿪ʼҶѣҪһɡ
Ƕô㣬ڸȫˣͨѶ˰ɡ

˵ĻĿǴӵһʶǰûиı̬ȣԭϷô
Ŀǰĳ档
ΪڶʱںǧԱЩ֮꣬ǧҪ侲ͳŵĶࡣ׳ǧⲻˣԿĿѾǹˡ
۾ɫǳıãһʼղ̫ףǧĳǧܵõʲôô
صǧԣǧȥǧô鷳ôѵҪԸǧôɣǾﲻԡ
һֱദٿ˽ǧʲô̬ȣΪ˶ԸǧҲ
ˣôˣ⻰ֱʺˡ
˳
ϸ˫ǰһƯƣˮʱҲȵǧǰ档
Ǿ仰һ߰ͰûڱԼһġ
ͻȻΪ˸ǧҲֵͣĴ㣬Ҳ̸һ¡
˵ĵûеõΪʱͻȻӲԶĽŲһ죬￪ǹˡ
ʶˮΪܻסԼʱظӵҲԶԼǧĵľ롣
ţͿһȺ˳˹Ӵŵͳһܿһ֯ģʱֵ֯Ȼǲͽˡ
üȴپЩȻǧͽЩʱֲΪ˸֪һôǧôɵ
С㣬ġǻᱣġͷ˲ɻʱѾȻ˵ǵӡ
ǲͽ˾Ȼһ޿ɺǡı飬ɾ֪ЩΪλԼ뵽ΪˡҡͷΪҪ׼¡ôȻǡ
ٿǧģǧĵĿⰲţȷ
Ըǣϸʱ䣬һȺѾԶų˹Χȥ
ȻڸǧĺͱǿˮȫԼԷ˶ʹǹΪΪԼȫ˶ǲȡݱܵĴʩ
ݱܱϾǰ취뵽ԷֿپۺϱȽϰȫǧľֻ˽İŸ˱ʾ
˽⣬ԵͷȻԼˮԽЩ˶ˣҲ֪ûˣ˵ĹȻʵ
Ϊ˽⿪еɻ󣬻ǰǧĵ˼ˡ
134]ӿɽĳ⣬ʱûзֳɽĽ·ƶҲںϸһ·ǹ۲첻ͽ˵ء
ﲻʱĶԻҲС˵Իʵǿһ㣬ΪǱ˵ȻҲ˵ЩݣǶ䵭
Ŵű죬ƶЦԼǷҪһأ
˵أ氡Ҿ;˸ȡǽһ֯﷢飬ׯɵģΪԱʶ
˵ǰ֯൱ģ治ΪʲôͷѽβҪȥ΢򣬶ϧĲŻ֮ǱȻĿޣַͨΪ˱Ƚͻһˡ
˽ַֻϲôãֻǵȻķ˾䣺Żʲôϵô
ԶµıһʱûϻƬ̺Цˣ˾ǲ˵⡣ʵѵġ
ѣĳŪǡ
һֶԣôѸһҲϲǧǰҲйҪչ⡣̹ԣԶҲ
ҲϲһŮˡ䡣
ð죬ֻһͺˡЦ
ҲϲҪ˵Ůˡ̱
Ŀ̱뱣ƽĶڱϻԿЦĺܲףЦѾôˡ
ǲðˡҲǾḻ˻Ȥġһ˶Ӧòų͵İɣ
ôҲһˡŪϢ
ǺôһƯ˿п˵ô̱ĻֻԼҪ
Ͼܰƭظǧˣ﹦һ
ʵ
ǲ̫ɶˣҷɣ¶һĿЦݣϱĻ˵ԼĲ²⡣ſƲʵ
û
˿Ϊƭ԰ɣٴδϱЦĻһŵЦݸĿ
һ£ɰѱŪˡ
˺þã¿ڣȻ㶼֪Ϊʲôڳϵľ仰˵©𣿡
֮ǰ¶ˣҪĻûǣűߡ
ֻ㵨ӺܲСЦݺС
ô˵ԸЦźܽꡣ
ٶһΰ֮ô죿գۣȻ֮Ŀڳϣ
ˣһǻģ˵ʲôҵЧһҲŲء
۾գʲôѵĹ򻹲ҡ⻰˵ϵķƶҲЦɣѵ˾ˡ
㣬Ϊʲô֪ôһʾǳԼߡ
ûֻôЧôһѻҪŵıȽϺãȻݼٳɹƭҲȻΪñʱı黹ȽϿɰա
˵㡭ƭӣŵʡ
Ц˵޺˵ĲĿҿƭӵʦ

˭

135]С㣬Ҫȥ˵
С㣬ǹѺ˵ġ
˭Ҳңֱţĳ˼ΧͼסԼˣ˪ı顣
Ҫȥĵطǲͽ˻ѺҪ˵ĵطǸطķ˶ĹѺʽѺַʽʯ
û´طڹѺǡ
ûԼʱסŰ֣ûƿ˸ղŵ飬Ȼ顭
ǧıΧɢʱؿǧȥĵط˽ӦǸϤȻ¡˼
벻ͨ¡˼Ϊʲôôǧġ֪񰲺¡˼ֱ£Ȼ˲֪ģ¡˼ҪʲôһǧǧǸˡɶ
ŮҲȺͲΪеΪУװݵģҲһ֣ǾĿģǧĵĿʲô
һʱ벻Ծôˣ֮ԼķֹǧĵġԵ֮
ƿţĶǰչرʱһ䵫ֲ̫䡣
ṳ̂ӣֻ濴һˣǱӰϤ
С㣬ٽȥˣһʯ
˭ҸׯɴСҾ˭ؽ棡һ򵥵Χ˶Ҳע⵽Ϊ˻ֶеķӦ
ֻǼ΢΢һʶǿˡ
һЦȻû
һ߽УİŴϣֻ˵Ķʱ˺ܾǰĳʼ
ֻûùһˡǧ˵ЧȻ鷳ǧȷǴʱʼĵãҲ֮ŵʶ˵ġ
֡
߸ѥӵص࣬öϸ֫ҵΣΪ˵߶໥׵
ɫķԶϰ߲ڲඵеֻѩ׵֡ڣһֻѾ泷˳һ˵ļ
ҪңҲǸ˵ļ֮ǰ˵ľ棬ǰһᡣ
ʵ֪Ů˶ܺãԲŻ˸ζĮżеᣬԽǲȱ谮ŮԽϧ
ϣԼҪΪһô˶ģǸǺģ˭Կء
ͣڰյģʧȥҲûͬʱҲţ죬᲻᲻ں֣
Ȼ̣֪ȻᣬǱһᡣǶô˷̵ʵ
ܲģϡ
ԹֻһЦĶǸת˵ͷǺþòˡʺҲ۲ķӦ
һ˫Ѱʶ黳
136]Ҹ㲻Ȼ֪ûǸҲ֪ûʯȥΪʲôԹԵĺһأ
ӳӻڲ¥ʱƲסˡʹʯߵЧ³˲߻ǧǵһģİζӰ
ֻҪ߱˵ĻǶ鷳ġΪѣ
ǶôˣᵽӦ޷ƿǵ֤
֪ȵʳ֮žԼ˵©졣˼ֱ̫թˣȻƭӵʦ
ллҾͲؽˡ
Ʋ죬㻹ûشҵأʲôҪһǲʵҲǧһ𣿡
գʵôӣĲĻԣҲǻôˣֻǣ¶һ޵Цݡ
ҶԻٵ֯һȤҲûС
˵Ҫٵ֯
ҲϲǿȱˣϲǿȡҲһڵݿ˲䲻첻߳һȻԼĿġ
վԱһЦĿʲôֻܲˡ
Ӧúܰȫˡǰ͵ЪϢģûҲġ
ǧĵ֣˹ͬվһʯͷϣͣһ俴סСľ
Сڵĵطôôߣƽ˭סӯĴʯͷǧһ߹۲ľݵһ߿¡˼ݵƿ߽ȥ
Һ񰲷ģû˭ڡ
ǵӿ湻ġЦӦǧĽ֮˳ֵĽ֮ϡķӦ˰ɣô룿
һתǧ˵¡
ֻࡣǧģ¡˼˵Ľۡ
Ϊʲôôã
̹˵ΪС㡣ǸмŶԷһʵֻᱻ⡣
ʵҲ¡˼˵ʵǧĲ¶һЦ
𣿡ǲܱǷԼҪ£ΪҪͬġ
˵һ޷߳ദ¡˼ܳʵҲǻشʲô˵ˡҲǧһ⡣
Сģһ⡣ѡش߲ش𣬲ǷشҶ֪𰸡Ը𣿡
ΪͬʵĿ£֮ǿЦҡͷ
һ֪ĵѡ̾˿¡˼ȴǧȻԼҡͷ
ҲԸңΪ֪Ҫʲô⡣
Ŷ
֪ҿԸ㣬Ȼһֱʾġ˵⻰ʱǧһŨŨ
Ҳǿ˵ġΪǧһ˲̬úܲã¡˼ĻѿڶҲںǲΥ˴ӦĻ
ʵûйϵģ֪Ҷûסߵ̺εĻȣûдҶи顣Ӻǰˡ
һֱֻһܣڻ˵˳
137]˿ĽŲѰȥֱ˽Լ߲Ծȵ̧üȻпǽ߳
һͻȻվǰ汾ܵİڳӦսƣȴڿǱǰȱֵס
С񰲵Ļڶ˵һ㣬費ֻΪ񰲺ֵΡ
ôһرעû˸٣ſʡһ񰲵Կ϶
˾ʲôȫ£ߵһȴӹɡļƵˣ
ġأ˿˵ˣһֱܵĵıƽ͸ˡȥϰߵıһ¡
񣿡һҲȻԼûԼʱڻȥҲϡ棬ֻô֪
ɻĴ񰲣Ȼû˵ʲôзġȫʱж˭˭ǵˣԶ˭Сĵġ
ȻͲˣ˭ͽᡣԸԭ
ô֪һЦ񰲷ʣõ˵ȴŸ°ɵĻش
ԵĻϣ㲻᲻ġ񰲻˲һ䡣
һῼǣ˵ɡ
񰲽Լҵ»б½Լձߵķ˿
Ů˵ˡȻһۡ
˵ʲô˵ˣϰߡ
Цû˵ôҲԣԸ񡭡
ӣʵڵȲߴš
򵥵˵ǸŮ˲ߡ˵⻰ͬʱرע񰲵ı顣õ©ֻŮ˵һ㣬ôôɴСҼһĻǸֵоġ
Ҳ֪񰲾һСƺˡ
ôҵЧȻ𰸺ܲ⡣
ܼ򵥣ϴʯʯмǿѹãǶͨ˾ͺͨʯûˡҲͿԲصκ
һͨôܵõʯأʯôĶοǷĴʯȷʱԼĿ
۹⣬Կܿ͸һ൱ͣͬʱǰ˵Ҳ֪൱ĵǡ
ԸСûбơ
治ͽȻѾһͨˣְϷҲòǸˡֻ޴
ǰ֪С˵Ҳô̱ġ
ô⣿΢ЦһֿķʡȷΪҪǧԭˣҪֻǷҴ
Ҫ̸ˣɵҲǰ취ȫ֮Ļ̽һֻȥ졣
Ϊ񰲶죬ⲻȥ
˵öԣľúܶԲ죬ϣܰʲôæ˳ĻĻر˱Įķʡ
ֻǵһЦ̨ףԼҲûдɳʵ׵˼
Ǿͷ·ˣһȥͽ֯ڲ
138]Ѿϣȡ֮ůůů
ĵطûӴǱʯǣǰǻʱͳһ
һһЩʱˣȻıҪȥһΪʯҲΪԼ뿪
뿪ԭᣬһûӦ˵ûй취뿪
ʵǰҾͶܲµǧˣֻʵڲô롣
ټ棬Թ˵ĵڶ仰仰ĻӦʱ˵˾ԲӲǸԱ˸еǸˣΣȴԼȷԲ
ΪǸܺõˣϧֻһˡ
ҪܵûоܾһŬԿ㻹ǲҪ̫ˣΪǧϡҲû׼ѾΪˡ
ǵúǧõΪȷ
ĲһȥǧӦûзǰ˼
̸飬ͰѻصԼϡôȻ÷ƽϢĵ⡣ٲڷչȻжԡ
ϣΪԵĵˣȻҲǰǧ
ʯѾ˵ˣ鷳ġҪˡԼ͹ȫǧֶΡ
ҵ֮ͱ˴Ӻ͵ϮˣȻû͵ϮˣǧȻжôطҲǵӦְɡֻûϵôɡ
ǡǧΪʲôҪץ㣿һûסͱ̸ʱ֪ץЩԳƱڻʱġ
ʵЩ˳֣ѾúˡͱӦûе֪ģǧЩ˺ڱǧĶ֮ʱ
˵ĻӦǧĽʱ𣿻ʱĿôʣҲ̫׼ȷ˰ɡ
Ǹᣬؿץס𣿡
Ȼܳһԣܲεģù˾졣Ҳͱˡ
Ҳʲô塣˱ǧץ߻ǧҪõǶ֪ģ㲻Ҳ˵Ҫ𣿶һȴҡἰ;Լ߿ǧΪҲôᱻץ
Ҳôƽ
Ϊм̫ˣɵҺͱ֪˭˵ĻǸһ뷨ɡҲñǧıᡣ
ʲô£
ǧĸദʱҲˣ˭ţ
ԹͻȻһʣһ㶣ƾͷԻǲʲôʲô𣿡ⱾӦûʲôϵˣᱻһѯʱȻǣ档
ȻشҡӲ͸¶ԼеϢǹıܣʹӲΪǿġζҪȡ̫ϰˡ



139]ĬҲǺܾá֤ˡ
ǧʶʱܾãʲôӲɣһҪԲΪǰ˵ţ
Ҳദʱջ̣ḷ́ܶǸŮӵҲǴġ
ۿĬȴʲôڷָоҲûйԵλôʹ죿
ѡǧܲ
ʼԣʼ㲻ϣļĴʻȴù޻ΪԥǸһֲĶʼ
ֶʼΪ̬ȣһŮôıΣô̵ʱ䡭Ϊʲô
ˣѾѴ˵ĺˡһŴӵվԥľűߣǴȥˡ
ȵȣ˵ʲô𰸣󴫹
ͷҲأһദôãһŸʶȴôö˵˵˵ʲôأ
˽²ϲʡʵԼҲЩܣǱǧĸᡣ
Ǳ˭Ľͣһ䡣Ϊ벻ôʶһͬûشЦ
˰ҾˣǧģȫȻʵĵʲô飬Ȼ߳ҡ
߳ҺֱĿڵĲʹҲɢˣΪ˵Ǿ仰ʵҲȷһѶԸĵˡ
ŪһͷһеǸŮ˵ˣҲӭ߹һˡǲͽлһԱׯɡ
˵ͽ˵ʧһ㣬ǧԭ򡣲ȫ˵ǿȶԷ߳Էܹõ
ܹˣǧȤǷǧȽصˡׯһ㣬ܾǰͿߡ
Ϊׯ̫ݲвŸɵˣ߾Ǳء
ΪĲϲׯɣֻ̧ۿһ£ǧңǲ뿪ڸ˵ģסȥ·
ô²ΪֻǧʱõׯɣȻҲǶûøеӦò뵽⣬ǴׯɺΪܾǧ㱨Ǹ
û㡣ֻ㣬㡣ȻЦſ룬ׯɵļȴͨ롣
ܾҲӲȥı飬˲ˬ
ԭ˭㶼ԸȵġŪţתҪ뿪ׯɵɲҪǸҶǿǧǹ͹ˡ
Ǹڹһ򶼲ԼׯɣȴҪ뿪ǰһǰ
ʹҲǸȵģҲǡάЦݸ˵رἰʱׯȻš
ңǧ㣿⣬ͬʱӴׯɵ֣ΪԷû˼ԴȥЩۡ
˸ˣѾˡǴԼġ
̯֣ׯɶԹ˸ơ˼벻붼Եһȥġ
УׯɣҼˣ
140]ںܰȫҲǸء
õߡȥڵĵطҹƻϴͬԳǿˣҡ
֪ˡԼҲСĵ㡣

ֻƺʲôֱϵ񰲺Լ˵ŵЦŲĿͬʱֻ·ڶ
Сܰ𣿡·ûıղŵľٶֻ˵ԼĻһߵҲǸȤĴչ
ʵľͦԲģ
ͨ񶼲ϣ⡣ϵľñǸı񰲵ȷܱ棬ϧ裬ϲӱһˡ
οһ񰲵ĻԼܶܽܣϲ̬ȶԴ졣
֯ķҪиܶ࣬Ϊһкܶ¹۲ɵת⣬ҲڿŸѯһ⡣
˵ͽ˶û֤µα֪̽ԭܾ֪ԭεҲ١
Լ⣬Ҳ뻳ǧĵ⡣Ϊĺǧһĳ뷨
֮뷨ʹ𣬳ҲһġԼ
ΪԼķҲ顣ʵļƻһؼ㣬ܲͿһˡ
˵֯ΪľһĿģܳɹǰҲ鵽һ
һֱûʲô䣬ΪǧһֱԸԼСһ仰˵ҺģҶôҵԼأ仰˵úί˶˵ǵӦð񰲵Լˡ
ðôһ䡣
ҲܺáﲢıãһЦ˵ˣô˵ûб˼ûǸ뷨αأ
Ǿ˵Կ̱һ仰Ȼ̬ºɣ仰ҲûҪ񰲻ش˼һּѷâ¶
̫뷨˰ɡ˵˾仰ͿһٺƽУ񰲽ЩįıӰˡ
ղô˵ô̫˲䱻л趼Щ񰲱ƽǱϾǺͱ˵ǲֲûѿڶ
Сƺϲô·ûղŵĲ⣬Цʡ
ŶͦϲģΪʵʵ˵Ȼױʵĺ壬һ򶼲ϲѾ˼
Сϲ񰲣
ô˵ģҶһ˼ʲôϲϲġ죬ΪʵԲԾЩ˼
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141]ٴαƿһϸӰĲӣԭǱĿ۾
ЩȣǺܿĻعͷȥ֤ԼĲ²⣬ֱǸŮӵӰȷԼû
ΪǧǿдߵᾹȻ
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߰ɡڴ뿪üһߡвĻʳѾӿʼʰȡϵʯӡ
ʯӣֻһʯʯԿߵж
ô᲻ʯκεʯûн취ôݵΪԼժȡʯ൱ȡ
ȡµʯӶʯʱҲӦûᱻʯƣ
ͻȻһᣬǲǱǧ
һָɵĵϡ˵ֻǱĴڣûҲÿϧ㲻ҪԼ
º͵ֵıֳʵһּǿĸо
һĨ֮Ի۾ҪǲǲǾͲˡ
һߣŶԻĲӷ񰲻ǰ治ͣ٣˵ľȴûԶ
Ա⣬ԵЩ֪롣Ҳѹ֣ϲ˭Ҳ̫ɡ
һȲô֪˿˵Ļ񰲶ʵĻ˲⡣һиǴһ˿٩
ǣϲ˵껰;죬ʵԵϲǸӸϲ˵ֱ̫ǻ᲻֪롣
΢Цƺ𰸣ãҲϲСơСƼȻϲҾҪңҲ᲻ġ
ʲô˼񰲡Ի
ǻǺܺõѡõĶ¶Ц̣ȻͻȻӿµĲӣɣȻǻ񰲵ˡ
ĲǰӦҲȻһﻹǲ׸ôڵ˼ʹϵ
ҵǧֵһ棬ɵ鵹ҲδɡӯжƽʱȻСһ
Сʲô˼ʹӿԺɫ
ͷ˼΢Ц۾תȥǰԲ·˵ʲô޹ءҲһ㡣
仰Լ˵ġֻͬʱҲСػһ䡣
Ǹղ˵ʲôأʲôûǾúܺ棬񰲡ΪǰıٶȼӿˣҲֻüӿµĲӡ
С˵Ҫ߿һ㡣Ļش֮Ŷһ
һ˭ûע⣬Ǿǵһôǰ棿
142]ӵ³߲㽨ƾһ޷ͨеġмҪٹһ飬˶ġ
ڣӵݳߵʱʸѾԶ
˶ûҪȥҪġ㿴˶ӡǻ᲻ʧʱΪǧ˵û
һϣǧҲĺ쵼ܡ
ǿʲôͻȻʡ
û뵽ôһ㶣ȻЩŵʣҿôͻȻʲô
пкηʣЦ˸߱ĵϹǲҪ˵ˡ
ΪʲôʲôܿҪԼǲǲ˵ˣҧ촽Ȼǲ˵ѡ
ʲôûֻ˽ôĵĶһ߸ϵҪǻй򶨸ֻܻǧ⼸ǲǱ˸ˡ
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ֻҪϹ۲죬ʲôҶԺ˽⡣㡣
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ôȤӣ쿡һĨЦ⣬һŮҪǶԼ̫ǿһúܳ
ԤвͬĴñ΢ЦȷǶܸеΪûһ˻ôĿ̱
㲻ϲҾͱǸˣҪ˵ģҲḺΡߵЦŨ߽һ·ҲһͨߵĽݡ
طһǧģǼһ鷳Ϊֻôһۡ
֮󵭵һЦһֱŶ˵ķƶ
ʲô˼ׯɣôĵӣ
դդι̵ĽһҲԹֻߵؿͬһȴդԼׯɡ
Ǳׯǿдģûȴȱդ̫죬Ҳׯɸ顣
һֱׯɲǸûӵͶӣ쿴֪ʲôıȻǧη塭
˿ƯŮ˶᲻ˡҵĵûйϵʵӹؽդʱڵϣׯɻһƷĺһڡ
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Լ˵仰ʱѾܻˣȴȻܲܵõˡֻΪʳ仰ʱҲׯ˵һĻʱͻȻһ벻顣
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ﲢûеߴڣο˵ĻԷҪԸҲׯɶô£
顭ʯʱ򣬴ſڵϵׯĳ֡

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143]ѾˣСģҲһɡ
˳Ӧǧĵ?˼һȫĵطϢ˲֮ͻȻС߻˵
ǧǸûʳھ͵õ𰸵߳ľݡһ˵Ҫǧİһ˵Ŀռ䡣
ǧҲ˽ģʱһŮС˵лл
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߰ɣղҲ˲ʱˡλ鷳񰲲١
Ҷô˵̫ˡ˵񰲵ǺģܰСԸĺܺˬİڰ֣һͬԾ¸ݡ
Ȼ˲бҶסΪ塣
Ǹ
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ĺϲ𣿡֪¿ʼǧľһֱоϰߣֲϰĺͻȻ񰲰æһ
СԼأû𰸶Ƿǧĵ뷨
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ҲΪķǳϲС
֪ĲΪʵǧꡣ
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ǧĵ۾¶һ?˼Ϊı飬ͺҲԼһΪʲôĴ𰸡ҵ˼ǧģ
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Ϊʯǧסˡᣬô
144]ôǸ뿪˵ộһׯС־䣬Ҳһʸס
һжѣΪդͽʵǰ档
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ıƵׯҲûţڻԼղһϵ飬ԼôᱻʯѹĿԭ
ѹΪ˵ˣդѺҲ˼Ȼ֪ôⲻһֻҪ㣬ͺȥǻϵϰߡ
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ׯһҲ
ڳŲͽ߲֯ȥһ˾ҪǰһССķ硣ԭǱͱһ㡣
ЦˣΪʲôҲȥڱҪǲ⣬ͬ۵Ҳͬ⡣Ի·ϣ֮˺صִ
Ҳȥ˭㰡Цˣҷȥɣ
ӦǲҪģҶȥ˼пͬʱ˵ȦףѵԸô
Ϊʲô¶Һȥһġѵһ˻һŮ
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Ҽԭҵľڡ֮һ˫ۿ񰲣Ĩ޵Цݡ
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С˼˵仰ʱߵЦ˲䵭ȥ֣ǲΪ
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һᱣģҡֻ˵Ļش𡣱Ϸƽ˾ȴֻô̾һбҪֲʱ¶ķֺ⡭
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Сƣ˵ҪǰὫһַֻļϣҲΪ档
Ӧûǵǰ˵ĻɣȻŵˣҪԼĳŵΡ
145]ߣԼע¡
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СûбҪϷô
Ϊ֪ĵءϧ
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ϲźͲӦ°ɣƹһ·ֳǽһԾϣһѡȻûֵݸʵȴˡ
ǵǡȴò˳ҵĻһԸ⣬ǲòԼøоôЦ⣬ԭΪԼ񰲶ò˿̵顣
ԭûҲûпһеĸˡ
ǹҪҵȻԶ𣿡ղŵľȷѾ費ˡ֪ǸֱӣԺֻҪеõĽͻǿƽϵġ
䣬ǲġһ˵Żһ߽ԼɢĳϣǾóһȽ鷳СҲܿͻ׷ģӢ۾Ŷܿġ
㶣벻ġĿ˿ǸٶȽ񣬲ֿڣΪʲôҪڸղ
ȻôΪܴˣҸɴȫ㡣ЦĲһȴߵʱ˹
ԭҪ棬Ҳ𣿿µŮˡ
֪ҲҪǧġһṤܹʱ񰲺Ȼͣס˲ӡ
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ΪʲôҪ벻ͽˣΪʲôҪΪʲôĶȤ
˵ЩȼǧٿǷмֵıҪ˵仰ȾҪ߽飬Ϊ˵һ仰
ȹһ
µĲȥͬʱͣڰգȻ¡˵ǧȻûлͷȴǽ񰲵Ļ߷硣
ҴӦֻҪǲΥ飬ԸΪϣȥһΪͣ˽Ų񰲵Ļڼ
ֻĻǵĸش
ϣܰߣϣ˿ԵóԸ
һ˲Ϊǰ˴˿ûϷҲû˵ѡ
һģʲôֶΣΪҴӦ˵񰲵һͣ١˺ܾ֮ټôһֲƽҲϣǱòʵֶߵģҵ˼𣿡
146]ȵȣľҪ֯뿪𣿡
һֽ֯Ҳñ˻β룬ҿԼóԸ
Ͼģ뿪֯㻹Ը񣿡
һһġ㲻ԼҲ£ҲҪ
˵

ǰϲ߱ӣٴʱǧ棬ϲþӸµƺͲŵˣֻһ
ÿ˵ʱ򣬶ʲôʱ򡣺ľ׵Ķҡ
Ѿ׼ˣΪ˽ǧ壬ȿˣƽеΪ
ڣΪһĵˡ
ȿˣ̧˼ʾƶҪٸˡȻƲ⣬ǧЦˡ
һһ㵹ǹƽƲı䣬ȻĿϣǧ̬һƽûй
ʲô˭Ҳ˵塣
ֻҲͬʾȥʱŮصЦ˵˾Щô˺һ𿴿
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ʱĳ̲ÿ˵ĸойأ˵仰ͱ仰֮ʱһģ˵ĸоͬ
Ҳʱֻ˵˵Ļ˵꿴عͷʱͻȻҪ֪ôشǲŻĿŶԷɹ˵Ǹо̵ʱ䡣
ΪһôشأڱˣȻŵЦݵģﲢûЦ⡣
ȻǶشʧ϶סƣ顣
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һܲĵĸ̾һ˭˶Ҫοһ̽ĸֻ̾бŵת߽顣
ǱĿľٵʱˡ
߽ȥĽŲѾӯĸΪ޿κεҲ˽ȥͬʱ˵һ仰ǸǶô˶ʼ
벻ʯƾ޷ѵһ㣬˺ܾ֮ׯȷĽʵ
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ӦҪԸֻһ˺һôܰĵ˱ϾԼĵ˭һ
ׯɵĻתĹôҪҵİˣ
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ȻҪ߰һ㣬뵽ֻҪԼȥׯСôʰУ˵ͷ
ұߵդεһмǿյġķһ𿴲ĻһӾͿԷֳ
ԹդͦʱѾ˳֮߳ɵԽϵׯɾҪ߳š
ʱ洫ô仰ûǳȥġ



147]ʯһʣû֪ʲôģֻЧ߲޷ʹ左
һֱûĸܹʯĿƣ߶СĵĲʯΪǽӴʯͨ˶׵ĶԸߡ
һ߶ûע⵽һ⣬ǾʯÿߵӰʵвġֲϸ΢ҲԺܾ޴
˵ûעʵʧƫģϾһ˲ܴһ˸ʯֻдӿʼͼĶµˣ˽⵽һ㡣
˽ʯڲͬвͬЧӦԼЧӦʲôͿԵʲôЧֻǧġ
˿УҲһʯ
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148]˭ֵһȥˣ˵桭ҹվڼѾģĺߣḧˮ㲻˭ֵһȥˣҪصˡ
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ŶǿίˡҲǴͷƶһԱֻƳһ۲̾ƵĿڡ
ɲôģǵһ᲻ҪҺȡ
⻰㶼˵ĳͲһܾһжô˱֮ʶʱҪԴˡ
ᣬ㲻õġ˱ͷһ£˵˾ֿжֿǾ˰ɣһǸ˵ɵ˾㸺Ůл¥һ·¥ȥˡ
ֵͷƶ࿴˿ԷҲεЦЦ׼¥һεжϾҪʼˡ
149]žɵĴúִĴʲôط
ִԼЧ
һЧأԭžɴúǽ죬ִˮǽĸЧҪԻĶࡣ
Ҳ˵ԭ¥ϵˣ׾¥вȻҲųֵ̫ԭ
źţ˶ֵͷƶҲ׵¥ڵͨܵ
ʵҵҲжıȽġ
ٹȫԱԹˡ
ǰ
Ҳ򣿡
ЦˣҿϲŮİŮĻҿԵڶǡ
ǿϧˣһǵĺˡ
˵ʹˣȻϲˡ̫ˡ
ҵøֵ㣬ϲŮˡ
ǺǣѵҲϲŮ˵𣿡
ԱͬϲòͬӦõġ
ϲһˣϲ˭Լ𣿡
⻰˵𣿡
Ƕϲ𣿡
ôǶ֣
ֵĻ˵Լͺˣҿˡ˵Ϊʲôϲأ
֪
ϹµģʵѾҿʼеϲˡ

ˮӱ黹һڴûɴɧµİ
ǱߺĸȽ˼ǰѽ鵱Ϸ֡
ҵĻı߶ô˼Ҳôû˼ĻͲ˵ˡ
㡭
ƳԼ΢Цҷ̫ʵҲһֱˡ
бӣ˵Լ
˵㡣ЦЦݲáͬʱļûΪˮĻӯĽס
˵ͲˡΪĿűĶٶҪʲôˡ
ǺûȫվͶˡգգۣǸӦмǲ㣬ҸղˮĻûд
ԭˮ¥ڵԱġˮ߻һ죬˱ֻһ֪׼ȷ˵ʹ÷ԱҲ٩˵;ࡣ
һöȥˣȱȿ˭졣˵仰Ѹٵİ¥ݵݵ²㻬ȥϷɱҲֻһ˲䡣
֪ԼҲ˽ôֻΪǻǸ˵Բðա
óǸѾ𽥵µв㣬ȻۼǶмӵġϸֳ񵭵Ц⣬ÿζôƤУ
̿һˮĻ䴰¹⣬ڲȥֻԴֲˡԲˣҲˣһˡ
ͷˮ巴¥ϵĲȥ
150]ļв˿̣м˽ͷƶΧסûпƣˣǸоǲƭ˵ġ
֪ͲӦ÷ƻ˵ҵû֮ˡԭⶰûпƵԭ
ƶڵĵطȷʧȥ˿ҲˣԷƶ˵ϲЩ
ҼǵõҪƻ㣿㲻÷Ҳ׵ĵֵԷϮⲫսʵ졣
ڽһڷеķʷƶ
ʵѧϰЦڻԼĻƶעȴûмˡ̫׾ͱͽôôûã
ţ߼ٵĹȥһΪӺûƶöЩۣƺǱʲôһ¡
ӦøѧáƶǱЦҲЦŵ٩ͬʱҲеʲôವһӴձ߹ȥзԲûˡ
ҵˣѾҵĶ̵ˡҪҪҩ͸ҹԹԵġʱһ¥ݵķ򴫹
ô˿ˮһСкſڵϣӾͺѾ˭شһ㣬жơ
к˫۾׺ݵɫǧݵ˺ôҲͽ˵ͷĿǸӡ
ôˣ
˭к̧ͷ˿Ｗ̬ȲʮѺá
򡣡⻰һõǸкƺ˵⡣ʲôԭԱͼһ˽ٶЩ
ǣվסٿˣȻҲᱻʯͷסģ
ʯͷ˵ʯôȵĿĿкʲôʯ˭ģ
ʯʲôʻֻ֤Ǹкǲ֪סжʯͷʯġ
ɻ󣬵ǱǰǸкǰ棬Ȱȡ˵ɡ
ҵһ˴̫ˣͬʱµвҲһˡ
һкһͯɵôһ˫Ұް۾ȫǧݵⲿ̬Ҳŵȫ˵µһࡣ
ҲϲడƺǾȤ̾˿쵧˵»¥ʱϵĻҳǸŮиͷëСһȫԷƵĻǲѶԷ
˵˭ëСӣԷˡ
Ҫס೤ʶȽϺáΪԷ̫׷ŭûȤĶҲ¥ϴ
Ǵˡ
СӣҶһȤҲûУôҪȥԼϵһȽϿġ
˵ʲôҿԵ߷硣ԷȻˡ
ûϵһЩеһ󳷲ûʲôѾһƬ𺣰ΧպһƬա
ʱȽϴֱ㲻˵Ļ͹Թ

ı

151]ΪƵĹϵúһ¯ڴڵ˶ֱ濾ĸо
Աĵط㣬㣬в㡣
ڵĶ㣬ƶѰ뿿ϣΪղű˵Ĺϵ֪ʲôôȻ档
ƶʧȥǰͱסˣȻĸӦ㹻ġҲ˵һְҵС
ǵǸˣȻܹоǸŮˣȻ˵ġƾͻΧȫûģǲ֪ƶʲôûŻǴΪ
ʲôˣ𣿡صʷƽ͵һֽȲἤŭҲԸԼʱ䡣ΪѾ֪¥ʹֻҪƶõҩͿˡ
һ򲽽òҩҲԴȥǧơ
ΣҲΣԷ̬ҲƽͣĻʱĸо
¾֣ϾʱӦǡ
ҾҪߣ㲻ǵĻѽҩ˳ŶԷԻܹϷһˣҲһسسֻС
ֻƶЦ˵Ҫسȫ̫سˡ
Ҿ㽻ҲûãΪǶز˵ġԷЦЦ˵ôһ仰
˵ʲô˲оһεѹΧΧµ˲ûжվⷽҲûбĲȴʲô벻͸Ķ
Ϊʯ
㲻ʯ𣿡ڵϴкֵĿűһ鿴ƽʯͷ￴
ղһʯͷ޷ԪףȻ׵Ľȡ˲𣬲Ҳ֡
ôܣ߶ηʯġЦŽͣǿʯͷϣΪ¡
Ϊʲô£档
ܼ򵥣Ϊʯֽ֮·ڴȻҲȤվҲҪкԼվô
ҿԵģĿƵԼ֣ܱ˵ʩ԰
Ȼײײֳǽվվһ£ûȫָ
ΪľǿЦЦõһʲôЦġַһѣܱ˶ݲǶ˵顣ֻҪԼûһżˡ
أʲô£˵ľǿڻûƿ˫Ѻõ֡
ЦƽĻ̸̸ôϣԿǵĻ顣ڴ֮ǰ˭ʯ㣿

Ȼ˵˵ɣһľôǷһɣƬ̵ദѾο˵衣ܾ׺ϣжصһ׷
Ҳᣬһ㡣
лл㡣ˮ̿Ļĵطַ׼뿪ⶰñΧǸʵ̸
ȴȥҵǰɡ
152]ʯֻ˲ףͨû˻ָܺͱ˹ͨΪߵ磬ȱ˶һݾǶһ
ܵʯߣΪͻУ붼ȥעԼʯʲôӵġҲ˵ȥעҲûãԲûȥע⡣
Ƕġûȥע⣬Ҳû֪ʯߣǷֿƬҲԼ
ֻԼƬԼŲͬﲻͬǵһ֪
ȿȡñɡ
ȼȻ̣ڻĵΪǿƻߣΨһûĵطԿôԵõӣƲԼһ㶼Լ̬ȣԭŵкӵűǻһ䡣
ȼյĶˣƻǺ
ʹʲôɱɵģ˵ԼȴңŶָ˻ΣȻЦݿ䡣Ϥ˶ֶ֪ʲô˼ʱеı顣
ԽЦݣ֮жԽƲ⡣
ߣʲô˲𡭡ҲʹҲʰ㣡Ӷ˶һֻ̽ƺȡʲô˫۾ʲôж
бûңϲơ
üȷ֪ǹļΪʲôҪģΪ⣬ѻƵķΧ
ٶԭӳʲôкסӦû뵽Դֲ
㣬ʲô˼
޹̯̯֣û˼ҾͻȻ벻ԸˡЦݣĿҫۡ
˵ֱǶһ޶ģܶڷ֮ǰиоڱķϻиõĲοҲ˸߰߰Ϊ޵ĳǿԼκβǵΪ
Ҳһ˺һԵ˵
ƶ
ȻµвȻˣδжǰШȴ˳¥ݿڡĳ֣Ǳһ
ŷƶŵأӦԷƶİΣΪȽ˱ܡ
ô£ݽһ߾Ҫȥһǿȴס˱ĽŲɵ塣
ûˣѾ㹻ķ;Ȼ
С
ǸһСĵ㣡
ͬʱҲ֤ʵ˱׵Ǹ˵
ǺǣǵǺܴˡ˵ôͻȻһӰӵĳҲǱŮ˵Ӱڣǿ
һ𡭡桭ףǡ
ΪǺϤ˲е䣬һ㶡֪ͷƶ϶Ҳ֣͸˵Ѿʳôһˡ
Ҷ֣ˡںѰ仹ǲȷ˭ʹֱҲжǲһַ
ǻʻһ˽һѾȳˡ
˺ʯվǸ
153]ڽ߲֮ǰһᣬֱ˳֡˿ǧĺ?˼ͷ˵Ҫ뵽˭ˡ
?˼ǧĴǰҲлҪ֮ǰʵղõȴʱ뵽ǰһ£ǼҡҡͷȻûȥȲҪǼºˡ
ΪĪ뵽ܾŲ¡
ǵķëٶȻ԰ɣû̫ʱɡ?˼ȻǰһЦȴЦЩЭ˵ŶȲúЦ
֪?˼Ǳ߷ʲô£ΪԼҲЩ䣬ҲεԼжи
ҲԼи˶ϰɡܶ˲ⶼС
ǸͽѾжʱˣǻȰȻȥ˵ɡƻ֮ǰ˵õģ𣿡
ĲЩдӦ飬ΪԼΥԼ˹߱ҲѰɡ
߶û⡣СҲOK𣿡?˼ƵĶԱСҡ֣͸ֻôӱƲ񰲵϶ȡ
?˼ԱĽӴ˽⣬ܾǧľ͸񰲡ԶӴκŮ˸ᶨһһֱ͸
û⡣񰲲ûкԼ˵ʲôƻǧľȻ񰲺֮ǰûֶҪģº͵Ļش?˼ҪЩģȻˣǺһºˡ
ǽȥˡš
ƿȲͽͷĿţζͲͽ˵ӴչˣЩҲҿˡ
ô￴Ұ㹻ðɣҸǰŵϵλء
ŮӿĵĽ˵ŵȻߺұߵ˵һ£ұߵͣٵʱҪһЩ
Ǹҷ䣬ǧ˽ȴڵģһǴܲ棬ҵ˷˲˼
뵽˭ĲѣΪ͸ܲ˾ֻׯɡ˳ҵҲǱضǼƻļƻ˭ѾһĿȻˡ
ֻǧױô壬ΪŮһֱǰġҲֻܿ϶ϲ˵ϲӦ˵
һ˺ȻһŮ˻Ҳϵġ
ĲĺȤЩŪĿڣԼϻŮ˵һֻ̬֡Ҳ֤һЩµĿҲ˵е
˭˵Ĳˣָఴգǧû˵˼ˡʱ˵Ŀ̵Ľ档
ʼǧݳֵھܾݵ˻澿ʲô
ʱһֱû˵ǧҲԣҵġ
ŮǰɣһѪİѴ𰸹оῴ͸Ů˵ݡ
Ҫһ˳ԼŮ˵ıܵĳ裬ǧ˵ǰ˵
ŮˣҪҲա
154]ĳ̶Ȳ¶쳡ȻûдȻҫǽԶֺͷĳҹҲ㹻ҫۡ
Ÿմ򿪵һ˲䣬˶Ϊı۾Բ˭ûע⵽µ壬ڽ̤ϵ˲䣬һͬȥ
βʵʵڵϣ֮ǸоԼϷжѹܵĴ㿪ȱֱܸӵס˵ˡ
ŵĲҶʱ񰲵۾ҲˣǱԼסЦǹȻԵ֣ȻΪʲôƫƫ
⻰˵ĵڣһ˵񰲺ԾŲһλãǧûеϡ
ԵֶҲйġ롣ĻһЦݣҲվȻվʱһ£ĽʱŤˣڲӰ쵽ж
ô˵ҵ⻹ҲӵȻղŽסʱ΢Щ𣬲񰲵ʺܲͽһУЩǱرġ
ҵⲻѡҲδתֻԣͬʱǧãԸ񰲵ľ롣ҲлҪ˵
ôǷûˣİѻתڲͱ˻˭ѿʱ»иҪҪ
ڵһ̣ˮŴ۵ĹѰһ飬δǧκһˡ
ͽ˵ܻأһڣ
˵Ҫ˭Ҳգ
ָȻⲻӲ°ʱҲǻиоģ䰴ĵطǸΪ˵ա
Դ˵Ǿ仰֮󣬱ĴָһֱмȡԼûвеĸѾôˡ
ֱǧ˵ִÿʱŻôһ䡣ı飬ֻҪش˵пʲô顣
ҸղѾ˵ˣûĶ⡣ʱôϬ˵֪˵¸һðʧ
ҵʱ򻹸ô˵޹ֺôˡΪҪıȻ⽫ַ˲ӡ
ղŻһ䣬Ȼ˵ʵҲ֡Ů˵Ŀĵʲô
˭㱳ҵģֻҪûΣԼҲ˲٣ǧҲʼڱʯƣľݡ
οľǱ쿴Լһ档ǱʵҲԼ飬Զ顣Լӵ˿
ұ𣿡ڻشǰҲ⣬Ǻܶ˶飬ôͨһ޿֣ûסһĿǰ˵ǾղŵķӦŮ˵ıһԭ
ǧôãҲĻл
ҲŮ˸ͲҪ

˭ƽ

155]Ҳԭκαҵˣ
Ҿ֪ôش𡭡ĻͻȻͼһ˿ɬǧô˵ʱԵĻһݰˣڶûεĺܺá
ؿһĻʱñΪѾˡΪߣһŮҲйһ˲ı顣ֻǸŮֱε̫ˡ
Ǳѣ⡣ֻԭǧܹ
Լ뷨û֪ǧֻһԿš֪ܿǧδܣ˵ǧ񣬶ǧԲӵԶû㹻ע⡣
һҰĵ˶Ǹʧ˵µöҪͻͳεˡ
ڵʵǧ˽뷨ǿס
һӦòôճ
Ȼ֪ҵĻش㻹Ҫң˭ָʹһֱԼĲ²ұԼΪǶ˽֮³ǧ϶˱Ϊġ
Ǹ˭ҲܹµҶ飬һѲ˸ϵ˵Ļ

˭ûҪָʹң̫ƽˣ
ߣĻᱻȥұ֤޵ĵطҲ
ʱͨ³ͨ˶Ķȥֻׯɺ͹⡣
ׯϵʯѾȡǹһ֯ûġΪׯɵԼ޷ݵɣͬĻֻþ
ȻѵׯɣԼɡ
ׯɣջɾô⣬ᱻ˭ȥҸûȤҾ㣬ҵ֪֮ƭң㹻İ취Ը㣡
취𣿡һ񿴲ǻ
Ȼԭ뷢ƢȻ뵽Ըׯʲô̼ƴôֵøΪֻǸøˡ
⻰ʲô˼Ŀ衣
Цݣ˻ʲôŮ㲻Ǳһ𣿡ʣȻׯ˲ɫֵ鶼ʼȡ
ɵǺװƸ˵ģϲ˵Ҳġ
ЦǼӿ˲ӡڻڴһʱᷢˡȻһҪص
һҲ
ʱ򣬹ûзֲ֣ϷֵԼռУΪһָ顭
˵Ҷ˲ƽ
ظ˱ĻǧһͷˮŮ˵̬ȡı龹ȻǸܺߣǲ
ߣͷҶһƽģ
ҪĻãҪƽǲҴˣ㲻ЩˣҲĿǣɺȨ
ߣ̰ĵŮˡ
Ĺƽ𣿡ǱǷ·Ѫָأȴָ˲ܺӵʵоҲ˾ӦҪֵĶ
ҲﲻƽŮ˵ʲô˼
ͬǱѡΪʲô̬ȻôһΪʲô
156]Ҹ˵һõֻһˡΪΨһҵĶԸѵˣǵһ
ϣҵĺѿԴԸһᾡҵŬ֪ʵܻңһǲúڡ
ԡΪ˰ԸҾϧһдۣ

³һҲûУԭгģҲûˣΪµѾըˡ
ըƵĺܺãûв˺ⶼ
һֱһԿЩģȻֱӦֹûֹһղź˵Ļжϵöʯ
ʯԿߣҲ
ܹۿʯһ;ŸǾ𾪡
һֱǶΪʯֻߵʯͷ˭Ҳûһ;һ;ôĳϡ
ʯһá
ÿһʯͬеʯеʯûָߵʯЩ;ǽӴߡ
ʯȡߵһ֮ȡͬʯֻ᲻ۼΪʯˣûʲʺϵôһ˵Ҳԣ˽ʯ;ʯͻΪ
ǽ棬䷴صǽӦúϽɵġҲ˵ûпǽĻػܵƻƾ˵Ǻѵġ
еѶңȻҲܿ϶ͽ˻Ϥ֯ķݣǧ˵仰ֻ֮Ǹ֤һʵ
ȱ֪ĶಢǴֻҪûᡣǧȻ˵Լ֪ıҲᣬûк֮ǡ
֯顣лûȫ˵Ϊܲ˵һҲûС
ΪǼ˵Ǳ벻ŵ⣬ܲܽܵ⡣Ҳ˺
Ѷʲôطõ𣿡ʡļǧһ׶ǲȤģΪòſʶԷͻǧ˵ˡ
ȻԸϣǶǺġ˵ĴڸС
ô˵Ҳȫ˼ǧĵı飬Ѷһ˽⣬ɴҲƺĲ
ǻʲô˼񰲺ͱܸ飬ڲԾ¾˽䱸δ֪Σߵıܡ
طׯɽġ
ѵ˵ǳȥ𣿡ׯɵ񰲾ӦҲԿׯ֯﾿ǸʲôֶεĴڡ
ʶʳģΪͱļƻûǵطһġԾ񰲶ԣֱǱҲʲô⣬ʼٸ߷ׯĪ
ĬĬĵͷǧĳĬҲһŰ취
157]Ĭûгܳʱ䡣
Ҳǵ˼ΪʲôȥϤˣǱʱΪƽ
Ҳʲô취ҲҲֻ˽ׯɵһ
ׯɷģһѶûгڵģ˸ղǵǸڡǧĽ͡ѾȿǸˣǵԺԶĹرˡ׼
ׯɰǷأ˷ʣ򵥵һ仰һͬ
ͦѹôԸ׷ҲһĻֻڵֻбһ
ָ۹ء
źÿĻȣ첢ûжԱĻʲôӦȻڱǾʻܲ
Ѿͷô࣬ǸѧˡЦĿ
˿鵹ǲŮҪԸסǧĻû׵ĺŲͬļ⡣
ʲôʱŮҲʼˣƯ۾ϬƳȥǧһζԸˡ˵֪ȻĺܿŮ˶ôҵĹϵֺ
Ϊʲôƫƫ
ĺϲҲΪǧ˶벻еԭ˵벻׵飬һ
Ů˲ؽ⣬ǻŮҲò
Ϊ֪֮˺һȶɺˡ
ô𣿡Ϊ仰˫ĿֱֱĿôҪõ𰸵ӣһҲƽյǸ߸ϵˡ
һű飬˵һԿŵıסˣ챾Ҳû뵽ֻǻǧ۾þû
ׯɰǷģܲܳȥΪ˭ûϻشԼ⣬Ǳһ顣
ԼӦ˵ʲô񰲾ͻشˡ˵ׯɣٻлᡣΪʲôòׯɣ
񰲵Ҳǧ֪ġ֪ׯƵѶǲеڶܿƵģžԵұʶԲڶ
ҲѶҺһ뵽ׯɵԭ
ûô˽ׯɣֻǾò
ֱ𣿡֪ܶŮ˶ϲֱжֻû뵽ҲȻڴĲͬҲ˴šӰӡ
ҲϲֱɱǡĻشȴסһܣֻºҲ࣬źϽǽһȦ
ֱվ鶼˼ʲô
СбĿǧĵҲ֮ͣʣʲô
ׯʲôʱ
Ŷ
֮ׯܶԸô޿ɺǣôᵽԼʱǸݡǸţܵȥأׯǶȥ㣬ôܵõǧϣ
ڱֻһܹһУҲ
158]ӭܵĵ·ߵģҲˡ˲УȻûжԻҲûӴȴԵþԶ
ﻹǿʯ棬ڵӺ޷·ֻҪ˿ͿôҪʯƫƫûܹΪʯ
˭ʯֻܹзߡǷ˭ôһʯͷأ
ϳʯǵҼһ飬Ȼûע˿̻ǿϳϳʯҲȡȥҲǿʼһ顣
ǸЩ֪Ϊ֪һҲҪˡôĳһ̡
Ҫȵѵʯǧ
ôˣʲôоߵԼĶʡ
㲻ǿԶԼ𣿡ҲһòĵطΪʲôԼأ
Զģȴġʲôԭ
ѵҲΪС𣿡
ҸеܱǸҲǿⲻģҶº͵ЦݣӲ˵˵ֻԾ
˵
ȻҲò˼飬û˲ԱյġһɼԵʵƲġ
ҾҪܲӦֻӦ
Ҫ߲ܿǰɣҪСĲſԡ
ûҪôģҪ˵˵ӲҪȥľͺá
˵ôɣҲġ
˭Ҳû˵ģҶ˵԰Ƹҵġ
һƾʲôҪƸŮ
˭Ҳû˵ðɺðɣСĵ㲻ǿܺ˰ɣҲΪǵİȫ룬ͱôµĺһˡ
ðɡ˭˵ˣ
ӻزҲɽߵ˵ĶԻͻȻɯš
ԼҵɯĽͣһ裬죬񰲺¡˼ʼΪʲôıǧʱɯźȻ˵һŮŮʲôΡ
ҲɯŵҪ͹Ķ£ӻصĲҲŶǰ
貢֪ɯΪ񰲵ļƻر飬ҲͲ֪ɯŴһʼ͸ˡ
ϵҪҵģΪұϤ𣿡
ȻԸŮ˵ĵǵͷˣɯŶûעǿһһĿġ
ǵʲô
ЩȻת仰⣬ȻȻٻڸղŵķΧڡ첢ûлشǧκ⣬ڳҲû˭׷ʡ
ܶ࣬ģҲû㹻
㶵ﻺʱԾԼǶ˵̬֮ȥתۿǧı飬㲻ۡ
ֻҪһƽŮ͵ŵ黳˵һ̵ָĸ顭

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159]ƽڽѾǵһαÿһֺ֮黳Խ̣벻ݶѡ
ƽȻԱûᣬǧҲ˼һĺ塣
ȻԽ̣Ҳ𽥸оʲô
ʲôҪƽģӦúһ㡣Ҳһԯ޵Ļ˵ΪʲôԼҲû롣Ǵ˿ǧּͱһ̬Щ¡
ϲǧϿı飬αװƭҲϲôʵĸо
жġ̾һӦ⻰Ǳεìġ
ܶҲ֪㻹ˡν֮ΪˣЩɼġ
ʲôɼɼԼȴȲòµôʣҪ
Ϊ̬ͻȻЩ䣬Ͷ˱ƭƹﶼûչһΪʲô񲻸أ
ֿǧѵղŵĻйϵ
ΪûҪҵΪƿԼߣҲǧԼֻΪԼΪҽڵΪ
Ŀ⽹㣬Ѷеһ
Ѷڣ̸ȻûмȥȴѼͳһ
Ҵǰ룬Щһ˵仰ʱȻЦˣҿӦЦĺܿġ
㲢֤Һͱ˵κβͬӦġĿ񰲣ʲôҪǳԵķʽԼ
˶Ϊ˿䣬Ϊûκر顣飬Ҳֻܿġô񰲻˿̫ɣ
㲻ôҲ
ԩˣСЦ˵֪Ϊ񰲵һӱôá˵Ĳ˵Ļǡ
һ룬֪ǿ⻹ġ
Ǻǣ񰲻һôŮĵˡǰˡ
û˺Լ̸˵ҲҵʵĿڻᡣһԲΣϲַΧ
Ǹͽһ𣿡ԭΪŲĹϵϾϵһֱܽܣǶѶûз˵˼ǧ־ʼΪﲻȷ
еףѾˡֵֻһûҪҲûġ
Ҹ˭һģΪҶһѾûȤˡǧΪʲô֪𰸵ܹףס
µ񣬼ȻеĸѾ֤ʵˡ
˼죬Ҫһ顣㻹ǣͲܾܾҡٶǸ˿ӣ̬Ѿʲô顣
Һ֪ӵ˱ѣǲ˶ѹ
160]ûڸߵֻ޶ȵΧźϽǽڣôҵʲô·Ҳ¡˼˭˵ӪȣֻɵŲЩʲô
οûиĻԸôɡܶʱɲǵָжϣϡ
û˵Ļʵ˭ˣҲǧĶˣȴһû˵Ƶ˼Ҿ֪ΪװףʵҲ
мǧûбҪȴװףŮ׽
𣿡ͣ½ŲҲǺ塣
ôΪΪ˱ġǧûͣµ˼ʹֻûҲڼ
Ŀģ;ǧĶ˽ԭġ
طʵĻǺܿͿԼˡֱŵ͸Ӹ˾ò죬˵Լһ֪ö١
ǧ˵ʲô񰲵ʻųڣһߵıҲͣ˽Ų˵ĶԻҲԼ˵Ļ
˵ʲôȻǳȥܻܲشһ⣿
һģֻˡˣԹˡ
֯ת˼Ȧû֮¡˼Ҹطǧһ򶼺ϧûҵֻýڵˡ
Ҫñ֪ͽͷĿķӶûУȥ治֪˵ͷĿЩ¡ֻǰˡ
ϵı̣ɯǸһֳٵСӴô𣿡
мƻһܽеҲôʹֻ֮ǰͿʼҲӰƻЧɯһӦòǲ֪Ҫ䡣
ʲôʱ˴Ҫſġ
ʵڿҲͦõģӢ۾ֻҪ첻úͷԼŦۣ¡˼ǰֳһŮµı顣
ڵ˶ִܹŶԼõ˲ҪȫϲԵġ˵ܵ𣿡
ŶԼĺ˱ȽϳԿǲ̾һҪߵ·ܳʼȻֵܣ㹲ˡ
ʲô⣿
ӱ񰲿һԥ֮ļ֣˵ʲôǸⶼؿǹġǸһǷǳҪġ
ûش񰲵⣬ֻǿȻֿ˿ǧġ
ҡ𣿡ͬ˫ѰһԺӵļ֣ǧһŮ˾ȡʲôߣԲ׸ı䡣
΢ЦģȻǵ˵ͷܾûгֹôεĳء汧Ǹ
ĳһ⻰̫ʡǧҲЦˡôСʵʲôʵҲˡ
ỹ˵ʲôֱӵʻ۱Ƿ֪׼ǷԼ顣Լƭʲô
161]ԵŻۣĲŻϧ֪ػؾ쳤ΪһֱĬݸֵøм
֪һˡ
ļ֪ô죬
㶼ңȴûر߹ҡ
ŶʲôأҿԼ֪֪
УǱʶڵģ˵˾ƻǵԼˡ
ʲôԼĿȥЦ糣
˵Լ벻ͨһ£ԲҪ˲ְͨ䲻ҪԶٸ㡣
ǰʾô
ҲҲÿܣԸ
ҵԸظ־䣬ͬշתļ䡣
ʲô¶̫Ƕ㲢ƽ
ʵҲҪƽҾáΪᵽʲôָ˲
˶Ӧõõƽ
⻰˵ġôõҪĹƽô
ÿҪ׷Ķһ
ⲢǺܺõĻش𡣡
ΪҲٸʵ׵ġðɣô˵Ϊһֵܹҵҵ᲻ƽ
ǼӵĿôЦ⣬ҲС
֪ҿǧ飬ҲֲǸ˵һ仰һΪ˵ĻҪ˵ʱ̫ϧ˻˴䡣
⻰ڹңǹ
аɡ˵ûУҲš
ҵˡ˵Ĳˡ񶨸ڴ̨ϵ⣬ĹķǳĿ
㲢ģ𣿡
ҲֻΪ˵ҡ̧һֻ֣Ҫ⡣
ҾĵĽǶȳ˭ȥһ˵Ĳƽȫûйϵ

˵Ҳµ˰ɣ
ʱҪıȽϺãڼӰҿڵȨء
Ҳش⵱㿴ô
ôȽ㿴һֳԿĽô
㵹ǶҪƽ
ƽ飬ֻ˫Ը²Чġָ΢΢ָֿ䴩һֻѵ棬ֻǲ֪Ҫסĵʲô
˵ĺá
ʵһĲô˶ҪƽôĹƽأ
Ҫÿ˵ҪʲôˣҲÿ˵Ĺƽһ
ҪҪĻƽ̫ˣһĨ֮ͬʱǴһĨǳЦݡ
ԲӦȥȡȥҪΪ˶ȨҪƽ
ǿ֮ĹƽʲôأǿĶܻ˸оǲЭġֲЭҪʲôȥĨ
ƽǸ飬ǿֺη
ҵǾáǸ飬Ƚǿ󡣡
ΪҶģûλ
ûУΪҲֻҵĸоѡ
λҲ˼ˡҲģҽͺòã
ܶ鶼˵ģоԼ˫ڲ֪һ𣬿ܸоŻְ档
ûһͬ˵ʵϣеİɡ
162]˿ǿҲģǿʹʱֻһ֮Ǿǿĵѡ;
ܶʱĽĳһָľҲγˡ
еΪԼţеΪ˻ŶţеΪ˱˶š˿ѡ˺ȫԼͻѡ˺ԼȫˡУҲһ˺ԼȫԼģ˺Ͳ˺Ը
Ϊŵǧһͬע˹ȥŵֻһˣǾǱͬıҲһ߻ı
ڱȥŵʱ򣬴򿪵߽һˣ涼㹻İֱǽ˭˺󣬲Žע⻻Ϊ
뵽㡣֪ǲĬ˾Ȼͬʱ˵仰
ҵˣᡣ
Ƕ뵽ˣûֹڱĿˣЦҪܰĶࡣںܶطĺͱǳ
Ϊ㲻ᱳġ
Ҳ֪ŵʵЦݺϾߵм䣬ԽʱҲǺй΢һס
ͼɣȻ󿴿ÿ顣
⻰ʲô˼˲УƺѾԤеʲô
㻹һƽ˶ѡգղһȻҲǧգȻ̫ܲƽ
ѶҺȻʱû뵽ᱻ˴ӵ򿪡ʵʵǰʱȻȵ˭ҲܾΡ
ôģǵһӦģҲ͵һ˳ĳɺⶨķŲͬԴѶҿʼǵļƻѾ˳롣
ֻһأǧʻʾһһ˽
˵ʻûڵһʱشֻǿ˿ǣ˿Ƕ˵Щʲôı顣
ֻǲ֪˵Ϊʲôʱֻһ飿
֮תվķվĲԶһ֣Ҳڿ
ͷҲͷ
֪л˵
Ҳɡ֮ǰ⡣嵭б嵭
һÿ˶⣬ѵ벻شȨҲûУǰûϬ˵Ҳô̱
һºվ˵û˼ᡭ
˼̧һֻʾ񰲲Լ˵Ƿ嵭ЦҲӣҲһ䡣
ⲻʶı˵ĻƬ̵ľĬԡ
ʶ㹻ˡɫĻǸơ
ԣ̧ü֮ЦЦһԿ϶ˣǾǰСƢðɣСʵʲô
˵ֿǧĺ񰲵ķ򣬡Ҳشǵ⣬Ա𼱡
֪ʲôصĿѶҵڱǰǿķ˵ģ֪𣿡

Ļ

163]ʱûп񣿡
ʱûп죿
Ǻͱͬʱ˵ģᲢûΪԼ׼ȷ¶˵ı飬෴̬Щ˸С
˵ĸƶϵģĺȰȰ
ȰҪôôһ
Ȼûзϵĵ˵ͷ
Ů˵ʲôҲ⣬ûҪҺá
ӱε˵𣿡һ߹ȥ
㣬ҶܺãȻûҪҡ
û뵽˵仰һźҲ಻֪ܿƽЦˡ
˭ˣƤҲҪˣԭˡ
˵һ򶼺棬Ҫǲֻͬ˵ϧˡ
Ǿ仰ûз˼
ɣҲûС콫ŻѶȷ˲ٺʲôֱӽ
Ů˵ĳЩ뷨Щ죬ȻֲԽĸо޹ء
Ҳ߷ŻѶңˣļƻܲܵõƵʩУֻҪٵ¾Ϳ֪ˡ
˵죿
ڱ⣬ֳȲ벻ֺЩȣһĸоĺһӷ
ԽԽ֤ڵ֮ǰ֪ʲô飬һǲõ飬֪ġ
ͷҵܱͨ׼
ˣ㵱Ȼ֪˵ԼĻ֮¶һ΢Ц˶ڿָоǲ̫һԣӦ߸ˡ˶ڿɡ
Ϊ˿϶Լ֪ѾĻشʻ
ʱûźھͲˡνûпЦ˼
ּӵһ仰ôûл
ԣΪʲôͲˣһ׷һ㡣֮Իûʻͱϵ
Ϊʲôܾ֣Ϊĳ𡭡ǡûкһʱ
ԭҲ̯֣͡ûлش˼
˵شǵġǧ֮ǰڣ񰲺ĻԼеɻ
ǵģ˵ȻǱʾͬĵͷ
˵ͣⲻǺì𣿡
ⲢìܡƽĺڲԼȫ޹ص飬ΪҸıˣֲشǵˡѵ𣿡
㡭˺ӡеоܲһȻʱ䲻˽˵Լӡ󣬵ֽͻӡʵںס
ׯɣҪЦˣƾֱһ˵֡
ׯɵı֮տʹȴҲϡ
ǣׯɣΪǼٵ𣿡ԷȴЦһ㿴
ǲǼٵȻ϶񰲾ûиı˼
ҵȻΪȷ
ȷˣǱ˱仯ġҲ˿ڡ
164]˵𣿡
ѶͬԼһչú죬Ȼĵĺе˲Ϸ
һԲûвͼԴ֮ͱúܰʲôʲôû֪ˡ
ΪʯסǾûбİ취𣿡شķΪǧһϲǣűߡ
֪ҲһͬŻǺһ߰ˡ
ȴش⣬һشΪ£Ӧòϴˣ׼ȷ˵ȵ
˵Ϊı飬ֻʱŻôӣǺѵġҺܺ棬ô쵽ģ
Ĳ֪𣿡ȷʣ̬ȺͱԵ
ЦҡͷӾǲġ
֪𣿡һʷ
Ƿϻ֪ʲôͺ𶼾иƦǵ֮ġΪһ˿ʱš
һ˶Ů޵˭ѾȻˡ
ԿҲǿıЩĶ¶һûй۵Ц̣˵ЦǺġû˵Ļ
֪һ򶼲رһ𣿡
ҡͷҸ㲢졣
Ҳһһֱ㡣Ц˵̵Ļӡķ֪һ㡣˵֮ЦȻ
ϧˡҾҿܻϲءǾ仰ûвκζҡصĻӦ
֪ͨ˵ٻʱΪʲôôƽⲢһֳ⣬ʣʾӿʼˡ
ܼ򵥣ٻ˵˾ͻ滰
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ǲǺ˵Ҫһӱñ̬ȻôȻƽ͡ҲֶԻǼҳ㷹
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˵ñʶҲ֪ʲôأֻǹأ
ܶණⲻġ΢Ц˵ǲǣ
װ˶˵ףСǺ˽ҡҲЦˡ
ǡ˵ʲô񰲻ûסٴˣİҲδؿԷԼר
صģȷʵǧҲˡʱŷȷһ顣ȷˣҲֻܾԼŬˡ
Ҫǵ𣿡
֣ˡͱֻ߸ʲô뷨
ÿطӵ¸ôϤǼôȻ⣬һҪѭĳ˳һ㡣
طˡ仰Ϊ˿϶ˣΪׯɵı仯پտҲԷģ³
Ůˡ亹Ĺ۲
ҵȷˣҺܿҲģ
165]Ҳڻ𣿡
ѶĶԻˣǧȻûͷûԵôһ仰ʵĶǱ;֪Ĳһˡ
绰˵ڻص˿ǧȻԺѾȷͨ绰ǧģ֮ǰܸ֪ΨһҪ֤ʵֻǸ˭
ǡ᣿
㲻Ѷҵ𣿡ΪǧʻֵЦ£֪ʡ׵֪ǧ뷨ϡ
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Լ죬Ҳ˲ԱյʯʹЦˡ
֪öصʲôȥˡȻҲ֣Ӧǽˡʯ˭ġ
ȥغ棿ǧⲢûΪòشֹͣ϶й˵ԡ
ҴصѾŶˡǸˡ֣Цɫʡ
ΪʲôأģܲܺܺõĿԼŭһǧȴûᷢƢ÷Ƣû廹뷨öֻ֪ǽѯʶΪ졣
Ҳɡʱ򽲳绰壬䷴˷Ȥ뷨ûдĻ
Ҫ֪Ҳˣڰ˳ɾͿˡǧеĲ˽͵ǿӲ
ȷǿжΪߵȴԡǲʵ֪ʲô˵仰ľȻǱǧԱееܲġ
ĻǧĮ
һ˽Ů˵ôʱʳ仰˵ʲôѾ̾һ˵˳ҡͷ
ҲϣĻĻ󡭡
˵ǺܿҲѶڵ˼ͬһʱ䱸ĿΧ
仰һ㣬˵꣬ĳ档
ǳֵȴڵ˲һԭֵֻȴͬһ
ǹ
ׯɡ񰲵Ĳ²ڣ˭Ҳûٱʾԡܹñˣֻׯɡ
͹һ֣߻Լģεϣ档
λϷɡ
ʱһŮ˵Ҳشÿ˵Ķʱյ˺֤ȷ֪Ѷҵ
ǴȴûֻΪ˷һλԴͷУٺõĶҲ޴ӷֱ档
֪˵˶ܹǹΪʲôһط
ѵһ𡭡
166]һ˿Եձ˵𣿴ûУǱ߾Ϳԡǡߵģµ
߿ӵбߵǴӱûͷ͹һʵֻһֿˡ
ӵؼ
ԭǼͨ绰Ĵġ
֪ĸоΣգգۣӽһֱûôԾŮ˵Ĳǵҡڲ
ղŻܾĬ˿ԺܿͱûԾ׽ǽǹģ
ԭ㡭
Ȼˡȵȡ˵Ǹ˭볰һΪǧǿ˵ģֻٺʵ
Ҳѭݡ
ûȤⱻץ뿴ʵıݡЩʧʵʲôӦñʯͻȻ̧˫۲˵վߵŮѾ˻
ҲΪϲűǵġˣҲϷˡ
ϷһߣѶڵ˶ע˽ˡϣϸĹ۲ԿһǼðĹǡ
ܼ򵥵ġ뿴λʵֻҪдһ¾ͺá˶û죬ôĻصš
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ǲ¼ʵνûϷҲû˻ȻӲͬĽǶȿ⣬񰲵ĻȴҲ޵
Ϸ͸ԸģƷ뷽һƽȡ
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ҳŮƤһ棬ֻû뵽ʱȤչʾ仰ʱ˵ֻһɹǾǲϱļ衣
ǧһ㶿ʱЦˣϣΪá
ˣ˻쿴вûм˴ڡ׽͸Աֽע˻
װŪﻹˣ
ӦѾʯסڱĿ飬ĵصΪҪ
ʯһǣǧǧʱᱻסӦÿ׼Ǹʱһʯŵϡܽ˵һнеĺ˳ô£
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ڱԸûκһڱϡôΪλ߲ηʯǡ
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죬Ѿ𣿡ȴûʻ

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167][Ϸܼ򵥣վֻһǹС㣬ǶİԾԼҳĹС㡣ҳĹС󣬿ǴѶҡ]
¼ûضߵƽƵһİһǡôĽ˵Ϸȴ˾þֻ¼
Ϊ¼Ĵ˱ĶԻһЩûм˵ʱӴս˱һвźۼ
С鲻ġ
ؽţ֪ġͬػش𣬾Ҳз¼ϡϣٵĳȫҲ뷨ᱻ˵棬ֻҪþһжˡ
֪ΪʲôһĻҲΪڲϷҪһеġ
񰲾˽ˣ˽⣬ҪʱȴǸ粻˵Ҳˡ
ʵһֱܶʼ
ոաʲô
ǵˣһȥġˡ΢ЦͺղǾ仰ǳԱĿСǾİԹ˵Ļ
[ܹѶҳȥֻˣһˣҲ˵Ҫֳ顣ֻһԳȥⲻЦϷλ롣İ취ܼ򵥣ÿ˴һˡ]
Ҳʲô˼
վֱŵͶԶǧ޷ӦĲŮӵڵϣûˤȥֻΪԼסǧϰжʶġ
෴Ϊʵţԭͬȴʱı⣬ϡ
첲ǲֵǸˡ
Ůֵðɣǹͨһ£ǲʲôԽġ
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ҪʲôԼ˲ִٵģķչЩԤơ
һǸŮˣһΡ
ʲôȵĿ뵽κһشҲ벻𰸣нʾĻ
ܹѡʱ򡭡ģֻһĵĻ
ȻǲȥȥǸŮ˵ġһҲ˵ͬĵĻ󣬸߰Ĵϼǿվ
168]ֻܳȥ
ɱĥ˵һַʽΪҪĻбѡԼһֱڵìܡ
ЦˣȻܳȥ·ͲֻܳȥҾֺܾзӦǿҵľȻ񰲡
ͽ˴˵ɱ¾ȴ⴫˵ֻǴ˵
ǵģûκ塣ǲ̵ֲͬİ취ǧĸͲ񰲵Լ˵־˭ʲôԸͻ¼ǰѾԿһˡ
СʲôɣԼ˾ܺԼ˶֡Ĺأûǰɣ
رϾġ֮˷ԶȻǱȥģǾ֤ٳȥֻ
㿪Ц
һҪμϷɣ¶ľͲı⣬ġԼʹͬ飬Ҳһ֣ǧġûпôǺºͺ⣬Ҳֻ֪Ҫľһ£ǵȷ˭Ҳ޷ı
Ʒһ쫷ֹġ
˻Ǳˣʩڶ޷Ǹ˾ͻūǹһν̸˵ġһֱǵǸںļνӴʶı־롣
ûϲƣԷϲˡ
־ǿԿԼ־⿪ġұĮľ񰲲ҪϹ£ôĿÿһˡ
ǻرߣӭӡ
еοһǣǧĶĿģٴǶľǳ־ġ
ȫȥȴҪôҿܻһ°ɣЦ˵ôһ仰߻Ե񰲵½ǡ
ĻᣬһҪȥҰɡȻһҪҲһѡֻѡԲˡ
ֻҪΪ㡭ֻϣ㲻Ҫˡ
һ·ײײϵ㣬ԭֻ͵սֻ?˼һһ
Ŵӵվ
ʲôٶһ˯һʵڡΪڵ϶ȾĻҳ?˼跢ʾһѽ˹
ôܷøŮȴڵɹ̫أ
ġ񰲡ǿƵ?˼Լ·ϵ֣ȴͻȻԼĺܲôӦ档ΪûпԼʲô
ﰡ
氡µʯ壬һ㿴ڸôı飬ȻҲӦеż顣
ʲôׯɵѶҰɯűݼڹ˳?˼Щš
СѾͷʲôʱôϷˣ
Ҫ취ǾаׯɵѶĻأжˣɯżӣ?˼ΪȤ
ȴ֪һвݼɯ֪Ѷҡ
169]ԭñʯƵ񶼰ʯĿƣʯߵĹϵ˵ʷǰ
ο˻һӰ춼ûһ㣬ֱ漣
þΪѵŮ˴ʱȴ̬չ棬ֻΪ˵Ķǲ岻Ҳݲµ˵ġ
ǧվһֱڿ죬ÿο棬ÿһ̬ÿһԸֻǿšĿһһ̵̣ıԼվӵϵ۶ˡ
ͬľٶȴƺΪ⣬ҲԭΪεļƻ¼еãȻȴȻû˿ʧ䡣
ǧվ˵Ǿ仰ֻ֮Цһ£ӦûһֻԭҪ£ҴȥѶҵ·˵Ҫȥûиı
żƳһۿĻҲԽǧº͵ϡĺһݹС
֪Ϊʲô׽ıϲӡ
һ˭ߡ֪ǳʲôĿĶظ仰ǧȻ־Ĳ
һô˵ս
мδǧһսΪİκε˷һȴսˣսĶ󲢲һϵĵˡ
㻹֪εǱһƵôδתֻʡǧ˵֪κ˶š
֪һ£Ҿôһ¡ǸͬᶨĻشҲȴĮ˵ǾΪҲı䲻˶̬ȣá
ҴôִԲˡ仰ֱ̾ͬǸĲӣſϲŵԼɻս⡣
ɻͻгɣսҲζľı䡣
Ҳ֪սһ졭սʤ𣿵֯ҾͶθ߹ԼΪȣΪ˱˺ս޴˾ǿ޿ֵվڸλǧô˵Ҳû˾κβЭ
ûǡҴ֯˳һ죬ҲҲ˵ôΪұΪ֮սˣһñǿΪҪҡ
ҡ㣿ˮס󳷵һ˲䣬񰲺ͱڵλƽߵġ˹ͬܿķʱ˵ĻȴһʱûԼĶ䡣
ѡǧġ
ⲻĿôǡıѡǧĻǳŪĿǣŮںܶʱƱ޴롣
֪Ҳ˼죬ôЦӲ²͸˼ֱϲô޼ɵЦϣԼҲһԱˣῪЦĹϵǸͬĽӽɣ
Ϊʲô˵˼Ļ֮󡭡Ȼ¶ôЦݣ

ллˣ񰲡
170]ѶڵսѾ޿ɱ⣬һߵҲǽ߳˻ڱ·ˣѾˡ
ҲĻܻϷһǼϡûйϵһ£Ͷˡ
˼뵱ѡְҵˡЦ˵
ڣǸ͵ˣȴһҵľʹԭֻһ˽⣬Ǹ˽֮Ҳһ
Ȱ費Ǿ˳˼ս
ǶǴҪһеķչˡ
Ѿ˻飬Сô졣ǧأֱվǰ棬̬ûҪѡǧͼ
㻹Ȱ˵ʲôѾˣǧҲòܲ׼սȻô˵ûãҲֻòˡ
Ƶôչġ浽ʱ򡭡߱ļƻԼҲ϶
ҿԼ취ʵҲܸоĲԭ򣬵ﱾΪֹķ
һƽҺС˭£ˣİһ˹ȥͬǹѾѡ
ֻǲ֪ѡĹĹǡ
ҲҪ˰æǧҪܾԱߵȴȻڣһսҲ룬ƹҪҵ֤ûѡ񡣡
㡭
ȻϷôҲҪܹ򡣡˻һǧ֮˶˵ͷһµĬ
ˡ
㡣Ҫôż𣿡
ִӶܣһʲôûܲû١ߵ?˼ҲܵĺˣƫƫɯŻǲͣĴˡ
Ҹ˵ҪȥѶңҪǴǰ
ǹȥҪǳΪʲôȳԣɯ˵Ļò⡣ʡ
Сɯ˼ÿ԰ǡ?˼ڱϰæ͡ΪɯΪĿ񰲻űҪȸȥ
ǣ˵ﲻܴˣǿȥͶˡ?˼Լ˼ɯźżûʱͣһҪȥһȴͲˡ
ǸѶҵƾǲԴǲ֪ȴһɼׯ˵Ըü
ڶ֮ǰҪȰһ˵ǾһҪȥҲκ֣ǾҪս
ı̬ȵı䣬ô˵ǾģҲһֽھȰ˵ԥͲٻı䡣
ǲǺ⣬ǧĶ
ģҲһҪȥ֮ǰݵͲģ仰ôǿơ
ѵΪһųȥյĺѾҪѣ

ܾ

171]Ҫһִĸ飬Ҫֱָϲ̵Ĵڡ
ҷֵľ֤ҽߵƣȻֻҪҿЩߵκβλߵҾͽͬӵСȻԼҲļ̳й
һ°˵Լӵеµ˶֪Ⲣֻһ¡ʵʱҪȹ¸档
ǿʼҲҲϲһΪҾûҡҴһֱʹöƵٱϾҲԼģⲢζûѡԵ
ӵжδÿʹõĵӦ֣ӵȴһԵ顣ܶߣڿ˼ϣԼǿһ
ƾӱ԰ƾֲȷǲĿԺĵ̬ԸңʱԶ֡
ûһ˿覴õůսÿĵط޷ҲԸ
ѡķʽӭսǧҲ䣬ȴЧ
ץס˵ԹͿԼ˼Ĳ࣬ͬսǰӦþ߱Ҫǰ߾ȡ֮ӣȴɺܴ
ʱ䣬Ҳ룬ԽΣǰôĶԹԹ˽˺ˡ
ȻôңҲͲںˣ֮ҾͰߣԶһҾ
ҵĶУеŮһ
еĵƹͻȻϨһ˲ӹΪڰ˭۾Ӧ
ڰһ⣬Կ׵ɱƽ졣
֪ǴģҲʹ˽ҲҲĶǧûֹͣɱˣɱֶξκһͽߡңʹõʯеĿ¡˼ٶȶӳ죬в
Ƭ̣ùſӱԵ
ҿھͽĵı䣬㶮һŮ˻ֻһԭǾܱ֮Ľ
ǧöʯǱøղŵϵʱȡһǲ뿴վԼĿеȴûվһҲҪʯˡ
Ȼ˶ܰԸԼԼһƽصƣΪ˸ԼһĻ
ѾˣĹʹָֻҲôƯ
ȷԡֻҪԼ䲻Ļʼն䡣Ҳһʵ
עԼĿڡ ʲ˼ûʾĻһԼǰأһͿ롣ֻҪǰһΣյľԼ
ӵжԼǺһĿ幥
һ亹ӶĻ˹Ȼܲء
172]ʲôʱ򶼽䱸ߵһһ߱߱ĳʶԵʴȾǶԼ̵˵ÿ˶ףԾΪǸŮ˾ԭǨ͡
ʱд㼥ڽִС㣬ѾҪԼΪ𣿡
㲻룡ָһڲաĿڵҲͬһʱء˵ʮֵĹƽ
ȴúܲʹ죬Ϊһ£ȻķӦѾǸˡˣҲҪˡ
ЩŮ΢ĴǸӵɡ
Щ鶼ֻǷһ˲䣬ǧûзκģǸȻӦֻſʹ
ֻӵмǿĶ̬˲ԣƾʲôҲԣ
ǸŮ˵ʣǧĻ־һֵˣҲм˶񾭵ˡֻһƽŮˣȴΪʲôᡭ
ѵֻɺϣ
ˣʲôŮˣȻҪԸҲںһԸһҲʼʾ˵ûѾֻ֪ҪܹݵֶΣŮңϵҲ湻Ĭġ
ҪԸ˲Ҫ֡ԭıѣͶԸŮˡһ仰һŮ˵ľһŮ˵Цһ˵Ĳ
ӦɣǰԼ·ѾǵãȻľʳ仰Ӧòôûðɣ
ȻôûáҪһ㣬ݵֲ֤ѡ
ʲôԼӦҪֵ˼ôҶ֡ĮһųԼһ̬ȡ
á˻شһζûиķ˼˲²͸һҪһ䣬öҪ£Ҳġ
һѣĿ⵹˻
Ҿܾ
ѾγɵĶԶΪһ仰ʱǳǧῴ׵ʾ˼뼺ΪǲŹġ
Ϊʲôֲ׷ҵıˣ㲻˵ԲŹ𣿡Щʧȥ侲̧׷ʲǾ񣬶ǲǸ˵ġ
ôϣܸһҪĻشȴҪüֵáбҪ
ΪҶԸΪ˰ˣڳԼ˭ҲˣôǸǰ
αسǿأ˵ʯȡѾǾĻصˣҲȷʵ᲻𣿡˵ĶԻԭе룬ǿǧΪʧشʱῪˡ
ԣûжĵҲܿڵ״Ů˱Ͼ˸˽ŮˡοΪʲôǵú
ЦӴߵۿΪʲôе鶼չô˳أ
173]ܾúܶ¶ԵɺϵģȻȴĴڡټϣõĲҲһЩԵǲֻͬǱȻԼƻ˵ĺԼҲֲˡ
΢Ц̬չ
ǿͳǿɣһᰴҵ뷨µġͶ䵽һϵļᶨĿ⣬¶ĵһ˳Цݡ
֪Ц쿴úֻͬҲ֪ҲΪʲôЩ¡
֪ĻҴӿʼͲЩµġҲգˣûˡ
ɣΪ㡣ڱм䣬ĶԱһֻ֣Ҫ˼ĶҪˡ
ҲΪôûֹᱣԼ˼ֻʡܾŮҪ֪ҪԡѵĻô޿ɺǣϲ˸ĸ顣
Ҳϲ̧ʲô
ΪҴӦĻشϡ۶ߵͷٶ˱Сϰߡ
иǺҸ飬ҲЩء
ŮӵƬƬļ䣬·һܻĵֻһεܰŨҲϼЦ˵ʵ
ϲôãһֵԼȫŵǼҸ顣Ҳϲ
ɵþЦ˳ôô⣬Ҳͬʱ
˵ʲôúЦĻ𣿡ֱɻ
Цںܸˡһܰ£ллˡſϣʱ򣬵ȷŶĵ飬ѣĿᡣ
ѶټҲΪķݣͬʱжʹټ̵ĵطҲ𶯣·Сռеĵ
طǲҪʹĺãҵƻ̫󣬶ΪͽְɡԴҲƽ
֮ʱˮҲϢأڵͣˮһϥ֮ʱ飬ȷʵûκֵ˼
ۼյͬƴಫˣǧڵսһ˵ĻõˣҪƴ֣Ψһķսʤ
ȻǶҪȥǻսڵ˵ĵڧʵڲÿҲԸⱻЦɣ
˵ʲô˫ϥ֮µˮ³΢ƣڽˮʱʹ
Ҷⲫսʤ붯ֻ߲Է߾ˡν˭˭һ飬ӮǸ˿Ҫÿ˶ġǧǾ濼ǵģһս˺ֳֶ˵򵥵㵥ӮˣӦûᰲ˵
ڵĵ֮ǳ·⣬Žᡣ
ⲫսƺǧĵŲ⣬ܿʹӱ͹̬ϵõһز¶Ů𣿡
ҲûʲôáҪֳʤΪѾûٶˡ
ⲫսԭ˼ǧġҲһ
174]ߵΪʺսͺͲʺսͣ͵սһԲ˵ʹսȫƾʺͶս޷׵½ˡ
ǧĵЭɲʺʵսսƾս֮ȴӹɵˣôԭ˶ˡ
𣿡ĿżʹׯѾ˶ϲǸŮҲϳǲȴ˽⣬治ǣ
ûʲôãӮЦŻش𡣱񲻾һӹÿ˵ӡǵı飬úиС
ѾȷϵˣһлûϳĹֻһˣ͹֪ͬһô˵顣
ǻǼʲô벻ͬƾͱضǸйء
ȻˣҲֻ÷ǳֶΪҵһˡĸԼ֮Աߵ񰲿һۡ
˵սʽҲսģͶǸЩЩһʱ˶סˡ
ûҪ
һһͬʱаɣȽϽԼʱ䡣ĺڽһϸǰõסԿ񰲵ߡ
벻ȶϡ˵仰֮һɵһб㿪˱ĵֵ˳õضԿյֱ
һ˺һ²δ֪˵Ӧòء
ҪǲһɱҶ㡭û˵ȻͣںУΪû˵ǰԵԿ˸ղӾäĵط
һŵˡ㡪
ԭѶڵˣѾվһţں񰲣˵ӰѾߵΧڡ
һĻԭҲǽŵշһ˲ͣ
һֱֻͽȻͽܱɡ
񰲡ô飿
ǧıĺͱĲŶûӰ˸ԵжϣһĻº͵Цⲻġ
ʵҲûʲô벻ͨİӦáҹȻˡ
νֻǴ¡
ô˵ɣıЩ䰡ұ㿴㾿˭ãڶˡ
䵭ĺһ㲻Ǵ
Ϊ㲻ش𣿡ʳ仰ͷ㵱ȻشڶҲ뷨ʲô˵յġ΢Ц
ҲȤԭ֪ô
˵ҺĳЩطǳ񣬵ҸĲͬǾܶϲϬˣҲϲϬˡǴϢ죬ѡȻرܡ
ı˲ԼȥҲҪŬˡ



175]񰲣û뵽ôɵˣ
񰲣ȥ˵õĲս㲻ô
վһԭΪ˲ŵԤսˣǴӸоʲôסһʱѾע⵽ԼӰһ˽¡
ׯɵĻǧĵĻӡ֤һġ
Ȼ˼սʱϣܰæΪ˱ǿĿ񰲾ԼɱСҲҪҲǱʶﻹųɵģǱѾжˡ
ܶɼ˵ֻ֤ᶨ
񰲣Ϊǰ𣿡ʵӱΨΪֵʱѾоĲЭֱӰӱ񰲲סܹȷǾǱѾ֪ԭˡ
Ȼ֪Ϊʲô֪˽⣬Ҳܹ뵽ʲôˡԹ񰲣
ʵҲìܣǸݵŮ͸УƫƫǾԼôôôôȴδǷ̣Ǹң
Ҳ֪ǲǰֻ֪ϣôƬ̵İش𡣶ߣһҲû뿪սǸŮӡ
˵Ĺ¶ͼ֣һìԻΡ
ɵ¡ΪҵĶ𣿡
񰲵жʵ⵽ĵԸʼΪԼ˺ԣڳֵҲ׿еԻ
ӦǴӲ˵ĻˡǾýô
Ҳֲ֮սĲ࣬һ㲻᲻׵ģû㻹ǲҪˡһβ
ʲô۾ģʲôҪԼľġȻҲ˽ңͲҪٶ˵ˡżһõѶҵǽϣᵲȥץסʱӾһȦ
Ϊ֮󣬴Ҳòһתӡᣬ˫Ⱥ䣬ѥĸ߸òĲӡ
ȻûˣĲҲһۼƤӦûЩ۵ġ
˵Ҳһ䣬ôֽԼȥվãعȻһ΢Ц
ͬ꣬ԷʲôϰҲȻġ
űЦݣһʱû˵ֻ̧һֻԼĲӡ΢΢ķȣȻǶ˺۵ǱЬιĵطȴôʵ
ͬ˽⣬û뵽һУ֮û㣬ôҲ֡ܲģ˭չǲ֪Ϊ֪Ŷ϶߹Ȼ
Ⲣһж㲻߻ֻһֱûľġ
Сס㣬ңҪҵġҺڿ˻ôġ
ǻӮ˵ɡżȫԸսźšбó߻ΪŮƣѡﳤ̡ܶ
ȻֻͱҶˡǰ죬ӵľ룬һ˫۱档
һġ
176]սһ֮ھסԷֻ˫ʵ²пܰ쵽ƾУʵԶĶּ䣬ʱսǲɱġһҲǻʤһҪԪء
ǵĲ࣬һʼӳսûԾƶĳм֡
ʵսУʹŮӯٶҲһռˡҪ˵ĹȲ죬пʹĳ̶Ȳࡣ
֯һһԼʹܸߣҲѡսο߻Զ
ҪԹǾܱ򵽡һѵսĸûôþͺˣƫƫĺܶ񶷼ɻǸѧġ
ǰǼûдҪ췴ˡ
֪Լûʤ㣬ñֶξͻлᣬ˵˾ԲȻԼ¶һֵ֮
սһСӲսĸֵע⣬ȻĿ˱һڵһʱ͵ֺ˹
ֿԼͬʱӦվȵͻȻǰһ㣬ҽҲһ߳ȶȥ
ǱӦСȵĶȴûеԽУΪڱɨȵͬʱѾһֻסȡ
Ӧ֡Сƻֻ˽¶ġ
ԭڵһʱ䷴ӦǸȦʱͽƾͼƵһУһԽͶֵľ䣬һҲķܡ
ʵ̫Ϥˣûõġ
Ҿ֪һܿͬһʱ˵仰ıҽŵĳѥѾ˳
ֱԼӶĳѥһͷͶ˹ȥ˵Ϳʼ裬Ȼû͵Ϯɹ
뵽ʲôͷʱǸŮϸѾǰ
˲ô뵽ʽģԭǽעǧϵı俴ѶڵһĻȵ̾
иòİɣھ֮󣬵һʱȥ졣˽ѥôľٶ
нƾͼپͼơû뵽ϣìܰô˵ȴԿǽЦݡ
벻СѾͷʱ˵ôôûʽõĵҲģȻ̵ĺôǺǡ
ڸʲôҪʸײСεЩңƲȴȫ棬ô˶йϸֳϹŮˡ
ȴﵽǱ֮ҺܸȤôȫˡ
Ͳ㵣ˣҵİ취΢Цġ
177]㿴ΪһȫӵȻɱҲҪȥ𣿡
һֱĿŵڲٳĬȥˣֵȥս𣿡ǧ뷨ʱһҲ⡣
㲻ѾȰҶֱӱôǧʻشֱԷʣǿ˿뷨
̬̫ɺȻˣ˺Ŀ֮µ̡
Ҳϲв˱ôӣǿѹĵŭǧܹоԼڳ嶯֮ǵΪġ
ˣҲϲô˵ˡĮĵҲƽģںǧӵǰһѡƿߣһȻҲκǿ
Ը𣿡Ϊ֪ԽĿһѻգǧʶ߬ȭͷ
ܺ׵öֻ֪һֱһڶԸ֮ϣûôһĻ
ǲԽӵ˷Խ޷أ
һĻͱкȻͬ뷨֡ȻٶȲĿȥѶڵˣȻһȻ
Ѿ¶ģΪʲôΪĶۣѾ¶ģһҲҪֻԼĹƽ
ڵԥΪʲôĲΪʲôµİѩһһڻȻȡ
Ϊʲô
Ϊʲô
ҲΪʲôô뿴㲻ˣȻǸɴһ𶼲֪Ϊʲôˡʯ˸ͻȻһ㽫֮ˤҵϡ
סؿһΪ֮ŮӵҲѹϥأְڵϡ
ѸٷӦԸ첲ȳŵأͬʱǱȻġ
ˣƵˡ
СúݡΪϬЩɳƣȻվȴԼĲ뿪һֻ֡
ֿĲӣڵñЩ㡣̫ˣղҪƵľӦˡ
ҸղҪֻȾҪˡʵԸ档ʵñҲӦһԲ˵
սͬ˾˺Լҵģô
ѧĺܿ졭̾˿
ֻҵļֶѡȻֻ˱һָףĲҲǻиоġοָϽݵڶӲĵط
Ҳ㣬ҲԹԵɡδ˸Ѹһֲݸı档
Ȼ֪ΪһǷԣһе̧ͦԼȥϬָףľͬǲɵļ֡
СҾ֪㲻ҪҡڱŵʶԼͷ֮ľʱЦ˵
178]Ҿûһڡ̫ǿ춼ٷԡһֿ꣬Ծ͸ñԶԶҪǲ׺ɣ氮ôḡ֡
ҵĸǰô
һҲһ£ٸңҾԭ㣡
˵ôѾûӡˣ˭㻹ôһֱϰɵѾͷ

һ죬Ҳֺϲ᲻ᡭ
ʲô
ûʲôֻҪһֱͺˡ

Լƿһ̣֪Ϊʲôļĸ˺ܾǰһЩ棬ѡҪôʱһҲԶĵط
Ŀȵһ˿֣̿ϤǰǴ£Ļˣһǵʯ
һ̵ӡһյһμʯļ䡭
ſˣСߣͬʱͻȻĻĴУ㯵˼һ˲ֱʵ
֮Ŀɷɻ׿ѹ£Ѷʱ˱ľء
ڴ״ͻĵһʱѾ˵ӰӣԾʱٶȱ˱Բס𿪵ӡ
Ϊʲôָ׵ʱԼ֣ڱûʹƾöߵѴӦ˰ͲڿһкֳĬ
ʵ߰˽һ㡣
סûȳȥԼĸ첲˵仰ЭվȺ񰲾ͷֱǰ
ǿʼͱսʱԼж仺ͻȻʱͻȻ֣Ѿ뿪Ѷҡ
񰲵ͻȻ룬赲ĵ·
ÿ޷ҲܽԼΪμֵһѶҳȥֻþԼŬͬʱҲһ˵Ŀ
ллˣ񰲡߲ʱзǳ¾Լˣ˶¶˸ΪЦ̡
ߣΪҪѡ
ôᣬôûнٵЦݡڿʶԼһμı󣬲֪Ϊʲô񰲺Ȼֺܲе뷨
Ϊʲôá
ɵôţȥѶҲܳȥĲҲΪеʵĵ׺ԾӺǾֱֻΪ˿סһŮӡ
ֺĵǸŮӣ
ĵļĳڶʱҲǵѲֱӵʶ
ܽҪô
İɣҾСȳȥģȻΥ˴Ӧġһдżֵͬʱһߴ
СȻҲҵĸо߹㣬Ҵӿʼ;ŵǸʵҲôҪġָ佻սԼλõߵҲЦŽﻰ˵ġ
۾Ư

˭Ϸ

179]ҹĿ࿴ˣϵܡ
һӴ˵ζסѶÿ˵ӣ¡˼ֵ¡˼ˡסѶڵɯź衣
λлȰ֮Ҫһ˵ġǧģһҪллңӺӵһĽںˮ˽ʱȫȫĴ˳
¡˼ϻǡôıסŮ
ϵҲҪлңռСˡúͱˤһգ۾¡˼Цݲüˡ
һеķϣԭ֪Ѷҳ·͹û뵽¡˼һǧҲͬľδ
ղŵ̫ͻȻδȷҪĵʲôʱǰҲãҲãݾܿĵӰ㷢ˣ·ֻһֻܿܲ͡顣
һʱӿĸоǰ뿪ͽʱȻʹȴΣͿǰֹģΪ˭֪
ҺãҺһκһβһһܹʲôΪ¡˼Ԥ֮е˵İæлᡣ
ܶ˶˵İҲȫ棬ȴô˿ġ
лл㣬ġǧĶ¡˼¶ϵЦݡ
Сû°ɣӻڵϣҲ˻ıеָ⣬ԸоĲ
Ҳѹ֣ղž飬Ѿվ
û¡ŮܻһԻ档ΪʲôȻǵȴݵֲֻδ뿪񰲵֣Ǹ
ʲôΪʲôû⣬ϸĵæʡ
ΪʲôҪһλá˫̧ע񰲵ֽ档㯡
һֽڸжͲ֪ȻɫǸô
Ļʳ֮һᣬÿ˶ܰ
ԭԼǸĹû˵֪ΪʲôʱûԼ˵ءΪʵ񰲣ҲΪ񰲾Ȼ᲻ϧԼȥȱ⣬ֻǹʱԼ˵
Ҳû˵˵һʱǲ˵޷˵ǲ˵һĻ޷жԼǶǴΪһжǸ˵һģһķչûκһڡ
¡˼ɯš費˵ΪǾ㿴һƬȴվûпȫʱ򿪿û˵ԡɯźñæ
¡˼ɯ˵Ѷҵ;鲢񰲿ʼô򵥣Ծͽ˵˳Ƿ飬ûΪܣʼֻΪҪѲŻЭ
ǧĵĲһĿռȣúõһٰ֮Լ֪˵ΪԼ֪ģСûпе˼ˡһεĺѣһĻ飬أ
ֻһˣҶʱôҷϾ˼ĻᣬĵƤˡ
180]ߵǸ˾Ǳ仯ɹׯɡûעĵˣ˵û˹ȥ
ԺܿŻ˴Ƭ̵
˰ץסǣһŮ˵󣬴˷ĸ߰ƽ˵ֻŮһխСĹŮһվ
ׯǻ쵰Ȼˣ
ۿؾʹӭڶະķȥһӦľǧġڱϾڲͽ˵ĵ̣һжҪСġظǰĴһҪεĻǡ
ǲղŵǲٺͻʲô˵뿪
ǧĵҲıҪԣ¡˼ǵһʾͬġͬеҲǵͷɯŸҪһȱһܡ
Сʧˡݷ˵ͱûиеŮκһһŵ˵ǰȶ
ᣬһж˳ķչţ᣿
Ѱˣׯȥıһʱ˱ǧҵѾɸķ䡣ǷﲢûмӦеˡ
һ䣬ûмׯȻֵԸԼҪϹ룬ֻҪٺһ˳ٴν֡
Ů˵Ѿйܶˣÿһζһֺܰĵĸо
һֺĸоֻԼŵʱŻָоׯɾԼᣬһֱҲԼ
㣬ΪǱʶׯɾԼڿԺһӵйͬĶˣǾΣеԱΡ
ȫȫΣ˴ͲĽĸо
ЦǸеĶһҲˣҲˣˣҪǸӵеΡ
ᣬƿһţţŶƿʱׯȴûԸļǸһֱЦŵŮӡ
ᡭȥ
һʱӿĿֻţ޷Ž⣬һοԼǸ֮ĲʱĸоϵǱϵĲ硣
ֻھԼһ˵ֲʱŻļǸˣŻڮǸˣʹϣǱʶԱлǲʧһٵ֤һٵȡҪҲǸԼһ
ԭҲһֵεŮôðɣҲãǧҲãҲãҵĵˣ
ҴҵĽŲͿѰǵж࣬һһһĴϢʱҲҪ˵ǳһˡ
ιǲͽ˵жˣôûûˣ԰ģҪŻҪȥսһʹ졣
жŮˣл˵ģҲҡҲԼңڴҵѹòҡ
һ˵ܴЩ˵İΧȥʲô
Щ˶ׯͳģҲ֪¡˼Ļ˵ڣͿһվȥߣǿûȥׯɰɡ
181]ͻȻ߳ǣ˴ΧǵĵˣȻСﵫǺ˫ʵǿӦġ
¡˼˵˾ȰٻͺҲ˳ȥǧĲûһҲ˳ȥĺܣҪһܷܲɡ
ôֹˣɯûиȥΪҪ񰲹ڱ顣ڲͽ˵֯Ĺϵãϰۿ˭˭С
ǧһ㶡ͱˣǸûļƵɯš
˵ôֻȴºСƣѵǸղסɴȥҿɲ񡭡ô˵ֻһɯ뽫ǧҲͳȥֻܷ˵Щü
üʵ֪ɯҪԼҲȥģǧвôĿʲôȻȥǾ֮
ǡҲȥˡٵĴǽȥֻסȴûԶ¡˼ѵĹɾġ
ǧעǽ
㲻ĻȥԼȴԭɯͬļٰѱҲͳȥȴȱֹˡ
ʲô˵ɣСˡ񰲻ɯסˡ
Ҫ˵Ļ
Ҹղô˵㲻ɣɯ˵ʲô񰲶º͵ĶһֱŮӿڡ
ô˳ıţȴƫƫоʲô
롭ȻղԸҰ㣬ҲҼ𣿡ܻʲôͲö֪ˣһҪˡ
ҲδܵõҪġڿڣ嵭ûκε󡣵˭֪ʲô
ղһĻסֻ
ĬȻǲƬ̺΢Цû˵ԣǻлᣬԲԣ
˵ļѣҲܿ϶˵Ķԡ
ôشһڲסľϲһŮǲŵľȣһŮˣȻǽڡ
ŴԵǧԿ͸ĵĸӡ
ȻˣɯţԷĵ˵˰ɣ
񰲵ƽ˵ʱλļ⼤Ϊʲôϲû־
û˿ʣɯžܾúͻȻǲò˵֪顣ŮһûӴҲϲҪ񰲡ô˵޽ôҪʲôأ
ϲǡã
ʲôĿģɯŶβܵġ񰲶˭ȻûйϵԼģõ죬ҲõһֱҪõȻǺͱйأô͸ûɶôˡ
ԣºͲôִˡ
Ĵʹ£ɯżĽ䲻֪¡˼˵ıļƻԼܶϵıͼӴ׵˵˳
ˡ
182]˵һ˵ļоݿô۾ݲƫʱļǷҲò仯أ
ʵɯôΪģҲʵϣĻȴûгԤڵ
뵽ܣҲܶѾҪ񰲵ϾȻôȻı飬ˣɯΪԱ̬ȵתҲûм񰲻ôº͵ıûҪֵ˼
ˣô£񰲾ȻʱĿҪȡͼ
ɯʵ޷ܵˡ
ԭļƻʲôûϸԼǰ˵ȫٱ̬Ů˵غƽȻɯžЩ
Ȼ񰲻ԱôãǸŮЩȻһʼǼʲô
ҳȤӶһ˲پܾǧɡɯűΪ񰲾Բ˵Ҳ˵˳͸ǲ֪ðʲôˡ
񰲾Ƿˣ뵽ԭˡ
ôҵĴڻôӰôȻЦˣµģʻһûκεĲ򲻿ġ
ҲΪӦûΪôȴû뵽˵ԼˡŮ˵Ըкܶдĵطɰ
׼׼Ҳҿ϶ΪʲôأñǸŵŮˣΪžôȴΨţ˵Ǳ˶ܿ϶ȴ޷϶
Ĳܣǡֻǲң
಻񶼲ܾ᲻ôŵô
ǣҾá
ȻˣľþûбҪˡĴ񰲵ĻǶ΢ЦΪʲôҲܾ񡣡
һ
ô˵ЩǸҲûв㵱ѵ˼
㻹ʲô˼˺İ㻹ɯΪ񰲱ƽʵҲ֪ԼΪʲôǿ߰ɡ
ڿߵ˭ͺ˵ˡ
ҵļ֡ⲻһֵý͵⣬ҵǸǼôҪǡǧĴ⣬֪ɯöǸŮҲͦö͹ˡ
Ҫȼһ档Ϊף˻ش
ʲôɯžԼǲ˽ˡ
ˡͷʾԼͬϧޡɯͶĲͬ۹⡣⣬װûˡ
ҪҪһ𣿡ΪͻȻ̿Ůһġ
Ȼˡ΢ЦȻڼ񰲻ͬʱ˿ɯšᡣ
ȥͿˣСĵšɯ֮౧űҪ뿪һСŮӵסȥ·
ҲҪΪʲô
ȥΪҪֻȥʳĻڸشûٶԣ뵽Ҳ뵽ˡ
֪ģ
֪ģֻҪô㡣ıױĵطЦ
ȻųƻоЩôء

֮һ

183]Ҳ֪ԭϲ
ֻǲϲĸоǶĻ͵԰ɡ
Ŷҵˣ
ĻͲˡ
Ϊʲô
Ҳϲ𰸡
˵Ϊ㲻ϲҵŸı𣿡
ֻҴֻϲ

˵ĶԻޱУ̲סЦ˳ҲܱĻҪ棬ȻһֱºٻĿ̱ȻǶʲôýأ
Ŀ˼ǰߣҲѧѧٱȽҵΪʯıըļˡ
Ȼᣬ;Ͽɲ硣ҾǧϡԸζ
ǺֲǣһԭԼˣȻׯɻ֪Ҫֳʲô¡ʱ뵽Ҳ֪ΪʲôֱɣһֱûѾЩˡԸˡ
֣š
ûԼ׷ȥֹǸ˼Լ£ǾԲԼ䵥ġѾׯô
ӱŵĸоܲ飬ʱȻԼǴαǧĸоˡԵģׯɺǧһû顣
ֻǹף̶̵ʮӣׯô˸ˣУǿ̫ˡ
һüֵƾʲô̸УׯɿŹܿӣƺʹ졣ҲֻǴõˡ
ܿɱ𣿲ֻҪ鷢ͻĿˡ
˭Ҫ̸С֡˵ʣһ򿴲ׯɣʱҲһʲôıǸıҲһܴ
ǿɲУ㲻̸ôԣҪĳء΢Цׯɵеı飬ȴ˵Ļȫ
ô˵ҲõġҲôͺˡ
֣кȻӿһȻ˵Ϊ򡭡
ǰȻǿ
ԭΧһڵϣȴûѰҵ˵ӰҲԣôܻȺ
ֱ׼ǰʱղҹС𣿡һע⡣
ͣ½Ųعͷģ
𣿡ʡ
кأ̬ȣ¶ɫ侲
޹أ㲻Ա۾˵
ػȷһʱôԥĽ𰸸˳ǲ˭
̧ۣŻشƺΪٿ١һݵ΢ݽɼ˭ˡ
˵˵ɡһ仰ֳԼϲ˵͵תǰߡ
Ȼׯɴ˵СĻȥ
184]ͽ˵Ļصжжٻأǲͽ˵ĳԱȻûȫ֪ҲأҲĵص㲻
ǧĲͽ֯ǸܰԵ֯Ǿ߶룬ȻͻᱻɱܵжԵĻڣһɴ߱Ȼ硣
񰲾ڳεоܾǸĲͽˣֻͬǶԷûɱܣܻ˺ȴԼ֯뷨ȻҪԷͷĿ˵Ҫ֮ȴǧ
Ϊͽ񰲵ĲҲǱΪ֮Ͼ˲ֻǼж˺һǳԸأ
һֱΪЩˡûһԸΪļƻһв룬ǵõǧͬ
˶ҲϲбԼǿˡʲô˶һִĿǳΪ޿ġ
һ·űעĿĵط֪ĿĶҪǰеԶҲضҵõǡ
Ϊ϶Żĳ
ʵУһ뷨뷨ȷĿģҲе϶ֻһ뷨뷨ܼ򵥣ϲŮôߣҲϲĲֻôߣֻ
ͱĶԻصĿڣҲǲҲֻϰߵ̬һֲǿĳɷ֡ģҲá
֤ΨһܵĴڡϲʱҸƽɣȻɣϡ
Сǳǰһ𣿡
뵽ﻰҲ͸ڲֱͣ·ת·֪ұģҪΪʱ߻ʲôˡ
ڻ⣬ΪҲЩżżûյʱ򣬲ѡĬѡһ˽̸˭ҪҪǿ˵
˵ģ迴͸񰲵
һ𣿡˺Ů˶п⣬ʳⲢһôֵ£ֵֻʱ
Աûϻش
ͻ𣿡ϸĵʾԼǸ⡣û˶ȡ
ĺ֪
ֻôش𡣡׽͸ͼԼϾǲ˽ġҲôϾûжĸעӰ
ҵĻӦǲŰɡò¶ǰ㷢Ͼûо飬жϺѵġ
ҲûϹһۿͺкøе𣿡񰲵롣
øָһ֣ѶҪ뽻֮жֵֵýôܲʲķʣһֲ¶ķâ
ô˵Сжһֵֵ֮ŻǷ񶯸𣿡Ҳʣͬʱ⿴գԭôǡ
һۣ˵Ĳ֪ϲʧ䡣
ǡô
ҡҡͷ¶һŻЦݡ
185]˵һǧҰҲ̰ߣֻҪңٿܳܡһܻῴҸĲʺ磬ĳŵҵȺ򡣡
½汻޳һЩרСŮĿɰװƷԼķ䱻ȻһµĸıţվԵŮֻ¶Ц⡣
ֱȲҲˡ
ȻûôˣƽǸϲ鷳ܶھͶڵˣ컹סҵĵڰҵ
ŮŨװΣһֱúԼĵطȻסôбҪıһ¡
ԣˣļҾӻȻˡ
ҵļұôڣûһ͵ԾأһζļʱʹʱЦ̬ȣҲЦĸ˵Ȼסˣҵġ
Ŷ֮ϵĸ̾Цſڣô˵һҲŶ˼״
ʲôôᣬ˺ġ󷽡
ûУֻиССʡЦ
˵
ҲҵһӣôǲҲأЦݵ͡һ˫˸š
ֵȻ㣬ϾŮ˵Ǽҵ¡ͬգһۣĻشֲƵˡ
ĺáŶлᶺһ򶼲Ź
˵Ů̫һ˺㲻ǡҲЦ
һ˫أ΢ŨڵüѾͷ˵ڲͬ˵Ҳ˰ʻȻ͵ģ׵д˵һ־ҪÿŶ
ΪԼ뻹ںǿѹˣȻЩ׸ƵĸоⲻĴҲֻһСѾͷѲǣ
СοԼһ£ЦݸӲãû۹Ҳῴһ˵˲ǣ
ֲǼһ£Ůˣŷ˵ΪôһǷСҵġ
ѹŮǲԵġΪǳɰŮӾƵģȻ͵Ů˾ֻܿˡ
ҲŮôӱԾƲˡȻ֪ƲǹģǻЩʹ찡
ٰŮˣҪҪ֤һ£⻰ЩƵζˡȻֻҪ濴۾ͿԺ״ڲزɬ
ϾŮ˵ĻôҲò˼
ԣһ˫ڵЦתΪĿڱôһ˫Ưְʮ۾ŶҡġԭĻŻĶ
ʶ˺һϸѾȱǯסƽѾſҲ봹Ŀ
㡭ʲô֫ĲΪҪǿƶϣʱι򻹲ҡ
СѾͷ㻹ûȷʵ׼ֻɲҪ׵ĺһĽ˵Ϊ˿ɶǺڱܵĴŶǰ
186]еĺǻԼصŮʾİеǿƵԼصŮռУе˶ԼصŮʾ˿úֲܶͬòԴŮˣΪĲͬ
ǲ֪û˻ͬĵ۸ʵҲΪ˱һ⣿Ҳر˵㣬˭ڲͬء
һ˱ͲҲмڱŮǣűߣ˵Ǹ߰Ҳã˵Ҳá
ڿϳĨȾĺϼ֮ԽĺáΪŵΪ̫˧죬⡣
Цʵ̿Ƿεļɫ԰׵ɫ˺ͺܺˣٺƻ͸ҧһˡ
ڱЦˣЦĺҲĵĺܡһжȻ
Цнһ£ƺ׹ʲô
ɵŮôôɰأûǰڣЦ⻹ǺŨڱļ϶ͷ˱ͷһ¡ᣬзݳ
Ȼʲô˾ӣҲڻǿŮŶǹĶͷôᣬЩŮ˶Լŵġûмһ䡣
Ƥı֣΢΢ϵȦ㵹ͨҲܾʳǶΪֻ̣ǲôơ
ŮʱʵڲʺϺ˶죬ǲ֪ǲǱͲʺϺ˶죬ÿζ˵Ц֪ҲĳЦɡ
Ϊʲô죬˵̫ߵĲֻĺΧȵϢĸй硣˫ô̡
ɵŲʳ°һ£Ȼͷſ߻ݣҪٷݣǵòҪҡôһЦĻ
ǿǸӰԼȻ¶Ȳļ桭
㻹ҪյʲôʱأأǲһٷԣͲ֪үܲܽܶӣ
ԼӴŮʮ㵽װαĿ̲סҪΪһ֮ͬˡ϶Լ˵ǸԵˣԸɴȡߡ
Ů£˲һҪʵϻôѾ֮ˡһûҪŪɳ׾ļʱȽϴŮ˳֮ΪŮ˾ƵġȻõҲưɣֻǰƱΪ˶ζջ
ֻҪþͺãټƽϾͲ˲ô
ЦҪôջͺˣ֪ж࿪ġ
ҪԵҪԵģǸգǲΥȻɵġǸ˹ȻȻ˳ǰ·עš
ѽʰΣˡǰһʵΪ˲ʧղŵһҵˣŮ˲ô뷨ñЩ˼
ʵ˵ģҲôƽϲǣȻΪô㶼ֹõĽһֻ첲ڱϸļͷһͽľ
ǣûôʲôҴʹˣΪʲôôʹԲѵʾأ
ô룬ҪǻԶ͹ԹԵĲ׼ˡ



187]ȻΪ˶Ӧ޵ӣ۸ûӵĿһ󣬱ҲҪΪԼֻһ㹫
ǲ۸һܱ۸Ǻûӵ¡
ҿ۸ƣӦǰоһºΪŮƽȡҲȴƲŮˣ۸һϣԵĲƽȡ
һУһŮΪŮƽҲΪĲǣ
⣬ʰԡ֮ķſڡӦŲŽȥûȴûйţڵһš
ļѾ˸סԭǡεʼ磬ΪҺƷλеοô
ŵ߽ȥΪ˯սߣһ˿˯աôһԵԵˣֻ˯գĺܡ
Ծȥмûرκӣ°ЩЩĸоȴò
ߵһĨЦݣһֻҲĹǸͦıһ£ûбԼѣĴһ¡
ûΪ᲻á
һ򶼺ϲıӣӲ濴ÿȻǺ˵ԼмɵòҲúܺÿȴϲıӡ
Ĺһ£ȻΪ뵽ʲôЦᡣ볳ϢҲúӵôɡ
֪˵ɣһܲмƳȻ֮Աǡһˣ㲻˵ҲҪԸſԡԵˡ
Ϊһ˫Ư۾£Ȼεҡͷԭװ˯
ƭӡСֹȴ
ҿû˵˯ˣԼΪġһֻƵ֣ŵߣû׶ǿһڡ
ˣ˻ϲҧ˵ϰߡ
˵ɣղǲǴ͵Ϯңգգۣġһָй뷨Ҳǹˡ
ֻЦһֻȴֵĹӡ
Ҳ˰ɣЦ
ղ뵽һ顣ῪڡȻ̧üʾ˵ȥ֮ڣ֪Ҵӿʼ;ıӺÿô
˵⻰ȻһۣһÿطÿʲôӡҲ뵽˳ʼֻ˵ӺÿԿڲ̸ٵһܲˬˡ
ЦӿʼǹģҲôΨû
ƺΪЦݶЩһֽϣԡԡҺζŨ򵭵ϣͨͨͨݸ
ϲŮеζҪˮζ֪Ļ⻻Ļζϴˮϲһʢŵİײֲ̫̱ǡ
СҵĺҪԼŶˮգ̶ͬʢŵİײһµĿա
ı顭ںô
ǡڴ
188]ΪʲôܾĹңһڷſ֮˵ĻشǶȻһЦҲĹô
ֻǿ͸ɡƺҺر𣿡ӴҪʱ˵Ļ
˵رҲȷƵĸо
ҲɣϾ㱾ͺر𡣡ЦӨȻȻ֮һĨʺ䣬˲ȴôס
Ϊʲôвָоô
ҲǰȻЦ⣬֪ҪʲôģҪԼµķʽоֻǣô
һζҪһĥûȤһ޵ಽĸ桭ԭأ
ļΪ˼ĲǷֵ׷Ӧ취ջŶԲôΪʲôȴ˵У
УûоĻȷĸо
Ϊʲôཻ˶̵ӵôã뵽ʲôʶϰߣһʳڣ֤һҪ֪һ׼ȷʵĻش
ǲĵĻشֵġ
⻰ҲûͣаɳĶŮӣǷϵ⣿ǽֻ޶⣿
ɳòžٵǰƺҪƷҪҪԳԿ
ΪܷңһĪĿ
һЦԵĶôÿ㲻ԶжǷĺθڡ
˵ȥ
ʱĳʵǸÿ˲ͬовͬģҶԣҶ㻹á
ǰԲˡָԶ׼ʵҲ˵⻰Ǳʶ;˵ԭ
Ӳߵ̫ϰߣҲĲˡͺҲű˵ĸй٣ǲԸֻûҪ
ҲǣҶԺˡЦЦûΪָضġ
ķӦΪ˵ΪûκȻҲ߳ŭŮʱͦģˡ
֪ΪôҪջңΪԸôãԸ˵Ҳǿ㡣ǿͬĸʹȻ⻰˵Ȼ
֪ģ롣ΪĮ⣬ЦĽմսѲµʱĴһ¡
Ǳһʱȡó鲻
ռұˣָصоݡ
ԣռˡҾֻһΡһ㣬ĿҵĶʱҧһڡ
ڼǸ׷εˣϧвǵʱ򡭡
רĿ壬ʵиܡӵԴ£ڶȼ˼ͣϢΪͣµӰǿĵЦԶӵ㣬
189]Ҳôǵġ
лڲȥ˼Ļվ˵ǾԼӦþ⣬ҲҪһĵڣֻʲô͸ʲô
ܹӵֳԽһеǣҲԸİɣǰ֮ǰԼݼʹٲ
ҪĲô룬Ӧô롣
ΪʲôʱΪĶȰοһ仰
ʵΪڵܶ飬飬һԶ֪жأжءǸ˾жء
֪ǸжҪʱʵϣصõӦôԭô
Ϊʲôԭûзֵء
ҲһзҶҲ˵̾Ƿˡֻһ˫ˮ
ÿÿĹʱ顣ϲģֻ֪֪Ҫᶼٸˡ
º͵ƤѺõı󶼲ڵģĵǶһ޶ġѾһˣô
ӲܳϵʵǰǣǣҲһǵġ
еĹӸׯüʾһټİаӣȱٵ˵ѹȡ
ÿ˶ȻϵģϵĲ˶ôǰӵ߶ôĲЦϣһֶصĴڸС
еֻҪվžʹһεϣԸԿиоѹе˾˻ߵĺҲ˺£Ϊû
Ծ㿴б޻ׯɣǿͬʱûвη塣Ҳ̫£Ѳںׯֵõʲô
ߵûмޣһռ򵽵ġҲ׾ͿԱľ֣˱Ͼˣ֪
ԼȻûãɴܣҪԼ¡
û˰ɣׯƺƲºȸľǻŮӡ
ǰŮѣֻصǰʱ⡣˳ŮӣܼӱĴڡ˭
ʵӺܾǰѾ֪ΪԼŮѺĳһεĲǶ𾿾Ϊʲôˣ֪ĲǸоƭˡ
ǰĺϲҲΪϲоŸе˵һһصĴ塣ϲ˭ٳٶҲûио
ûͱƣֻΪҶѿ
ȻǸʱǶǴдиоװʲôҲûУڵľ棬᲻һ֣
ĽһߣԶһս
ҡסԼҪׯɵӣĵҪ˵Բ𣬿ںĻӲǲ֪οڡ
ģҲµġİο׹˼ӲǸ໵Ůˣʵ֤Ҳȷˣ
Сĵ㡣Թֻ˵
190]һ·Сĵĸ񰲺ͱǧĲԼټ֡ʵȷĸ˲֪Ϊһ·ʱǿߵȫƽֱ̹·ϣȴķһ㻹·
ô£Ǹղ񰲺ͱĶԻȴúСĻǷݺ֮Ҳ
ضǲµ顭
Ϊ˰޿ص£ǸлǹΥԸȴɾ˶ĹףǸˣ
ǧ֪ԼԼҲǻìܵģֻǲ֪Сôģ
ɫκζߣղŵȴʵǧľ֪ˡ֪Ӧ׶ε飬ǲ֪СзӦʱôչˡԸһжкõĽ취
ǧһе˼Ƕ˵һתʱǳ˵һˣһҪеһ
ԵģԵѡ
ᣬǧֻҪҵһӦҵ죬һ˶šȿǧԲѡ
۱񰲣˭һ
ֻܣһսǶ㿪ܶ㿪Ҫҵһˣûѡ㿪Ψս
սƲֻڱҲ˵˵ǧ˭ģ
񰲺ͱɫЩ΢ĽţûпܾӶڲֻǲǶ̫ˡοڵǧɫᡣ
ˣ˵˾䣺Ҳǡ
ҩζŨɢʹ֪ʱԼñһţ񰲻ǲԾغһ
ǧ񻹺ãǿűҪΪʲôôĻأ
֪ǧԸ߰ˣһв˶ᱻǴֻһֶΣټ˭ϵķŭ
ΪǧΪԼĳߣκ˶ĵڵǺ֣Ӧԭġ
Ҳ㣬ȻûϸϸһЩĵطʱѾؿˡ˵ģҲǡ
˿ûеõѵǧ񺮱һֱһˣֻžͻֵ
ҪĻ˭Ҳ㡣ָͽǴ󡣡
°ܽûٿڶ۵ǧһص㡣ֻ߷ֵÿϡ
ҳϡ벻Ȼͷʾͬȫûһ˿ͻ׵˼
ϣǧЩ⣬ѵŮ˺ˣҲֻ̫Ϸˡҵˡ
ָʵֻǳʵһ𡣡΢ЦʱĲ˳ơ
üֻһ̧һ·ͺϡûкӡΪΧƬա
ûôϧǲǾúźЦ
ۣ񰲶˸οŮϸۼ
źֲҺźҧ´΢ĳѪۣһ˫Ư۾ֱֱĶǧûκȴ
ɱ̫ˣҲ֪㲻ɱҵġ



191]ûȤѴࡣ
˵ǧһ£ӲһֳʵҲû
ֻ˵ôһ俴ƾĻ
Ҳ취ģҼɡǧᣬºȻ̫ϰº֮еķâѱѰ
ıܶ࣬òϡ
Ϊ˭ңǧмҲŭ첻ͬŮˣŮ˵ָֻš
ܶģΪеĳɼ׿ֱ׵һ档
λҧĽˣߡ
Ҵû˭˺˼ʹƽҲûڷʩ
ûŮ˿ڷ֮󻹻ţǧ档Ǳȷ˵ȷʵɱһ㣬ܻſڿӣ
һЦʵҺϲƵˡڿģ̌üʱתͷķ񰲣һỹҪʱ鷳ˡ
Ŷ˵ĶԻҲԱ΢Цֻб֪ˣҪжô㡣
ʵҲôԵŵԭ
Ҳû˵һϰ߱ӣǧԼŮ˵һǿԿ϶ģ޷ǻʺϵʱرŭʹҲûжĻ
ҾáҼġ
Ů˲ʶʱšԭǼ棬ҲȫһŮԴĻŮ˲ô޿ֵġ
ƾʲôΪ˵ң
ĺ㡣һŮΣûбҪӦʱϣ
ټׯɵʱ򣬻ˡʹԭεģһ̣Ҳû˿
һԿĵطĿķչ
һׯɣûпκεһô֤ٵʲô
ʵҪĵҲУׯаʲôɫѾףǡأԲıˣԡ
ĿţȻڴׯɿʼжԻˡ
ǶԻЩ΢üȻš
ҾһǸŮˣȻáǸŮǧȻܿϧֻҪܿӣҲֵõġ
ׯɻ˭ŵ˶û׷ʡԹǰһûиı䡣
ʲôͬļƭûôס侲˵˵ʵСƭ죬ׯɿûôõݼ
ƭʲôЦһЦˣׯɲм̧ǣڵʵҪƭģ
ʺƣһʱЩͬ⻰Ĵԡ
в⡣˵һ뷨Ҫ֤Ҫȼʲôǵ㣬Ȱ㲻Ҫˡ
һǰæߡ
㡭۾Ȼ̧ӦѸһʱׯѾվǰô
ˣҲĺáһ˼
192]Сĵ㣡ׯҪԴ죡
˼Ҳͬһʱ俴ׯɵ⣬ѲǾûвΪ˲ӿֵĹġ
ҲûõġƷϬĲʳ֪СʱׯЦõ⡣
ӦöʰģǧҲŹ㲻þ̫ί
ǧ𣿡һҪվǹׯ仰Ϊһ֪̽ڣҲ֪ǧȷҪץ
һˣ˵ûأڨЦׯƳ͹ı顣̫˼ˣһԻϧ
ж֪𣿡ϵĵο
Сôģ̫ġ
ô𣿡仰ׯɺ͹һͬʳģʻĸоŲͬ档
ΪʲôأһģҾôŵġ
⻰Ϊ˵Ϊˡи˵֣ûֱ˵ׯɵһ֪
ǡ⻰ΪС˵ġ
ǧĺ񰲶ǧһֱиͬĸоǾһΪŮ˵ˣǵǧת߲ںǸʱĸоƫ
ҲΪ˱ҲǲŸϵǣȴѾһˡ
֪֪ԼҲأǧɻ֪ġ
ǧĲɫȴǧľⲻ硣ǧ֪˸ǣ̬δ̫ƽˣ˵֪̬̫ƽˡ
ӿʱ˵ڲͽ֯ǰΪһ˶˽
ôô޽ٵĴһȥǸأ
ɻǧĵעҲǧתϡ񰲽ε̬ԷѵΪСĻ
ٿǧϿҳƵ̬Ȳ֣ϾǧĵӡŮӡ񰲵̬ȡ
ǧľԼЩԻΪ˱ҲҪһ˵
ȥ𣿡Ǿ·̸Щʵʣǧ䲻Ŀʡ뷨Ļش⣬Ըıڵ⡣
һ򶼲Ǳܹҵˣ⻰Һ̫ǡЦ˵Ǹ֪ԼЩ΢ƳɷǰŵЩãֲһ䡣
ҵ˼ֻǡҲ̫ҵĴڸˡ
ǻǹάȻܲ𣿡ȤǣǧʡӡŮǺΪ
ӴĹͱࡣ
ĵĹά֮ͼľ͸ˡҲҲôϲء촽Ļ仰ĸо
񰲺ǧָоЩ΢̧üֻͬĶĲһͬ顣
ôҵΪʲô˵Ĳʵأ
193]ܹ͸ĵһ֣һǶһǲνĲԿÿһ뷨ֻܽԷ˵ĻǷ滰ߣһжϵ
ǧӵֲ
Լʱֱ˵ǷʵͬʱŮ˵ͼûĿľıǲ̫Լģ̫űȻڷ
ֱӴȡʵ˼ֻܴӶԷ˵ڵжϣǧΪ㣬ҪĶ
ֻ뵽˵³֮Զ棬ȴǰǰŮ˵ġ
˵ѵŮˡ
˵ҡ˵Ĳʵǧ˵ȻŲͬĽͣЦţΪʲôô϶
ȻЦ⣬ﲢ̬ôƽ
Ҳƭ𣿡ᣬͣµĽŲʹǧԽԸߴ
ҲûҪƭ㡣
Ů˵ѵġȻĲŮ˵ڶû˵һʵ
ԣһȻǳǳһЦ㱻Ůƭô
һ˫䣵仰֮Լַ·˵ѹǱ׼һᱻŵ׼Ǽӿˡ
ͰʵҪԶûԼôǿɡ
Ǿ仰ͬзӦһ˾ǧġҲû뵽ôһ仰Ҳʲô
Ů˵ĵڶ£ԭˣƤ𣿡סŭԷ̻ӦǧѾ̫ѵá
ƱҲǸȱ㡣
񰲾ڱΪһٵҪսǧԣȻֻһµĽӴȴѾ˽Ů˲һʲôˣçײӦò
ôһ⡣Ȼʲôֵá
ԴƱ磿ƺͬĻǧ߼ҡסŮ˵ƢһϲǨͣοһٵļŭ
ֻҪܹ˼˵ִʲһαôƽϣ
һ˫ԽҪҷŭȷʵˡҷŭĺȷܳ𣿡
߾ôʹı»ƽӵ֮١Ȼúһˣܿô̩Ȼ˫۾
ھ;Щ䣬ֱ۵ĸй٣̬ϡüŭˣȻ֪⣬֡
ܷҪ㣬ҡ˵ǾԲԸҵġ
ǺãҾ㿴һ᲻Ķɡ֮ϵģǧǰԵǣѧѧ
ȵȣ㲻Զ֣һпʼ֮ǰһŮӵԾȻ룬ȻһӰش֡
ֻǧġ
ٲֱǧǧĻʱͦվм䣬ֻһ˵ķ
ǡþòˡ
194]ֻֻ˲˵óģ˵ҪľԼǷֻǿ˲ʸ̸롣
ϣһֻֻӺ棬ׯɵô̱һһսûʲôȴв
⿴ڹʮ֣ĳӰطҲѿԭ֣ƺʲô㡭
Ĵ㣬ƾ˵Ľ飬˵пܵһǡ
С㿴ǡ
񰲵ͻȻĴ֮һ˱һŮ˵Ӱ֡ʱ䣬ͺ񾭹ܵļ㡣
û°ɣһŮ˵ĺˮܳĲôĴѼۡ
ʱһָоָо˵ѾԼչʲôˡ
ׯɣ̫һݵĽȥͲׯɵӰӣ񰲵Ӻֵô˳
ôҵӰҵжˣϣ񳰷񰲵Ϊһ㣬ׯƶһֻţڿԷȵŲһֻš
˵ĺܶΪĿĵģȻҲǳڱܵġʲôԭأΪһŮ˳Լǵķ̣ͬʱһƾɨ
˵һҲǷףΪׯɵ֫岢ûп񰲣ֻһ󿴲״ķСƷ磬
ׯɺʱҲ˶
һ֮£񰲶һ㡣вϵӣٲһ˵Һи̧һ¡
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ٱӵҲˡһֻĸ˵Ůݡ
ʤǲֶΣԶʤһׯ˵ĺɡκνĸ߼޷ʤȫǷϻ
˵Ķԣ޷ȻǸͣڵȴȷиǿˡʤ㣬ĻǲǷϻ
ʤֻң
ñ˵ʤ㣬֮𣿡һ٣ǶɫһȻ
֮󾡹һںòղһŵĲʻй©顣
˶ܽԼαװôõġЦŮӻĲ䡣
ׯɳĬ˰ΣٿʱҲЦ⡣֪ͨôԴҵ𣿡ºͺܿʣͺһѡ
ɱ𣿺ܱǸƶ̬ȣݵи˲Ӧģ㣬ȻĶ֡
ָֻ㣬ҾЦ涼˷ˡԿ˵̬˵󲿷ٵõʱϰ߰Լĸһȡ
񰲲Ļټң㿴شһ˵ɵĴׯ

һһ

195]ǸӴݵվʱйȵġ
ׯʶĺһľٶͿԿʲôĴڡ
¶һȻ΢Цÿһˡ
ôôƶľһûвֻȻȻԵŮӡŮܳʡ
Ӣ۾ĺûᣬϧЦĶš
㵹˽ҡЦƵĵ٩֮ѺϰߡллˣҲҪ
һͿׯɣٶѹȣׯɱʴӣŵ˶ЩԾʲôʱˣ
ȻһֱڣҲǱϵģԸտ
ӿʼͲӦô˵⡭˵ׯɶҲѹסˡ
ͬǶûôģ
ӿʼҲôԼġǱׯɵȥģȴϮˡŮʱӺˮ޳һ¡
֧ڵûԼȫſ£˴˾ȵĻ׿ʱ񰲻ǸŮӾȻһˡ
ͬЦ̣ᡣ
жߣ߿Լı졣СôصҲ⡣ٵķ̣â
ǡ᣿ׯڼŮӺ¶ȵı顣ԭֲΣΪǸֻԼŮˡ
ׯɣˡһº΢ЦģҰɡ
־һ˲䣬Ǹڵϵӱϵһ˷һ²ŵóҲǾġ
ԭʯס˲䱬һֽſҲΪѡ
վӰڳ˸е𾪡
㡭ɨ۵ׯûнĻ˵ֻǸׯһɫʾԸһˡ
ûڵ£ǿһвׯᣬһʱŲ졣
úյĿҲҪԸһ⡣
ׯͼһüҪסһŮӰ˹
ҪҪԸҡƽ͵һյᣬҲĿܸоļ͡
Ůܱ˴ΪԵĲ죬ΪԼģȴԱ˸ִ
ǾͶԲˡᵫûԥ³仰ϲ̬֮ǡǡ෴ıЦ
ʱ¶Цݣһı顣Ϊ֣ŷ𡣶Ҳߴ˹ȥ
Ҫֹׯɵ־ͱԼȥһһ˶Ѹġ
ܶûһľԣֻһΣǷˣĿĶܴﵽ
196]ԤûдôڵȥĲǧԤûдôǸԱ߽һо۵׵˲ǧ
ҲóǸׯһˣȻǸŮӡ
ָԼϣӵɵڵϱΪһ˱ԭһʱûб졣
ǧҲվǧѾ񰲱Լı񰲺͹ԭط
Լִ򵽵ǲ֪ıׯʶľͿķ򣬺һʧĲͣ˵ԼͻȻġ
֮£ʧԼ˿һ˲ĺ󱳿ĵͽǽϻʹ𾪵ǱǾС
֪ǣΪλҪǧһ£
ڱűı䣺۵񣬹עĵطֻһǾﱧŵŮӡ
û˿Կ֪˶֪Ƿ˼ȥһһ졭
𿿹ʯǿӲϵʶҪΧļˣԭδΪŷƶ
ʯĴôվԭصĽŲȻеӭһ硣δѵǶǸ
ߣ˭ǲʯ𣿡ЦЦ˵Ů˵Σ˲²͸
ʯ㻹˵ĳ仰𣿡
벻ʯأлתӡֻýߵһ˿Լĳ࣬һʽʵ档
һģһ
Ŷǰ˱ɺԼͬһֹĵһ뷨ׯɣȻҲǺׯһӵбˡ
ͬһʱ䣬Լı뷨߼ʹԱһˣȴ޷һǸ˵ľٶ
ӦʱȽСǰԼվӡ
ǵһ龰ôƽˡҲʵĶԹԵ߸Ĺһ¿һźƯСʯͷվӵı󲻼ˣ滻ģһİ
һĿʾ˵ĵˣ˾£ʡµĿǰǸ˲ͣıΪڱô
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ֻǺܶ鶼ģĺĻһİ˱ʾģĻΪ޷Ӷ˽
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һ裬ǸʯԼ˽ԹȥȻçײҲƶ˱
˶ǰǳȻ˵׼뾲䣬ԱʹƶɷԼʱǽߡ
Ҳȥˡ
197]ͬײһǺʱֳʤġһһģµȴһˡ
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ֻˣ˼ȻֻһˡⱾǸƲ⣬ڹĲǻ
ͻศʵİ߽ϻǿĹ˷ֱӵϷǷֵ֮޵ֵĺûᡣ
ȻֻһϷԣ÷籣ԼȴȻϷЩء
ҪҿЦڷȦȻȿҪۼһŮӱΧһǣûôݵġ
ŻǸڿĽûˣ˴ˡǲظϾɱοƶҪŮ˵ơ
˭㿪ЦˣЦϣдҲĴͷǸܵǰ
ٻͷȴ䲻һȭϣһ󵹣ݷӦ÷סԼǻлᣬǸԾƽ
һһͽֵĹͳĻ湥ָˣΪԼǸΧ˵Ůӡ
峤ֻ࣬ɪڻ
죬ڴ˭Ϊֳʹûױһǰ˾ͬ飬ֻס
֪һԼ뷨ԼϣûпֵƣСѯ
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ҪԼҪȴôһʻ
ʲôû⻰˼
ԼҪԲˡŶһһƽ֮صĴ׼ĵϡ
䵽Ϻ󾡹вţȴľֻǸЦټǸԼƽʶҪֿȴƫƫֳȥֿľٶ
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ԵԷڴ֮һĵ¶ʱҪǷ㿪ȻҲһ
˦ͷȥǿԼɱͬʱԼϵȴһ̶ˮˮڵǵӺӵľ룬Ҳڵһʱ÷Լ뿪Σա
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лˡġ
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ͬʱǸӵҲҵµĹĿꡣ汿
198]ʱٻصʵ˼Ҳӵһʱû˵Ǹűӡ
첻˵ʱ򣬱ʱĲ
Ϊׯ˵ŭôעӵĶׯɣΪ˱ƶûڣôƽеȻΪǧԼô;ڡ
ʵϣڵͺһìܵ㣬һǺſˡ
ԵĶ˶Ƕű
ڻеƿǧׯһ¹ǲϧ
˵ٸ飬ҾԲԭ㡭дŸ߰Ϣڼ̵ĲҲܹһּʹҲ͸¶ļìܣҲȻִ⡣
Ϊʲôô
һ˷ŭѣ˺ġйΪûйȴվ
һ²ǧ𾪣ͬڳҲ𾪡
ȵȣ١ԭ˵ҪѱĻǧȴû˵ΪסһֻʾҪ˵
ʱ˵Ƕˡ
Բ𡭡
ɤõƣŮûѪɫĴһ̶ȡһŮˣֻׯһ̫ء
Բܽκô˵ٲҪôΪʲôΪķŭƽϢ
ۣ֪Ҳ֪
Բ𡣡ҪȥǸӵûж㿪ȴһĸоʹࡣ
ʱԼٺһ㣬һ˿ܻҸ
ѵ㲻֪ܵ˺һ᲻õô
ǣοεˮһһεĻ¼棬˵仰ҾʲôԲںˡ
ɱеƳϣǣߵÿһˡ˫۾ȻȴʧһֱһֱĶֻעһˡ
ôΣôûԥ
һûԭأȽ飬лǻȥ˵ЩֱĽŮƸһվߵˡ
ı飬ƺѾ¶ĳ־ġ
֮ǰȷлҪȺһ˵ÿһУתǧķ򣬲ᣬ
ǲķʽ̽һ᲻ҿԸ㣬ҲΪģ㾹Ȼ֪Ǹʲôˡ
ദô꣬ӦѾ˽ˡ
ҼȻôˣѾҪˡ
ǧĻش𣬴һû㯵Ĺǧĺͱû˵ѣ˵ѵߵôȻˣľͲҲᡣ
㯵ʱ򣬶ôǿ˶пôѡʱʱ򣬽⿪㯣Ψһİ취
˵ǻûء

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199]ŲɵֻһΪֻһÿ˼縺δӿʼע˲̶ͬȵĳأԼ㯣˭
ʲôʱ򣬶ӦûԼΪĵļ֡
ڼǰ˵һμ棬ֻڵһμ棬עһֽĿʼֿʼ˵ǶǴڴҪһʱ䳤֤
ֻҪ˶ûΪʶڣڣֵá
ǧһμʱ˾ѾˡߵеʹڣеҪ켤ġ
ֻڼкĴڣܹͬ࣬㲻ΪҲиС
һμ棬ûΪǧİʵӦ˵ǧûȫİ죬ʹ룬վûô
ܶ˵Ϊʲôֻ˲֪
һӴ֮ǧֵһҪҲǵһμֱ˲˾롣
ܶĲҲأֻһ˲϶϶һָ顣
ǧ졢˾Ϳʼһ΢Ļ΢˺ܳʱ䣬ֱͽ֯ĳ
һ֯һ˵ףѵҪ߼Ѿһ׵£Ҫ˵
ϵĺܶ¾ֻҪģм֣ǻġ
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ֱǧִһŮˣǧġǧû˵ԼǧʲôϵǧҲû˵ֻǧ⽫ǧĽʱĲ²ǵĹϵ
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Ǽ˵Ĳ߻һ֯׳£ֻǸСˡԭƱʵĲ룬һ˳Ľ
Ϸ齥ͺսһ㣬һԽԽʵԽԽĿԡ
ҲΪ֯Ҫһ쵼߶ΪûȤԸǧֱʤΣ֯Ҳںɿʼг֮ԿĴڡ
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ǧĺ֯ġǰ˱˴˭ʶʵ졢ȴн
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ܶ鶼ʹִִҲкܶ鼴ʹϲһȥ˵Ҳ˵
ʲôʲôֻϲ
200]ᡢƶŮˡ
໥ʶѣȻƶ˵ĹϵǺʶн飬ۼͶԵ֣һżȻ
֯ʼȻĳߣȴһĻ顣Ҫ˵Ǳ˴ҵԷġ
ѣǺþòʱ˭ûп˵ʶһ¡һûбҪûʡ
ʣһǸܣΪǵѹϵҲһҪĹʵ
飬ҪڡͺƶڵĶڱ׷󣬺ͱĸл
׷ΪƶĸʹȻилΪҲ߹ֻԸദˡ
߶һͬ㣬ǾǼʹҲܶԷԺѣҪͰݵġ
Ķû᲻֪Ϊ֪ûܹĵˣϾߵÿ˵Ķһ
ѣںʱһЦŶ˵Ҿһֺ˲Ǳ˶óܵʱˡ
ƶҲѡ֪ͱиȫͬĵطǾǷƶĲںģΪֶ
顣һǲںʲôˣһںǻҪˡ˵飬һֻӺأ
һ죬۸˶֪ġ
ʶʱȷһֲȡĴڣڱһ˶޷󼰡
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ʶÿ˶硣ÿ˰鶼ĺȻ˵ôһ仰
ܶ˶ҪӵʱһìܡҪӵǸ˵ģֻẦ¡
Ҫ˽⣬˽֮˻Լеô
˾ĻŵĲˣǼʹˣһûа취Լϲ
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䣬һԼ˵Դĸ顣
ἴʹģҲ֪Ǿ仰Ǳ̨ʣǣΪ̫ϲˡ
Ĳкܶɣǲ֮еĳ͸ȴġ˵ʹҲû塣
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201]ѡ򵥵·Ӳͽ˵Ļ侭һ䣬Ǹֻˡ
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Ǵһʼ֪ͽ˵ĶԹǧʱеֻĬĬϵˡ
ϵûпǰһĻɯź¡˼ֻǸǧǰߡǧ֪ܶ飬ֻ֪
ڼƶȥߣʲô֪ڡôʵڿеǸоǰҲһˡ
ӵʯ֪Ϊʲôûиݵ뷨
Ļˣ˵Ǿ仰˾ֻкȥļˡ
񰲵ȱ˵ͱȥж㣬Ϊʲô
ףǲͼأǸˡ
ȵ˵ҲóȥŸһȥģûвţ֪ںš
ֻׯûϸģŴһϾǰǸˡ죬ҲԸɡ
վڵ˶߳ȥҲׯɣԼȥ˻ԭ
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ʵ˵飬ǲǸøһ
˶ʱ˻ư˵ЩʲôǱȻҲΪղôƣѽʾ
˶ͬʱоһ㣬һǰһ󿪿ڵһʵݵǶͬС졣
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ͨʱһῪڵĹû˵ԭʵģǿĬŵĲʱȻ֪ôڡ
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ٿҲԼӦҲǻ֪ɡΪעûиأ
Ǻһˣǲ˵ǲأ
ߣСעƺҲûΪ˵ʻйʲô
202]˭˵ԣһһ˵
ΪһʻձøӰݵ֮󣬷ƶڡʹѧ˲٣ԼĹ۲Ҳ֪˲٣ڣǶŮӵ
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ÿҪϷһ£Ҫȷʵֻ֤Ҫûõ֤ԶϡһŮǺеļ
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ʹֻһΣƶǿǾǱ̨ʣϲϲǸǱϲ͡
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ǿΪһеΨһܸԸѡһΨһ̫ĴڣҲǿ󡣡
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οļƻȻʵУͻȻܴﵽԤġҲҪ⣬ã
˼ܵŮˣԼҪ嶯ĶôйǣҲҪʲôѡʵġ
ԣ֪ԼܷḻӵʱӦñֵԡ
ӿʼƻ𣿡Ȼ¼ĲߣϾǱˣڲʵôǡ
ʵӦҲǱߣȻĻҲôìܡ
ӱϾֻ˵һ仰ڣ񲻹ΧĶ̬һôĵ⣬һҲ
ҲӦ˵ûעһ㡣񰲾Ǿ֣ҲһЩġûܽһŮ˱Լڻ˼ڱĵط

ܻһЩ֪ĲĽܵģҪҪȥ룬ΨһԼƵġ
ûһʼҼƻġĽƱȫûг֣ˬسϷ˲֪ôӺι
ƻʲôô𣿡ȻĮǲӶ񣬼ʹԱĻ޷һ˿ֻΪһز
ҲϣҲֻŲš
һԸζҪɡҾƻôˬ죬ȻûпһˣȴǸеĸо仰˵Լġ
ԣһֱûзӦȻûнӲȴ˵һ仰ƻѾɹˡ

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203]һƶƻǿĿʲôƻƶĺòãǿĿĵȶ١ƻִеǷɹǿĿܷɡ
һƻִʧˣĿȴˡôƻʧ˻ǳɹˣ
ǳɹˣôǷ֤ƻ˳ִУŴﲻĿģôƻǷͲһƵļƻ
ǲƶһֻʧܵļƻģҪһ˫ĳȥǧûгɹΪȴ˵ĿĴﵽˣ
ʵ֪һ߻ģȴǺǧн֪չǰԤġ˵Ϊ˽ֽŲŻĽһж˳
ôļƻʲôԸʲô
û˵Ҳ˵ǧĴǧ֪вһнôֻˡ
ҺᲢû˼ֻ˿ǧġ
ƽ飬˵֮Ҳ˵仰
˵ʲôǧǴӷƶʼġƶѡΪƶѾĵλ
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һ򵥵Ĺ£ΪĸӵĽ⣬ֱ۵ｫһ˵˳֪֪ˡ
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Ҳ봳벻ҵ磬Ҹòƽ
һʼ˾һֿѼڡڶǧһӲˣ첻Ըǧȴʵ
ŮˣһǱȻģһżȻġżȻ䲻Ȼйȴͬϣ
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Ͳܻرˣ̸ƽû壬ǻḶˣֺҪһҪ˭
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ƻܼ򵥣벻ǧһط춼ҪһǾԶˡҴӿʼӴǣһһöÿ˵Ȼķʽƻ
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ллĿ佱ЦЦͻȻ߶ľٶôҿ
204]ԭߵߣʱѾһҲ˹֪Ϊʲôﲢ῿
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һΪ˴Ҫ
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Ϊҵѡ
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ǡҲȻȥɡΨһ˵һĻɯһ
205]֮ԵøӰտ㣬ÿ˶Ƕ໰ˡ
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Ψһ˵ԲˣղҾ˵ˡΪ˹ƽλؾҶԹԡ
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˵ˡ˵仰񰲵֣û˹ΪĶԻľҲǹϵˡ
Ҳû˵ģˡһЦ̩Ȼµᡣ
206]˶ǱȻģõ׷ʱʱŮУǨǵĳ֣Ů˶İ˵Ŀݡ
ڻؾưɵ·ϣûԼͬе˲ߣߵ·ͬġǰ֮Ĳ಻Զ
Ա˵仰û˶ĺ󣬿Ǻ
Ůˣᡢ仰̬˲ͬ۵㣬ΨһΪ仰˼
ûж仰ʾԼκο̬ûС
˺αǨֻųŮ˲Ųòԣڼž˰κĻ
ǨоǿԼҿУҲκлᡣŮ˵ĽĻ
һ鲻ר˲ֵŮȥᣬֻ˵
ǵĻһֱڵͷӣÿ˵Ļȥˡ˵Ķﻰ˭˵Ĳʵأĩˡʡ
˵Ļʵ𣿡ж˿ݹģҲ֪˶ʵŮ˵ǨͲԶġ
֪ҾͲˡ벻Ļش𣬻ôįЦݣǳǳģ¶Ļ꣬˵ֻԼ顣
ǸĴ𣿡ֵ֪ʱȴΪһ˵Ǹ֡ҲԼЩСĽͶʼ˾вʡ
ԩġ
ҴӲ飬ΪֻҪҲȥἰͻһġˮһ㣬
Ů˵ı̫𣿡ʳ⻰񰲲뵽Լһˣ˾Ĳ
Ҳ֪ǲŮ˵ıٲҵıķϳȴ֮УиĻһ⡣
㻹Լ𣿡⣬ҲһֻôֱӵʳˣϾá
ܹԼĳһĪˣֻил
ǡ
ҵıġһ˲ɵ񣬴ף̾һ
İǲǾһ˺ˣ
Ҫİ鷳һҳΪ鷳ǿܲܵ顭
ǵ仰仰ûİ汾Ϊ˵ǰ䣬Ǻֹֻ
ǵú
ҲΪǰ仰һҪƶһƻʧȥһаĴڣʣǸ˵ضǷҡֱϵġ
ֻʧȥ֮Ż֪ɹͬĸԴͬĴƶˣȷԼĿĿͨƻõ
ΨһõҪҲضԶġ
ֻǣӱǧǸ˲䣬仰֮źȻһ¡
ԭһʼͿ𡭡



207]ÿ˶ÿ˲ͬ뷨ںܶǣڸȻҲ⡣û˭Ķ˭ģҲһ
ֻһָڵģġ
߶һ㣬ʹǸסȴơ
޷ƣֻͬȡ
жʲôʱ򶼴ڡ
ݡư棬Ÿµˡ
еҪ˽ʵ飬еֻǱԹߵ̬еĵŸû˻еò²̬ߵˡ
ǧĲûжκεĽͣǰ˵ģھưҿԺȺ죬˭˵ʲôԡͬ˭ǿȱ˵ʲô
Ȼ˵ƶͺʣ˳´ҲʲôûʡʣɯŵͲڡ
ʱ¡˼̫֣ΪôһǿһټܣȻֵĮģɯŲ⡣ȻڵҲǲģǧĿѲôҪʲô
ô𣿡ɯӣ¡˼ͬʱһˮݸɯž
ʲôʱǵļƻҪҪˣڡӹƱСغ¡˼ɯű˵ڡ
ѾʧȥǧĺͷƶӦܶԸһ£һֵġƷǿٶԸ
õĻᡣ
ϴ󶼲ˣ㻹ҪԸ𣿡һֱɯǸԸ嶯ĺӣ¡˼˿̸ǴЦ⿴
ǧܺͬھǵͷ᲻񰲣Ȼֵ뷨
㲻ϲǸΪʲôô˵Ů˵̬ܶʱ˾֣ȻŮ˺Ů˲̬ͬҲ˾֡
ֲϲңϲʲôáҵĸɴ۲Ĳ˵仰ɯţ¡˼оһֿķǡ
ܸо˵ĲﻰĻ˵СԵ֤˵ĳ̶Ϻȷܺʡ
񰲵ͷ¡˼תķεȻ޹أȴ˹֪ôġ
ͷǧİһ̹ӷŵǰϣɯŵ²˵㲻᲻ӦɣѣԸ֧
ٺЦЦӦҶνġֻиĵط
ʲô
񰲵ͷǲǸģ
Ȼġ
ʲô𣿡
ͷĻǻͷĻ
¡˼˼ӡ
ʲôѻ˵һɡɯŲ졣
ģ񰲵ͷҪȫ˳ôӦġھҪҪأ˵һ˵˳ſɯŵı顣
ȻɯһΪʲôҪǹ˳򣿡ʳ⻰õشѾ˴𰸡ǲΪǸŮˣ
Ҳء¡˼ͷ
208]˿ķǣ֪ʷЦеᣬֻ˵ĶԴ޹Ƿǡ
һ˻صưɵʱ򣬾ưɵշŲĹ졣
񰲺͹ͬнǺԹԵĿŹǧһʰưɵĮ̇¡˼һžƣǰϷɯź衣
ڳܣִĽ㣬һʱû취Ȼ
񰲾ߵ¡˼ڵĽ䣬ʲô֮ǰѾȱеһˡ
ҵ˻ˣʲô£һԼģʹŽɯŵעȥ
񰲣ҪٲǸɯŴɡ
Ҳһֻйͱɯʹܿǰ
ŶûˣֱǸŮأɯŸԼҪȽһ㡣ô˵ϲ˶죬ܶ񰲱ֵƵġ
Ǹղ̸ʲô񰲷һץסصʡ鸴ӣô·
Ҳûʲô֪Ϊʲô鲻ɯŷЩˡղΪԼǸھư˭£ȴú֪˲ˡ
ûʲôͱˣһǾˡû׷ʵĴ㣬ɯŵľٶҲ֪òʲôӰĴ£ƿ¡˼
ɯȵĲ֪һһǾˣȻһ˿ȸԾŲġ
Сһ£Ǹ˭߰
Һ£ҪǲԸҲͷҲûص˵ȻͿɯ˵Ҹһá
һ˴˿̶˸ط£Ҳ˵˵ӡ
ĲҲԶǧĺܿĸϣҡҡûнӣ֮˹
Ҫǧתʱ򣬹Ŀˡᣬȴܼ
˵¡ǧֻ˵
ҰѼòߡһ㶼𣿡
Ϊðôһ仰ǧҡҡͷû¼֣֮ҵĲ¡
أ
仰˵ˡ
˵ˣ
ߵһǧĲװµƣҲûЧ
ߵ벻ҪԼҲԳЦ⣬Ҳ㳰ŪЦ⡣
˵ʲô
ڰ֣ţʲô˼ûСֻ֪Ȼȥһ¹ôҲûʲôԹġУһҪ롣
ǳ룿仰ǧǿŹʵġܾù˵ʱ۾Ҳ͸¶ʲôѶϢҪѶϢ
ϸϸѵʵ
Ǿǵˡǧ̽࣬ɳϡ
㣬ۿİñŮߡǧ뿪ǰֲôһ䡣
ͣ½Ųǧû̧ţҲ㡣
209]˼˽ʱȥ¡˼ɯֲ̽̾񰲿ڷΧתʱﵽ˰̨
ھưǰ˻ʣѾȥ˸ϢҲǵȥĹˣǴ˵˼֮ҪȥңƶȥԼҲ˵ҪæҾߣֱ豧Թ˵
費֪ƶͼ˶֪û˸
Ҳ˼ǧ˵仰ͼſڵˡҪ˭Բ˵֪Ǹ˻᲻
˿Խȥȣһġǧ΢ЦŸ
ˣʯ֪̽Ҳòˣǵһˡ˵仰ٶ˵ŵľưɴŵԻ
ûͨҲֻ֪ƾȥԼ¡
ܶ£Ҫúõ̸һ̸
ǧģ鲻ǽһ˵ߣ¡˼Ļ
һĽ䣬ʵڵġݡưɱͺܰ¡˼ǧԼ档
˵Ѿ֪ˡȿڵǧġæ֪飬ȻҲôһϲͨ
İѣܶӦ˵
Ѿ֪ˣôֱǧԼҪ˵Ļ¡˼ûϵơΪҲûǷô
ҿСһº󡭡һôأ޿κεĲ࿪ͷǰظ챧űֻһ˵һĻ
ȻָѴڣһֻԽ֤ˡ
ʱΪСˡûǸܺõİ취ֻ¡˼Ȼˡǲͽ˶ʲôӣСˣҲǡ
ǹû˵ҲãҲã˭ûȥһ¡
һ֪˲챾ˣΪҪ
ͬġǧĵҡףҲ֪Ĳ𣿿ûԥȥˣΪ˭һĿȻ
鶼𡭡᲻ȥ¡˼Ҳ֪仰˵ǽһѵľأǧķ
˭Ӧȡǫʱ¡
һ£ǧҡҡͷ費ܳġ
Ϊʲôܣ
ȱ˵ûΪȥһеѣУҲн顣ͷתʢžˮıӡ
Ʊеˮ䲻ôҡ֮΢΢š
ÿŮ˶С飬˵̬ͬġ

˳˵Ůĺ롣Ů˵ȷʵǲ˶ģ̇ۿ¡˼飬΢Ц
Ҳû˵ұȲСĸ飬ֻ˵Ҳһܡ¡˼뷴ּһ䣬ͺһһ
ұͿˡ
ûϵкܶʱҵĻļǧĴվ˿ưſڵķ˻ˡ
˵⻰˼𣿡ҲܿŽķŴš
ҲءʵʼҲû˵һһЦ
210]΢΢ţȻ͸ջǷǵ㡣
ɫȻ࣬
ûпƵֻһվڴߣ죬ֱۻһ𡣱ӻصҾһֱվ
ҵĴȥǿգܿԿľɫ޸ߣֻҪ鿴
ںǰϲվڴߣ֪Ǵʲôʱʼһʲôɵգ뵽ܶ顣
ЩӦϸ飬ˡ
ʵǲϲһ˿գΪÿʱ򣬾ǸҪ׵ʱǷԸȥ롣
ҹеǺƯͺһҹǸ˵
ĴһĨЦݣǳǳš¹Ӵս棬һط䡣
һƽĽŲЦиӽһ޵ۡ
һֱڵ㡣۵ǻᡣ
֪ҲЦһݲᣬҲô
ǰ˼ִϸļϣڴվʱ䲻̣ǵм⡣
ΪһٶеֱµŮһ¡
㻹ǰһûб䡭
ڸпͻζĻҲ˵ڡ˼粢翴ϵ£ڲǰйһΣһκʹ˿̵鲻ͬ
ÿ˶ġϣһֱôŮ߶һֻ֮ȥľܸо
ֻϣ㲻Ҫô¡Сʶһ̾ͿʼôõദȻ䡣
Ҳһ
ΪĻһЦĴߵֻһˣǺܶɼͲˡ
ҡҡͷϲתڿӵӺȻĿ˻ȥ¶ϲÿǲĻš
ɼ仰и˸һ˵ˡ뵽˱Ǿ仰첻ЦˣҲ̾ΪŮϲ˵仰һЩ˵
ϬĻƽ˵Ҳ̱ˣ߶ڱܶЩʣʹѾϰߡ
˵ʲôûеȵĺ仰Ὺڡ
ҶĲ̫á̾ЩκЩ˽⡣
ȻʲҲӦҡͷĴѾϰˡ
ΪԸʱ˵㲢ںءȥĴͣһֱĴƯǳǳЦʱ̲סһ׷
˵ǵʱֻһЦ
Ц˵ĻЦôӦһΪʲôڶʱֲˡ
˵ҲܸоҲĴ
Ҳںôϧ򴽣Ҳҵ滰

鵽Թȣȫ꣩

211]һεĻ͸¶ƽͣԼԶ᲻̣ۡҪֻҪġ
һεעӣ֮⣬Ϊǲò˵ȻҪ˵ĻʲôĻӦ޷²⣬֪ӦҪ˵
Ҳûһƽ˲ֻ㣬ҲǷġ
Ҫ˺ܾúܾãԼҪĵʲôҪͬߵһܵ㣬֪νĿ̹ġ
ѡΪǣΪ˼
ƿһķ϶ôȻķ˳Ĵʵķ磬Ǵȴںġ
ĹҲֱ׵ļһĨױ
ʹƽղϲױıҲܾȻԺֻҪġ
ҲԺֻҪϧ
Ҽǵãǵһμ棬һҹǸʱ򣬶ϲ뵽龰ְɣʹӿʼѾעĿǸʱǱϾ޽
ǸʱиҿǵôЦš
Ҳһ飬㲻ҪҴӵһ۾϶㡣ֻһͨ̽Ĺ˿ͣûôرʶôнദأ
ܶڤڤоעԵֺ⡣
Ů˵˼̫Ѳ¡ΪǾ仰ˣϰԵĲŮ˿仰˵ò
ֻǲ֪֮ܿã
ֻҪ˵˼ѲֶѲ£²ҵ˼ֻ㲻ҶѡǾ˵ʵȻ˵Լ
Ĭһ£Ҳϣ뵽ʲôԣҶˡһֱΪʲộ
̱ȻΪи飬㣬Ա̡
ôĲ²˼ʹ̽Ҳڿʲô
˵Ҫ˵Ļġɴһ㡣
ǳǳЦݣжݾжҶԣֻҪòֵþͲڡ̧ۣһ˫Լ۾
ԼΪֵô
˵ôʱ۾˸һֹâҲҲʲôģĻ˸ղǧ˵һ仰
ǲĸѵ˶ͬ޿κأ
޿κΣֺǧȻĲͬ
Ҳһ첻ٰ˱ɡ˵ڵǿԼԸĻüۼһĨĲᡣ
鵽Թȡ
ôΪʲô˵ĻǸôһ飿
һ򶼲ϲ˵ѵġεľĬҲйһĨáΪһܻ˽ĻΪ˵ˡ
Ƕһˣͽ
˵һ˵뿪Ļ֪бԭҲͷߣⲻһƬƲ䶼Ӷ
֪Լ˵ڽ仰ʱҲĸ֪Ƿݲã˵ۡĴ
ΪõĻ仰ں˵ڣ޵ģûôĻ
212]ԽתͷҲأΪһֵԼĵ˸ֺעĺڣˣֵһȥ
ߺΪöĶһϣܻѡһΪԼĴ𰸣۸
ԽǲģҾͻԽԸô
ҪȥõˮѾεϣǸԼŮһĵ׵ӡ
̹ģ֪ۡ
Ҳû˵ڸңԸʲô
ĶŮ˶ƫִȡʲôöġ
Ѿˡڣֺôһ룬ĻǿȵɫʣվԸôԵ
ҵ⣬˽٣һ˫˲ۣһĨƵ䣬
ͲǱŮˡ
̧üһ䡭ʲô⣿
㿴㣬ÿ˵һ仰㶼ҪǿԼôȥ룬ǻࣿһֻůḧǰŮӵգ۵ĴĴһַ·ĵ
õġ㲻ĲֻΪôôУǸʲôĴأ
֪Ҵûҵġ̾һݲᡣ

µ˲㡭ٿʱǱȴ覵עбܿϲ۾ӱܵ̽
㲻˵ĻҲǿ˵Բҡ·Ƕ㿪߶ܵЩӲĻ䵭Ϣ
񲻿ˣס֣ů
㣬ʲôʱйԸߵĻأᣬܰůĿ⡣
֪ȥ۵գдЦݡҲղŲûĲˣֻ뿴ķӦ
ʵ֤ȷʵΪű任顣
ʲôĸѵˣ˵ġǰͬô
һ˫۾ż伸עӣ֪Լʱģ䵭ᡣ
˵֮٣ֻϰߵķʽ飬˽⡣Ȼʱһ飬ȴϾǿ
ˣôأ
ǳЦһı顣֪ԼʲôıϲõദҲ
Ͼںϲں
һֱҡ
Ŷü벻Զ˵ô𶯡
顭ˡ
˵ʲôԾ;˿ˮ⣬Īֿˣæͷȥǲȴȱһָֻϡ
ˣҵĸ飬ÿһҶáǡܲܲѡ⣿ƾе˲䣬ӡѾ桭
213]ѡһ㰮˲ߵһֱ㣻һߵû㣬ѡһ
Ҫһ𡣡
㶼ôѡˡҿܸöŮ˵뷨ıһЩ֪ˡ

ʲôͷѾؿڣ˫Ůӵı飬ºͺͻ䡣
Ļһ⣬Ǹʱʻô
Ҳ֪Բ𡣡
ΪʲôҪ˵ԲأĲ㡭оϸֱۻʱǸӵĲҲƽƽҲƽ͡
һʱӦõǸΣԸġ
ҵΪôΪѵġ
治˵Ļǳǳᡣ
żҲǻᷴ˼һԼġҲססԼֱۣᣬʵںż
ܶһһΪҲһ˽뷨֪ŬҲŬ
δ֪Ľܡ£ġ
ε£һ㶼ô
Ϊ飬֪Լ¡Ϊ򣬶ӲжΣһҲһ¡
ε£Ӧøһ
ҵȻ⡣ԭ΢Ц˪ıĮǱʻпһݼ
һ˫ҲǵѰºֻͣʱŻ
ͷһԼԵġŭӦܣĲΪ
Բ𡭡
һԲԽʲô⣿Ϭ˴ĵ׾ñʹ⻰ʵ̬ȣҲϰߡ
ֲɵսǳԹ޶Ǿò֪룬ʹֻЩ΢Ȼʶҡ㲻ô
Ҹɡ
顭
ǲ˵㲻ҪΪҵԼܵ˺ˣϸ׵Ķһ£ĺǲҲӦңԼôίԵֻ̣ȸһ԰ο
һѾֹڱ漡ϡѾǺþǰˣԭҲȻǵô
˵Ҳ˵
ȴұŵˡ˵ûɣ˼ʱ䲻ͣʻֱӵ뷨
ôƺԥƬ̺ૡ
ʲôûԿʡ
ΪҲϲһĺϲҶôĻеģҲôΡ
̧ͷȴҲһԵ̡
ֻĶϵָ֣Ǽ䴫ЩȣΪô
˵ϲĻǲǾͲôˣ
Ļش𡭡
Ҳ֪˼ˡɬڣԭֵͷѱ̧
ôɵӡʣĻﶼڸҲʾȵڵͷƴֱ˱ҧڱ˵һ仰
Ǿ仰ǳЦݾĵƯ
214]Ҹл仰ЩҲһҪ˵ˡ
ŮΪüݡ仰˵ǧŲĴͳʲôŮˣ仰ƫȻҲǲҪ˵˺ãһϣŮ˶Դһ
ײģľͲ׸ı䡣
ǰʹҲϲһ棬֪ϲǳЦӣԸһ档
ӵеչֳҲαοҲʸ˸
һֱʲôҪúõģ֪ģ԰ɣ
֪óһİĦΣǱסʱһģԴȥһֱûóҲʵڡ
Ÿˣԭõǰһ
ҲǰһÿʱһˮԱߣ첢һһǩԡƽʱٳʳܰջ֮ʳ
ܸŮ˶ϲһЩʳйء
죬ȻûιˮԣһڰĦαϣȡΪǸ硣
ֵȻȴǡô˾ҲŮ˶ĸο
һֱϣҿΪ֡
Һ֪ͨڸ漰Щƽղ˼̸ĻʱﶼлҪģ£ǲ˵ʱἰĻ
֪˵仰û˵ʲôǵ
еŮʲôԲ˼ɵ˵֪һ򶼲ˡ˵Ļٶڲ˵ǰ˵¹ʱ
ǰ˵ϲ㣬㻹ǵô
ʻһȻҡҡͷǲˣǰϲ˵仰ġ
㻹ܼǵҶʲô²Ż˵ô
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ǳЦ˵Ǹˣʻ󿴵ˮһ飬Լŵ
ôԭ춼˵ô٩Цѵ㲻˵壿
̫ƻˣ㻰ֱҵꡣȻθڳˮûвιĵ
ԼݹˮһȻܵĻʱͣһ̣ĻԲ˵ҲԾһ
ֻˡ
ͻȻҲûϱʣ״ƲĿֻͣߵһ¡ռ˼ػģǾҧġ
۸ôϰߣβջɾͲԸˡ
ǵġĲȫԤУֻôεһֽ̾õ顣
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ҪҲôر𣬶Բԣֿһ£ڶֻϻùˮ㣬΢΢
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˵ʲô
㻹ǵʹ㼸ζʲôоǷϲô
215]㣬ڻϲô
˵һչҪһ޿ˡ
˿ǴҴһȴӡϵļ䣬һ벻İ£ҲȴûһǸˡ
ԲİƫƫֻܹӰԼһһԭȴȴͷ
Ҳһ㣬Լ޷˭޷Լǲһˡ
˵һΣҲ˵һ
ΪĲɼƣŻԵô
ÿԥʱ򡭡ͻҡ
ԭ֪̾һڼ京̫̫Խ޿κôôìô
ҲҲС
֪֪仰شΪʲôе䣬ҲңҲ¶ôһ޵޻ڡ
ߣ뿪ҡôĥô仰ʣûпҪʣܶ໰˵ھûջصأĻԼ˵ġ
һĨǳЦΪ˵ޱȴҲΪԼ᲻ûпˣҲ͹ˡ
ĥҵģΪ㣬ΪҼ㡭
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ͱŴأҲǱ¹ġ¹кԿı飬ȴһص⾳
صŮģһһ䴫ԡ
ľʲôأȻ̹ԸҡѾ˾˰ɣûлɹĸ飬ʵÿһҲᡣҲΪˣε°ɣ
뵽£Ҳ뵽ǧֱ˵ĻٿٵΪֹûʹһôġ
ʲôָôԣ
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ʵһֱн⣬ΪβϲͣҲϲΪβֱҡûԹΪһһĸңҲŲܰĵĽҲϲҡ˵ʱƽյš
ΪںںһԸ
ΪҾԲôһˣʵ֤˿Ϊܶ£Ǹûа취ԤơԣҵĸҿƲˡԭΪֻҪһʹϲҲԽܣʵһ㲻ϲҡζʲôô
ĵȴһᣬǸԷʱ䣬ҲǸԼ˵ȥ
ֻҪһô㣬һпٴηΪҲٰ㣬Ҷںҵںһҽ첻˵ҲһȻӲǸʱ᲻òˣòˣǷͽΪҵĸȴ˶ίء
ʣʹѾ˼ƣһݲ
ܽܵ鲻㲻ϲңôһ죬㲻ⲻҪһҵĴǸ鷳Ǹʱҵİָúȥδأ
మΪʲôأ
216]˵һж⣬һжˣվעǷٶమһ죬ٶ࿴һۣ˻һ㡭Һ㡭ûлͷ·
Ϊĸ飬ںΪǷںԽԽŻῪʼĺͺĳЩķ
ʲôĸӿʼ޷ĳĴģʽʲô涼ڶԷҪʱڵĲ塣
ǿиİͱǿиİһۣҲһ˾޿κΡȻͬ飬ǿ¾У˭һ
ǿȻҲǿ
˿ůĸϣڴҹӭ賿ʱ֣ǸйΪʱ֣ҲǸΪʱ֡
һڴϣŴһֱһŵġǴҲûһ죬һôµ
ֹ¶ļһһı֪įǿĸоԶʤһмįį⣬ǿ˵Ļʲô
ԲңǲҪƭҡ
ĺǴ˵Ļ֣賿İһһ㸡ֵʱһڰĦδ
ǸŮ翵ʼڶļ֮ȥ֪˵仰
֪ܾöû޵ôˡ
ĿǾӨһһεʣδ̧һã֣Ҳʱ֪úȥδӡ
һ̣ȴبš
ǵã߻Լ֮ǰþãÿһϣһӵ롣
û˵ȴôá
㣬ں㣬ȫ˽ʲô˼˽ĻԼҿҵĸоұϾܴ㡣
ŵ̾ϢͶƽĺһʯӡ
ôҰ㣬ѡѾѡҪߣͿǷҪˡ
һҹߡ
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ʹΣΪ˵ʲôأ
֮󡭡ǵ·ܲһߣ
ָⱻһֻȵס˿̵޼ڸʹ
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